1866 — May-Dec, Cholera, esp. Cincinnati, New Orleans, NYC, St. Louis, TN, Philly, Army–15,751 – 17,742

lornajarrettblanchard May 1, 1866

– 50,000 Grob. The Deadly Truth: A History of Disease in America. 2002, p. 105.[1]

— 47,448 Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 285.[2]

— 15,761-17,742 Blanchard compilation[3] from State breakouts below.[4]

–~12,000 American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.[5]

Summary of State Breakouts Below

Alabama ( 2) Aug

Arkansas ( >85) July 28-Oct 4 Especially Fort Smith (75)

California ( >27) Dec Lake Nicaragua army camp (27)

Delaware ( 30) Delaware City

District of Columbia ( 4) Early Oct

Georgia ( 352) July 18-early Aug Savannah and Tybee Island

Illinois ( 1,091) July 21-early Sep Chicago (990), Cairo (76), Marion (25)

Indiana ( 31) Aug 11-early Oct Richmond

Kansas ( >97) June-Aug Especially Forts Harker, Hays and Dodge.

Kentucky ( >227) July-Dec Especially Louisville (152), Covington (70).

Louisiana (1,294-1,875) July 12-Dec Especially New Orleans

Maryland ( 62) June 16-Oct 1 Baltimore

Massachusetts( 6) July 19-Sep 27 Essentially North Adams

Minnesota ( 2) St Paul

Mississippi ( >531) Aug 7-Nov Vicksburg

Missouri ( 3,541) July-Nov Primarily St. Louis

New Jersey ( >44) Especially Burlington County

New York (2,100-3,524) May 2-Oct 13 Especially NYC (3,524)

Ohio (1,200-1,406) July 11-Sep 4 Cincinnati (1,200-1,400)

Pennsylvania ( 834-900) Late July start Philadelphia

Rhode Island ( 72) Especially Providence (>14)

Tennessee ( >1,800) Aug 29-Oct 9 Memphis (1,000) and Nashville (800)

Texas ( >722) July 22-Sep Especially San Antonio (~500)

Virginia ( >164) Aug 12-Oct Richmond

U.S. Army ( 1,279) July 3-Nov

Maritime ( 74) Certainly there were more than we show.

Breakout of 1866 Cholera Deaths by State and Locality (where located)

Alabama ( 2) Aug

— ? Mobile (“considerable mortality”) Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 282.

— 2 Mobile Aug NYT. “The Cholera in Mobile,” 8-31-1866, p. 1.

Arkansas ( >85) July 28-Oct 4

–75 Fort Smith mid Sep start Duval. Cholera…in Fort Smith in 1866. 1867, p. 3.

–1 “ Sep 23-29 Daily Ark. Gazette, Little Rock. 10-8-1866, p.1, c4.[6]

–3 “ Oct 4 Daily Ark. Gazette, Little Rock. 10-8-1866, p.1, c.4.

— 6 Helena mid Sep Daily Ark. Gazette, Little Rock. 9-18-1866, p.1, c.2.

— 4 Little Rock July 28 start[7] Blanchard tally of breakouts below.

–1 “ Late Aug Daily Ark. Gazette, Little Rock. 9-1-1866, p. 3, c. 3.

–1 “ Sep (Wm. Gorman) Daily Ark. Gazette, Little Rock. 10-9-1866, p.3, c.1.

–1 “ Sep (black woman) Daily Ark. Gazette, Little Rock. 10-9-1866, p.3, c.1.

–1 “ Oct 2 (O. Jennings) Daily Ark. Gazette, Little Rock. 10-3-1866, p.3, c.1.

— ? Madison Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 673.

— ? Plantations desolated in instances. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.

California ( >27) Dec

–27 Lake Nicaragua army camp, late Dec. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 282.[8]

— ? San Francisco Dec Pyle. Diffusion of Cholera, 2010, p. 71.

Colorado ( ?)

–? Fort Lyon Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 676.

Connecticut ( ?)

–? Fair Haven (3 cases by Aug 13-15) NYT. “News of the Day.” 8-15-1866, p. 4, col. 1.

Delaware ( 30)

–30 Delaware City Buffalo Med. & Surgical Journal, Vol. 7, p. 36.[9]

— ? New Castle McClellan. “A History…Cholera…” 1875, p. 672.

District of Co. ( 4)

— 4 Wash., DC Oct 2 McClellan. “A History…Cholera…” 1875, p.672.[10]

Georgia ( 352) July 18-early Aug

— ? Atlanta Sep 9 start Pyle. Diffusion of Cholera, 2010, p. 71.

— ? Augusta Sep 9 start Pyle. Diffusion of Cholera, 2010, p. 71.

–231 Savannah July 18 start[11] American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

–231 “ Chambers. Conquest of Cholera, 1948, 278.

–55 “ July 25 Cedar Falls Gazette, IA. “The News,” 8-10-1866, 2.

