1850 — Apr 28, stmr. Anthony Wayne boiler explosion/fire, Lake Erie, ~Vermillion, OH –38-69

–38-69 Blanchard estimated death-toll range.*

— ~100 Sandusky Clarion, OH; cited in Madison Daily Banner, IN. “Terrible Suffering…” 5-3-1850, 2.
–50-70 Ohio Sea Grant Program, Ohio State Univ., “Explore Shipwrecks: Anthony Wayne”
— 70 Putnam. “Steam and Powder Explosions, 1850.” The World’s Progress… 1851, p. 706.
–38-69 Alchem Incorporated. Lake Erie Shipwreck Map “B” and Index. Site No. 67.
–59-69 Anthony Wayne Captain E. C. Gore. statement; cited in Detroit Advertiser.
–all except one killed by the explosion, including those blown from the boat.
— 1 woman jumped overboard and drowned after the explosion.
— <69 Mansfield. History of the Great Lakes, Vol. 1. 1899, p. 660.* --38-69 Ratigan, William. Great Lakes Shipwrecks & Survivals (Revised). 1969, p. 194. -- 69 Swayze. Great Lakes Shipwrecks W. (Swayze notes three death tolls; this is the high.) --38-69 Swayze. Shipwreck!...Directory of…Shipwrecks on the Great Lakes. 1992, p. 244. -- 65 Buffalo Commercial Advertiser. “Marine Disasters…on…Lakes…1850,” Jan 1, 1851. --64-65 Thompson. Graveyard of the Lakes. 2004, p. 105.* -- 60 Committee of Citizens. Proceedings… Steamboat Disasters…Western Lakes. 1850, p11. --50-60 McNeil. “Anthony Wayne (Steamboat), 20 Apr 1850.” Maritime History…Great Lakes. -- 50 Nash, Jay Robert. Darkest Hours. 1977, p. 681. -- 50 Swayze. Great Lakes Shipwrecks W. (Swayze notes three death tolls, 22 is the middle.) --25-42 Lloyd’s Steamboat Directory and Disasters on the Western Waters. 1856, p. 211.* -- 40 Case Western Reserve Univ. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. “Maritime Disasters.” -- ~40 Daily Crescent, New Orleans, LA. “Fourth Dispatch.” 5-1-1850, p. 2, col. 5. -- 40 Springer, Adele I, NYC. Table: “Principal marine disasters since 1831.” --35-40 American & Commercial…Advertiser, Baltimore. “Another…Explosion.” 4.30.1850, 3. --30-40 Milwaukee Sentinel and Gazette, WI. “Terrible Disaster on Lake Erie.” 5-2-1850, p. 4. --30-40 New York Herald. “Another Awful Steamboat Explosion.” 4-30-1850, p. 2, col. 4.* -- 38 Historical Collections of the Great Lakes. “Wayne, Anthony.” BGSU University Libraries. -- 38 Simonds. The American Date Book. 1902, p. 98. -- 35 New York Herald. “From Cleveland, Ohio.” 4-30-1850, p. 2, col. 4. -- ~34 Indiana Whig, Rising Sun, IN. “Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion!” 5-4-1850, p2.* -- 22 Berman, Bruce D. Encyclopedia of American Shipwrecks. 1972, p. 234. -- 22 Lytle and Holdcamper. Merchant Steam Vessels of the [U.S.] 1807-1868. 1952, p. 235. -- 22 Swayze. Great Lakes Shipwrecks W. (Swayze notes three death tolls noted, 22 is the low.) * Blanchard estimated death-toll range. We show sources which estimate a large range of different death tolls, including a low of 20 and a high of about 100. Interestingly the Clerk, the First Mate and the Captain all three provided differing estimates of the number of people onboard, making a conclusive deduction of fatalities based on the number saved impossible. Thus, we, like many others cited herein, choose to show a range of deaths. For the low-end of our death-toll, we show thirty-eight lives lost. Five sources above show this as the death toll, or the low-end of an estimated death-toll range. For the high-end of our death-toll range, we choose to rely on the high-end of the death-toll range (69) found within Capt. Gore’s statement on the loss. It is possible that if the actual loss were to be known, it could conceivably be lower or higher than the range we show, but we think we show a fairly probable death-toll range. *Indiana Whig: This is our number based on citation of the first mate to the effect “that the Wayne came to Sandusky with ten in the steerage and twenty in the cabin. From the Sandusky trains and packets twenty-four went on board, and the crew mustered thirty – total, eight-four. Nineteen of the crew and thirty-one of the passengers are either saved or likely to recover.” Fifty saved from