–4,313 Blanchard tally based upon numbers below.

Summary of State Breakouts Below

Alabama ( 46) Sep-Nov

Florida ( 105) June start

Georgia ( 586) Aug 5-Nov

Louisiana (2,500) July-Dec

Maryland ( 20)

Mississippi ( ?)

Missouri ( 2)

New York ( 20)

North Carolina ( ?)

Pennsylvania ( ?)

South Carolina ( 627) Aug-Nov

Texas ( 404) Aug 9-Nov 5

Virginia ( 3) Oct-Nov 2

Yellow Fever Deaths by State and Locality

Alabama ( 46) Sep-Nov

— 1 Greensboro, Mr. Chadwick, 39. Ruralswalabama.org. The Drake House At Greensboro, AL.

— ? Mobile Toner 1873, p. 367.[1]

–45 Montgomery Keating. A History of the Yellow Fever… 1879, 89.

–45 “ Sep-Nov Toner 1873, p. 367, “Table of Localities…”

— ? Selma, Dallas Co. Toner 1873, p. 367, “Table of Localities…”

Florida ( 105) June start

–105 State Blanchard tally from sources below.

— 98 Jacksonville. Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 455.

— 7 Key West. June 22-July 8 The Intelligencer, Wheeling WV. 7-13-1854, p. 3, col. 3.

–3 Mrs. Asa Tift and two children. Smith. “Asa Tift.” Key West…Museum. 7-28-2015.

— ? Pensacola. Toner 1873, p. 368, “Table of Localities…”

Georgia ( 586) Aug 5-Nov

— 6 Augusta Sep 29 NY Times. “The Yellow Fever at the South.” 10-2-1854.

— ? Columbus Toner 1873, p. 369, “Table of Localities…”

–600 Savannah. Aug-Oct (11 wks.) NY Times. “…Yellow Fever at Savannah.” 11-8-1854.[2]

–580 Savannah Aug 5-Oct Augustin 1909, 465; Keating 1879, 89; Toner 1873, 369.[3]

“ (pop. ~11,776)[4] Sternberg 1908, p. 719; US Marine-Hosp. Svc. 1896, 437.

— 5 “ Sep 27 NY Times. “The Yellow Fever at the South.” 10-2-1854.

Louisiana (~2,500) July-Dec

–~2,500 State Blanchard estimate.[5]

— ? Alexandria. Carrigan. Saffron Scourge. 1961, 112; Toner 1873, p. 369.[6]

— ? Bayou Sara. Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, p. 112.

— ? Buras Settlement. Sep 22 start. Toner 1873, p. 370, “Table of Localities…”[7]

— ? Cloutierville. Toner 1873, 370, “Table of Localities…”[8]; Carrigan, p.112.

— >1 Franklin. Elie Levy, Oct. FindAGrave.com. “Elie Levy.” Accessed 4-19-2018.[9]

— ? Jeanerette. Oct 7 start. Toner 1873, 370, “Table of Localities…”[10]

— ? Jesuit’s Bend. Sep 12 start. Toner 1873, 370, “Table of Localities…”[11]

— ? Judge Baker’s plantation, St. Mary Parish. Toner 1873, 373, “Table of Localities…”[12]

–<2,500 New Orleans. July-Dec Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, p. 109.

— 2,484 “ From 10,564 total deaths and pop. of 160,823. Barton, 1857.[13]

— 2,484 “ Sanitary Commission of New Orleans. Rpt. of…San. Com… 1854, p.465

— 2,425 “ Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, p. 50.

— 2,423 “ Keating 1879, 89; NYT, 10-7-1888; Sternberg 1908, 719; Toner 1873, 372.[14]

— 2,423 “ USMHS 1896, p. 437.

— 3 “ July 3 New Albany Daily Ledger, IN. 7-14-1854, p. 2, col. 2.

— 3 “ July 17-23 Warren Mail, PA. “Health of New Orleans,” 8-19-1854, 2.

— 1 “ July 28 Daily Tribune, New Albany, IN. 8-2-1854, p. 3, col. 1.

