–6,308-6,353 Blanchard tabulation from State and locality breakouts below.[1]

— 662 Woodworth, John M. Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the [U.S.]. 1875, pp. 588-592.

Summary of State Breakouts

Alabama ( <13)

Arkansas ( >1)

Florida ( >12)

Illinois ( >166-193) Especially May-July

Indiana ( >220) Especially Salem and vicinity

Iowa ( 5-6)

Kentucky (>1,994-2,011) Especially Lexington (~500) Esp. May 30-Aug 1.

Louisiana ( >2,370) Especially New Orleans (1,000)

Maryland ( >21) Especially late July-early Aug and early Sep

Mississippi ( >136) Especially Natchez (107)

Missouri ( >206) Especially Palmyra (130)

Ohio ( >429) Especially Cincinnati (307) Especially July Pennsylvania ( >56) Especially Pittsburgh ( 52) Esp. June 11-Aug 1 Tennessee ( >220) Especially Shelbyville (109)

Virginia ( 1)

West Virginia ( >268) Especially Wheeling (153) May 16-June 23

River Boats/Sea Craft (>190)

Breakout of Cholera Fatalities by State and Locality (where noted):

Alabama ( <13)

—>10? Claiborne. Our estimate based on note that “one or two planters…suffered severely.”[2]

— >3 Mobile, “Some fatal cases have happened at Mobile…”[3]

— ? Montgomery, cases reported. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265.

Arkansas ( >1)

–1 Arkansas Post, late May. Slave of William Wilson. Arkansas Gazette, 6-5-1833, p. 2.

Florida ( >12)

—>3 Appalachicola. “Several deaths have occurred at Appalachicola.”[4]

— 9 Key West. Spread from the brig Ajax to the town where nine of 200 inhabitants died.[5]

—>3 Key West. “All the deaths on this island were of colored persons.”[6]

Illinois (>166-193) Especially May-July

–>166-193 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below. We think this was a minimum.

Breakout of Illinois cholera deaths by locality where noted.

— 7 Alton, Madison Co. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. “The Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 3.

–1 June 12. J. Wilson.

–1 June 13. Mrs. E. Hayden.

–3 June 15. Mrs. David Miller; son of Mr. Thomas; and Mrs. S. F. Pierce.

–1 June 16. Mr. Baker, a German.

–1 June 17-28. Dr. Samuel Barrett. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. 6-29-1833, p. 3.[7]

— 33 Carrollton, Greene County. Olson. “Plague on the prairie…impact on one…town.”[8]

–9 “ By June 29. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. 6-29-1833, p. 3, col. 1.

— 1 Fort Edwards, Hancock Co. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. 6-29-1833, p. 3, col. 1.

–30-40 Galena, June 19-July 12. Niles’ Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 8-10-1833, p. 385.

–40 “ (Jo Daviess County) Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 136.

— ~50 Jacksonville. Olson. “Plague on the prairie.” Illinois Heritage, IL Periodicals Online.

— ~3 Lofton’s Settlement, between Carrollton and Alton.[9]

— 5 Madison County, May 17-21. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL, p. 2, c. 6, 6-1-1833.[10]

— 3 Montebello, Hancock Co. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. 6-29-1833, p. 3, col. 1.

–33-50 Quincy, Adams County. Blanchard tally based on sources below.

–~50 Quincy. Olson. “Plague on the prairie.” Illinois Heritage, IL Periodicals Online.

— 33 “ July 4-8. IL State Hist. Society. Transactions. “The Making…City…” 1915, 155.

— 33 “ Collins and Perry. Past and Present of the City of Quincy and Adams Co., Ill.

— 1 Ridge Prairie, mid-June; Nancy West. Had left Alton “with…premonitory symptoms.”[11]

— ? Vandalia, Fayette County. Niles’ Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 8-10-1833, p. 385.[12]

Indiana ( >220) Especially Salem and vicinity

—>220 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below. We suspect there were at least this many.

Breakout of Indiana cholera deaths by locality (where noted):

— 2 Charlestown, father and son. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265.[13]

— ? Cross Plains, nine miles south of Versailles. “…a violent epidemic…”[14]

— 14 Indiana College. Daly. “The Black Cholera Comes to Central Valley of America.”

— 62 Indianapolis (one month). Bodenhamer & Barrows. Encyclopedia of Indianapolis, p. 1480.

— ? Madison. “In and around Madison there were a few cases but no great outbreak.”[15]

— 29 Richmond. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 144.[16]

— 113 Salem and vicinity.[17] Daly. “The Black Cholera Comes to Central Valley of America.”

–20-30 Salem. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 141.

— ? Versailles. “upward of one hundred cases.” Dr. Cornett in Chambers 1938, p. 141.

Iowa ( 5-6)

— ? Dubuque mining camps, cases reported. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265.[18]

–5-6 Keokuk. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. 6-29-1833, p. 3, col. 1.

Kentucky (>1,994-2,011) Especially May 30-Aug 1. Especially Lexington (~500)

—>1,994-2,011 Blanchard tally based on locality and county breakouts below.[19]

–Thousands. Baird. Healing Kentucky. 2007, chapter 2.[20]

Breakout of Kentucky cholera fatalities by locality, where noted:

— ~40 Athens community, Fayette County. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 177.[21]

— 40 Bardstown and Nelson County. Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.[22]

— >3 Blue Lick/Lower Blue Licks, Nicholas Co. Niles Weekly Register. 7-6-1833, p. 305.[23]

— 25 Blue Springs Choctaw Academy, Scott County. Ten Choctaw students; 15 slaves.[24]

–10 Blue Springs, Choctaw Academy students. Niles Weekly Register, 7-27-1833, 353.

— >19 Bourbon County (19 in one family) Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.[25]

— 16 Centerville, Bourbon County Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— ? Chambers County. Severely stricken. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 142.

— 47 Kentontown, Robertson County and Claysville, northern Harrison County.[26]

— 47 Cynthiana and vic., Harrison Co. Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.[27]

–~25 Cynthiana (population 700) Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 154.[28]

–“…a few dozen.” Naff. “It’s an Epidemic!” Harrison Heritage News, 11/11, Nov 2010, p. 4.

— 55 Danville, Boyle County Gorin. “The 1830’s Cholera Epidemic in [KY].”[29]

–20 Danville (in one week) Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— 21 Elizaville and vicinity, Fleming Co. Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— Fayette County (See Lexington in particular.)

— 22 Fleming County (2 families) Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.[30]

— 66 Flemingsburg, Fleming Co. Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 37.[31]

–41-54 Frankfort, Franklin County. Blanchard range based on sources below.

–54 Frankfort Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

–41 Frankfort Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 177.[32]

— >46 Franklin County[33] Gorin. “The 1830’s Cholera Epidemic in [KY].”

— ? Gallatin County. Severely stricken. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 142.

— 48 Georgetown, Scott County Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— 41 Greensburg, Green County Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— 18 Harrodsburg, Mercer County Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— ? Henry County. Severely stricken. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 142.

— 15 Johnson, R.M. plantation, slaves. Niles Weekly Register, “The Cholera.” 7-27-1833, p.353.

— >122 Lancaster (53) and Garrard County (53 whites). Chambers. Conquest of Cholera, 178.[34]

–120 Lancaster, Garrard County.[35] Woodworth. Cholera Epidemic…1873. p. 300-301.[36]

— 89 Lawrenceburg and Anderson Co. Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.[37]

— >2 Lebanon, Marion County. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 178.[38]

— 502 Lexington, Fayette County Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 169.

— 502 Lexington, June 1-Aug 1 Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.[39]

–~500 “ Baird. Healing Kentucky. 2007, chapter 2.

—>500 “ Letter of local physician, Dr. Short, written June 23. Chambers 1938, p.164.[40]

–>500 “ June 1-July 4 Ranck. History of Lexington KY. 1872, p. 325-327.

— 489 “ June 1-Aug 1 Drake. “Cholera…Lexington,” KY Med Soc 1851, 324.

–~450[41] “ ~June 1-July 10 Yandell. An Account…Spasmodic Cholera…” p. 23.

— 2 “ June 2 Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p.265.

— 13 “ June 3 Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p.265.

— 14 “ June 4 Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p.265.

— 7 “ June 4 Yandell. An Account of Spasmodic Cholera…” p.2.

— 9 “ June 5 Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p.265.

— 20 “ June 5 Yandell. An Account of Spasmodic Cholera…” p.2.

— 5 “ June 6 Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p.265.

— 6 “ June 7 Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p.265.

— ~30 “ June 8 Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p265.[42]

— ~30 “ June 9 Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p.265.

— 30 “ June 10 Adams Sentinel... “Progress…Cholera,” 6-24-1833.[43]

— 50-60 “ June 11[44] Yandell. An Account of…Cholera…” p. 2.[45]

–200 By June 11 Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 158.

–120-150 “ June 10-12 Yandell. An Account of Spasmodic Cholera…” p.2.

— 400 “ June 18-July 12[46] Woodworth 1875, 591-592.

–15-20 Louisville[47] Gorin. “The 1830’s Cholera Epidemic in [KY].”[48]

–12-15, up to June 25. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 7-6-1833, p. 305.

— 3-4, up to June 11. Newbern Spectator, NC. “Cholera” 6-28-1833, p. 1.[49]

— ~60 Mason County Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 37.

— 67 Maysville, Mason Co.[50]May 30-Aug 1. Collins & Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 37.[51]

–41 “ July 3-12[52] Woodworth 1875, 591-592; Niles, 6-22-1833, 265.

–12 “ 1^st 24 hours Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 150.

–20 “ 2^nd 24 hours Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 150.

–41 “ By June 12 Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 150.

–53 “ By July 21, 2019 Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 150.

— 78 Millersburg, Bourbon County Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— 36 Mount Sterling and Montgomery Co. Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

–5 Mount Sterling only. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 178.

— ~6 New Castle, Henry County. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 142.[53]

— >10? Newtown. “…there were many deaths.” Chambers. Conquest of Cholera, 1938, p. 176.

–73-80 Paris, Bourbon County. Blanchard tally from sources below.

–80 Paris. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 154.

–73 Paris, Bourbon County. Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.[54]

— 2 Paris Woodworth 1875, pp. 591-592.

— ? Oldham County. Severely stricken. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 142.

— ? Owingsville, Bath County. Cases noted. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 178.

— 17 Richmond, Madison County Gorin. “The 1830’s Cholera Epidemic in [KY].”

— Robertson County (See Kentontown above)

— 17 Salem, Livingston County. Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— >40 Scott County. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 154.[55]

–16 Scott County (in one family) Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— ? Shelbyville, cases reported. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p265.