eighty-four total gives 34. The paper itself writes there were 35-40 lost and missing. *Lloyd: These are our numbers based on Lloyd’s statement that “there were eighty-four persons on the Anthony Wayne, about half of whom were saved alive, though some of these were badly wounded.” From this we derive the high-end of an estimated death-toll range of 25-42. For the low-end of the estimated death-toll we count the persons identified in his “List of Killed,” which comes to 22. To this list Lloyd adds “and several others, names unknown.” In order to contribute to an estimate of deaths we convert “several” into “three” and add to the twenty-two identified. *Mansfield: “The number of lives lost has been variously estimated and has been placed as high as 69.” *New York Herald: If one subtracts the number reported as saved (49 – 19 crew and 30 passengers) from the total number of people noted to have been onboard (“seventy-four in all”), then the number of lost and missing would be twenty-five. *Thompson: It is not clear whether the sixty-four “going down with the ship” was meant to include the separate mention of the engineer, who was killed outright when the boiler exploded. Narrative Information Alchem Incorporated: “Anthony Wayne: Wooden passenger steamer of 390 tons sank on 4/28/1850 after a boiler explosion and fire 7 to 8 miles off Vermillion, Ohio. The vessel sank in 72 feet of water with a cargo of whiskey and baggage. From thirty eight to sixty nine passengers lost their lives in this disaster.” (Alchem Incorporated. Erie-Huron Shipwrecks.) Lloyd: “The Anthony Wayne was an old steamer belonging to the regular line of Buffalo and Sandusky packets. On Sunday morning, at half- past one o'clock, April 28, 1850, while making one of her usual trips, this boat exploded, on Lake Erie, opposite the mouth of Vermillion river, and eight miles from the shore. Within twenty minutes after the explosion, the steamer sunk, the hull parting from the hurricane deck, and leaving the latter afloat on the lake. The surviving passen¬gers and crew remained on this fragment of the wreck until daylight, when the schooner Elmira, Capt. Nugent, came up and took them off, together with the wounded, and all the dead bodies which could be re¬covered. There were eighty-four persons on the Anthony Wayne, about half of whom were saved alive, though some of these were badly wounded.” [Lloyd lists 22 fatalities “and several others, names unknown.] (Lloyd 1856, 210-211.) Lytle and Holdcamper: “Anthony Wayne…400 [tons]…exploded…4 28 1850…Vermilion, Ohio…22 [lives lost].” (“Losses of United States Merchant Steam Vessels, 1807-1867, p. 235.) Mansfield: “Wreck of the Anthony Wayne. – The explosion of the boilers of the steamer Anthony Wayne, early on the morning of April 28, resulted in the complete destruction of the vessel and in the loss of many lives. The vessel left Toledo the previous morning with 25 passengers, and reached Sandusky the same day, -- there adding about 40 to the list. At about 20 P.M. she left Sandusky and after about two and a half hours, when about 8 miles from Vermilion, met with the disaster, which resulted in the drowning of eleven members of the crew, and a large number of the passengers. “Fortunately the hurricane deck aft was cleft in two so that it floated, allowing several people to stand upon it. It was kept stationary by the tiller ropes, which still hung to the rudder and the forward part of the foremast. But a short time after the explosion, most of the passengers were seized with fright and jumped into the water, having just caught hold of anything that might lend an aid in floating. The night was clear and the sea not rough, but all who were wet suffered intensely with the cold, and they who had been scalded made piteous moans, crying for help and for water. “The captain, the clerk, H. D. Vance, one fireman and two passengers launched the lifeboat and drifted ashore, and started two sail vessels from Vermilion, which brought aid to some who had thus far remained afloat. “It was