— 6 “ July 25-31 The Herald, Liberty IN. 8-10-1854, p. 2, col. 5.

–17 “ Aug 4-10 Tri-Weekly Journal, Muscatine, IA. 8-18-1854, p. 2, col. 3.

–42 “ Oct 30-Nov 5 NYT. “The Yellow Fever in New-Orleans.” 11-8-1854.

–38 “ Nov 6-12 NYT. “The Yellow Fever at New-Orleans.” 11-16-1854.

— ? Pattersonville. Sep. start. Toner 1873, 372, “Table of Localities…”[15]

— ? Plaquemine Parish, 3 small settlements. Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, p. 112.

— ? Pointe a la Hache. Oct start. Toner 1873, p. 373, “Table of Localities…”[16]

— ? Thibodaux. Sep 12-Oct. Toner 1873, p. 373, “Table of Localities…”[17]

— ? Washington. Toner 1873, p. 373, “Table of Localities…”[18]

Maryland ( 20)

— ? Charles County (several cases). Morning Register, Sandusky, OH. 8-11-1854, p. 3, col. 3.

–20 Fell’s Point, Baltimore (out of 40 cases). Quinan. Medical Annals of Baltimore. 1884, 40.

— ? St. Mary’s Co. (several cases). Morning Register, Sandusky, OH. 8-11-1854, p. 3, col. 3.

Mississippi ( ?)

–? Brandon, Rankin Co. Sep 23-Nov 18. Toner 1873, p. 374, “Table of Localities…”

–? Jackson, Hinds County. Toner 1873, p. 375, “Table of Localities…”[19]

Missouri ( 2)

–2 St. Louis Keating 1879, p. 89.

–? “ Toner 1873, p. 375, “Table of Localities…”[20]

New York ( 20)

–20 NY Marine Hospital Keating 1879, 90; Toner 1873, p. 378. “Table of…”[21]

–20 “ US Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Rpt. 1895. 1896, 437.

North Carolina ( ?)

–? Beaufort, Carteret Co., on Newport River. Toner 1873, p. 378, “Table of Localities…”

Pennsylvania ( ?)

–? Philadelphia. Toner 1873, p. 379, “Table of Localities…”[22]

South Carolina ( 627) Aug-Nov

–627 Charleston. Keating 1879, 90; Sternberg 1908, 719; USMHS 1896, 437

–627 “ Aug-Nov Toner 1873, p. 381, “Table of Localities…”[23]

–614 “ NYT. “The Yellow Fever – Total Number…” 12-3-1871.

5 “ Sep 29 NY Times. “The Yellow Fever at the South.” 10-2-1854.

— ? Columbia. Toner 1873, p. 381, “Table of Localities…”[24]

— ? Georgetown Aug 20-Oct 28. Toner 1873, p. 381, “Table of Localities…”[25]

— ? Mount Pleasant Toner 1873, p. 381, “Table of Localities…”[26]

Texas ( 404) Aug 9-Nov 5

–404 Galveston Keating 1879, 90; Sternberg 1908, 719; USMHS 1896, 437

–404 Galveston. Aug 9-Nov 5. Toner 1873, p. 381, “Table of Localities…”[27]

— ? Houston Toner 1873, p. 383, “Table of Localities…”[28]

Virginia ( 3) Oct-Nov 2

–3 Norfolk. Keating 1879, p. 90.

–3 “ Oct-Nov 2 Toner 1873, p. 384, “Table of Localities…”

–? Portsmouth Toner 1873, p. 384, “Table of Localities…”[29]

Narrative Information

Carrigan: After noting yellow fever “carried off almost 2,500…victims” in New Orleans: “Not once throughout the entire season did the Picayune admit the existence of a full-scale outbreak. While publishing the weekly interment figures and Charity Hospital reports, the editor repeatedly commented on the freedom of the city from anything resembling epidemic disease…”[30]

Newspapers

July 14: “A gentleman writing from New Orleans to the New York Tribune, on the 3d, says:

Our city is very sickly. The first two weeks in June there were over 50 deaths a week of Asiatic cholera, and the mortality was 30 per cent larger than same time last year.