–25 “ Sep 13-19 NYT. “The Cholera in Savannah,” 9-20-1866, p.5.

–121 Tybee Island (116 troops, 5 civilians). July-Aug. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera, 1948, 278.

Illinois (1,091) July 21-early Sep Especially Chicago

— 76 Cairo By Aug 22 Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. “Cholera,” 9-1-1866, 3.

–990 Chicago. July 21 1^st report.[12] McClellan. “A History…Cholera…” 1875, 672.

–978 “ American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

— 6 “ Aug 22 Ark. Gazette, Little Rock. “Cholera,” 9-1-1866, p3, c3.

–12 “ Oct 6 Indianapolis Daily Journal, IN. 10-8-1866, p.1, c.2.

–>25 Marion 6 wks, late summer Marion IL History Preservation. 1866 Cholera.[13]

Indiana ( 31) Aug 11-early Oct

— ? Aurora (prevailed there) IN State Med Society. Transactions, p. 54.

–31 Richmond[14] Aug 11 start to early Oct. Inter-State Publishing. History of Wayne… 1884, 590.

Kansas ( >97) June-Aug

— 8 Camp Grierson Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 678.

— 4 Cow Creek Army camp Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 678.

— 1 Downer’s Station Aug 10 Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 678.

— ? Ellsworth Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 285.

–14 Fort Dodge (also citizen cases in vic.) Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 678.

–31 Fort Harker June-Aug Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 675.

–24 Fort Hays July 11 start-Sep Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 678.

— 6 Fort Larned July 6 start Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 673.

— ? Fort Leavenworth Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 673.

— ? Fort Riley Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 673.

— ? Fort Wallace Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 678.

— ? Fort Zarah Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 676.

— 1 Monument Station July Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 678.

— ? Salina Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 678.

— 8 Wilson’s Creek Army camp Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 678.

Kentucky (>227) July-Dec

— ? Bowling Green Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 283.

— 70 Covington just from Dec 1-18 WI State Journal, Madison. 12-19-1866, p. 1, col. 5.

–152 Louisville American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

–152 “ July 29 start[15] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 283.

–17 “ up to Aug 15. New York Times, Aug 16, 1866

— 7 “ Aug 22 Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. “Cholera,” 9-1-1866, p3, c3.

— 3 “ Sep 21 NYT. “Cholera in [KY & TN],” 9-22-1866, p. 5.

— 4 “ Sep 22 NYT. “The Cholera in Louisville,” 9-24-1866, p. 1.

— 3 “ Sep 24 NYT. “The Cholera at Louisville,” 9-25-1866, p. 1.

— 1 “ Sep 26 McClellan. “A History…Cholera…” 1875, p. 672.

— 1 Newport Barracks July? Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 675.

— 1 Paducah Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 675.

— 3 Taylor Barracks Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 283.

Louisiana (1,294-1,875) July 12-Dec

— ? Alexandria Aug 25 start International Medical Congress. Transactions. 388.

— 3 Baton Rouge Aug 17 start Chambers. Conquest of Cholera, 1948, p. 281.[16]

–1,875 New Orleans. Ellis. Yellow Fever & Public Health in…New South. 1992. p. 30.[17]

–1,463 “ June 1-Jan 1, 1867 International Medical Congress. Transactions. 388.[18]

–1,353 “ (1180 citizens, 173 mil.) Chambers. Conquest of Cholera, 1948, p. 278.

–1,294 “ Peters. “General History…,” in Wendt, 1885, 30.

–1,294 “ International Medical Congress. Transactions. 388.

–1,200 “ Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, p. 146.

— 30 “ July “

–569 “ Aug “

–456 “ Sep “

–166 “ Oct “

— 47 “ Nov “

— 26 “ Dec “

— 132 “ American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

— 0 “ July 12 1^st case. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera, 1948, p. 279.

–11[19] “ Aug 1-5 NYT. “Cholera in New Orleans,” 8-7-1866, 4.

–26 “ Aug 15 NYT, Aug 16 1866.

–27 “ Aug 17. NYT, Aug 19, 1866.

–26 “ Aug 26-27 Davenport…Gazette. “Cholera Reports,” 8-30-1866, 1.

–29 “ Aug 29 NYT. “The Cholera at New-Orleans,” 8-31-1866, 1.

–22 “ Aug 31. NYT. “The Cholera at New Orleans,” 9-2-1866, p.4.

–16 “ Sep 4 NYT. “New-Orleans; Cholera,” Sep 6, 1866, p. 8.

–23 “ Sep 5 NYT. “New Orleans; Cholera,” Sep 7, 1866, p. 5.

–17 “ Sep 6 NYT. “Louisiana; Cholera in [N.O.],” 9-8-1866, 4.

–29 “ Sep 9 NYT. “Cholera in New-Orleans,” Sep 11, 1866, p. 4.

–32 “ Sep 10 NYT. “Louisiana; Cholera in [N.O.],” 9-12-1866, 8.