the two starboard boilers that exploded, throwing them into a perpendicular position, tearing away the steerage cabin above, and shattering the hull badly. The steamer sunk in 15 minutes, going down head first, and carrying away the steerage cabin and the foremast, on which were six persons. The yawl was launched and 12 persons reached the shore in it. The lifeboat half filled on launching and leaked badly, but with its six occupants got ashore after six hours constant bailing. “The stateroom of the captain, next to the steerage, was blown to pieces and his bed blown upside down, but he was unhurt. “When the steamer went down she was on fire. “Three-fourths of the boat was owned by Charles Howard, of Detroit, and one-fourth by Capt. E. C. Gore, who was in command. She was valued at $20,000, and insured in part. She had but little freight on board, but 300 barrels of high wines and whiskey from Sandusky. The Anthony Wayne was guilt in 1847, and rebuilt in the winter of 1849. “The number of lives lost has been variously estimated and has been places as high as 69.” (Mansfield, John Brandts (Ed. and Compiler). History of the Great Lakes (Vol. 1). 1899, p. 660.) McNeil: “Note. – The Steamer Anthony Wayne exploded her boiler off Vermillion, Lake Erie, April 20, 1850. She was a total loss, with 50 to 60 lives also believed lost…” (Maritime History of the Great Lakes website.) Ohio Sea Grant Program: “April 28, 1850, Vermilion, Ohio approximately 8 miles offshore. Two starboard boilers exploded in early AM hours resulting in complete destruction of the vessel. Explosion is a mystery, as boilers were virtually new. Had taken on 25+ passengers in Toledo on the morning of April 27, steamed to Sandusky, and picked up another 40+ passengers and 300 barrels of high quality wine and whiskey, and was enroute to Buffalo, NY. Captain was asleep and was blown out of his bed but was unhurt. Survived in a lifeboat with the ship's clerk, a fireman and two passengers, which drifted to shore in Vermilion. The captain secured a sailing schooner (Elmina) and returned to the site where some who remained afloat were rescued. Some passengers survived by standing atop the hurricane deck, which was blown into two pieces, allowing it to remain afloat. It was reported the steamer sank bow first in 15 minutes, taking six of the crew down with her in what was left of the steering cabin. One leaky lifeboat was able to be launched, with 12 passengers reaching shore after bailing continuously for six hours. Eleven of the crew died, in addition to an estimated 50-69 passengers (ship's manifest was unclear as to how many boarded at each location). The ship's clerk reported 80-100 passengers aboard (which included the crew) with no more than 30 surviving. “Many passengers were burnt badly by the scalding boiler water, while all passengers, wet from the sinking, suffered from the cold water temperatures. Survivors reported passengers were jumping from the ship with anything that may keep them afloat, such as cabin doors and wooden tables…. ”Mr. Archer Brackney, from Lafayette, Louisiana, was a escorting the remains of his deceased wife and son; both corpses being in the same coffin, for burial in Philadelphia. In addition to the remains of his family inside the casket, Mr. Brackney was also accompanied by a daughter and another son; a sad trip for a family to be making. After the explosion, which roused the three passengers from berths, Mr. Brackney gathered his two children and jumped overboard. While attempting to keep afloat with his children, he searched the water for a floating object to help with their survival. Ironically, he came upon the coffin containing his wife and child, upon which he placed his two children. Exhausted from trying to stay afloat, the young boy was eventually washed off the coffin and drowned. Mr. Brackney and his daughter managed to survive the disaster, but only with the help of the coffin containing the remains of his wife and child.” (Ohio Sea Grant Program, Ohio State University, “Explore