1852 — Apr 9, Steamboat Saluda boiler explosion, Missouri River, Lexington, MO –54-100

–54-100 Blanchard estimated fatality range.*

–135-145 Spies, Dan H. “The Story of The Saluda.” Univ. of MO Dean’s Paper. Pre 1865.
— 135 MO Hist. Co. History of Ray County, MO. “Steam Boiler Explosion.” 1881, p. 377.
— 135 St. Joseph Gazette, Apr 14, 1852; in Hartley and Woods. Saluda, 2002, p. 67.
— 130 Liberty Tribune. “Awful Calamity: Explosion…Saluda-130 Lives Lost!” 4-16-1852, 1.
–125-130 NY Daily-Times. “Explosion of the Saluda.” 4-23-1852, p. 1. (Survivors estimate)
— >100 Chappell. “A History…MO Riv.,” Transactions…KS Hist. Soc., 1905-1906, p. 288.
— >100 Childs. A History of the U.S. In Chronological Order…1492…to…1885. 1886, p.136.
— 30-100 Daily Missouri Republican. “Scion!” 4-10-1852, 2; in Hartley and Woods 2002, 66
— 100 Elyria Courier, OH. “Steamboat Accidents in the U. States in 1852,” 8-17-1852, p. 2.
— >100 Gould. Fifty Years on the Mississippi. 1889, pp. 478-479.
— 26-100 Hartley and Woods. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda. 2002, p. 72.
— >100 Independent American, Platteville, WI. “The Saluda Explosion.” 5-7-1852, p. 2.
— ~100 Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine 1888. 1889, p. 610.
— 100 Lloyd’s Steamboat Directory and Disasters on the Western Waters. 1856, 277.
— 35-100 Missouri Republican, 4-10-1852; in Hartley and Woods. Saluda, 2002, p. 66.
— 100 Sailor’s Magazine/Naval Journal, V25, N1, Sep, 1852, “Steamboat Disasters…” 20.
— 100 Simonds. The American Date Book. 1902, p. 99.
— 80-100 Statesman. 4-16-1852; in Hartley and Woods. Saluda, 2002, p. 67.
— 100 The Friend. “Steamboat Accidents in the U. S. in 1852.” Vol. 25, N. 49, 1852, p. 391.
— 100 U.S. Congress, House. Hearings. “Safety of Life and Property at Sea.” 1935, p. 246.
— 100 Watertown Chronicle, WI. “From the Frontier.” 5-5-1852, p. 2.
— >100 Wikipedia. “Saluda (steamship).” 3-30-2010 modification.
— 50-100 New York Daily-Times. “Explosion of the Saluda.” 4-23-1852, p. 1.
— 83 MO Historical Company. History of Lafayette County, Mo. 1881, p. 285.
— 75 Deseret News UT. “Terrible Accident…Saluda-Seventy-Five Lives…” 5-29-1852, 3.
— ~75 Hartley and Woods. Best estimate “after reviewing the ‘facts.’ 2002, p. 68.
— 54 Hartley/Woods. “Explosion of…Steamboat Saluda…” MO Historical Review, 2005, p282.
— 52 Hartley/Woods. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda. 2002, Appendix B, pp. 73-78.
— 37 Hartley, W.G. “Don’t Go Aboard the Saluda. Mormon Historical Studies. 2003.
–28 Mormons
— 8 Saluda officers
— 1 Bystander
— 35 Berman, Bruce D. Encyclopedia of American Shipwrecks. 1972, p. 290.
— 35 Lytle and Holdcamper. Merchant Steam Vessels of the [US] 1807-1868. 1952, p230.
— 35 Nash, Jay Robert. Darkest Hours. 1977, p. 682.
— 33 Missouri Republican. “By Morse’s Western Line.” 4-11-1852; in Hartley and Woods.
— 27 Gould. Fifty Years on the Mississippi. 1889, p. 437.
— 27 MacDonald. “The Missouri River and Its Victims.” MO Hist. Rev., V21, 1927, p. 593.
— 27 Stevens. Centennial History of Missouri…1820-1921 (Vol. I). 1921, p. 344.
— 27 Way’s Packet Directory, 1848-1994: Passenger Steamboats…[MS Riv. SYS.]…1999, 416.
— 24 NY Times. “Explosion of the Saluda.” 4-23-1852, p. 1. (bodies recovered by Apr 10)

* Blanchard estimated fatality range. We find ourselves in the same dilemma as Hartley and Woods in Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda (2002, p. 68) after examining many records and accounts:

“Finally, here’s what we are comfortable with: It seems that between twenty-six and one hundred were killed or lost to the river. Smoot’s figures [a survivor] are about right when he says that 175 were on board and about 75 were killed and lost and presumed dead. That’s where we are – after reviewing the ‘facts.’ However, if anyone wants to be broader or be safer, we can justifiably say that the mix of records and accounts about the Saluda disaster gives widely varying estimates running from 26 to 135. Any figures higher than those seem irresponsible. ‘Close to 100’ would be the safer statement to circulate.” [Hartley adds two other LDS deaths to total in his “Don’t Go Aboard the Saluda” – bringing minimum to 28.]

