Compiled by Wayne Blanchard; last edit 2-4-2024 for upload to: http://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

–<400 Wells, Daniel W. and R. F. Wells. A History of Hatfield, Massachusetts. 1910, p. 75.[1]

— 300 Drake, S. G. (Ed.). The Old Indian Chronicle. 1836, p. 98 footnote.

— 300 Hickman, Linda. Turner Falls Historic Downtown Walking Tour.

–>300 PVMA Deerfield Memorial Hall Museum. Assault on Peskeompskut (webpage).

–Several hundred? Klekowski, Ed and Libby. “Turners Falls Massacre (1676).”

–“several Hundreds.” 7-22-1676 letter signed “N.S.” published in London in Oct. Bodge, p.198.

–200-300 A True Account of the Most Considerable Occurrences that have Happened…

—>230 Increase Mather letter recited at p. 29 in McBride. Battle of Great Falls…May 19, 1676.

“…they numbered above one hundred that lay dead upon the ground…
“…about an hundred and thirty who were driven into the River, and there perished…”

–>200 Kiernan. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination. 2007, 239.

—<200 Mass. Dept. of Higher Education. “Lesson 4 – Falls Fight – American Centuries.”

Narrative Information

(Sources listed alphabetically)

A True Account: “May 19. – Capts. Turner and Holioke, with about 180 men attack a great body of Indians at the falls in Connecticut river and kill 2 or 300 of them while rising from sleep. They in turn pursue the English and kill Capt. Turner with about 40 of his men.” (A True Account of the Most Considerable Occurrences that have Happened in the Warre Between the English and he Indians in New-England [From the Fifth of May 1676, to the Fourth of August last; as also of the successes it hath pleased God to give the English against them.] As it hath been communicated by Letters to a Friend in London. London: Printed for Benjamin Billingsley, 1676.)

Drake: “The English soldiers had just fallen upon an unsuspecting company of Indians in the night; they slew the innocent, women and children, and old men, and all such as tender years or disease, or other circumstances, put the power of escape out of their command!….It was reported that the Indians had 300 killed.” (Drake, W. G. (Ed.). The Old Indian Chronicle; Being a Collection of Exceeding Rare Tracts Written and Published in the Time of King Philip’s War, by Persons Residing in the Country; to Which are Now Added Marginal Notes and Chronicles of the Indians From the discovery of America to the present time. Boston: Antiquarian Institute, 1836, p. 98 footnote.)

Hickman: “The Connecticut River was of great importance to many Native Americans for food and transportation. The Mohawk Trail, then known as “the trail to Mohawk,” was also an important transportation route. It ran from the Hoosic valley in New York, across the Hoosac divide, and down the Deerfield valley to the Connecticut River. Where the river and the trail intersected was the site of an important Native American village for approximately 10,000 years. This village was across the river from what is now Turners Falls, and was known as “Wissatinnewag” or “place of the shining waters,” and was also known as “Peskeompskut” or “place of the split rock.” It was one of the oldest continuously settled areas in North America and is on both the state and federal Registers of Historic Places. The village was a place of diplomacy, intermarriage and trade for many of the New England tribes, including the Narragansett, Pocumtuck and Abenaki. Visitors were especially numerous in the spring during the shad and salmon runs. Trade materials included dried fish and stone tools made from local rock. Because warfare was not permitted by agreements between the tribes in this vital area, the village was unguarded.

“Sadly, the village of Wissatinnewag was also the site of the Turners Falls Massacre, one of the earliest massacres of non-combatants in the history of Native/Colonial relations. Captain William

Turner, for whom the village of Turners Falls is named, led a colonial militia attack upon Wissatinnewag the morning of May 19, 1676. The Native warriors were away, possibly on a diplomatic mission, and three hundred women, children and elders, many still sleeping, were either shot or forced by Turner and his men into the river where they drowned in the falls. Those who survived left the area shortly thereafter, and historical accounts indicate various other tribes, including the Abenaki, Mohawk, and Narragansett, took them in.” (Hickman, Linda. Turner Falls Historic Downtown Walking Tour.)