— 4 Shepherdsville, Bullitt County Woodworth 1875, pp. 591-592.

— ? Simpsonville, Shelby County. Yandell. An Account of Spasmodic Cholera…” p. 2.[56]

— 34 Somerset, Pulaski County Gorin. “The 1830’s Cholera Epidemic in [KY].”[57]

— 80 Springfield, Washington County Collins and Collins. History of Kentucky, p. 38.

— 34 Summerset, Pulaski County Woodworth 1875, pp. 591-592.

— ? Versailles, Bath Co., cases reported. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p265.

— ~3 Washington, Mason County. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL, 6-29-1833, p.2.[58]

–15-25 Winchester, Clark County Blanchard tally from sources below.

–25 Winchester Gorin. “The 1830’s Cholera Epidemic in [KY].”

–15-20 “ Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 178.

Louisiana (>2,370) New Orleans (1,000)

—>2,370 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

Breakout of Louisiana cholera deaths by locality where noted:

— 250 Alexandria, on Red River, slaves. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p.132.[59]

— ~20 Baton Rouge, by May 25. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, 265.[60]

— ? Covington, cases reported. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p.265.

— 195 Franklin, St. Mary’s Parish; slaves on two parishes.[61]

— ? Lafayette, cases reported. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p.265.

— 120 Lake Providence, East Carroll Parish.[62]

–80 Blacks

–40 Whites

–1,000 New Orleans, out of 4,976 total deaths and population of 55,713. Barton, 1857.[63]

–1,000 “ Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, p. 69.[64]

–1,000 “ Peters, John C. “General History of the Disease…” 1885, p. 25.

–1,000 “ Sanitary Commission of New Orleans. Report of… 1854, p. 465.

— ? Rapides, reported to be “raging to a great extent…especially among the slaves.”[65]

— ? St. Martinsville. When cholera struck the town was “almost abandoned.”[66]

— >3 St. Mary’s parish. New Orleans Argus. “Cholera.” 6-6-1833, p. 2, c. 2.[67]

— ? St. Tammany parish. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1838, p. 125.[68]

— >700 Wade Hampton plantation, north of New Orleans on the Mississippi; slaves.[69]

— 85 Colonel Proctor’s plantation near New Orleans. Chambers. 1838, p. 124.

Maryland ( >21) Especially late July-early Aug and early Sep

—>21 Statewide Blanchard tally from breakouts below.

— ? Cumberland Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 146.

— ? Frederick Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 146.

— 11 Hagerstown Blanchard tally from breakouts below.

–4 Hagerstown. Hagerstown Mail, MD. 8-9-1833, p. 3, col. 1.[70]

–1 “ Aug 5. Canal worker who arrived in Hagerstown on Aug 4.

–2 “ Aug 5. Elderly African-American women.

–1 “ Aug 6. Elderly African-American male.

–7 Hagerstown, early Sep. Maryland Republican. Annapolis. “Cholera…” 9-17-1833, 3.[71]

–3 Hagerstown. Niles’ Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 8-10-1833, p. 385.[72]

— ? Sharpsburg. Cases reported. Said to have “disappeared” in Aug 24 Maryland Republican.

—>10? Williamsport and area. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 147.[73]

–3 “ By June 27. Maryland Gazette, Annapolis. “The Cholera.” 7-4-1833, 2.[74]

Mississippi (>136) Especially Natchez (107)

— 1 Jackson, cases reported. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, 265.[75]

–107 Natchez “under the Hill” Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera, 1938, p. 132.[76] –10-12, steamboat slaves, early April. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera, 1938, 130.[77]

— 3 Natchez, June 19-25. Natchez Weekly Courier. “Sexton’s Report.” 6-28-1833, 3.

— 10 Port Gibson, Claiborne Co. New Orleans Argus. “Cholera.” 6-6-1833, p.2, c2.[78]

— 1 Sartartia, March 23 (Samuel M. Pannill, 29). Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 5-24-1833.

–>17 Vicksburg, 1^st week of May. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera, 1938, p. 132.[79]

–1 “ May 7, Thomas H. Ewing. Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 5-24-1833.

–1 “ May 7, Ruel A Watson. Newbern Sentinel, NC. “From the Vicksburg…Register.” 6-7-1833, 3.

–3 “ May 7, Jane, Emily and Juliet Hegeman. Newbern Sentinel, NC. 6-7-1833, p. 3.

–1 “ May 7. Groom of one of Dr. Hegeman’s daughters. Chambers. 1938, p. 133.

Missouri (>206) Especially Palmyra (130)

—>206 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below (we think it probable there were more).

Breakout of Missouri cholera deaths by locality where noted.

— >4 Cape Girardeau. “United States Senator Buckner, his wife and slaves…near the town.”[80]

— ? Jefferson City, Sep Pal Spectator, MO. “The Cholera Epidemic of 1833.” 8-21-1946.

— 7 New London, Ralls County. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. 6-15-1833, p. 1, col. 1.[81]

–130 Palmyra, June 4-early July. Blanchard addition of June 4-22 (120) and early July (10).

–106-120 Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 136.

— 120 Palmyra, June 4-22. Niles Weekly Register. “The Cholera.” 7-6-1833, p. 305.[82]

— 105 Palmyra, esp. June. “In June, Palmyra was the center of the contagion.[83]

— 10 Palmyra, early July. Woodworth 1875, 591-592.

— ? Perryville, August Pal Spectator, MO. “The Cholera Epidemic of 1833.” 8-21-1946.

— ? Rocheport, July Pal Spectator, MO. “The Cholera Epidemic of 1833.” 8-21-1946.

— 60 St. Charles, July Chappell. “History…Missouri River,” KS St. Hist. Soc, 1906, 281.[84]

— ~3 St. Louis, “There sere several deaths the first week in June.” Chambers 1938, p. 135.

–1 “ June 8. Attorney John Newman.[85]

–1 “ June 21. Edwin Francis, 24. Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL, 6-20-1833, p. 3.

New Jersey ( ?)

–? Princeton. Niles Weekly Register, “The Cholera.” 7-27-1833, p. 353.[86]

Ohio (>429) Especially July Especially Cincinnati (307)

—>429 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below, several noting deaths, and we use 1.

— 50 Bridgeport. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 146.[87]

–22 “ In 2-3 days. Annapolis Republican, MD. “Cholera Intelligence.” 6-22-1833, p. 3.

–18 “ In one day. Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265.[88]

— ? Chillicothe, July-Aug. Cases, “…but there was no violent outbreak.” Chambers, p. 144.[89]

— 307 Cincinnati/Hamilton Co. area. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 142.[90]

— 15 “ June 9-15. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 142.

— 176 “ July. Greve. Centennial History of Cincinnati…, V1. 1904, p. 588.

— >48 July 17-23. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 142.[91]

— 60 July 28-31? Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 142.[92]

— 16 Columbus, Aug 30 report: “16 deaths by cholera last week.”[93]

— >7 Columbus Penitentiary, by July 30. Niles’ Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 8-10-1833, 385.[94]

— 33 Dayton. Burba. “When the Cholera Plague Swept Dayton.” Dayton Daily News, 3-8-1931.[95]

— >11 Gallipolis (the 11 were in one day). Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 145.”

— ? Harrisville, cases reported. Brookville Inquirer, IA. “The Cholera” 6-14-1833, p. 2.

— >1 Lebanon Niles Weekly Register, “The Cholera.” 7-27-1833, p. 353.[96]

— ? Mount Pleasant, cases reported. Brookville Inquirer, IA. “The Cholera” 6-14-1833, p. 2.

— ? St. Clairsville, cases reported. Brookville Inquirer, IA. “The Cholera” 6-14-1833, p. 2.

— ~3 Steubenville, “…several deaths.” Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 146.

— ~3 Troy, last week August. “Several deaths by cholera…”[97]

— 1 Zanesville, June 14. Adams Sentinel. “Progress…Cholera,” 6-24-1833.

Pennsylvania (>56) Especially June 11-Aug 1 Especially Pittsburgh

–56 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

— ? Brownsville. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 146.

— 3 Claysville. Savannah Republican, GA. “Cholera.” 7-12-1833, p.2.[98]

— 1 Conemaugh area, Cambria County. Savannah Republican, GA. “Cholera.” 7-12-1833, p.2.[99]

–52 Pittsburgh, June 11-Aug 1. Duffy. “The Impact of Asiatic Cholera…” p. 208.[100]

–39 “ June 11-July 16. Niles Weekly Register, “The Cholera.” 7-27-1833, 353.

Tennessee (>220) Especially Shelbyville (109)

–220 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below (we feel confident there were others).

— 1 Davidson Co., Feb 3 (William O. Jackson). Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 2-8-1833.

— 1 Fayetteville, June 23 (Mr. Garvin ~50). Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 7-5-1833.

— 1 “ June 25 (Tabby, slave). Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 7-5-1833.

— 1 “ June 26 (Nancy Kingsley, ~6). Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 7-5-1833.

— 1 “ June 26 (Henry Mayers ~45). Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 7-5-1833.

— 1 “ June 27 (Mrs. Solomon Gullet). Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 7-5-1833.

— ? Gallatin, “…had considerable cholera” late winter/early spring. Chambers. 1938, p. 134.

— 1 Knoxville. Niles Weekly Register, “Cholera.” 7-27-1833, p353.

— ? Memphis, cases noted. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 133.[101]

— 70 Nashville, Davidson Co. Sexton’s Rpt. for June, Nashville Republican, 7-5-1833, p.1.[102]

–65 “ June. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 134.[103]

–1 “ June 3 (Francis Porterfield). Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 6-7-1833.

— 34 Pulaski, early June. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 134.[104]

–109 Shelbyville,[105] June 26-July 16. Western Weekly Review, Franklin, TN, 7-26-1833, p.12.[106]

— 30 First day after start. Yandell. “Cholera in Shelbyville,” p. 5.

–15-20 Second day after start. Yandell. “Cholera in Shelbyville,” p. 5.

— 55 Total. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 134.

Texas ( ?)

–? “Texas. The cholera has appeared in this country, but had not yet been very destructive.”[107]

Virginia ( 1)

–1 Fredericksburg, John W. Seldon, 61. Savannah Republican, GA. “Cholera.” 7-12-1833, p. 2.

–? Richmond Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 146.

West Virginia (>268) Especially Wheeling (153) May 16-June 23

— >268 Blanchard compilation from locality breakouts below.

Breakout of West Virginia cholera deaths by locality where noted:

— 22 Bridgeport (end of June) Woodworth 1875, pp. 591-592.