When one adds the reported loss of eight Saluda crew, and one bystander, to the twenty-eight Mormons killed, the minimum loss of life comes to thirty-seven.

In a later work (2005) Hartley and Woods wrote they had identified 54 people as dead or missing. We take this for the low-end of our death-toll.

While we think the total loss of life may have been on the order of seventy-five, we cannot rule out the higher number of one hundred, given the large number of sources noting such a loss-of-life. Lacking specific identification of victims above fifty-four, we are not comfortable including in our own tally sources noting 130, 135 or 145 lives lost. Thus we utilize a range of 54-100 lives lost.

Narrative Information

Chappell: “The most terrible disaster that ever occurred on the Missouri river was that of the explosion of the Saluda, at Lexington, Mo., in 1852. The Saluda was a side-wheel steamer, with a battery of two boilers, and was on her way up the river, with her cabin and lower deck crowded with passengers, the most of whom were Mormons. The river was unusually high and the current at that place exceedingly swift. Capt. Francis T. Belt, the commander of the boat, had made repeated efforts to stem the current, but, having failed, fell back to the levee. At last, on the morning of April 9, after waiting several days for the flood to subside, he again ordered steam raised for a final effort. He went to the engine-room, and looking up at the steam-gage, asked the engineer how much more pressure she could stand. On being answered that she had already every pound of steam that it was safe to carry, he said: ‘Fill her up; put on more steam,’ and remarked to the engineer that he would ‘round the point or blow her to h—l.’ He then returned to the hurricane roof, rang the bell, and gave the order to ‘cast loose the line.’

“The bow of the boat swung gently out into the stream and was caught by the current. The engine made but one revolution; then came a terrific crash, and all was chaos, darkness, and death! The number of those who lost their lives was never known. About 100 bodies were recovered, and it was supposed that there were as many more victims whose bodies were blown into the river and never recovered. Nearly all the officers of the boat were killed, among them Captain Belt. He was at his post on the hurricane roof, standing with his arm resting on the bell, when the explosion occurred, and was blown high up on the bank. His body when found was a mangled mass of flesh and bones….” (Chappell. 1905-1906, p. 288.)

Childs: “On the 9th of April, the steamer Saluda, bound for Council Bluffs, burst her boilers near Lexington, Mo., killing nearly one hundred persons, most of whom were women on their way to the Great Salt Lake.” (Childs 1886, p. 136.)

Gould: “The Saluda exploded on Missouri River, near Lexington, April 9th, 1852. It appears that this boat had been detained in the neighborhood of Lexington for four days, by a strong tide…. On the day above mentioned, the captain made another effort to stem the current. The steamer left the landing at half-past one o’clock a.m., and five minutes after the boilers exploded with such tremendous effect that the cabin and all the wood-work forward of the steel-house were completely demolished, and not a piece of timber was left above the guards. The boat sunk within a few minutes. The books were all lost, and the names of all the passengers who were killed by the explosion or who sunk with the boat could not be ascertained. The number of those who perished is estimated at one hundred.

“The commander, Capt. Belt, who was on the hurricane roof, was blown high in the air, and fell against the side of a hill in Lexington, at least one hundred feet from the wreck. The second clerk, Mr. John Blackburn, was standing on the boiler deck, and was also blown on shore, to a considerable distance from the boat. He was taken up dead….The mutilated bodies of a large number of passengers of the Saluda were found in the streets of Lexington….One of the surviving passengers lost his wife and seven children….Such was the force of the explosion that a part of the boiler passed through a warehouse on the wharf, and quite demolished it….The accident is ascribed to the negligence of the engineer.” (Gould 1889, p. 479.)

Hartley: “On Good Friday morning, 9 April 1852, a booming explosion shook the bluff-top city of Lexington, Missouri. Down the bluff, at 7:30 A.M., the aging sidewheeler Saluda nosed out from the city’s wharf into the Missouri River. Suddenly its boilers blew up, disintegrating two-thirds of the passenger-loaded vessel. Among those killed were twenty-eight Latter-day Saints, with at least that many wounded, some severely. The Saluda explosion is considered one of the worst – possibly the worst – steamboat disasters on the Missouri River. In LDS history, it is the only accident of consequence on the waters — oceans or rivers — that befell companies of European Saints emigrating between 1840 and 1868.” (Hartley 2003, p. 41.)