Last week there were over 320 deaths, equal to 2,500 a week in your city. Over a hundred died of sunstroke. The yellow fever has made its appearance, and the reports of the cemeteries show two deaths of yellow fever and one of black vomit. There were also a large number of deaths from other fevers, as also of bowel complaints and cholera. Of course our papers will keep dark about everything.” (New Albany Daily Ledger, IN. “Sickness in New Orleans.” 7-14-1854, p. 2, col. 2.

July 14: “Baltimore, July 14. News from Havana is the yellow fever is creating terrible devastation.” (Daily Journal, Madison, WI. 7-15-1854, p. 3, col. 3.)

July 22: “Extracts from a letter dated Key West, July 22d, says: The Yellow Fever has entirely disappeared from the Island; no new cases have occurred for the last 20 days.” (Weekly Iowa State Gazette, Burlington. 8-9-1854, p. 2, col. 5.)

Aug 10: “Yellow Fever. — While the yellow fever is rapidly declining in New York, it appears to be rapidly spreading in Baltimore; it has even extended beyond the Point, and made its appearance in the city. From Charleston we have no daily reports; the fever being confined principally to strangers, the health officers do not seem disposed to let the friends of the unfortunate sufferers know anything about the matter…As late s the 3d ult. the fever does not appear to have made much progress in New Orleans; indeed letters to date…represent the city as ordinarily healthy.” (Richmond Daily Dispatch, VA. 8-10-1854, p. 2, col. 5.)

Aug 22: “The Yellow Fever had made its appearance at Galveston, but was not generally fatal.” (Daily Journal, Madison, WI. “Latest News,” 8-22-1854, p. 3, col. 3.)

Nov 13: “New-Orleans, Monday, Nov. 13. The weather here is quite cold, and the yellow fever has nearly left us — the number of deaths by it last week only reaching 38.” (New York Times. “The Yellow Fever at New-Orleans.” 11-16-1854.)

Sources

Augustin, George. History of Yellow Fever. New Orleans: Published for the Author by Search & Pfaff Ltd., 1909; General Books reprint, Memphis, TN, 2010. 1909 copy digitized at: http://archive.org/stream/historyofyellowf00auguuoft#page/n4/mode/1up

Barton, Edward H., MD. The Cause and Prevention of Yellow Fever at New Orleans and other Cities in America (Third Edition, with a Supplement). New York: H. Bailliere; London and Paris, 1857. Google preview accessed 3-14-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=yEJZDrCO-ZkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Carrigan, Jo Ann. The Saffron Scourge: A History of Yellow Fever in Louisiana, 1796-1905 (Doctoral Dissertation). Louisiana State University, LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses, 1961. Accessed 3-11-2018 at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=gradschool_disstheses

Daily Journal, Madison, WI. 7-15-1854, p. 3, col. 3. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/madison-wisconsin-daily-state-journal-jul-15-1854-p-3/

Daily Journal, Madison, WI. “Latest News,” 8-22-1854, p. 3, col. 3. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/madison-wisconsin-daily-state-journal-aug-22-1854-p-3/

Daily Tribune, New Albany, IN. [Yellow Fever, New Orleans] 8-2-1854, p. 3, col. 1. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-albany-daily-tribune-aug-02-1854-p-3/

FindAGrave.com. “Elie Levy.” Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/184697124/elie-levy

Keating, J. M. A History of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878 in Memphis, Tenn. Memphis, TN: Howard Association, 1879. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=WEIJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Smith, Piper. “Asa Tift.” Key West Shipwreck Treasure Museum, 7-28-2015 at: https://www.keywestshipwreck.com/key-west-blog/asa-tift

Morning Register, Sandusky, OH. [Yellow Fever, Maryland] 8-11-1854, p. 3, col. 3. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/sandusky-daily-commercial-register-aug-11-1854-p-3/