Kiernan: “In May, new genocidal massacres began. English forces came across a group of Sokoki Indians on the Connecticut River, in a ‘considerable number, yet most of them old men and women.’ At dawn, 150 Englishmen stormed the camp. According to an eyewitness, the soldiers ‘took most of the Indians fast asleep, and put their guns even into their Wigwams, whereupon the Indians that durst and were able did get out of their wigwams and did fight a little (in which fight one Englishman only was slain),[2] others of the Indians did enter the River to swim over from the English, but many of them were shot dead in the waters.’ Others drowned. The English found ‘above two hundred’ Indian corpses in or along the river. When more braves arrived, attacking across the river, they routed the English and killed 37 of them.” (Kiernan, Ben. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press, 2007, p. 239.)

Klekowski: “Peskeompscut, the Amerindian name for the great falls at present-day Turners Falls, had long been a favored site for fishing with the local tribes. Here the narrow river plunged over a 40-50 foot drop as it continued its route to the ocean. In May, 1676, groups of warriors, women, children and old people were gathered there to catch and cure fish. Months of war with the English had used up their limited food stores. While some people fished, others went down river to the abandoned fields at Deerfield where they planted seed. With luck they would be able to harvest a crop in the late summer. Warriors organized cattle raids on the nearby English settlements.

“On the night of May 13, a group of warriors raided Hatfield and made off with cattle, driving them up to the campsite by the falls. The settlers were determined to recover their cattle. Word was sent out: who wants to join a force against the tribes at Peskeompscut. Local inhabitants, some from as far south as Springfield, and a few garrison soldiers responded to the call. By May 18, 150 men and boys assembled in Hatfield. Captain William Turner led the group past Bloody Brook and the edge of Deerfield, where they crossed the Deerfield River. Then they wound through about 2 miles of unbroken forest, crossed the Green River, and then pushed on to Mount Adams which was within a mile of the falls.

“The next morning by daybreak, having left their horses behind, the colonials were in position on a slope overlooking the Amerindian encampment. As so often happens in battles, luck played a part in the unfolding drama.

“The assembled tribe had feasted well on fresh fish and stolen cattle. They had posted no sentinels, had sent no scouts out, and were still asleep as the Hatfield party crept closer and closer to the wigwams. When the 150 men and boys were pressed right up against the wigwams, Captain Turner gave a prearranged signal — guns were thrust directly into the wigwams and fired! Many of the Amerindians were killed immediately, some leapt into the Connecticut River, to be swept over the falls and drowned. The colonials were ruthless in their attack, searching through the camp and killing women, children, old people. No one was spared. Two forges had been set up to repair guns and make ammunition. These were destroyed and two pigs of lead were thrown into the river. Maybe these pigs of lead are still there under the water.

“The sounds of attack had alerted other Amerindian groups who were camped along the river. One of these groups crossed the river below the falls and took up a position across the track leading to Deerfield. Apparently Captain Turner had not thought much about securing his retreat. His attack had been successful — perhaps several hundred Amerindians had been slain at the cost of only one English life. By this time the neighboring tribes were getting closer and closer. Time to retreat, but by which route? The Hatfield force broke into small groups, some insisting on one route, others equally insistent on taking a different path back to where the horses had been left. A few fortunate men managed to get to their horses just before the warriors got to them. Other settlers were forced to push homeward on foot. Warriors followed the panicking English, inflicting casualties whenever possible. Captain Turner was killed as he tried to cross the Green River. Of the 150 participants, at least 40 were killed on the retreat. Some got separated from the main body and had to find their way alone; a few were successful while others never returned.

“Captain Turner’s body was found about a month later and was buried on a bluff west of where he fell. A tablet marks the spot today. Peskeompscut (Great Falls) was renamed Turners Falls.” (Klekowski, Ed and Libby (Biology Dept. University of MA-Amherst). “Turners Falls Massacre (1676).”)