–10-11 Charleston, July-Aug 13. Duffy. “The Impact of Asiatic Cholera…” p. 207.[108]

— ? Harpers Ferry Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 146.

— 74 Kanawha Salines, by July 18 Duffy. “The Impact of Asiatic Cholera…” p. 207.[109]

— ? Shepherdstown. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 146.[110]

— 8 Triadelphia, July 11-~July 20. Duffy. “The Impact of Asiatic Cholera…” p. 207.[111]

— 153 Wheeling, May 16-June 23. Duffy. “The Impact of Asiatic Cholera…” p. 207.[112]

–>70 May 16-May 30.

— 51 May 31-June 4.

— 32 June 5-June 23.[113]

— 14 Wheeling, June 16-18. Adams Sentinel. “Progress…Cholera,” 6-24-1833.

River Boats and Sea Craft (>190)

—>190 Blanchard tally.

— ~50 Brig Ajax, New Orleans to Key West and at Key West. Niles, 6-22-1833, 265.[114]

— 100 Steamboat Chester, New Orleans for St. Louis with troops and Swiss immigrants.[115]

— 1 Steamboat Mount Vernon, June 12. Mr. Yeatman.[116]

— 6 Steamboat Reindeer, Arkansas River. Niles Weekly Register, 7-27-1833, 353.[117]

— 17 Steamboat Tobacco Plant, New Orleans to Louisville, April.[118]

— 16 Unnamed boat, Mississippi River. Woodworth 1875, pp. 591-592.

General

Chambers: “…the cholera, though much suppressed [after the brig Ajax left New Orleans in early 1833 with cholera onboard], lingered in New Orleans and the lower parishes of Louisiana infecting those who came that way. The southern metropolis acted as a focus from which the scourge was spread by shipping and travel to the gulf coast towns and ports and to the West Indies. In appeared in Havana February 26, taking a terrible toll.[119]…. [p. 121]

“Along the Texas coast the disease prevailed at times but never with great violence, nor did it spread inland to any great extend. The dry broad plains were not to its liking.[120]

“Meanwhile, the cholera made its second appearance in New Orleans. On June 8, 1833, a newspaper admitted the presence of the pestilence in the city…. [p. 123]

“Steamboats touching at New Orleans became infected by March;[121] by May the contamination had spread to nearly every boat on the river.[122]…. [p. 124]

“Towns and plantations of the lower parishes were the scenes of frightful destruction. The towns of St. Martinsville and Franklin were almost abandoned;[123] Covington and the parishes of St. Martin, St. Mary, Lafayette, Rapides, Baton Rouge and St. Tammany suffered exceptionally heavy losses from the scourge; many of the plantations lost a majority of their slaves; near Franklin one plantation lost forty-five victims in forth-eight hours, and another had lost one hundred and fifty when the remainder fled to the swamps and abandoned the place leaving the dead unburied….[124] [p. 125]

“By the latter part of the month [April] scarcely a boat put in at Natchez that had not lost passengers from the pestilence.[125] …. [p. 127]

“As the spread of the cholera in the interior of America had as its chief instrument the river boat, so the activity that had so much to do with the distribution of the pestilence throughout the South was the transportation of slaves. New Orleans had been the great slave market of the South, but unfavorable legislation in Louisiana had established Natchez in that unenviable position.[126]…. ‘Natchez on the Hill’…was the most prosperous city in the South. In the center of it all was its slave auction block.[127] Natchez was the county seat of Adams County, whose 4000 whites and 11,000 slaves made it the most populous in the state.[128] …. [pp. 128-129]

“There were in 1833 more slaves than freemen in Louisiana, and the former nearly equaled the latter in numbers in many other Southern States. The Negroes lived usually under more crowded and less sanitary conditions than the whites; some were always being bought, sold and transported. Thus they bore the brunt of the cholera epidemic in the South…. [pp. 130-131]

“The great importance of Natchez in the epidemic…was its position as a focus from which the scourge spread to the plantations of the South. Across the bottoms at Alexandria two hundred and fifty slaves were lost; on many plantations throughout Mississippi most of the blacks were victims. Even Governor Scott of that state succumbed…. [p. 132]

“On the upper Mississippi the disease began to appear on boats early in May of 1833. The various towns along the river became infected, acting as foci from which the disease, lasting until midsummer, spread into the adjoining country. Western mails to St. Louis brought news of cholera in the Far West, while boats coming down the Missouri River with cargoes of furs reported the prevalence of the pestilence on boats as far west as Montana.[129] …. [p. 134-135]

“Spreading across the river into Illinois the disease prevailed in the country through July.[130] ….The rangers, under Colonel Dodge, who patrolled the western plains since the Indian troubles the year before, became infected and lost several men.[131] [p. 136]

“Ascending the Ohio River there was no important outbreak until Louisville was reached….Louisville, Madison, Cincinnati, Maysville, Portsmouth, Wheeling and Pittsburgh were the principal foci from which the pestilence spread, and these places probably received their infection at about the same time from steamboats up from the lower Mississippi….The difference in the ravages of the scourge on the two sides of the Ohio is striking. North of the river, with an occasional exception like Cincinnati, the epidemics were not violent and the mortality was not great. South of that river the territory that stands out for violence of its epidemics was Lexington and the Bluegrass region with Nashville and vicinity next in importance…. [p. 137]

“From Cincinnati the disease spread south through northern Kentucky and along the road toward Lexington; to the north it spread through the country with epidemics at Lebanon and Dayton, Ohio. At Richmond, Indiana, there was a violent outbreak with twenty-nine deaths.”[132]….

“Up the Ohio from Cincinnati the towns villages and steamboat landings were all infected, from which places it spread into the adjoining country. The next epidemic of importance up the river was that at Maysville….The scourge appeared at Chillicothe, forty-seven miles up the Scioto from Portsmouth, early in July and continued through July and August, but there was no violent outbreak.[133]…. [p. 144]

“Above Gallipolis the scourge entered the Kanawha and invaded the valley of this river. At Kanawha Salines there were seventy-four deaths to July 18 and the epidemic was still raging…. [p. 145]

“Wheeling was important in the spread of the cholera in being the junction of the river traffic with the Cumberland Road traffic to the Potomac and the East…. [p. 146]

McClellan: “In February, 1833, cholera carried into the island of Cuba, and became epidemic at the cities of Havana and Matanzas, and for several months the disease raged with intense severity; the deaths at Havana being over ten thousand… During the months of April, May, June, and July, the disease was carried in all directions from Cuba. A fatal case of sporadic cholera occurred during April at New Orleans…. In May, Surgeon McMahon of the Army reported that cholera was epidemic at New Orleans, and at that city the disease was most disastrous. About the same time it appeared at Mobile, Apalachicola, and at Amelia Island on the coast of Florida. The steamboats in the Mississippi trade were again infected, and the disease was carried northward.” (McClellan. “A History of the…Cholera…In North America.” 1875, p. 588-589)

….

“New Orleans, Vicksburg, Memphis, Saint Louis, Quincy, Louisville, Cincinnati, Maysville, Wheeling, and Pittsburgh, all in order suffered, and each in turn became points from which the disease radiated from the river, while the interior cities, receiving the infection, in turn imported it to their dependencies. It is a point of singular interest to know that a map of the cholera-epidemic of 1833 in the United States is almost identical with the map of the epidemic of 1873.

“From the line of the Ohio River, the States of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio were devastated upon the north, while upon the south the State of Kentucky was overrun with the disease, whose lines of infection extended into the State of Tennessee, met the lines of infection from the Mississippi, and culminated in the explosion at Nashville. Upon the east, the State of Virginia was infected from the Ohio, Wheeling receiving the first blow, and in turn transmitting the disease to Shepherdstown, Fredericksburg, and Charlestown. Lastly Pittsburgh was infected, and Allegheny, Brownsville, and Claysville followed….

“A New Haven paper republishes the report of the Cincinnati board of health for July 19: ‘It was discovered that the cholera was indeed in the midst of us; two individuals died this day and one the day following…..

“During the epidemic, the inhabitants of the State of Kentucky suffered most severely. Lexington was again attacked after the disease had appeared at Maysville, Flemingsburgh, Georgetown, Cynthiana, Millersburgh, and Paris. From Lexington, the disease was distributed to Versailles, Lawrenceburg, Frankfort, Lancaster, Danville, and towns of lesser note, and from each of the localities named the lines of infection radiated, until nearly the entire area of Eastern and Middle Kentucky became infected.” (McClellan. “A History of the…Cholera…In North America.” 1875, p. 589-590)

“It was reported that up to the 12^th day of July, over four hundred deaths had occurred at Lexington; that the mortality was increasing; and that it was difficult to get rough boxes made mast enough to put the dead away….

“That cholera was distributed from Lexington to the surrounding country is shown by the following incidents: On the 18^th of June, 1833, late in the evening, a wagon laden with merchandise for the store of William Cooke, who was at that time the principal merchant of the place, arrived at Lexington, which was unloaded the evening of its arrival, and the goods unpacked and placed upon the shelves in Mr. Cook’s store. Before noon the next day, Mr. Cooke, two or three men who had assisted in handling the goods, and the wagoner were dead from cholera; and from the 19^th of June to the 8^th of July one hundred and sixteen deaths occurred. From Lancaster the disease was carried to the surrounding country.

“We have been informed by our friend Dr. J.D. Jackson, of Danville, KY., that the first cases of cholera that occurred in Boyle County, in 1833, were in the persons of five negroes, employed as teamsters in transporting goods from Louisville and Lexington to that town.

“By Dr. W.M. Tomilson, of Mercer County, we are informed that the first case of the disease at or near Harrodsburg was in the person of a man just returned from Lexington.

“At Lebanon, Ky., a stranger arrived from Lexington during the epidemic at that city. He put up at the hotel, and during the night he was taken with cholera and died the next day. The negro who waited upon him was next attacked, and from him the disease spread to his fellow-servants…..

“From Lebanon the disease was carried into the surrounding country. The first case that occurred at the town of Springfield was in the person of a man from Lebanon, and the same can be said of other towns.

“A Mrs. H. died at Maysville of cholera. Her body was taken to Flemingsburgh, where it remained unburied one day. The next day nine deaths occurred among those who had visited the corpse, and the disease spread rapidly.

“At Summerset, a village of about 1,200 inhabitants, in Pulaski County, Ky., cholera first occurred in the person of a refugee from Lancaster, and in seven days thirty-four deaths occurred.

“At Maysville, Ky., the city is represented as having exhibited a scene that finds no parallel in its previous history. The disease occurred on the 3d of July, and up to the 12^th forty-one deaths occurred.