–19 “ Sep 17 NYT. “The Cholera in New-Orleans,” 9-19-1866, 8.

–11 “ Sep 26 NYT, “New Orleans; Deaths…Cholera,” 9-28-1866.

–30 “ Sep 29-30 Daily AR Gazette, Little Rock. 10-6-1966, p.1, c4.[20]

–17 “ Oct 7-8 Daily AR Gazette, Little Rock. 10-13-1866, p.1, c.5.

— ? Fort St. Philip (“prevailed”) Watkins. “The Cholera…” The Sanitarian, XV, 249

— ? Ship Island (“prevailed”) Watkins. “The Cholera…” The Sanitarian, XV, 249

— ? Shreveport (“mild epidemic”) Aug 12[21] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p281.

— ? Plantations in the interior. Sep 17 rpt. Daily Ark. Gazette, Little Rock. 9-24-1866, p1, c4.[22]

Maryland ( 62) June 16-Oct 1

–62 Baltimore June 16, 1^st case[23] Quinan. Medical Annals of Baltimore. 1884, p. 43.

–1 “ Aug 17. NYT, Aug 19, 1866.

–3[24] “ Sep 29-Oct 1 Dubuque…Herald, IA. “The Cholera,” 10-2-1866, 1.

Massachusetts ( 6) July 19-Sep 27

–1 Boston (soldier from NY) July 19 Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 277.

–5 North Adams Sep 27 report Burlington Hawk-Eye, IA. 9=28-1866, p. 1, col. 3.[25]

–? Worcester Gordon. “Cholera in Worcester.” HJMass., 2014.

Michigan ( ?)

–? Detroit (“prevailed in the city”) May 29[26] Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 282.[27]

Minnesota ( 2)

–2 St. Paul. McClellan. “A History…Cholera…” 1875, 671.[28]

Mississippi (>531) Aug 7-Nov

— 3 Jackson (convert “several” into 3) Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.

— ? Natchez Aug 7 start International Medical Congress. Transactions. 388.

— 18 Oshand plantation Nov AR State Gazette, Little Rock. 11-30-1866, p1, c1.[29]

–510 Vicksburg Aug 22-Sep[30] American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

–510 “ Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.

–60 “ ~Aug 29-30 Jacksonville Republican, AL. 9-1-1866, p. 1, c. 2.[31]

Missouri (3,541) July-Nov

9 Kansas City ~Aug 13. McClellan. “A History…Cholera…” 1875, p.671.[32]

— 3,532 St. Louis American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

— 3,527 “ July-Nov Moore. “Notes…of Cholera in St. Louis.” 1855, 47.

— 3,527 “ NPS. Year of Disaster…St. Louis…Cholera…

— 3,527 “ Post Dispatch, St. Louis. “Cholera’s Riot,” 9-18-1892.

— >3,500 “ July-Nov Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 285.

— 3,500 “ McClellan. “A History…Cholera…” 1875, p.672.[33]

— 2“ July Moore. “Notes…Cholera in St. Louis.” 1855, 47.

–2,388 “ August Moore. “Notes…Cholera in St. Louis.” 1855, 47.

–13 Aug 9 Cedar Falls Gazette, IA. “The News,” 8-10-1866, 2.

— 7 Aug 10 Cedar Falls Gazette, IA. “The News,” 8-10-1866, 2.

–36 noon to noon Aug 13-14 NYT. “The Cholera at St. Louis.” 8-15-1866, p.4, c.7.

–48 Aug 15 New York Times, Aug 16, 1866.

–47 Aug 17 New York Times, Aug 19, 1866.

–73[34] Aug 28 Davenport…Gazette, IA. “Cholera Rpts,” 8-30-1866, 1.

–63[35] Aug 29 NYT. “The Cholera in St. Louis, Aug 31, 1866, p. 1.

–37 Aug 30 NYT. “The Cholera at St. Louis,” Sep 1, 1866, p. 4.

–330-450 Aug 25-Sep 1. NYT. “The Cholera at St. Louis,” 9-3-1866, p. 5.

–1,082 September Moore. “Notes…Cholera in St. Louis.” 1855, 47.

–60 Sep 1 NYT. “The Cholera at St. Louis,” Sep 3, 1866, p. 5.

–75 Sep 4 NYT. “The Cholera in St. Louis,” Sep 6, 1866, p. 8.

–81 Sep 5 NYT. “St. Louis; The Cholera,” Sep 7, 1866, p. 5.

–59 Sep 6 NYT. “St. Louis; Preparations…Cholera,” 9-7-1866.

–33 Sep 11 NYT. “The Cholera in St. Louis,” 9-13-1866, p. 1.

–21 Sep 13 NYT. “The Cholera in St. Louis,” 9-15-1866, p. 1.

–~2,500 ~mid Aug-mid Sep. McClellan. “A History…Cholera…” 1875, 671.[36]

— 272 Sep 8-14 NYT. “Cholera at St. Louis,” Sep 16, 1866, p. 5.