Massachusetts Dept. of Higher Education. “Lesson 4 – Falls Fight – American Centuries.”:

“May 19, 1676

“Peskeompskut was a traditional gathering place for Native peoples. Located at the falls on the Connecticut River in present-day Montague, Massachusetts, Peskeompskut was an ideal place to meet, to fish and to trade. Salmon and shad spawned at the falls, and the river provided quick and easy transportation. During King Philip’s War (1675-1676), several hundred Native people gathered there to replenish food supplies and to launch a series of raids against English towns in Hampshire County. On May 19, 1676, Captain William Turner of Northampton led 150 mounted settlers from Hatfield, Northampton and Hadley in a surprise attack on Peskeompskut. Falling on the sleeping camp at daybreak, the English attackers killed as many as two hundred people, most of them women and children. They also burned the camp and destroyed valuable food supplies. The English withdrawal turned into disorganized flight when Native warriors from a nearby camp arrived and cut off their escape route. Severely wounded, Captain Turner died at the Green River in present-day Greenfield. English casualties mounted as warriors harassed the inexperienced soldiers all the way to Hatfield. Nevertheless, the attack by Turner and his men was a terrible blow to Native resistance and hastened the end of King Philip’s War. The area of Peskeompskut remains known as Turners Falls to commemorate the attack Turner led.”

McBride: “….the Battle of Great Falls / Wissatinnewag- is significant in the overall conduct of King Philip‘s War because it marked the beginning of the end of the tribal alliance and organized resistance to the Colonists in the middle Connecticut River Valley….” [p. 17]

“Brief History of King Philip’s War

“King Philip’s War Begins – June 1675 through April 1676

“King Philip‘s War (June 1675 – August 1676) was an armed conflict between dozens of Native American tribes and bands who inhabited (and still do) present-day southern New England fighting against the United Colonies of Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, and Plimoth.7 Dozens of frontier towns in central Massachusetts and the Connecticut Valley were attacked and burned during the war, as were settlements in Providence Plantations, Plimoth Colony and eastern Massachusetts (Figure 3). Colonial authorities estimated that 600 English were killed and 1,200 houses burned during the conflict. A minimum of 3,000 Native men, women, and children were battle casualties, and thousands more died from battle, disease, starvation, and exposure, or were sold into slavery. The conflict is often referred to as the deadliest in American history based on English and Native

civilian and military casualties relative to population.”[3] [pp. 18-19]

“….By the spring of 1676, the war had raged for nearly a year with heavy casualties on both sides, but the Native coalition was far more successful on the battlefield than were the English. Even so, the tide of the war began to turn in favor of the English as they began to aggressively pursue, harass, and attack Native communities throughout the region, not allowing them to rest, gather food, or plant their fields. Both sides were exhausted and there was a brief pause in the war as the combatants took time to rest and resupply. English forces in Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, and Plimoth refitted their armies, provided for the defense of their towns, and were prepared for spring offensives against the enemy. Native communities began gathering in the upper Connecticut River Valley to find refuge and recover from the long winter, develop new strategies, rearm and refit, plant corn, and gather food supplies, particularly fish for immediate and future consumption.

“By April the Great Falls area, commonly referred to as or ―Peskeompskut‖ by the Native peoples of the region and ―Deerfield Falls‖ by some English, had become a center of a multi-tribal refugee villages and encampments. This immediate area consisted of two flat plains along the north and south banks of the Connecticut River immediately east of the falls, as well as adjacent hills and terraces. The natural rock dam at Peskeompskut forms one of the largest water falls along the entire river where anadromous fish such as shad, alewife, salmon, and eels are easily caught as they make their way upriver to spawn. Native peoples from all over the region gathered at Peskeompskut for thousands of years during the spring to take advantage of the tremendous quantities of fish, plant,

renew ties with other communities, and for ritual and ceremony…” [pp. 20-21]

“Brief History of the Battle of Great Falls / Wissatinnewag-Peskeompskut

“In April of 1676, Northampton, Hadley, and Hatfield were the northernmost English frontier towns on the upper Connecticut River. Settlements in Deerfield and Northfield had been destroyed and abandoned earlier in the war. The Great Falls had become a gathering spot for Native peoples at war with the English, and the settlements at Peskeompskut was steadily growing as Native people throughout the region gathered to rest, resupply and participate in ceremonies and ritual. English settlers in the upriver towns were gathering intelligence that alerted them to a growing Native presence to the north at the falls. While Connecticut and Massachusetts Bay authorities were involved in peace negotiations with various Native leaders, the townspeople of the English

settlements at Northampton, Hadley and Hatfield were becoming increasingly concerned with the large body of Native forces massing to the north and the potential threats this represented.