New Albany Daily Ledger, IN. “Sickness in New Orleans.” 7-14-1854, p. 2, col. 2. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-albany-daily-ledger-jul-14-1854-p-2/

New York Times. “The Southern Mail — Yellow Fever at Savannah.” 11-8-1854. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1854/11/08/88145231.pdf

New York Times. “The Yellow Fever at New-Orleans.” 11-16-1854. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1854/11/16/88145947.pdf

New York Times. “The Yellow Fever at the South.” 10-2-1854. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1854/10/02/88141026.pdf

New York Times. “The Yellow Fever in New-Orleans.” 11-8-1854. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1854/11/08/88145232.pdf

New York Times. “The Yellow Fever – Total Number of Cases and Deaths in Charleston This Season” (from the Charleston News, November 28, 1871). December 3, 1871. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E06EFDA1639EF34BC4B53DFB467838A669FDE

New York Times. “Yellow Fever Retrospect.” 10-7-1888. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D03EFD81F38E033A25754C0A9669D94699FD7CF&oref=slogin

Quinan, John R., M.D. Medical Annals of Baltimore From 1608-1880, Including Events, Men and Literature, to Which is Added A Subject Index and Record of Public Services. Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald, 1884. Google digitized. Accessed 1-14-2015 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=xNcRAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Richmond Daily Dispatch, VA. [Yellow Fever] 8-10-1854, p. 2, col. 5. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/richmond-daily-dispatch-aug-10-1854-p-1/

RuralSWAlabama.org. The Drake House At Greensboro, AL. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://www.ruralswalabama.org/attraction/the-drake-house-at-greensboro-al-built-before-1854/

Sanitary Commission of New Orleans. Report of the Sanitary Commission to His Honor J. L. Lewis, Mayor of the City of New Orleans. New Orleans: By Authority of the City Council of New Orleans, 1854. Google preview accessed 3-5-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=_EQJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Sternberg, George M. (US Public Health Service, US Marine Hospital Service). “Yellow Fever: History and Geographic Distribution.” Pages 715-722 in Stedman, Thomas L., M.D. (Ed.) Appendix to the Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. NY: William Wood & Co., 1908. Google digitized: http://books.google.com/books?id=3ezqX415M5wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

The Herald, Liberty IN. [Yellow Fever, New Orleans] 8-10-1854, p. 2, col. 5. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/liberty-union-herald-aug-10-1854-p-2/

The Intelligencer, Wheeling WV. “Telegraphic News.” 7-13-1854, p. 3, col. 3. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/wheeling-daily-intelligencer-jul-13-1854-p-3/

Toner, Joseph M, MD. Contributions to the Annals of Medical Progress and Medical Education in the United States Before and During The War of Independence. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874. Google preview accessed 4-4-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=BRUJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Toner, Joseph M. (M.D., President, American Medical Association). “The Distribution and Natural History of Yellow Fever as it has Occurred at Different Times in the United States” (Paper read before the American Public Health Association, November 12, 1873). Washington, DC: 1873, 33 pages. Accessed 8-23-2013 at: http://cdm16313.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/LSUBK01/id/10240/rec/19

Tri-Weekly Journal, Muscatine, IA. [Yellow Fever, New Orleans] 8-18-1854, p. 2, col. 3. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/muscatine-tri-weekly-journal-aug-18-1854-p-2/

United States Marine Hospital Service, Treasury Department. Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1895 (Document No. 1811). Washington, DC: GPO, 1896. Digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=aTnxAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

Warren Mail, PA. “Health of New Orleans,” 8-19-1854, p. 2, col. 2. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/warren-mail-aug-19-1854-p-2/

Weekly Iowa State Gazette, Burlington. 8-9-1854, p. 2, col. 5. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/burlington-weekly-iowa-state-gazette-aug-09-1854-p-2/

Wood, Wm. B. MD. “A Report of the Yellow Fever at Centreville, in 1855, with some Remarks on the Disease as it appeared in the Parish of St. Mary, in 1854, ʹ54, and ʹ55.” In: Transactions of the American Medical Association (Vol. IX). Philadelphia: T. K. and P. G. Collins, 1856. Accessed 4-19-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=mMICAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

[1] “Table of Localities in the United States where Yellow Fever has appeared since 1668.”