— 202 Sep 16-22 NYT. “Missouri; Cholera,” Sep 24, 1866, p. 1.

— 51 October Moore. “Notes…Cholera in St. Louis.” 1855, p. 47.

— 4 November Moore. “Notes…Cholera in St. Louis.” 1855, p. 47

Nebraska ( ?)

–? Fort Kearney Aug 27 start, via steamer. International Med. Congress. Transactions. 388.

New Jersey ( >44)

—>15 Burlington County Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 491.

–15 Burlington City (from 17 cases in three weeks). Hunt 1893, p. 492.

— >3 Camden County, Camden Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 492.[37]

— 6 Cumberland Co., Bridgeton Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 492.

— ? Essex County, Newark Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 492.

— ? Gloucester County Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 491.

— >1 Hudson County Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 491-2.

–Hudson (“suffered severely”) Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 491.

— ? Salem County, Salem McClellan. “A History…Cholera…” 1875, p. 672.

— ? Union County Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 491.

— 20 unclear location (“this county”). Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 492.

New Mexico ( )

–? Albuquerque (case noted) Oct[38] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 285.

New York (2,100-3,524)[39] May 2-Oct 13 Especially NYC (3,524)

— 3,524 New York City. Cholera, Cholera infantum, cholera morbus, diarrhea, dysentery.[40]

— 3,300 NY, Brooklyn and area, including 1,200 greater than previous year deaths.[41]

— 2,100 NY and its institutions, and Brooklyn. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, 275.[42]

— 1,212 New York City. NYT. “Local Intelligence. The Board of Health.” 1-23-1867.

–~1,200 New York City Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 275.[43]

— 1,195 “ American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

–1137 “ May 1-End New Media Lab, Grad. Ctr., CUNY. Cholera in 1866.

–1137 “ NYC Dept. of Health. Sum. of Vital Statistics 2009. 2010.[44]

–1137 “ Rosner. Hives of Sickness…Epidemics…[NYC]. 1995, 31.[45]

— 949 “ Blanchard tally based on data below.

— 1 NYC, May 2, 1^st death. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 274.[46]

–110 “ July 1-31. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 275.

–21“ up to July 8. McClellan. “A History of the…Cholera…” 1875, 663.

–68” July 19 Clark. The Medical Men of New Jersey. 71.

–16“ July 27-29[47] Galveston Daily News. “Telegraphic,” Aug 4, 1866, 2.

–239 “ July 27-Aug 4 New York Times. “Cholera,” Aug 10, 1866, p. 8.

–103 “ July 28-Aug 3 Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “Cholera News,” 8-5-1866, p1.

— 10 “ Aug 4 Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “Cholera News,” 8-5-1866, p1.

–329 “ up to Aug 4 NYT, “Cholera,” August 4, 1866 (NY Registrar of Records)

— 10 “ Aug 5 Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “Cholera News,” 8-5-1866, p1.

— 9 “ Aug 5 Janesville Gazette, WI. “From New York,” 8-6-1866, p. 1.

— 2 “ Aug 7 Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “Cholera News,” 8-8-1866, 1.

— 1 “ Aug 29 Davenport…Gazette, IA. “Cholera Reports,” 8-30-1866, 1.

— 54 “ ~Sep 21-28 Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “The Cholera,” 10-2-1866, p.1.

— 38 “ ~Sep 23-29 Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “The Cholera,” 10-2-1866, p.1.

— 2 “ Oct 1 Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “The Cholera,” 10-2-1866, p.1.

— 5 “ Oct 10-12 Dubuque…Herald, IA. “Mortality in NY.” 10-16-1866, p1.

— 4 “ Oct 13 Dubuque…Herald, IA. “Mortality in NY.” 10-16-1866, p.1.

–800-900 Brooklyn Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 275.

–700-800 “ American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

–206 “ July 24-Sep 19. Blanchard tally from breakouts below.

–100 “ July 1-31. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 275.

–42“ July 24-31 Galveston Daily News. “Telegraphic,” Aug 4, 1866, p. 2.

— 82 “ Aug 2-9 NYT. “Cholera,” Aug 10, 1866, p. 8.

— 6 Aug 3 Dubuque…Herald, IA. “Cholera News,” 8-5-1866, p. 1.

–10 Aug 4 Dubuque…Herald, IA. “Cholera News,” 8-5-1866, p. 1.

— 4 Aug 7 Dubuque…Herald, IA. “Cholera News,” 8-8-1866, p. 1.

— 4 Aug 8 Titusville Herald, PA. “Cholera…Brooklyn,” 8-9-1866, p2.

— 2 “ Aug 29 Davenport…Gazette, IA. “Cholera Reports,” 8-30-1866, 1.

–22 Brooklyn , September Blanchard tally of breakouts below

–15 “ Sep 4. New York Times. “Cholera Reports,” Sep 5, 1866, p. 8.

— 4 “ Sep 18. NYT. “The Cholera in Brooklyn,” Sep 20, 1866, 5.