“Around May 13, 1676 Natives soldiers from the Peskeompskut area raided Hatfield meadows and captured seventy cattle and horses which were driven north to the north Deerfield meadows for use by the Native communities gathered at Peskeompskut. This incident enraged English settlers at Hatfield and the other river towns, who had been urging colonial officials to attack those upriver Native settlements for weeks. Many of the English in the Hatfield and Hadley communities were refugees from the destroyed Northfield and Deerfield settlements and harbored a great deal of resentment toward the tribes gathered at the falls. The deaths of more than 100 English soldiers and settlers in the upper valley at the hands of the Indian enemy over the previous six months also

contributed to a growing desire on the part of the settlers to attack the Native people gathered at Wissatinnewag-Peskeompskut.

“Two days later two English ―lads‖ taken captive during the earlier raid on Hatfield, and recently released, informed the settlers and garrison at Hadley about the whereabouts and disposition of the Natives at Wissatinnewag-Peskeompskut. One of the informants, Thomas Reed, related that the Natives had planted at the Deerfield meadows and had fenced in the stolen cattle. He also described the Native encampments at the falls and estimated that there were around 60-70 fighting men.[4] Armed with this new information the militia committees of the upper river towns gathered garrison soldiers and settlers form Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Springfield and Westfield and prepared

for an attack on the encampments at Peskeompskut….” [pp. 25-26]

“….English forces assembled from the various towns at Hatfield by May 18th. Turner‘s relatively inexperienced militia force, drawn from townspeople and garrison troops, counted on the element of surprise and greater numbers of soldiers. Benjamin Wait and Experience Hinsdale were selected to serve as guides due to their experience and knowledge of the region.[5] Captain William Turner and 160 men, most of them mounted, left Hatfield at dark on the evening of May 18th, anticipating a dawn surprise attack on the Native encampment at Peskeompskut.

“The Native encampments at Peskeompskut were located in the vicinity of the Great Falls with the two main villages located above the falls on the north and south banks of the river. The English battle plan was likely drawn from intelligence obtained from Thomas Reed and English scouts who reported there were Native soldiers encamped on an island in the Connecticut River (present-day Smead‘s and perhaps Rawson‘s Island) a little more than a mile south of the falls and at Cheapside guarding the Deerfield River ford. The English began their march just as night fell on May 18th. Turner‘s force traveled north through Hatfield meadows on the road towards Deerfield

staying on the west side of the Connecticut River and remaining east of the Deerfield River.[6] It is clear that English commanders chose to avoid the area now known as ‘Cheapside’ and searched for a point to cross the Deerfield River further to the west….” [p. 27]

“Once Turner‘s company forded the Deerfield River they continued north through Greenfield Meadow along the west bank of the Green River. According to local 19^th century historian George Sheldon, Turner‘s command crossed the Green River at the Green River Ford ‘at the mouth of Ash-swamp brook to the eastward, skirting the great swamp.’ In the midst of a thunderstorm, which served to hide their movements from the Native Sentries at Cheapside, Turner‘s command continued eastward on horseback paralleling the brook and swamp until they came to a high terrace overlooking the Fall River. The English guides knew they were in close vicinity of the falls and the mounted troops likely heard the noise of the falls at that distance. The English troops dismounted, tied their horses to nearby trees and the company crossed the Fall River and ascended a steep slope to the summit of the broad, flat hill above.[7] The English gathered their forces on the upper slope of the hill which overlooked the village to their south along the north bank of the Connecticut River. Captain Turner and Lieutenant Holyoke likely made final preparations for the assault now that they had a rough visual in the early morning hours of the Native encampment on the northern side of the Great Falls and stretching east for some unknown distance. The English launched their attack at daybreak.

“By all accounts, English forces were able to advance within point-blank range of the village without being detected. On a given signal English forces opened fire and fell in with the unsuspecting inhabitants of the village and began to indiscriminately kill all Native peoples they encountered. As non-combatants (unarmed old men, women, and children) ran away from English soldiers towards the banks of the Connecticut River armed Native men tried to engage the English and slow the assault.