“We have been informed by Judge R. Hawes, of Paris, Ky., through Dr. J. D. Jackson, of Danville, that the first cholera-deaths in Bourbon County, during this epidemic, occurred in the persons of two men, named Johnson and Kennardy, who arrived at their homes from Maysville during the epidemic at that city.” (McClellan. “A History of the…Cholera…In North America.” 1875, p. 590)

“Dr. Z.T. Robards recorded in the Transylvania Journal of Medicine, for July, August, and September, 1834, that during the epidemic of 1833, a young man arrived at Shepherdsville from Louisville, and proceeded to the house of his father, two miles east of the town; that he had had diarrhea for some time before his arrival. The evening of his arrival he was taken with cholera, and died after ten hours; all the inmates of his house had diarrhea; in two, cholera was fully developed; one case died. The sister-in-law of the first case and her husband, living at a different location, took the disease and died….

“From the New Haven paper before noted we read, that early in July, out of a party of German emigrants upon the Mississippi River, on their way to Saint Louis, sixteen out of a company of one hundred and fifty, had died of cholera.

“Early in July the disease was reported at Palmyra, Mo., and before 10 o’clock p.m. of the day of explosion ten deaths occurred.

“The instances given by Dr. M.H. Houston as having occurred during the epidemic of 1833 at Wheeling, Va., are certainly strong evidence in favor of the infectiousness of cholera. The village of Bridgeport, now a ward of the city of Wheeling, is located upon a small island in the Ohio, but half a mile from the city of Wheeling. The village was in a filthy condition, and contained two or three hundred inhabitants. Cholera was epidemic at Wheeling on the 15^th of May, but the disease did not occur in Bridgeport until the last week in June. The village was near enough to the city to be subjected to the same atmospheric influences, if cholera originated by them; but more than a month passed, and the village escaped. But when it did occur, within the first thirty-six hours twenty-two of the inhabitants died….Although communication between Bridgeport and Wheeling was of necessity kept up, it was very much restricted through fear of cholera. No person infected with the disease arrived on the island until late in June; but the infection once arriving, its reproduction was rapidly advanced by the filth of the village, and when the cholera-explosion did occur its consequences were frightful….” (McClellan. “A History of the …Cholera…In North America.” 1875, p. 591-592.)

Illinois

Illinois State Historical Society: “In 1833 that fatal disease, cholera, made its first appearance here. It was the 4^th of July. Many of the people were going to a barbecue at Ursa. Two or three of these were taken sick and died before sundown of that day. The utmost consternation prevailed. Many left in great haste. Within he next five days 33 deaths from cholera occurred. Two days after the epidemic appeared, a meeting was called at the courthouse to consult upon means to prevent the further spread of the disease, and to adopt measures of relief for the sick. Wm. Flood was chairman and O. H. Browning secretary of this meeting. The town was divided into three districts, and committees of vigilance appointed. These committees were to meet at 8 o’clock every morning to make all necessary arrangements for the care and nourishment of the sick and also for the burial of the dead. These men themselves had often, not only to wait upon the sick, bu to bury the dead, digging the graves themselves. Mr. Browning told of taking a corpse to the cemetery by himself, where he dug the grave and buried it alone. (The question came up as to where coffins were obtained in this emergency, and all concluded that rough boxes were nailed up.).” (Illinois State Historical Society. Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1915. “The Making of a City [Quincy, IL] (1830 to 1845).” Springfield: Illinois State Journal C., State Printers, 1916, p. 155.)

Indiana

Daly: Indiana College

“The Indiana College was along the stagecoach route south from Indianapolis. In 1833, cholera broke out in town and the college. There were three deaths among the students and eleven in town. The college was closed, and students were sent home. Many had no way to travel except to walk home. Some of those walkers died along the road.” (Daly. “The Black Cholera Comes to Central Valley of America.”)

Kentucky

Woodworth: Lancaster

“In 1833 the cholera had been directly introduced into the town in a way so patent that, among the older inhabitants of Lancaster, it would be difficult to find an intelligent person who doubted the infectiousness and the portability of the disease.

“On the 18th day of June, 1833, late in the evening, a wagon, laden with merchandise for the store of Mr. William Cooke, who was at that time the principal merchant of the place, arrived at Lancaster. The goods had been purchased at the city of Philadelphia, Pa.; they had been transported to Wheeling, Va.; from thence by steamboat on the Ohio to Maysville, Ky.; from thence to Lexington, Ky. At the last named town they were loaded on the wagon from which they were delivered to Mr. Cooke. The wagon was unloaded the evening of its arrival at Lancaster; the goods were unpacked and placed upon the shelves in Mr. Cooke’s store, and before noon the next day Mr. Cooke, the wagoner, and two or three men who had handled these goods, were dead from cholera.

“Prior to these cases there had been no sickness in the town, but from them the disease spread, became epidemic, and from the 19th of June to the 8th of July one hundred and sixteen deaths occurred. Of these, fifty-eight occurred in the persons of whites; of them, thirty-two were males, twenty-one were females, and five were young children. Two fatal cases occurred in the persons of medical men, and duplicate cases occurred in many families.” (Woodworth 1875, 301)

Lexington:

Ranck: “The terrible ravages of the cholera in 1833 will ever keep that fatal year memorable in the annuals of Lexington. The devoted city had confidently expected to escape the scourge on account of its elevated position and freedom from large collections of water, but an inscrutable Providence ruled it otherwise. About the 1st of June the cholera made its appearance, and in less than ten days fifteen hundred persons were prostrated and dying at the rate of fifty a day[134] An indescribable panic seized the citizens, half of whom fled from the city, and those who remained were almost paralyzed with fear. Intercourse between the town and country was suspended for six weeks; farmers had to abandon their grain to the stock for want of laborers; the market-houses in the city were empty and desolate, and famine would have been added to pestilence but for the great activity of the authorities.

“The streets were silent and deserted by everything but horses and dead-carts, and to complete the desperate condition of things three physicians died, three more were absent, and of the rest scarcely one escaped an attack of the disease (Observer and Reporter). The clergy, active as they were, could not meet one-third of the demands made upon them. Business houses were closed, factories stopped, and men passed their most intimate friends in silence and afar off, staring like lunatics, for fear the contagion was upon them. The dead could not be buried fast enough, nor could coffins be had to meet half the demand. Many of the victims were consigned to trunks and boxes, or wrapped in the bedclothes upon which they had just expired, placed in carts, and hurried off for burial without a prayer being said and no attendant but the driver. The grave-yards were choked. Coffined and uncoffined dead were laid at the gates in confused heaps to wait their turn to be deposited in the long, shallow trenches, which were hastily dug for the necessities of the occasion. Out of one family of nineteen persons, seventeen died.

“The hitherto festival day, the Fourth of July, came and found the fearful pestilence abating, and was observed in the churches with mingles tears, thanksgiving, prayers, and supplications. The fell destroyer had swept over five hundred persons out of existence,[135] and the whole city was in mourning. The terrors and sufferings in Lexington during the fearful cholera season of “’33” no pen can describe.” (Ranck. History of Lexington KY. 1872, p. 325-327.)

Yandell: “I proceed next to mention a few causes which contributed to he mortality of the disease in this place, not to reflect upon the conduct of any one, but as a warning to other people who may be destined hereafter to feel the epidemic.

“So secure had we felt in what were deemed the advantages of our local position, in the former proverbial healthfulness of our city, and in the general comfort of the citizens, that no provision was made for the epidemic. As a consequence, it found our municipal authorities without the means either of ministering to the wants of the indigent sick, or of taking account of the progress of the disease. No Board of Health was organized, and the Health officer being unable to obtain information, no reports were made, and hence we are now left to guess at the mortality. No available hospital was prepared. When the disease had been a week in progress, an attempt was made to open one, but it was then found impossible to procure the necessary attendants, and the project was abandoned. The result of this was, that as the sick were scattered over the whole city, much unnecessary labor was performed by the physicians, and as a necessary consequence, they were soon exhausted.

“During the first ten days of its prevalence Drs. Boswell, Challen, and Steele died, and nearly every other practitioner in the city experienced an attack of the disease. To add to these misfortunes, Professors Cooke and Short were absent during the first week, and Professor Caldwell, who was in Boston when it broke out, did not reach home until it had subsided. Thus was the city deprived of the services of six physicians, at a time when all would have been inadequate to the demand, to say nothing of the of the indisposition of many which seriously impaired their efficiency.

“The panic excited by the sudden irruption of the epidemic when all had been deemed so safe, was as great as could easily be conceived. Many of the citizens fled from their homes.[136] Some believed it contagious, and kept aloof from their neighbors. During the gloomiest period of the epidemic, the streets seemed deserted. Even the market house, on market days, presented a picture of desolation, and but for the energy of the City Authorities, and the enterprize of some philanthropic citizens, famine must have been added to the sufferings of many poor families.

“In this state of things, when there were in the city probably a thousand sick, dispersed in all directions, and when the greater number of attacks came on at night, many persons were inevitably neglected. At one period, when the disease was most violent, and time, consequently, most precious, it was almost impossible to find a physician after night. Many were therefore obliged to wait until morning, when too often they had reached a hopeless condition. If to those who suffered in this way, we add the ignorant who were little acquainted with the early symptoms or the danger of the disease, and the indigent who could command neither nurses, nor messengers to send for a physician in time, we have a very large class for whom it may be said the resources of the profession were as nothing. In looking over the list of the victims of cholera, it is impossible to resist the conclusion that this was one of the chief causes of its mortality; and I may add, that, with a hospital, where the poor might have received prompt medical aid, and suitable nursing, and if the panic had been less, and citizens had always stood by, and encouraged, and assisted each other, the issue of many cases, perhaps the general issue of the epidemic itself, might have been different from what it was….” (pp. 4-5)