Shipwrecks: Anthony Wayne”) Springer: “Apr. 27, 1850…Anthony Wayne…40 [lives lost]…Explosion…Lake Erie… American.” Swayze, Great Lakes Shipwrecks W (webpage): “Anthony Wayne “Other names: also seen as General Wayne …. “Type at loss: sidewheel steamer, wood, passenger & package freight “Build info: 1837, Samuel Hubbell, Perrysburgh, OH “Specs: 155x26x10, 400 t. “Date of loss: 1850, Apr 28 “Place of loss: near Vermilion, OH (or Sandusky) “Lake: Erie “Type of loss: explosion “Loss of life: 22, 39 or 69 (her clerk said there were 80 to 100 persons aboard and no more than 30 survived) “Carrying: passengers, 300 bbl. of wine and liquor, cattle and/or horses… “Detail: While she was underway, her two starboard boilers exploded and the vessel caught fire. She sank in 15 minutes… “Owned by Chas. Howard and Capt. Gore of Detroit…. Thompson: “The chief engineer on the Anthony Wayne was Edward ‘Eureka’ Elmore…It is said that he had complained ‘long, loud, and frequently’ to the ship’s captain about the condition of the steamer’s aging boilers. Captain Gore would like to have done something about the boilers, if for no other reason than to get Eureka off his back, but he didn’t have the authority. He did regularly express the chief’s concerns to Charles Howard, the Detroit businessman who owned three-quarters of the boat, but to no avail. The wooden steamer had been built in 1837 and was getting a little long in the tooth. Howard thought it was quite likely that the steamer only had a season or two left in her. Why waste any money on major repairs to the boilers?” “The issue resolved itself late on the evening of April 27, 1850. Howard’s steamer had left Toledo early that morning. The Wayne steamed east along the south shore of Lake Erie and arrived in the early afternoon at Sandusky, where she took on a cargo of three hundred barrels of wine and whiskey. Forty passengers also joined the ship, adding to the twenty-five that had boarded at Toledo. Departing Sandusky that evening, the little steamer continued her journey eastward. It was a cool night on the lake, and most passengers went to their rooms shortly after leaving the dock at Sandusky. About three hours later, when the ship was abreast of Vermilion, Ohio, and about eight miles off shore, the Anthony Wayne’s starboard boiler exploded. The blast literally blew Captain Gore out of his bed. Fortunately, he was shaken, but not injured. Eureka Elmore hadn’t been so lucky. On duty in the engine room when the boiler let go, the irascible engineer had been ‘catapulted into eternity’ by the explosion…. “The explosion ripped open the Anthony Wayne’s hull, and she plunged to the bottom in a matter of minutes. Captain Gore and the ship’s clerk managed to launch a lifeboat, and they and a handful of the passengers and crewmembers eventually drifted safely ashore near Vermilion. Sixty-four others aboard the Anthony Wayne weren’t so lucky. Like Edward Elmore, they went down with the ship.” (Thompson. Graveyard of the Lakes. 2004, pp. 104-105.) Newspaper April 29: “Another Awful Steamboat Explosion.” Thirty or Forty Persons Killed.” “Cleveland, (Ohio) April 29, 1850. “An extra from the office of the True Democrat, announces that the steamer Anthony Wayne blew up opposite Vermilion on the 21st inst. [sic] “The Wayne came to Sandusky with ten steerage passengers and twenty in the cabin. At Sandusky she took from the train twenty-four passengers, which together with her crew, made seventy-four in all. “The number of lost and missing is 35 to 40. “Nineteen of the crew and thirty of the passengers were saved and are in a fair way of recovery. Those known to have been killed are: -- [we break paragraph into separate lines] Matthew Falconer, of Sheffield, Mass. Henry McDonough, of Trenton, Mich.’ Wiley Robinson, [cook] John Williams [cook] and Harvey Kelley, [cook] are also among the killed. Two waiters, and E. Cartwright, a deck hand, are among the missing…. “There were eleven of the crew lost – J. J. Elmore, and R. Burch, of Detroit, engineers; Henry Sturgis, steward, of Mount Clement, Michigan; Franklin Freeman, of Detroit; A.H. Mead, barkeeper; Myron Titus, of Dayton, Ohio; O.W. Hart, of Perrysburgh; And the wife and child of John N. Ellis, of Mount Hope, Mich. “The explosion occurred about one o’clock, Sunday morning. The schooner Elmira, Captain Nugent, was hailed, and brough the killed and wounded to Sandusky. “The Wayne was an old boat, and was not in the regular line with the Buffalo and Sandusky steamers. She was owned by Charles Howard of Detroit and was insured for $10,000.” (New York Herald. “Another Awful Steamboat Explosion.” 4-30-1850, p. 2, col. 4.) April 29: “Cleveland, Ohio, April 29. While the steamer Anthony Wayne was passing from this city towards the town of Vermilion, she burst her boilers nearly opposite the latter place, and from 39 to 40 persons were killed. The explosion occurred about 1:00 [a.m.] yesterday morning [28th]. “The first mate of the Wayne states that she came to Sandusky with 10 steerage passengers, and 20 in the cabin. From Sandusky she took 24 additional passengers and her crew, numbering 30 more, making in all 84 souls on board. Nineteen of the crew and 30 of the passengers are saved, likely to recover. The total loss in killed and missing as far as could be ascertained, is put down at from 35 to 40 passengers….The Anthony Wayne was an old boat and not in the regular line with the Buffalo and Sandusky steamers….” (American & Commercial…Advertiser, Baltimore. “Another…Steamboat Explos.” 4.30.1850, 3) April 30: “Sandusky, Ohio, April 30. The steamer Anthony Wayne blew up opposite Vermillion, Erie county, Ohio, eight miles from shore, at 1 1/8 o’clock, Sunday morning. She sunk in twenty minutes. The hurricane deck parted from the hull and floated. The survivors were exposed on her deck until day-break, when the schooner Elmira, Capt. Nugent, was hailed and brought the killed and wounded (forty-six) and survivors to Sandusky….” (Milwaukee Sentinel and Gazette, WI. “Terrible Disaster on Lake Erie.” 5-2-1850, p. 4.) May 3: “Terrible Suffering and Loss of Life.” “The Sandusky Clarion estimates that about one hundred persons perished by the explosion of the boilers of the Anthony Wayne on Lake Erie a few days since. Only thirty-two persons in all were rescued. The story of the unfortunate sufferers, many of whom were wounded, is truly heart-rending. The hull of the boat sank, leaving the hurricane deck afloat, upon which most of the survivors took refuge. The females and children had no time to clothe themselves, barely having time to scramble to the hurricane deck in their night clothes, where they were compelled to remain several hours, drenched and suffering from the cold and their wounds.” (Madison Daily Banner, IN. “Terrible Suffering and Loss of Life.” 5-3-1850, p. 2, col. 2.) Fatalities from the Anthony Wayne Explosion Noted in Sources Herein: 1. Blane, Henry; A. Wayne deckhand (Lloyd, p. 211) 2. Brainard, John; A. Wayne fireman (Lloyd, p. 211) 3. Burch, R.; Anthony Wayne engineer Detroit, MI (or J. Burchard; Lloyd, p.211) 4. Cartwright, E.; A. Wayne deckhand (missing) 5. Doty, J. W. Warsaw, IL (Lloyd, p. 211) 6. Ellis, wife of John N. Ellis Mount Hope, MI 7. Ellis, child of John N. Ellis Mount Hope, MI 8. Elmore, J. J.; A. Wayne engineer died about noon, Sunday 9. Falconer (or Falkner ), Matthew Sheffield, MA 10. Falkner, John (could be reference to Falkner or Falconer noted above) (Lloyd, p. 211) 11. Franklin, G.; A. Wayne fireman Detroit, MI (Lloyd, p. 211) 12. Freeman, Franklin; crewmember Detroit, MI (Might be one and same.) 13. Hart, O.W.; crewmember Perrysburgh, OH (or passenger) 14. Kelley, Harvey, A. Wayne cook (or Henry Kelly; Lloyd, p. 211.) 