— 3 “ Sep 19. NYT. “Brooklyn…Cholera in Brooklyn,” 9-20-1866, p. 5.

— 187 NY Islands. July 29-Aug 4 NYT. “Cholera,” Aug 10, 1866, 8.[48]

–1 Hart’s Island July 6 Clark. The Medical Men of New Jersey. 70.

Ohio (1,200-1,406) July 11-Sep 4

–1,406 Cincinnati. The year. McClellan. “A History…Cholera…America.” 1875, 672.

–1,200 “ American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

–1,200 “ Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 284.

— ? “ 1^st case, July 11. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 282.[49]

— 12 “ July 11-31 Janesville Gazette, WI. “From Cincinnati,” 8-6-1866, p. 1.

— 4 “ Aug 1 Janesville Gazette, WI. “From Cincinnati,” 8-6-1866, p. 1.

— 3 “ Aug 2 Janesville Gazette, WI. “From Cincinnati,” 8-6-1866, p. 1.

— 10 “ Aug 3 Janesville Gazette, WI. “From Cincinnati,” 8-6-1866, p. 1.

— 11 “ Aug 5 Janesville Gazette, WI. “From Cincinnati,” 8-6-1866, p. 1.

— 24 “ Aug 6 Janesville Gazette, WI. “From Cincinnati,” 8-6-1866, p. 1.

— 41 “ Aug 7 Titusville Herald, PA. “Cholera…Brooklyn,” 8-9-1866, 2.

— 31 “ Aug 8. New York Times, Aug 9, 1866

— 1 “ Aug 10 Daily Gazette, Cincinnati. “Cholera Mortality…,” 8-17-1866.

— 1 “ Aug 12 Daily Gazette, Cincinnati. “Cholera Mortality…,” 8-17-1866.

— 1 “ Aug 13 Daily Gazette, Cincinnati. “Cholera Mortality…,” 8-17-1866.

— 5 “ Aug 14 Daily Gazette, Cincinnati. “Cholera Mortality…,” 8-17-1866.

— 81 “ Aug 15 New York Times, Aug 16, 1866.

— 11 “ Aug 16 Daily Gazette, Cincinnati. “Cholera Mortality…,” 8-17-1866.

— 66 “ Aug 17 New York Times, Aug 19, 1866.

— 53 “ Aug 21 Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. “Cholera,” 9-1-1866, p3, c3.

— 12 “ Aug 28 Davenport…Gazette, IA. “From Cincinnati,” 8-30-1866, 1.

— 3 “ Aug 29 New York Times. “Cholera,” Aug 31, 1866, p. 1.

— 2 “ Aug 31 New York Times. “The Cholera at Cincinnati,” 9-2-1866, 4.

–610 “ Mid-late Aug. McClellan. “A History of the…Cholera…” 1875, p. 671.[50]

— 13 “ Sep 2-4 New York Times. “Cholera in Cincinnati, Sep 5, 1866, p. 4.

Oklahoma ( ?)

–? Fort Gibson Woodward. Report…Cholera in the Army…, p. 673. [51]

Pennsylvania (834-900) Late July start

— ? Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle. Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 277.

–900 Philadelphia Hunt. “Outline…Cholera…New Jersey…” 1893, p. 492.[52]

–834 Philadelphia American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

–834 “ late July start[53] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 277.[54]

–3 “ July 28 Marysville Tribune, OH. “Progress…Cholera,” 8-1-1866, 2.

–4 “ Aug 8 New York Times, Aug 9, 1866

Rhode Island ( 72)

— 72 State State of RI. Report of Vital Statistics of RI, 1889, pp. 54-55.

— 8 Bristol Sep 13-15 NYT. “Cholera in Providence and Bristol,” 9-17-1866, 1.

—>14 Providence Snow. Report…Prevention of Disease…Providence, 1867, p9.[55]

–2 “ Sep 15 NYT. “Cholera in Providence and Bristol,” 9-17-1866, 1.

Tennessee (>1,800) Memphis/1,000 and Nashville/800 Aug 29-Oct 9

—>1,800, Memphis & Nashville Blanchard tally based on breakouts below.

–~1,000 Memphis Ellis. Yellow Fever & Public Health…New South. 1992. p. 30.[56]

–~ 900 “ Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 284.

— 889 “ American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

–13 Aug 29 NYT. “Cholera in Memphis,” Aug 30, 1866, p. 5.

–20 Aug 30 NYT. “The Cholera at Memphis, Aug 31, 1866, p. 1.

–23 Aug 31 NYT, “The Cholera at Memphis,” Sep 2, 1866, p. 1.

–16 Sep 1 NYT, “The Cholera at Memphis,” Sep 2, 1866, p. 1.

–50 Sep 14 NYT. “The Cholera in Tennessee,” Sep 15, 1866, p. 1.

–42 Sep 26 New York Times, “The Cholera,” Sep 28, 1866, p. 1.