[2] This was “out of a total mortality of 967.” We do not use this number in that it appears to be a rounded number, ant the five other sources agree on 580.

[3] Toner cites: Hume. Charleston Medical Journal, Vol. 10, p. 31.

[4] New York Times. “The Yellow Fever at the South.” 10-2-1854. (6,285 whites, 5,491 blacks)

[5] We use 2,484 for New Orleans. While we show only 1 death for Franklin, we cite source which writes it was “scourged in 1854” by yellow fever, which we take to mean more than just one or even several deaths. In addition, it has been noted that yellow fever was carried to at least a dozen named locations, for which no fatality estimates were made — only that it was present. We have seen no numbers for deaths on boats on the Mississippi or other rivers, but this would be quite plausible. Finally, we observe that Carrigan notes her believe that more than 2,500 people died in New Orleans. Thus, we believe that approximately 2,500 deaths is a conservative estimate.

[6] Toner cites: G.S.D. Anderson. New Orleans Medical Journal, 1859, p. 508.

[7] Toner cites: D. R. Fox. Yellow Fever in Country, p. 49.

[8] Cites: S. O. Scruggs. Transactions of the American Medical Association, 1856, p. 704.

[9] One source notes that “the town of Franklin, scourged in 1854, remains entirely free from epidemic yellow fever in 1855.” (Wm. B. Wood, MD. “A Report of the Yellow Fever at Centreville, in 1855, with some Remarks on the Disease as it appeared in the Parish of St. Mary, in 1854, ʹ54, and ʹ55.” Page 673, in: Transactions of the American Medical Association (Vol. IX). Philadelphia: T. K. and P. G. Collins, 1856.)

[10] Cites: J. B. Dungan. Transactions of the American Medical Association, 1856, p. 697.

[11] Toner cites: D. R. Fox. Yellow Fever in Country, p. 49.

[12] Toner cites: C. R. Fassitt. Transactions of the American Medical Association, 1856, p. 662.

[13] “Comparative Table [Yellow Fever and Cholera]. Estimate of the Salubrity of New Orleans, as affected by her Epidemics. 1^st — of Yellow Fever.”

[14] Toner cites: Chaillé. Va. Medical Journal, 1856, p. 499.

[15] Cites: W. B. Wood. New Orleans Medical News and Hospital Gazette, 1856, p. 483.

[16] Toner cites: D. R. Fox. Yellow Fever in Country, p. 49.

[17] Toner cites: M. A. McLeod. New Orleans Medical News and Hospital Gazette, 1855, p. 454.

[18] Toner cites: T. A. Cooke. Southern Medical Record, Vol. 3, No. 4, p. 196.

[19] Toner cites: S. C. Farras. Stethoscope, 1855, p. 584.

[20] Toner cites: Editor, Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1854, p. 345.

[21] Toner cites. Editor, New York Journal of Medicine, 1856, p. 284.

[22] Toner cites: Editor, Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1854, p. 345.

[23] Toner cites: Simmons’ Transactions of the South Carolina Medical Association, p. 59.

[24] Toner cites: Editor, Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1854, p. 345.

[25] Toner cites: W. C. Miller. Charleston Medical Journal and Review, 1856, p. 19

[26] Toner cites: R. A. Kinloch. Charleston Medical Journal and Review, 1858, p. 793.

[27] Toner cites: Editor, Medical and Surgical Report, Vol. 127, 1867, No. 14, p. 297.

[28] Toner cites: W. McCraven. New Orleans Medical News and Hospital Gazette, 1860, p. 105.

[29] Toner cites: Portsmouth Relief Association Report, p. 91.

[30] In footnote 26, cites: Picayune, August 4-December 4, 1854.

1854 –Yellow Fever, esp. AL, FL, Charleston/627, Galveston/404, N.O. LA/2424, Savannah/580–4,313