“It is common to speak of the epidemic as having, in this city, disregarded character and condition, and invaded all classes of the community indiscriminately. I have examined the list of those who died during the first three weeks with special reference to this subject, and have come to a different conclusion. The number reported by the gentlemen who were at the trouble of visiting all the houses, is 381. Of these, 25 were lunatics, at the Asylum, 168 blacks, and 188 whites. It is unnecessary to speak of the liability of the first class to attacks of cholera. It is not too much to say, that there is every thing in their situation to predispose to it. The habits and condition of the black population in every country are much alike, and well known. Bond and free, they are generally filthy and careless, poor, and ignorant, and in want of many of the comforts of life, and nearly always live in low, damp, or ill-ventilated houses. There are few exceptions to this rule. Thus more than half the victims were of the class who have been the great sufferers from cholera in all countries. From their own neglect in the first instance, and the difficulty of affording them the necessary aid afterwards, a large proportion of them when overtaken by the disease inevitably perish. Of the remaining number it may be affirmed, that few were free from some of the causes which strongly predispose to the disease. A great majority were either infirm from other affections, or old age, intemperate in the use of ardent spirits, or guilty of some excess, in eating, exercise, &c. immediately before their attack. The three physicians who fell its victims had labored by night and by day, as well as neglected the early symptoms of their disease. The few robust young persons who died were generally able to trace their attack to some indiscretion. And with all the general abundance of the land, it must be admitted that many of the whites themselves were badly fed, and miserably lodged in low, crowded houses, surrounded by filth, and supplied with few of the comforts which the sick require. I saw an amount of squalid wretchedness during the prevalence of the epidemic, which I could hardly have believed to exist in the midst of such general affluence. If we subtract from the above number those who were invalids from other disorders, those who were peculiarly exposed from the nature of their calling, those who were intemperate, or grossly imprudent in diet, as well as the aged, the excessively indigent, and the subjects of inordinate fear, but a small number will remain. That any should be left out of all these classes, is evidence of the malignant character assumed by the disease in this place. [pp. 6-7]

“Few children died. The list referred to includes but 10 or 11. Of the sexes nearly an equal number suffered….” (p. 7)

June 8: “”Speaking of the disease, the Lexington Reporter of the 8^th says–‘We have never witnessed such anxiety, such alarm, such a panic as the countenances of the citizens generally evinced, on Wednesday and Thursday last. It would be far beyond our powers of description, to give to those who did not witness it, even a faint idea of the sorrow and gloom visible in every countenance. The stoutest hearts seemed to quail before the relentless destroyer, that was stalking among us unseen, giving scarcely an intimation to the persons whom it had selected for its victims, before prostrating them upon a dying bed. No one pretended to claim an immunity from its grasp, and no one knew at what moment he, or some of his family, would be one of its victims. All seemed to be seized with an awful dread. We heard an old veteran say he had been in many a hard fought battle; he had heard the sound of cannon and musket balls passing through the air; he had seen the dead and dying strewed around him, and heard the groans and shrieks of the wounded; but never had he felt such an awful dread of impending danger, as he felt during the four days ending yesterday.’” (Niles Weekly Register. “The Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265.)

Louisiana (New Orleans)

Peters: “In the first quarter of 1833 there was only one death; then it was sporadic till April; gradually increased in May, when it again became epidemic and committed great ravages among all classes of citizens, about 70 dying per day. The Charity hospital was completed that year and had 252 cholera patients with 136 cures, 73 deaths and 43 remaining. Acute dysentery, 215 cases, 161 cures and 50 deaths. Cholera morbus, 9 cases 4 deaths; malarial dysentery, 25 cases 4 deaths; chronic dysentery, 61 cases 29 deaths; typhoid dysentery, 8 cases 7 deaths ; diarrhoea, 29 cases 2 deaths; and 169 deaths from various other forms of bowel diseases. These probably were filth-dysentery and diarrhoea. In all there were 4,740 deaths from cholera in 1832, and it lingered through 1833, with 1,000 deaths; and then there was no more until 1848.” (Peters 1885, 25)

Maryland

Aug 16: “An Ordinance.

WHEREAS, at a meeting of the citizens of Hagers-town, held at the Court-house, on Saturday the 27^th inst.[137] 1833, it was ‘resolved, that the Moderator and Commissioners be requested to pass an Ordinance declaring it a nuisance to bring any persons within the limits of the Corporation, who have died upon the line of the Canal, or in any other infected district, without said limits’–Therefore,

BE it enacted and ordained by the Moderator and other Commissioners of Hagers-town, That the bringing into the limits of said town, or its addition, the dead body or bodies of any person or persons for interment, who may have died along the line of the Canal, or in the neighborhood of sail line, or in any other infected district, out of the limits of Hagers-town, be, and the same is hereby declared to be a nuisance.

And be it enacted and ordained, That it shall be the duty of the Market Master and the Constables of Hagers-town, or any one of them, to prevent the introduction of all such nuisances, within the limits of the Corporation, and if brought within said limits, to cause the same to be removed, without delay–and in case the Market Master or Constables, shall be resisted in the execution of such duty, he or they are hereby authorized to call out the posse to enforce this ordinance.–Passed, July 31 1833. W. D. BELL., Mod’r.

Test–S. Herbert, Cl’k.

August 2-3w.

(Hagerstown Mail, MD. “The Cholera.” 8-16-1833, p. 4.)

Aug 24 report: “Cholera.–The Williamsport Banner states that the disease upon the canal route in that vicinity has disappeared. From Sharpsburg, it is said also to have disappeared.” (Maryland Republican, Annapolis, MD. “Cholera Intelligence.” 8-24-1833, p. 3, col. 3.)

Missouri

Chappell on St. Charles: “In 1833 the cholera reappeared, first on the Mississippi, ascending that stream and its branches, and reaching St. Louis in May. (Niles’ Register, June 1, p. 221.)[138] The issue of August 17, page 401, copies from the St. Louis Republican: ‘The Western mails bring melancholy tidings of the spread of cholera,’ and states that St. Charles lost sixty of her best citizens in July.” (Chappell. “History…MO Riv.,” KS Hist. Soc, 1906 281.)

Pal Spectator, 1946: “…On June 2, some of the inhabitants of Palmyra visited Cherry Run on the Mississippi river to attend a religious service. In the audience was a William Smith, who was stricken the next day with the cholera and died in a few hours. In quick succession many more cases followed. ‘He who walked the street at noonday was often a writhing, struggling, screaming victim before nightfall, and at midnight a loathsome corpse.’ At all hours of the day and night the screams and shrieks of the victims could be heard, while on Main Street John Picket and his fellow coffin makers kept up an incessant ghastly hammering. Within an hour or so after the cholera had attacked a victim, if the attack was violent, word was sent to the coffin-makers, and work begun on the coffin before the stricken patient had reached the second stage of the disease.

“As soon as declared dead, the victim was buried without ceremony. Quite frequently the bodies were buried close to the house in which they had died, those having charge not desiring to wait for the death cart. Often, too, the attendant was himself a victim by night and the bodies lay in the house uncared for.

“Palmyra was one of the Missouri towns with the greatest mortality rate, for like other villages of that day, sanitary restrictions were unheard of. ‘From three-fourths of the backyards and gardens of the little town there came a fearful and disgusting stench. The spring branch was a receptacle for dead carcasses and a hot-bed for the generation and propagation of disease.’ In two short weeks 105 people, fifty of whom were white and fifty-five black, died in Palmyra of the cholera, ‘as great a mortality as we remember to have heard of since the disease has been in the United States.’

“As town after town suffered the plague, the people fled to the country for safety. The roads leading to the west, northwest, and northeast were soon thronged with fugitives in carriages, wagons, carts, on horseback or on foot. The Missouri Intelligencer, July 27, 1833, commented, ‘Nearly or quite all the inhabitants, of Rocheport, we understand have left the place. The community is in a state of anxiety and excitement. This terrific disease appears to be traversing the Missouri river, visiting the towns on its banks.’

“In June, Palmyra was the center of the contagion, followed in July by Rocheport, in August by Perryville, and Jefferson City in September where at all times it assumed a terrific form….”

(Pal Spectator, MO. “The Cholera Epidemic of 1833.” 8-21-1946.

Ohio

June 12 report: “The little village of Bridgeport on the Ohio, immediately opposite the town of Wheeling [WV], has been literally decimated by the cholera. The disease made its appearance on the 8^th instant, and out of a population of about two hundred persons, twenty-two deaths had occurred in the space of two or three days. The appearance of the pestilence occasioned a general panic and flight, and of those who remained there were not enough left in good health to take care of the sick. The Wheeling Times says:–Early in the afternoon, information was received here that several deaths had occurred in Bridgeport, and that the sick and dying were without attendance or medical aid. One of our Physicians and a Clergyman immediately crossed over to their assistance. On their return at night they reported the scene of distress as beyond any they had ever witnessed–seven dead and ten in a state of collapse and many others in the incipient stage of the disease. Sunday morning other Physicians with several of our benevolent citizens went to the aid of the sufferers.–They found 14 dead, none of which had been buried and very few laid out. In one house they found a man and his wife both dead in the same bed; they had none to administer the least relief.” (Annapolis Republican, MD. “Cholera Intelligence.” 6-22-1833, p. 3, col. 3.)

Tennessee

Yandell on Shelbyville: “The peculiar fatality which marked the prevalence of cholera in this place [Shelbyville], would seem to justify a multiplication of remarks on the subject….The disease made its appearance in Shelbyville on the 29^th of June….For…two weeks, the epidemic raged with more or less violence throughout the neighboring country. About this time a change in the weather occurred, and the disease abated, and finally disappeared.

“Premonitory symptoms, such as pains in the bowels, dysentery, indigestion, &c., had existed for several weeks previous to the appearance of cholera. It is proper, however, to remark, that they were by no means general, and that up to the night when the pestilence appeared in all its horrors, the health of the village was good. At once, the whole population seemed to be invaded by disease, scarcely an individual being found in the place a day or two afterwards, who was not more or less indisposed.

“The premonitory diarrhoea generally preceded the more formidable symptoms, but its duration usually was brief. If not promptly checked, the disease advanced after a few hours to its more aggravated stage. Of the few who escaped entirely even the milder symptoms, most were in the daily practice of drinking moderately of brandy. No class was exempt. The wealthy and the poor, the temperate and the intemperate, each furnished their share of victims. Persons, however, of shattered constitutions were first to sink under it.

“Of the usual symptoms of the disease, I will only mention vomiting as uniformly present. When diarrhoea came on simultaneously with this symptom, they rarely failed to hurry the patient off in from two to eight hours. For the first two days of its prevalence few who died, lived beyond eight hours after their attack. Out of a population of about 800, we lost thirty the first day after its eruption. Its malignancy was unabated on the second day, but as many of the citizens had fled, the number of deaths was only about fifteen or twenty. In all, during its continuance, one hundred and nine of our citizens perished. It lingered in the town for about fourteen days, when the population returned to their homes, and since that time, uninterrupted health has prevailed….” (Yandell, Lunsford P., M.D. An Account of Spasmodic Cholera, as it Appeared in the City of Lexington, In June, 1833. Lexington: 1833, pp. 37-38.)