— 9 Sep 26 McClellan. “A History of the…Cholera…” 1875, p. 672.

–24 Sep 27 McClellan. “A History of the…Cholera…” 1875, p. 672.

–24 Sep 30 Dubuque Daily Herald (IA). “The Cholera,” 10-2-1866, 1.

–15 Oct 1 Boston Post. “Cholera Reports.” 10-2-1866, p. 2, col. 2.

— 9 Oct 2 Philadelphia Inquirer. “Cholera Reports.” 10-4-1866, p. 1.

— 8 Oct 6 The Age, Philadelphia. “Cholera.” 10-8-1866, p.1, col. 3.

— >800 Nashville, Aug 31-Oct 9. Bowling. Cholera…Nashville…1849, 1850, 1854…1866. p.13.[57]

— 7 “ Aug 31 –29 Sep 20

— 1 “ Sep 1 –33 Sep 21

— 2 “ Sep 2 –55 Sep 22

— 2 “ Sep 3 –54 Sep 23

— 5 “ Sep 4 –70 Sep 24

— 1 “ Sep 5 –41 Sep 25

— 1 “ Sep 6 –26 Sep 26

— 4 “ Sep 7 –22 Sep 27

— 5 “ Sep 8 –21 Sep 28

— 3 “ Sep 9 –22 Sep 29

— 9 “ Sep 10 –51 Sep 30

— 3 “ Sep 11 –15 Oct 1

— 3 “ Sep 12 –11 Oct 2

— 5 “ Sep 13 — 9 Oct 3

–19 “ Sep 14 — 7 Oct 4

–22 “ Sep 15 — 4 Oct 5

–12 “ Sep 16 –11 Oct 6

–51 “ Sep 17 — 8 Oct 7

–56 “ Sep 18 — 8 Oct 8

–43 “ Sep 19 — 2 Oct 9

Texas (>722) July 22-Sep Especially San Antonio (~500)

— 12 Austin Sep Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.[58]

— 47 Brazos Santiago, Aug 21 Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.[59]

— 65 Brownsville Aug 20 Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.[60]

— 54 Galveston July-Aug Blanchard tally from Chambers and Jacksonville Rep.

–24 “ July 22 Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.[61]

–30 “ Aug Jacksonville Republican, AL. 9-1-1866, p. 21, col. 1.[62]

— 7 Indianola Aug last Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.[63]

–500 San Antonio Sep start[64] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.

–64 Sep Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.[65]

— 37 White’s Ranch Aug 13 Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 281.[66]

Virginia ( >164) Aug 12-Oct

— ? Newport Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 277.

— ? Norfolk (4 cases Oct 5)[67] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 277.

–164 Richmond Aug 12 start American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.

–164 ` “ Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 277.

— 3 “ Aug 15[68] New York Times, Aug 16 1866.

–33 “ Sep 1-11 New York Times. “Cholera in Richmond,” 9-13-1866, p1.[69]

— 1 “ Sep 13 NY Times. “The Cholera in Richmond,” 9-15-1866, p. 1.

— 99 Army stationed at Richmond American Annual Cyclopedia of Year 1866, p. 111.[70]

Wisconsin ( ?)

–? La Crosse Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 285.

–? St. Paul Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 285.

U.S. Army (1,279) July 3-Nov

— ~1,269 US Army (July 3 through November). War Dept. Circ. 1, p.1968.

— 1,217 “ Woodward. Report…Cholera…Army…1866. 1867, xiii.

— >1,200 “ Woodward. Report…Cholera…Army…1867; p 673 in Woodworth 1875.

Maritime ( 74)

— 7 The Canada, below and at St. Paul. Armstrong. “The Asiatic Cholera in St. Paul.” P. 301.

–64 Steamship Continental, Helena, AR to St. Louis. Chambers. Conquest of Cholera. 1938, 283.

— 3 Steamship San Salvador, Governor’s Island, NY to Savannah quarantine station.[71]

Narrative Information

Woodworth: “In 1866 the disease broke out on the steamer England, when five days out, and on the steamer Virginia, eight days out from a health port.” (Woodworth 1875, 21)

Louisiana

Sep 18: “The cholera still continues to rage on the plantations in the interior.” (NYT. “New-Orleans.” Sep 18, 1866, p. 5.)

Missouri – St. Louis – July-November

St. Louis Post Dispatch: “The cholera made its appearance in St. Louis during the last week of July, 1866, being brought here by rail from New York City. Nearly a year before Gov. Fletcher had called the attention of the city authorities to the necessity of preparing for it and Mayor…had indorsed…but nothing was done either then or when the Mayor again appealed the following spring to the city fathers to take action. The cholera was not here, and it was argued that any measures of preparation for it would frighten away strangers and injure business. The city’s Board of Health in 1866 consisted of a health officer and a committee from the City Council, but it had very little authority and the outbreak of the cholera in July of that year found the board wholly unprepared to deal with the pestilence.