“The Saluda, 179 feet long, 26 wide, and “5 ½ feet depth of hold,” had two side paddles 20 feet in diameter with 10 feet buckets, powered by two high-pressure boilers, 30 feet in length, and two engines. Built in 1846, she had sunk in the fall of 1847. After being underwater for months, a salvager raised her and floated her to St. Louis for repairs. Refurbished, she still retained her same boilers. By contemporary riverboat standards, her six-year-old hull and older engines and boilers made her an old vessel. The average life for a Missouri riverboat was three to four years. Many steamboats became “packet boats,” which meant they made regularly scheduled runs up and down the river, and the Saluda was one such. Steamboats were either stern-wheelers or side-wheelers like the Saluda. Side-wheelers were faster and more maneuverable because one paddle could go in reverse while the other went forward, thereby quickly turning the vessel…” (Hartley 2003, 44.)

“When the Saluda left St. Louis, she carried ten officers, a crew of about a dozen, and between 200 and 230 passengers. Francis Belt was the captain, Charles La Barge and Louis Guerette the first and second pilots, and Josiah Clancey and John Evans the engineers….First clerk, Captain F. C. Brockman, was the boat’s agent responsible for its passenger lists, ticket sales, accounting, and money. He and Peter Conrad, who was half-owner of the Saluda (with Captain Belt) and who kept bar during this voyage, were the only two officers who would survive the explosion….” (Hartley 2003, p. 45.)

“…Abraham Smoot witnessed the explosion and saw bodies and boat fragments shoot into the air. Parts of the two tall chimneys, the hurricane deck, cabin section, and boilers flew in every direction. One man on shore was killed instantly by a piece of flying timber. Part of a boiler crashed through a cottonwood log warehouse on the levee and demolished it. Iron and timber parts fell in showers as far as four hundred yards away. The steamer’s heavy, cast-iron bell, three feet in diameter, and the Saluda’s six-hundred-pound safe, with Captain Belt’s yellow dog leashed to it, flew high up the side of the bluffs. The dog was killed, and the safe was blown open. Captain Belt, who had been perched on the Saluda’s hurricane roof, was blown halfway up a steep embankment and killed. Several people were rocketed into the middle of the frigid river. Others were shot ‘a considerable distance’ up the bluff….” (Hartley 2003, p. 53.)

“Riverboat explosions in early 1852, including the Saluda, prompted the federal government to enact laws in August of 1852 to set new rules for operating and inspecting riverboats.” (Hartley 2003, 62.) (Hartley. “Don’t Go Aboard the Saluda.” Mormon Historical Studies. 2003, 41-70.)

Hartley and Woods: “Finally, here’s what we are comfortable with: It seems that between twenty-six and one hundred were killed or lost to the river. Smoot’s figures are about right when he says that 175 were on board and about 75 were killed and lost and presumed dead. That’s where we are – after reviewing the ‘facts’. However, if anyone wants to be broader or be safer, we can justifiably say that the mix of records and accounts about the Saluda disaster gives widely varying estimates running from 26 to 135. Any figures higher than those seem irresponsible. ‘Close to 100’ would be the safer statement to circulate.” [Hartley adds two other LDS deaths to the total in his “Don’t Go Aboard the Saluda” – bringing the minimum to 28.] (Hartley and Woods. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda. 2002, p. 68.)

Lloyd: “….KILLED. – Mr. Laynell, second bar-keeper; Mr. Nash and Mr. McClency; E.S. Halfer, second engineer; Mr. Leggett; Mr. Wayley; J. Brick; Mrs. Dunbar and child; Mrs. McGehas and child; two children of Mr. Rollins; two Messrs. Bayley; two second clerks [John Blackburn was one]; a first engineer [elsewhere names a Mr. Clancy and Mr. Evans as engineers who were killed]; two pilots [Charles Labarge and Louis Gareth]; Mr. McAllister; W. H. Bridges; fire firemen, and many others, names unknown. Many of those who perished were Mormons. Sixteen persons were wounded, two of them mortally; names not mentioned.” (Lloyd’s Steamboat Directory and Disasters on the Western Waters. 1856, p.278.)

MacDonald: “Saluda. ‘Captain Belt, Captain Chas LaBarge, pilot, Captain Louis Guerette, second pilot, and about twenty-four others were killed, and a large lumber wounded” (thus, estimates 27).” (MacDonald. “The Missouri River and Its Victims.” MO Hist. Rev., V21, 1927, 593; in Hartley and Woods. Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda. 2002, p. 68.)

Missouri Historical Company: “Friday, April 16th, 1852.