West Virginia (Wheeling):

Duffy: “The second wave of Asiatic cholera to strike the western sections of Pennsylvania and Virginia [see our 1832 listing] began its onslaught in May of 1833. Cases first appeared in Wheeling[139] on May 16 and five days later the Board of Health officially admitted the presence of the disease. In typical fashion, however, the Board asserted that the sixteen cases were all confined to one small section of the town. Despite the Board’s efforts, the disease quickly spread to other parts of town, and by the end of the month ten to fifteen new cases were being reported daily, and over seventy deaths had occurred. With amazement the Board of Health reported that among ‘the late victims were persons of the most respectable character, and best habits.’ The epidemic reached its peak in the five days from May 31 to June 4, when ninety cases and fifty-one deaths reported: “An awful amount indeed,’ the Niles Weekly Register commented, ‘in a population of 3,500; admitting that none of the inhabitants had deserted their homes because of the disease.’[140]

“The outbreak rapidly subsided within the succeeding days, but by the middle of June almost one-third of Wheeling’s population had been affected. Most of the victims were women and children, although the death of Mr. Noah Zane, one of the town’s leading citizens, proved a real shock. On June 28 a letter from the physicians of Wheeling to the Board of Health stating that no new cases had developed during the past five days marked the end of the epidemic and enabled Wheeling to total up its losses. In a little over six weeks 153 individuals had fallen victim to cholera. The death toll would undoubtedly have been higher had not the ravages of the pestilence been restricted to certain districts. In some parts of the town almost one-fifth of the inhabitants had been felled, but other sections remained completely unaffected.”[141] (Duffy, John. “The Impact of Asiatic Cholera on Pittsburgh, Wheeling, and Charleston.” The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, Vol. 47, No. 3, July 1964, pp. 206-207.)

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Collins, Lewis and Richard H. Collins. Collins’ Historical Sketches of Kentucky. History of Kentucky By the late Lewis Collins, Judge of the Mason County Court. Revised, Enlarged Four-Fold, and Brought Down to the Year 1874, by his son Richard H. Collins (Vol. I). Covington, KY: Collins & Co., 1882. Accessed 2-16-2015 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=xMM6AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

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Niles’ Weekly Register. “The Cholera.” Vol. XLIV, No. 2, 8-3-1833. Baltimore; Franklin Press, 1833. Accessed 7-16-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=AX0FAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=cholera&f=false

Olson, Greg. “Plague on the prairie. The cholera epidemic of 1833 and its impact on one Illinois town.” Illinois Heritage, Illinois Periodicals Online. Accessed 3-26-2015 at: http://www.lib.niu.edu/2002/ih020106.html

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Peters, John C. “General History of the Disease and the Principal Epidemics up to 1885,” Section I in Wendt, Edmund Charles (Ed.). A Treatise on Asiatic Cholera. NY: William Wood and Co., 1885. Digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=bk4gp1QXHM4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Ranck, George W. History of Lexington Kentucky: Its Early Annals and Recent Progress. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1872. Excerpt accessed 9-19-2009 at: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kyfayett/cholera1833.htm

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Sexton’s Report for June 1833, Abstract of. The Nashville Republican and State Gazette, Vol. IX, No. 24, 7-5-1833. Photocopy made available by Nashville City Cemetery Association, Inc., Nashville, TN, 2006. Accessed 2-20-2015 at: http://www.thenashvillecitycemetery.org/penitentiary.htm

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Woodworth, John M. (Supervising Surgeon U.S. Merchant Marine Hospital Service). Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. Washington, DC: Treasury Department, Supervising Surgeon’s Office, 1875. Digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=RDUAAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

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Yandell, Lunsford P., M.D. An Account of Spasmodic Cholera, as it Appeared in the City of Lexington, In June, 1833. Lexington: 1833, 32 pages. Accessed 2-17-2015 at: http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101204866-bk

[1] Document compiled by B. Wayne Blanchard in 2015, 2018 and 2019 for: http://www.usdeadlyevents.com

[2] “The Journal of the 6th inst. says–‘We regret very much to learn that the Cholera has appeared on some of the plantations in the vicinity of Claiborne. It is said that one or two planters have suffered severely.’” (Savannah Republican, GA. “Cholera.” 7-12-1833, p. 2.)

[3] Niles Weekly Register. “The Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265. For the purposes of contributing to a tally we translate “some fatal cases” into at least three.

[4] Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265. For the purpose of contributing to a tally we translate “several” into at least three.

[5] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 121.

[6] Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265. For the purpose of contributing to a tally we translate “all the deaths” into at least three.

[7] Writes that Dr. Barrett, formerly of Ashby, Mass. “had visited the place for the sole purpose of becoming better acquainted with the symptoms and treatment of the Cholera. He was attacked with disease in its most violent form, and sunk under it in less than six hours.”

[8] The Niles Weekly Register, 8-10-1833, p. 385, noted: “At Carrollton it [cholera] has broken out with such malignity as to suspend all business and clothe the town in gloom.”

[9] Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. 6-29-1833, p. 3, col. 1. Number is ours. Paper writes that “several deaths had occurred.” For the purpose of contributing to a tally, we convert “several” into “about three.”

[10] “From the Vandalia Advocate. DIED–In the Marine Settlement, Madison county, Ill. of malignant Cholera on the 17^th inst. Moses Clark, aged 24. On the 20^th, Capt. Curtis Blakeman, aged 57.–On the same day, Miss Bethena Blakeman, aged 15. On the same day, Mrs. Wood, a widow lady. On the 21^st, Mrs. Elizabeth Blakeman, relict [widow] of Capt. Blakeman, aged 36.

[11] Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. “The Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 3.

[12] “The Vandalia Whig says, the cholera still continues in Illinois, and although its progress is not rapid, deaths are occurring almost daily.”

[13] Chambers wrote there were several deaths. (The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 141.)

[14] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 141. Cites: Cornett. Western Journal of Medical and Physical Science, Vol. 8, p. 9.

[15] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 141.

[16] Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 7-13-1833. Another source wrote: “The county [Wayne] has several times been visited by this dreadful disease, the first visitation being in 1833….It is said to have broken out among the workmen on the National bridge on the 5^th of August, spreading rapidly through the town in a very fatal form, and lasted about six weeks.” (Inter-State Publishing Co. History of Wayne County, Indiana, V. 1. 1884, p. 588.)

[17] Salem, Indiana, an inland village, on a stagecoach route, about 25 miles from the Ohio River and New Albany, was one of the most severely affected towns. In July and August, 1833, there were 113 deaths in and around the town. Its population was a few hundred. The newspaper stopped publication. Most individuals fled. A local minister later wrote that all fled the town except “a donkey and a drunken grocery keeper.” (Daly 2008, “Black Cholera”)

[18] Chambers wrote “the Dubuque lead miners in camp across the river [from Galena] were ravaged.” Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 6-22-1833.

[19] We use the high range of 20 for Louisville, instead of 15 (which would make the total 1,760), in that Collins notes that it was believed locally that there were more than the 15-20 deaths reported in the press, and in that we do not believe the sources we use had access to information on every cholera death in Kentucky.

[20] “Many of the people who ran away got sick and spread the disease. Soon cholera cases appeared in nearly every town in Kentucky. About 500 people in Lexington and thousands of other Kentuckians died that summer [1833] of cholera. Because many children were left without parents, Louisville and Lexington built orphan homes where these children could receive care.”

[21] Chambers writes “there were forty odd deaths.” Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 7-8-1833.

[22] After noting the deaths in the localities we have copied here, Collins and Collins write “Other places were similarly scourged…” Another source writes: “In Bardstown the family of judge Rowan, late U.S. senator, has been severely visited by this inscrutable scourge. His sons William and A. H.; his son William’s wife; grand-daughter, Miss Steele, and his sister Mrs. Kelly, had died, as also, several of his slaves.” (Niles’ Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 8-10-1833, p. 385.)

[23] “In like manner [outbreak in Paris], it burst out at the Lower Blue Licks, a watering place thronged with visitors. The venerable major Bedinger, a relic of the revolution, lost every white member of his family, including a married daughter, and a son, a physician, who came to attend upon the family.” See, also: Gorin. “The 1830’s Cholera Epidemic in [KY].”

[24] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 154. Chambers noted the slaves belonged to the school superintendent, Colonel R. M. Johnson. Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 7-27-1833.

[25] After noting Paris, Millersburg and Centerville fatalities in Bourbon County, authors write “many more in Bourbon county, 19 in one family.”

[26] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 154. “The greatest loss in the county, however [had just written about Cynthiana], occurred at Claysville and Kentontown [actually in Robertson County], in the norther part. The pestilence struck them early in July and claimed forty-seven lives in these two small villages.” Cites Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 7-25-1833. [Claysville and Kentontown are about 5 miles from each other.]

[27] We use the number 47 from Collins and Collins in that it includes Cynthiana and the surrounding vicinity. It is also fairly close to the “few dozen” deaths noted by Naff.

[28] “The pestilence appeared in Cynthiana June 14 and continued about three weeks, causing about twenty-five deaths in a population of 700.” Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 7-17-1833.

[29] Gorin writes that “Centre College in Danville closed and the students ran out in a panic.” Chambers (Conquest of Cholera 1938, p. 178) writes: “Five Negro teamsters arriving in Danville with goods from Lexington, soon developed cholera [cites U.S. Ex. Doc. No. 95, The Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 590]; from these cases the disease spread in the town and the deaths of fifty-five citizens resulted.” Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, July 10 and 31, 1833.

[30] “…in Fleming county whole families (12 in one, 10 in another) were cut off within 48 hours, and consigned to one common grave without winding sheet or coffin.”

[31] Another source, also noting 66 deaths, writes that this was “about 1 in every 10 of its population.” (Niles Weekly Register, “The Cholera.” 7-27-1833, p. 353.) Chambers (p. 153) wrote that the village population was about 500.

[32] “…Frankfort had forty-one deaths, thirty of which were among inhabitants of the town and eleven were of inmates of the penitentiary…” Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 8-3-1833, p. 177.

[33] What Gorin writes is that “Frankfort had over 100 deaths in the country.” In that Collins and Collins note 54 deaths in Frankfort and in that we show no other localities in the county with deaths, we assume that there were over 46 cholera deaths in the Franklin County countryside around Frankfort.

[34] Chambers writes that “Fifty-three whites and many slaves fell victims.” Cites Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 7-8-1833. There is no indication of how many people “many” denotes. Thus we note “more than” 122.