“Five deaths occurred during the first week of its existence here and then it broke out in a dozen places at once and for three weeks, or until vigorous and systematic measures were taken to fight it, the epidemic grew at an alarming rate. There were 120 fatal cases the second week, 754 the third, and 991 the fourth. By this time a committee of citizens had been organized in each ward and the houses of the infected districts visited and the patients furnished with rooms and medicines. The mortality then began to fall and it continued steadily declining until it ceased altogether for that year. There were only four deaths in November and no more after that until the following June when another epidemic, or a renewal of the old one, threatened the city.

The Board of Health with adequate power had in the meantime been organized with Dr. John T. Hodgen at its head and the scourge was easily handled compared with that of the proceeding year. It lasted, however, through November as the one of 1866 did and one death occurred as late as December. The fatalities for the year numbered 684, against 3,527 in 1866. According to some published reports 3,000 deaths occurred from cholera in 1866, but the official figures of the Board of Health, which were confirmed by an independent enumeration made by the City Assessor’s office, under Col. R.E. Rombauer, are 3,527. An examination of Col. Rombauer’s report, which was published in tabular form by Robert Moore in 1884, shows that the epidemic was worse in those portions of the city that paid the least attention to sanitary measures.”

“Fatalities occurred in 600 different blocks, and in fifteen other districts and additions not divided into blocks, or in about one-fourth of the entire city. The largest number of deaths in one block was 47, the block being the one between Seventeenth and Eighteenth Streets and Morgan Street and Lucas Avenue. The death rate here was, however, not so great as in some other sections. This block had a total population of 879 people, 832 escaping. The block on the Levee between Morgan Street and Christy avenue had only 167 people and 43 of them succumbed to the cholera, or more than a quarter of the block’s entire population, and the adjoining block north lost 21 of its 106 people. There were 52 other blocks, in each of which the mortality hit 10. In the block bounded by Chestnut, Market, Second, and Third streets 88 people out of 223 died and the same number died out of 221 on O’Fallon between Fifteenth street and Blair avenue. The block between Third and Collins streets and Franklin avenue and Carr street, had its population reduced from 504 to 462, a loss of 42 souls. In sixteen other blocks the mortality in each exceeded twenty, though in only one was the death rate as much as one in ten. “In only forty-nine of the 609 blocks in which fatal cases of cholera occurred was the death rate that high. The highest death rate reported was 693, that is 693 in 1,000 inhabitants, 9 of the 13 people in the block dying. This was a very large block on Angelica street between Ninth and Eleventh streets, and the water used was mostly well water.

“Very high death rates occurred in two other blocks in North St. Louis, but they were two blocks that had all told only seven people to begin with, and three of these died. In only one other block was the death rate as much as .333, or one in three, and that death was in a family of three persons on Olive between Nineteenth and Twentieth streets.

“The prevailing death rate in the more thickly populated portions of the city was between one in ten and one in five, though in a few sections it got up to one in four. Twelve of the forty-seven people living between O’Fallon and Ashley and First and Second streets died of the cholera that year.

“”Bohemia” and Frenchtown–or Germantown as the latter should be called–fared about as badly as any portion of the city, 153 fatal cases occurring in the district between Park and Russell avenues and Broadway and Thirteenth street, and 312 in the district east of Broadway and between Chouteau avenue and the Arsenal. Between Broadway and Second Carondelet avenue and Chouteau and Park , comprising a very aristocratic district in 1866, 48 deaths occurred, but nearly all of them were in the southeast corner of the district and attached to Frenchtown.

“North of Chouteau avenue to Market Street and east of Broadway to the river there were 275 deaths, 108 of them being between Second and Third streets; and north of Market street to Biddle and east of Broadway there were 951 deaths.

“Franklin avenue, Morgan street, Christy avenue, and Wash, Carr, and Biddle streets, all carried a good deal of cholera west from Broadway, as did O’Fallon street and Cass avenue; 1125 deaths occurred in the territory traversed by these streets between Broadway and Jefferson avenue, Cass and Washington avenues being the north and south boundary lines of the district. The total number of fatal cases of cholera in the city outside of the hospitals was 3,171, so that over one-third occurred in this portion of the city. In the other districts mentioned 1,091 deaths occurred, leaving 955 for the balance of the city, and these were pretty evenly distributed over North St. Louis and the Central part of the city between Washington and Chouteau avenues and Broadway and Jefferson avenue, a few cases being reported in the western and northwestern portions of the city.

“Of the 600 blocks in which cholera occurred, 83 had more than 400 inhabitants each, but of these 83 only 25 had as many as 10 fatal cases of cholera. The most densely populated of these twenty-five blocks was the one between Ninth and Tenth and Biddle and O’Fallon streets, but only a few persons died here out of a population of 830. The adjoining block north comes next in density of population and here there were 21 deaths…The two blocks between seventh and Ninth and O’Fallon and Biddle lost together 37 out of their 1,556 inhabitants; and one bounded by Eighth and Ninth and Biddle and Carr lost 10 out of 747. Cholera occurred in eight others as thickly…as the one just referred to, but the death rate in them was even lighter than in the others, not one of them having as many as 10 deaths.