“Several English accounts describe the panic of the attack and in desperation to escape from the English how many of the people in the village tried to cross the Connecticut River, either by swimming or by canoe. English soldiers who took up positions along the shoreline opened fired on the swimmers and paddlers hitting some and causing others to be swept by the force of the river over the falls. During the attack English soldiers encountered at least two blacksmith forges, tools, and large bars of lead which they threw into the river. In addition to the forges and munitions, Turner‘s soldiers encountered large stores of dried or smoked fish which they also destroyed on site.[8]

“The English suffered one man killed [friendly fire] and two wounded during the assault.[9] Native casualty figures were uncertain at the time but according to Increase Mather ‘Some of the Souldiers affirm, that they numbered above one hundred that lay dead upon the ground, and besides those, others told about an hundred and thirty, who were driven into the River, and there perished, being carried down the Falls.’ Turner‘s men rescued an English captive who told them that Philip [Metacom] was nearby with a thousand men. The report was believed by the English and at the same moment it was received, or within a few minutes of the report, they were attacked by Native men from the village on the south side of the Connecticut River. The coincidence of the report and the attack spread panic and fear through the English ranks, and the retreat quickly turned into a rout with every man for himself….” [pp. 28-29]

“It is not clear how many Native soldiers and non-combatants lost their lives in the engagement as accounts vary considerably. Also, like the English casualty figures, there is no accounting for those who died of their wounds after the attack. Based on the accounts of two soldiers who appear to have carefully tallied the dead at Peskeompskut, Reverend Russell estimated that ‘we Cannot but judge that there were above 200 of them Slain.’”[10] [p. 31]

(McBride, Dr. Kevin, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center. Battle of Great Falls / Wissatinnewag-Peskeompskut (May 19, 1676 (Technical Report for National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program, Department of the Interior). April 2016).)

PVMA Deerfield Memorial Hall Museum. Assault on Peskeompskut (webpage):

“Overview

“Assault: In the pre-dawn stillness of May 19, 1676, 150 English men led by Captain William Turner entered the Native fishing camp at Peskeompskut, beside the falls on the Connecticut River, north of Deerfield. Pocumtuck, Sokoki, and Nipmuc women, children and elders had taken refuge hear, along with Wampanoag and Narragansett people who were escaping the fighting in the south. At Turner’s signal, the English silently surrounded the wigwams and the peaceful dawn exploded into violence. Gunshots, screams, and flames rent the air as the English shot into wigwams and set them afire. Terrified Native people fled through the smoke to the river where many were shot down or drowned. Over 300 Native people and one English soldier died before Native men hunting nearby rushed to the scene and routed the assailants, killing Turner and 36 others in a disorganized retreat.

“Metacom’s War: The assault on Peskeompskut was the first English offensive action against Native peoples in the Connecticut River Valley during Metacom’s War. This war was, by proportion, the bloodiest in American history, killing 40% of southern New England’s Native population (5,000) and 5% of the English (2,500). Native people throughout the region had endured widespread losses from European-based diseases and English encroachments on their homelands.

“Metacom, a Wampanoag leader, rallied an inter-tribal force against English expansion. In 1675, Native attacks in the Connecticut River Valley forced the English to abandon both Northfield and Deerfield. But by May of 1676, having successfully repelled Native attacks in Hatfield and Northampton, the English went on the offensive, attacking Peskeompskut and eventually killing Metacom and winning the war.” (PVMA (Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association) Deerfield Memorial Hall Museum. Assault on Peskeompskut (webpage).)

Sources

A True Account of the Most Considerable Occurrences that have Happened in the Warre Between the English and he Indians in New-England [From the Fifth of May 1676, to the Fourth of August last; as also of the successes it hath pleased God to give the English against them.] As it hath been communicated by Letters to a Friend in London. London: Printed for Benjamin Billingsley, 1676. In S. G. Drake (Ed.). The Old Indian Chronicle; Being a Collection of Exceeding Rare Tracts Written and Published in the Time of King Philip’s War, by Persons Residing in the Country; to Which are Now Added Marginal Notes and Chronicles of the Indians From the discovery of America to the present time. Boston: Antiquarian Institute, 1836. Accessed Jan 2013: http://books.google.com/books?id=NUwMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Bodge, George M. Soldiers in King Philip’s War. Containing Lists of the Soldiers of Massachusetts Colony, Who Served in the Indian War of 1675-1677. Eith Sketches of the Principal Officers, and Copies of Ancient Documents and Records Relating to the War. Boston: Printed for the author, 1891. Accessed 2-4-2024 at: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Soldiers_in_King_Philip_s_War/BtGm3zlgdNoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Soldiers+in+the+King+Philip%27s+War&printsec=frontcover