[35] Also noted as 120 fatalities in Collins and Collins, for “Lancaster and neighborhood…”

[36] “In the town of Lancaster, Ky. 116 persons had fallen victims to the disease from the 19^th of June to the 8^th of July, 58 whites and 58 blacks.” (Niles Weekly Register, “The Cholera.” 7-27-1833, p. 353.)

[37] The “89 deaths had taken place out of a population of 250.” (Niles Weekly Register, “Cholera.” 7-27-1833, p.353.)

[38] “A stranger from Lexington stopped at a hotel in Lebanon and died during the night; the Negro who waited on him died next day and the disease spread over the town.” Cites: U.S. Executive. Document. No. 95, The Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 590.

[39] “…June 1 to Aug. 1, 502 deaths (272 whites, 232 blacks), of which twenty-five were at the Lunatic Asylum.” Later write that “Over 1500 persons were prostrated with it in Lexington, in nine days after its appearance; some days, as many as fifty deaths.” (p. 38)

[40] Cites: Short Papers, Filson Club Library, Louisville, Ky.

[41] Just after noting that “about 450 are supposed to have died” in Lexington, Yandell writes that “In some neighborhoods, a few miles from the city, the disease manifested itself in form of more concentrated energy. One family, out of 20, lost 17 members; and other instances of a similar fatality might be mentioned.”

[42] Shortly after this spike in deaths it was written that “one-third to one-half of the citizens took refuge in flight….The population of the city was reduced from more than 6000 to less than 4000 inhabitants.” (Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p, 157, citing Niles Weekly Register, 6-22-1833.

[43] Also: Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265, noting “about 30.”

[44] Yandell writes “This mortality is the more striking contrasted with that of former times – when it is considered that the annual mortality of the city for many years, with a population nearly as great as at present, did not exceed 50 – its average number of deaths for a year, being thus crowded into a single day!”

[45] Chambers (The Conquest of Cholera, 1838, p. 158), writes that after “the rain fell in unprecedented torrents” on the night on June 7, the cholera increased: “During the next three or four days 1500 people were sick and they were dying at the rte of fifty or sixty a day. The death toll had reached two hundred by the eleventh.”

[46] Yandell writes (p. 2) that “A few cases, with symptoms to excite suspicions of this disease in the medical attendants, were rumored through the city about the first of the month, and one occurred in a negro, on the 3d of June, which left no doubt of its existence.” On page 4 he writes that it disappeared on July 10^th, and at the time of his writing (July 18^th) “not a case is believed to exist in the city…”

[47] Collins, p. 38: “…so lightly [felt] that the people ‘hardly knew of its presence.’”

[48] Gorin writes: “While the newspapers only reported 15-20 deaths, the citizenry reported many more.”

[49] “Louisville, June 11….In the city, within the last three or four days, some three or four deaths have occurred–it is not considered, however, as epidemic in the city–Herald.”

[50] Maysville is in Mason County on the Ohio River to the south of Ohio. The Maysville deaths are separate from those noted elsewhere in Mason County.

[51] Writes that “The Asiatic cholera breaks out at Maysville, and spreads rapidly through the state; consternation and mourning everywhere.” Chambers wrote that upon the outbreak “Nine-tenths of the inhabitants climbed that hill [toward central KY] before the lapse of thirty-six hours.” Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 6-22-1883.

[52] The Niles Weekly Register notes these deaths were in June: “The fatal cases of cholera at Maysville, Ky. up to the 12^th June, were 41–an awful number for that place, which was also deserted by nine-tenths of its population.”

[53] Wrote there were three deaths on a first outbreak, which then “lingered about a month and claimed several more lives.” Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 7-7-1833. For the purpose of contributing to a tally we convert “several” into three.

[54] “In Paris 73 deaths (40 whites, 33 blacks.)…”

[55] Our number based on the following from Chambers: “Cholera prevailed throughout Scott County through June and well in July causing forty or fifty deaths in Georgetown [which we list separately] and many more in the country. If there were more than 40-50 deaths “in the country” surrounding Georgetown in Scott County, then the symbol we employ for “more than” (>), would seem to be conservative.

[56] Chambers (The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 140), noted that cholera appeared “about June 28 and almost depopulated the town. Some estimates gave a mortality as high as one in three.” Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 7-4-1833.

[57] Chambers, noting the same number of deaths in the town of about 1,200 inhabitants, writes that the epidemic began with a refugee from Lancaster. (Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 178.)

[58] Writes there “several” deaths. For the purpose of contributing to a tally, we translate “several” into “about three.”

[59] “Across the bottoms at Alexandria two hundred and fifty slaves were lost…”

[60] “The Baton Rouge (Lou.) Gazette of May 25, states that in fifteen days, during which the cholera had prevailed in that place, the deaths were about twenty, white and black.”

[61] “One planter at Franklin lost 45 slaves in 48 hours–another 150!–and he, with the rest of his slaves, fled, leaving the dead unburied.” (Niles Weekly Register. “The Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265.)

[62] Natchez Courier, MS. “Mortality at Lake Providence and its vicinity, and on the margin of the river Mississippi above and below, in the parish of Carroll, La., from the last day of April to the 27^th July, 1833.” 8-23-1833, p. 2. Cites: The Advocate & Register. There is a list of the White victims.

[63] “Comparative Table [Yellow Fever and Cholera]. Estimate of the Salubrity of New Orleans, as affected by her Epidemics. 1^st — of Yellow Fever.”

[64] Cites, in footnote 75, Dr. Joseph Jones. Medical and Surgical Memoirs (Vol. III, Pt. 1). 1884, p. cccvi. Also recommends Leland A. Langridge, “Asiatic Cholera in Louisiana, 1832-1873” (M.A. Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1955).

[65] Niles Weekly Register. “The Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265.

[66] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera, 1938, p. 125. Cites Niles Weekly Register, 7-13-1833. The Courier of 8-2-1833, p. 3, wrote: “Cholera: – This disease, we are sorry to say, still continues its ravages in the village of St. Martinsville: although the principal part of citizens have fled the place. There is a considerable number of free persons of color and slaves still remaining in town; and the pestilence appears to be almost exclusively confined to that portion of the population. The number of cases and deaths, when compared to the slight number of subjects, is truly appalling. From all accounts, this alarming epidemic has been made fatal, and the number of cases greater, in St. Martinsville, than any other towns in the Union of similar size and population.”

[67] “It [cholera” has also appeared in the parish of St. Mary’s, both among the white and colored population; but has proved fatal only to the latter class.”

[68] Notes the parish “suffered exceptionally have losses from the scourge…”

[69] “The mortality amongst the slaves in Louisiana must have been immense. The Richmond Compiler states that on the estate of general Wade Hampton, a little above N. Orleans, on the Mississippi, out of 1,500 slaves, more than 700 had died.” (Niles Weekly Register, “The Cholera.” 7-27-1833, p. 353.)

[70] Hagerstown Mail, MD. 8-9-1833, p. 3, col. 1. After noting that the three Black deaths were from the “out-skirts” of the town, and the 4^th was an out-of-town canal worker, writes: “There has not yet been a case among our regular citizens, or in the business part of the town–which continues unusually healthy, and free from alarm.”

[71] “The Hagerstown Free Press, Sept. 11, says: ‘The Cholera, we are sorry to say, again made its appearance in this place on Friday last [Sep 6]. It broke out in jail: a man from the line of the Canal [Chesapeake and Ohio or C&O] first taking it. Six prisoners have since died with it. Immediately on its appearance in the prison, Col. Fitzhugh, the Sheriff, from praise-worthy motives, released all the inmates. But one individual (a colored woman) who is a resident of the town has been attacked with it. She died on Monday evening last.”

[72] “Hagerstown. Three deaths by cholera having at different intervals occurred there during the season, of persons from the line of the canal, a meeting of the citizens of this town recently took place…to examine into the condition of its health.” We do not use this number in that the Hagerstown Mail of Aug 9, notes four deaths. It could be the case that the death of the out-of-town canal worker was not considered a Hagerstown death, though he died there.

[73] Our number based on the following, in order to contribute to a tally: “…the only place in the East that suffered a violent outbreak was along the canal [C&O] at Williamsport, Maryland. Work on the canal was interrupted when the laborers fled into the surrounding country. The camps and roads were strewn with the uninterred remains of the stricken workers.” (Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 7-9-1833.)

[74] “From the Hagerstown Torchlight, June 27. A few cases of cholera have occurred during the last week along the line of the Canal above and below Williamsport. We have heard of three confirmed cases, which resulted fatally; and others have been reported…”

[75] We note one death based on a later Niles report that A. M. Scott, Governor of Louisiana, died had died of Cholera. Since Jackson is the capital, we place the death in Jackson. (Niles Weekly Register. “Cholera.” 7-6-1833, p. 305.)

[76] “The good fortune of the city proper [on the bluff where it was written no whites died of cholera], however did not extend to ‘Natchez under the Hill’ and ‘Natchez at the cross roads,’ where of only a few hundred people, mostly slaves and dissolutes, one hundred and seven became victims of the scourge.

[77] “Passengers sick with cholera had been taken from steamboats as early as April, and among several hundred slaves received at Natchez markets ten or twelve had died of the cholera.” Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 5-25-1833.

[78] “The Cholera has broke out in Port Gibson; the number of deaths are ten out of fifteen cases.”

[79] “In April she [Vicksburg] began to receive cases of cholera removed from boats. About the first of May the disease became epidemic, and during the first week there were forty cases and seventeen deaths. Though much abated after the ninth, the disease continued through May with a few scattered cases.” Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 6-1-1833.

[80] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 135; Cites. Niles Weekly Register, 6-29-1833.

[81] “The Times…states that there had been on the 4^th of June, eight cases and seven deaths [cholera] at and in the neighborhood of the small village of New London, eighteen miles from Palmyra.”

[82] Writes this was out of a population of “only 700.”

[83] Pal Spectator, MO. “The Cholera Epidemic of 1833.” 8-21-1946.

[84] Chambers (The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 136) writes: The disease appeared early in July among the best families of the town, claiming sixty victims. Twelve families were completely wiped out. All of these deaths were among the most respectable people of the town, while the intemperate and dissolute were left untouched.” Cites Niles Weekly Register, 8-17-1833.

[85] “The St. Louis Times of June 8^th says:–‘With the deepest regret we announce the sudden death by cholera of Mr. John Newman, attorney at Law of this city. The deceased was yesterday waling in the streets, and this morning between 7 and 8 o’clock was a corpse.” (Sangamo Journal, Springfield, IL. “The Cholera,” 6-15-1833, p. 3, col. 1.)