15. McDonough, Henry Trenton, MI 16. Mead, A.H.; A. Wayne barkeeper (or A. J. Meade; Lloyd, p.211) 17. O’Neil, James; A. Wayne fireman (Lloyd, p. 211) 18. Parsons, Whitney; A. Wayne porter (Lloyd, p. 211) 19. Robinson, Wiley, A. Wayne cook 20. Sturgis (or Stringer ), Henry; Wayne steward. Mount Clement, MI 21. Titus, Myron; Wayne crewmember Dayton, OH (or passenger) 22. Williams (or Williamson ), John, A. Wayne cook 23. Unnamed Anthony Wayne waiter, one of two 24. Unnamed Anthony Wayne waiter, one of two Sources Alchem Incorporated. Lake Erie Shipwreck Map “B” and Index. Site No. 67. Accessed 2-6-2021 at: http://www.alcheminc.com/huron.html American & Commercial Daily Advertiser, Baltimore. “Another Melancholy Steamboat Explosion.” 4-30-1850, 3. Accessed 2-6-2021 at: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cGZBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pbcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4758,3855912&dq=&hl=en Berman, Bruce D. Encyclopedia of American Shipwrecks. Boston: Mariners Press Inc., 1972. Buffalo Commercial Advertiser. “Marine Disasters and Losses on the Lakes During the Season of 1850,” 1-1-1851. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=6381505&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=0 Case Western Reserve University. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. “Waterworks Tunnel Disasters.” Accessed 7-2-2009 at: http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=WTD Daily Crescent, New Orleans, LA. “Fourth Dispatch.” 5-1-1850, p. 2, col. 5. Accessed 2-7-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-orleans-daily-crescent-may-01-1850-p-2/ Erie Weekly Observer, Erie, PA. “Awful Catastrophe – Steamer Wayne Blown Up!!!” 5-4-1850, p. 2, col. 3. Accessed 2-7-2021: https://newspaperarchive.com/erie-observer-may-04-1850-p-2/ Historical Collections of the Great Lakes. “Wayne, Anthony.” BGSU (Bowling Green State University) University Libraries. Accessed 2-7-2021 at: https://greatlakes.bgsu.edu/item/440616 Indiana Whig, Rising Sun, IN. “Another Terrible Steamboat Explosion!” 5-4-1850, p. 2. Accessed 2-7-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/rising-sun-indiana-whig-may-04-1850-p-2/ Lloyd, James T. Lloyd’s Steamboat Directory and Disasters on the Western Waters. Cincinnati, Ohio: James T. Lloyd & Co., 1856. Digitized by Google. 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Accessed 2-6-2021 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=iHXhAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false McNeil, William R. “Anthony Wayne (Steamboat), 20 Apr 1850.” Maritime History of the Great Lakes. Accessed 2-6-2021 at: https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/31116/data?n=1 Milwaukee Sentinel and Gazette, WI. “Terrible Disaster on Lake Erie.” 5-2-1850, p. 4. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=33217601 Nash, Jay Robert. Darkest Hours – A Narrative Encyclopedia of Worldwide Disasters from Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Pocket Books, Wallaby, 1977, 792 pages. New York Herald. “Another Awful Steamboat Explosion.” 4-30-1850, p. 2, col. 4. Accessed 2-7-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-herald-apr-30-1850-p-2/ New York Herald. “From Cleveland, Ohio.” 4-30-1850, p. 2, col. 4. Accessed 2-7-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-herald-apr-30-1850-p-2/ Ohio Sea Grant College Program, Ohio State University. Shipwrecks & Maritime Tales of the Lake Erie Coastal Ohio Trail. “Explore Shipwrecks: Anthony Wayne.” Accessed 11-16-2008 at: http://www.ohioshipwrecks.org/ShipwreckDetail.php?AR=2&Wreck=19 Putnam, G. P. (Ed.). “Steam and Powder Explosions, 1850.” The World’s Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. NY: G. P. Putnam, 1851. Digitized by Google. Accessed 2-6-2021 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=qz9HAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Ratigan, William. Great Lakes Shipwrecks & Survivals (New Revised and Enlarged Edition). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1969. Simonds, W. E. (Editor). The American Date Book. Kama Publishing Co., 1902, 211 pages. Google digital preview accessed 9-8-2017 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=JuiSjvd5owAC Swayze, David D. Great Lakes Shipwrecks W. 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