Drake, Samuel G. Chronicles of the Indians of America, From its First Discovery to the Present Time. Boston: 1836. In Drake, S. G. The Old Indian Chronicle; Being a Collection of Exceeding Rare Tracts Written and Published in the Time of King Philip’s War, by Persons Residing in the Country; to Which are Now Added Marginal Notes and Chronicles of the Indians From the discovery of America to the present time. Boston: Antiquarian Institute, 1836. Google preview accessed 2-22-2018 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=NUwMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Hickman, Linda. Turner Falls Historic Downtown Walking Tour. Turners Falls Riverculture. Accessed 1-22-2013 at: http://www.turnersfallsriverculture.org/walking-tour.html?file=tl_files/

Kiernan, Ben. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press, 2007, p. 239. Partially Google digitized. Accessed 1-26-2013 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=XR91bs70jukC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=1676&f=false

Klekowski, Ed and Libby (Biology Dept. University of MA-Amherst). “Turners Falls Massacre (1676).” Accessed 1-22-2013 at: http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/massacre.html

Massachusetts Department of Higher Education. “Lesson 4 – Falls Fight – American Centuries.” Accessed 2-4-2024 at: http://americancenturies.mass.edu/classroom/curriculum_5th/lesson4/bkgdessay2.html

McBride, Dr. Kevin, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center. Battle of Great Falls / Wissatinnewag-Peskeompskut (May 19, 1676 (Technical Report for National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program, Department of the Interior). April 2016. Accessed 2-4-2024 at: https://www.montague-ma.gov/files/Battle_of_Great_Falls_Phase_I_Final_Technical_Report.pdf

PVMA (Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association) Deerfield Memorial Hall Museum. Assault on Peskeompskut (webpage). Accessed 2-4-2024 at: http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/scenes/scene.do?title=Peskeompskut

Wells, Daniel White and Reuben Field Wells. A History of Hatfield, Massachusetts 1660-1910, in Three Parts. Springfield, MA: F. C. H. Gibbons, 1910. Google digitized. Accessed 1-28-2013: http://books.google.com/books?id=8w0WAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

[1] “The accounts of the loss of the Indians vary from 60 warriors to 400, including women and children.”

[2] “The only loss to the English was one killed by his companions by mistake as he came out of a wigwam, and one wounded.” (Wells, Daniel White and Reuben Field Wells. “King Philip’s War, 1675-6, and the Massacre of 1677,” Chapter VII in A History of Hatfield, Massachusetts 1660-1910, in Three Parts. Springfield, MA: F. C. H. Gibbons, 1910, p. 85.)

[3] Cites: Douglas Leach. Flintlock and tomahawk; New England in King Philip’s War. NY, NY: Macmillan, 1958.

[4] CSL, Connecticut Archives, Colonial War, Series 1, p. 71.

[5] Cites: Sylvester Judd. History of Hadley (Springfield, MA: H.R. Hunting & Company, 1905), p. 171; and Bodge. King Philip’s War, p. 245.

[6] Cites Bodge. King Philip’s War, p. 245.

[7] Cites: Hubbard. Troubles with the Indians, p. 86.

[8] Cites: L’Estrange. A True Account of the Most Considerable Occurrences, p. 4.

[9] Cites: L’Estrange. A True Account of the Most Considerable Occurrences, p. 4.

[10] Native Casualty Figures as reported in primary accounts are as follows: ―above 200‖ (200+) in CSL, Connecticut Archives, Colonial War, Series I. P. 74; ―several hundred‖ (200+) in L‘Estrange, A New and Further Narrative. P. 12; ―four hundred‖ (400) in L‘Estrange. A True Account of the Most Considerable Occurrences. P. 4; ―hundreds‖ (200+) in Leach. Second William Harris Letter. P. 80; ―above one hundred that lay dead upon the ground…about an hundred and thirty, who were driven into the River‖ (230+) in‖ (38) in Mather, A Brief History. P. 50; ―two or three hundred‖ (200-300) in Hubbard. Troubles with the Indians. P. 85.

1676 — May 19, Eng. colonists massacre Natives, Peskeompskut, Turners Falls, MA–200-300