[86] “The National Intelligencer, on the authority of a student announces that the cholera had made its appearance at Princeton, New Jersey, and that the students of the college had…been permitted to return to their homes.”

[87] “Opposite Wheeling in Ohio was the village of Bridgeport, of about two hundred inhabitants. This village escaped for some time after Wheeling was attacked but finally the scourge appeared and was probably more destructive than at any other place on the Ohio. With the outbreak, over half of the inhabitants fled, leaving about seventy or eighty people. Among these there were fifty deaths, eighteen occurring on one day.” (Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 6-22-1883.)

[88] “Ohio. Bridgeport (opposite Wheeling) had a population of about 200 persons, more than one-half of whom instantly abandoned their homes on the appearance of the cholera; and it is stated of the 70 or 80 who remained, 50 were attacked, of whom eighteen died in one day!” Also: “Across the river [from Wheeling] at Bridgeport, Ohio, it swept through the village causing many of the residents to flee and afflicting fifty out of the remaining eighty inhabitants.” Deaths are not noted. (Duffy. “The Impact of Asiatic Cholera…” p. 207.

[89] Another source writes: “The cholera has ceased as an epidemic in Chillicothe, Ohio.–Fifty-two persons fell victims to the disease, during its prevalence in that city.” May well be referring to 52 deaths, but it is possible the reference is to 52 people who became ill from cholera. (Maryland Republican, Annapolis, MD. “Cholera Intelligence.” 9-17-1833, p. 3, col. 3.)

[90] “The epidemic, though somewhat abated [after 60 admitted deaths last of July], continued until mid-August, and the total cholera deaths from May 1 were three hundred and seven.” Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 8-24-1833. Chambers goes on to write that “Cincinnati had been continually infected throughout the spring and summer from steamboats, but the infection did not find ready avenues of transmission until mid-July when…heavy rains contaminated the water supplies, principally around the lower and less clean fringes of the city. Then the outbreak came.” (p. 144)

[91] “For the week ending July 23 there were ninety-nine burials, more than half of which were from cholera.” Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 8-8-1833.

[92] “The last week in July there were one hundred and twenty-two deaths, sixty of which were admittedly from cholera.” Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 8-7-1833.

[93] Maryland Republican, Annapolis. “Cholera Intelligence.” 9-7-1833, p. 3, col. 3.

[94] “In Ohio the cholera prevailed in many places…It had declined at Columbus. In the penitentiary at that place there had been 29 cases and 7 deaths amongst the convicts, up to the 30^th ult. Out of 203 convicts about 100 had had the premonitory symptoms.”

[95] “There had been in 1833, a visitation of cholera within the settlement. Before it had abated 33 lives had been claimed.”

[96] Our number based on: “Deaths have occurred at several of the small towns on the Ohio river, and in the interior, we notice deaths at Lebanon, Dayton and Columbus, though in none of these places dies it appear to possess the malignancy which marked its progress in Kentucky.”

[97] Maryland Republican, Annapolis. “Cholera Intelligence.” 9-7-1833, p. 3, col. 3.

[98] “At Claysville, (says the Wellsburg, Pa. paper) on the National Road in Washington county, Pa. we learn from a gentleman just returning from that place, that three deaths from cholera occurred there on Monday, and that there were many cases of severe diarrhoea, a premonitory symptom of cholera, and that great alarm prevailed among the citizens.”

[99] “Pennsylvania–There has been a death by cholera near Conemaugh, in Cambria county, Pa. The subject was a stranger, a passenger in a canal boat, who had recently left Cincinnati.”

[100] “In Pittsburgh the cholera first appeared on June 11…the disease lingered in the city for several weeks but at no time did it develop into an explosive epidemic….Despite the presence of cholera in the city for the past month, he stated [Dr James Speer, Secretary of Board of Consulting Physicians, Pittsburgh, July 4], only about thirty people had fallen victim to it [died?]. No less than eight-tenths of the citizens had had ‘premonitory symptoms’ of cholera….Nonetheless, sporadic cases continued to turn up in Pittsburgh throughout July, and the disease did not disappear until the middle of August. From June 11 to August 1 the death toll from cholera amounted to fifty-two.”

[101] “Memphis, the only real river town of consequence in Tennessee, had a few cases of cholera and these were largely confined to convicts in the penitentiary and to river men. Its location on the elevated, rolling, well-drained plateau and its supply of good water from wells thirty to sixty feet deep probably did not afford ready means for the transmission of the disease.” Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 6-29-1833.

[102] There were 83 burials, 70 of which were cholera deaths — 58 from the city, 6 “from the vicinity,” and 19 from the Penitentiary at Nashville. The Penitentiary deaths are listed as: “Miles Allen, Wilson county; Beasley Barbee, Giles county; William Baldwin, Overton county; Gibson Cate, M’Minn county; John Dougan, Franklin county; John Delk, Campbell county; Redding R. Hall, Tipton county; Thompson Jones, Davidson county; Samuel Kerr, Davidson county; Hazard Kesterson, Anderson county; Garland G. Lucas, Sullivan county; Hugh Moore, Davidson county; Wm. B. McCracken, Maury county; John Morrison, Monroe county; Abram Powell, Henry county; G. W. Rogers alias Macklemar, Giles county; Richard Willis, Granger county; John Yates, Marion county; Jackson C. Thomas, Colored Davidson county.”

[103] Notes 158 cholera deaths in all, but these date from “late fall of 1832” until July 1833.

[104] “…Pulaski…suffered a severe epidemic early in June. Thirty-four of the 1000 inhabitants fell victims in six days and the town was practically abandoned.” Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 6-29-1833.

[105] Shelbyville is about 43 miles southeast of Franklin where the Western Weekly Review was published.

[106] Also noting 109 deaths: Yandell. “Cholera in Shelbyville,” p. 5.

[107] Niles’ Weekly Register. “The Cholera.” 7-6-1833, p. 305

[108] “The disease also gained entrance to Charleston, but either by good fortune or an effective isolation program, it did relatively little harm. Several cases and three or four deaths occurred in the middle of July, but only occasional scattered cases showed up until the second week in August, when the Mayor reported seven more deaths from the disease between August 9 and 13.”

[109] “It West Virginia cholera found its way into the Kanawha Valley were it struck hard at Kanawha Salines, and touched lightly on Charleston. By July 18 it had brought death to seventy-four residents of Kanawha Salines, but the number of cases was beginning to decrease, and the new ones were reported to be milder and more amenable to treatment.” The Niles Weekly Register cites the Wheeling Gazette of July 20 for essentially the same data. (Niles Weekly Register, “The Cholera.” 7-27-1833, p. 353.)

[110] Another source notes that just west of the Rose Hill cemetery “is the Catholic cemetery. Here are buried many Irish Catholic workers who died in a cholera outbreak in 1833-34 while building the C&O Canal.” (Historic Shepherdstown & Museum. “A Brief History of Shepherdstown” (website). 2016. Accessed 7-29-2019.)

[111] “Eight miles east of Wheeling in the little community of Triadelphia on the turnpike, Asiatic choler broke out on July 11. Within a few days there had been seventeen cases and eight deaths in a total population of about fifty residents, and by July 20, according to the Wheeling Gazette, the place was ‘almost entirely deserted.”

[112] Cites Niles’ Weekly Register, fourth series, XLIV (March-September, 1833), 221, 233, 258, 305 and 321. Chambers wrote that “About one-third of the 3500 inhabitants developed the disease and there were more than one hundred and fifty deaths.” (The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 145.)

[113] Our number and time frame. Duffy writes that after the first case was reported on May 16, “over seventy deaths had occurred” by the end of the month. He then notes “The epidemic reached its peak in the five days from May 31 to June 4, when ninety cases and fifty-one deaths were reported…” We add the two numbers to derive 121. Lastly he writes “Oh June 28 a letter from the physicians of Wheeling to the board of Health [stated] that no new cases had developed during the past five days.” We take that to mean approximately June 23. The final tally was 153 “In a little over six weeks from a population of 3,500.

[114] “The brig Ajax, from New Orleans for Liberia, with 150 emigrants (chiefly manumitted slaves), was lately compelled to put into Key West, because of the cholera. She lost three persons when only two day out, and of the whole about 50 had died.” Chambers writes that two former slaves bound for Liberia and the mate of the Ajax died within two days after leaving New Orleans upon which “She put in at Key West in distress and while at anchor off the town fifty of the emigrants perished.” (The Conquest of Cholera, p. 121). Chambers cites The Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 6-26-1833.)

[115] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 127. Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 6-8-1833.

[116] Niles Weekly Register. “The Cholera.” 6-22-1833, p. 265.

[117] “Little Rock, June 16.–The steamboat Reindeer, capt. Cockran, arrived at this place on Sunday evening last, from New Orleans, in a most distressing condition–having lost SIX of her crew and passengers, by cholera, since she left the mouth of White river. One of her passengers was lying at the point of death when she arrived, and is still lying in rather a critical situation, and almost every soul on board was more or less affected with thee epidemic.”

[118] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 127; Niles Weekly Register. “The Cholera.” 7-6-1833, p. 305.

[119] Cites: the Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 4-18-1833.

[120] Cites: Niles Weekly Reporter, 7-6-1833.

[121] Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 6-26-1833.

[122] Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 5-4-1833.

[123] Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 7-13-1833.

[124] Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 6-22-1833.

[125] Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 5-25-1833.

[126] Cites: The Southwest by a Yankee, Vol. 2, p. 106.

[127] Cites: The Southwest by a Yankee, Vol. 2, p. 29.

[128] Cites: Census, Fifth, 1830.

[129] Cites: Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, 7-27-1833.

[130] Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 8-17-1833.

[131] Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 8-17-1833.

[132] Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 8-24-1833.

[133] Cites: Niles Weekly Register, 7-13,1833.

[134] Cites “Davidson’s History.”

[135] Cites “City Records.”

[136] Gorin writes that one-third of the population of 6,000 fled.

[137] Inst. means current month. However, given that it is dated August 2, and printed in an Aug 16 newspaper, it is clear that this is a reprinting of the Ordinance and that the date of the meeting must have been July 27.

[138] A reference to Niles’ Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, MD.

[139] Duffy refers to Wheeling Virginia in that West Virginia did not become a separate state (35^th) until June 20, 1863.

[140] Cites: Niles’ Weekly Register, fourth series, XLIV (March-September, 1833, pp. 221, 233, 258 and 321.

[141] Cites: Niles’ Weekly Register, pp. 258, 305 and 321.

1833 — May-Aug (esp.), Cholera, esp. KY/~2000, New Orleans/1000, OH/~429 –6,308-6,353