“It falls to our painful duty to record the destruction of the steamer Saluda, commanded by Captain Belt, by the explosion of her boilers, attended with an awful destruction of human life. The boat was just leaving the wharf at Lexington, bound for Council Bluffs, on the morning of the 9th instant, between seven and eight o’clock, when the explosion took place, with a report that was heard for miles around, while in the immediate vicinity the shock was so great as to cause houses to tremble to their foundations. The air was darkened with fragments of the vessel, and scores of human beings without a moment’s warning, were swept into eternity. When the citizens reached the spot, the most heart-rending scenes were presented to view, of which the imagination can possibly conceive. The shore was covered with the limbs and mangled bodies of the sufferers, their warm blood trickling down the banks, while the screams and the groans of the wounded and the dying filled the air, causing the hearts of the beholders to sicken, and the tears of sympathy to gush from their eyes.

“Everything that was in human power was done. The boat was soon reached and the wounded and dying conveyed to the nearest warehouses, where every possible assistance was rendered that was calculated to relieve their sufferings or soothe their dying moments. Many were thrown into the river, of which number but few were saved, some, however, breasted the waves and succeeded in reaching the shore. Through the exertions of Mr. Ball and others, several were saved from a watery grave, among whom was an interesting little child, both of whose parents were killed, and whom Mr. Ball, in the goodness of his heart, intends to adopt as his own.

“The number on board is variously estimated, but it may be put down at two hundred, of which number, one hundred and thirty-five were killed, and thirty-five wounded so seriously that but few will recover. All of the officers of the boat were killed, with the exception of the mate and first clerk. The second clerk was literally torn to pieces, and the captain was thrown out one. hundred yards from the boat against the bluff’.

“The passengers were principally Mormons from England on their way to Salt Lake.

“The city council and citizens of Lexington contributed $900 towards defraying the expenses that might be incurred, thus showing in a manner worthy of the highest praise, their sympathy for the sufferers.

“The boat is a complete wreck, and but little of the freight will be saved uninjured.

“The Saluda was a condemned boat, and the captain of the Isabel had the caution to land some three hundred yards below her, saying that he knew she was an old boat, and that it would be unsafe to be near her, when she should attempt to stem the strong current above Lexington.

“We were not able to obtain the names of the killed and wounded or missing, as under the circumstances, it was utterly impossible. {Written by Joseph E. Black, Esq., of Richmond, who was on the ground immediately after the explosion, rendering assistance to the unfortunate sufferers.}” (Missouri Historical Co. History of Ray County, MO. “Steam Boiler Explosion.” 1881, p. 377.)

Spies: “The actual number of persons who lost their lives in the explosion of the ‘Saluda’ will probably never be known. The only official record extant of the burial of the ‘Saluda’ dead in Lexington is an old burial record of Christ Church parish which contains the following entry: ‘Good Friday, April 9, 1852. Buried 21 persons killed by explosion of steamer Saluda – names unknown.’

“Burial of these 21 persons was in the old City Cemetery on which now stands a public school building. (Cites interview with late B. M. Little Sr., Lexington). In addition to these 21 dead bodies of Capt. Belt and his first clerk, Mr. Brockman, were taken by steamer to St. Louis for burial. Other accounts of the disaster mention 26 corpses lined up on the river bank. With one exception all of the mentions of the ‘Saluda’ dead buried in Lexington does not exceed 30 individuals….” (Spies. “The Story of The Saluda.” Univ. of Missouri Dean’s Paper. Pre 1865.)

Way: Saluda. Sidewheel wood-hull packet, built is St. Louis in 1846 at 223 tons, measuring 179 x 26.7. “….A double engine, two boiler boat…Ran St. Louis-St. Joseph. In 1850 struck a snag and sank five miles below Rocheport, Mo. The hull was dug off the bar, taken to St. Louis and she was rebuilt. Started for Council Bluffs with Mormon emigrants and upon arrival at Lexington, Mo., Apr. 9, 1852, her boilers exploded, killing 27 and wounding many more. The children of some of the victims were adopted by residents of Lexington….Capt. Francis T. Belt was master. Charles S. LaBarge was pilot, and was killed…The Machapella Cemetery, Lexington, still contains graves of at least 25 victims.” (Way’s Packet Directory, 1848-1994: Passenger Steamboats… 1999, 416.)

Newspaper

May 7, Independent American: “Joseph Clancy, the engineer of the Saluda, the recent explosion of whose boilers caused the loss of over a hundred lives, was mortally injured, but lived long enough to say that he was the cause of the explosion, that he had no water in the boilers – consequently no steam – but that he acted in obedience to Capt. Belt’s orders.” (Independent American, Platteville, WI. “The Saluda Explosion.” 5-7-1852, p. 2.)

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