“The epidemic did not amount to much after September, only 51 deaths occurring in October and only 4 in November. August was the worst month 2,388 fatal cases of cholera occurring in that month. In September the number was 1,082.” (Post Dispatch (St. Louis). “Cholera’s Riot…,” Sep 18, 1892.)

New York City

CUNY: “With news of cholera’s progress through Europe in 1865, and influenced by the popular 1865 sanitary report, the Common Council founded the Metropolitan Board of Health in February 1866. This board was larger, better organized, and possessed significantly more power than the previous one. Central to its activities were the physician-investigators who responded to individual complaints and monitored sanitation activity in the wards. By the end of March, the board was actively investigating health “nuisances.” By April, it had issued seven thousand orders to remove piled horse manure, rotting animal carcasses, and mountains of refuse. With the help of local police, the board forced residents to clean their yards, and tried to compel ward bosses to actually use the funds they had been given by the city to clean streets. Opposition was strong from both business owners hesitant to take on the expense of properly caring for their property and from local politicians anxious that a radical shift in their use of patronage would undermine their political power. The board spent significant time battling court injunctions brought in the spring by recalcitrant businessmen, and some of its efforts were stymied. Still, after two months of activity the city was much cleaner than it had been in years.

“Cholera, however, was still to be dealt with. In April, as many New Yorkers expected, the first ships bearing cholera-infected passengers began to arrive in New York harbor. A quarantine station was set up on Staten Island, and all incoming ships were examined for infection. Cholera still managed to enter the city, with the first reported case on May 1. Unlike the two earlier outbreaks, this one occurred on 93rd Street, where wealthier New Yorkers tended to live. Two other cases followed within the week, one in the downtown Five Points neighborhood and another nearby. While New Yorkers prepared themselves for another dramatic surge in cholera cases, no more appeared until the first week of June. This delay could be attributed to the Board of Health, which dispatched sanitary crews with barrels of chloride and lime to each of the locales where the first victims took ill, boarded up their homes, and relocated the other residents to hospital tents for observation.

“In June, more cases began to appear, almost entirely in the poorer and dirtier sections of the city. But the response of the Board of Health limited the disease’s spread. The board procured the Battery Army Barracks as a hospital, established storage spaces and distribution plans for disinfectants, and trained a small army of men in the methods of first response. Meanwhile, the board continued to investigate and cleanse “nuisances” throughout the city.

“Despite these efforts, 1,137 New Yorkers died from cholera. Given the city’s growth since the previous epidemic, however, the death toll was significantly lower proportionally. As important as the lives saved was the progress marked by the city’s effectiveness in organizing a metropolitan response, and in embracing the role of protector of public health. New York’s Metropolitan Board of Health, largely as a result of its well-publicized response to cholera in 1866, offered a model for other American cities to follow in subsequent years.” (New Media Lab, Graduate Center, City University of New York. Cholera in 1866.”)

Jan 23, 1867, NYT: “Another installment of the annual report of the Metropolitan Board of Health has been received. This portion is principally occupied with the remaining fragments of Dr. Elisha Harris’ report on cholera. He has evidently canvassed the whole subject with a care and thoroughness which, while it conveys valuable instructions to the public and valuable knowledge in connection with our sanitary condition and the health interest generally, also brings to the surface a description of detail which, in its specific and plain style, cannot fail to remind thousands of our people that the finger of the history of the operations of cholera in this City points to them as the guilty parties in the encouragement of infectious diseases in this metropolis….

“Between the 1^st of May and the last day of November, 1,212 persons died of Asiatic cholera in the City of New-York. There was abundant evidence that this was the kind of cholera that is capable of repropagation or infection by means of excremental discharges from the sick, when favored by local circumstances, and after personal inspection of every locality in the two cities in which cholera prevailed, the evidence upon the question of the primary dependence of the cholera among us last Summer upon the infective property of the excremental discharges of the sick….” (New York Times. “Local Intelligence. The Board of Health. The Extent of Cholera.” 1-23-1867, p. 2.)

Tennessee:

“Sep 21…The city is nearly depopulated by fugitives from cholera. There are cholera cases reported in various parts of Tennessee….At Nashville on the 21^st there were 33 deaths from cholera.” (NYT. “Cholera in Kentucky and Tennessee,” Sep 22, 1866, p. 5.)

“Nashville, Saturday, Sept. 22. There were fifty-five deaths from cholera during the last twenty-four hours. Business is stagnant and everybody is leaving the city.” (NYT. “The Cholera in Louisville.” Sep 24, 1866, p. 1.)

“Nashville, Thursday, Sept. 27. Twenty-two deaths are reported from cholera, and thirteen from other causes, within the last 24 hours. This decrease has infused more animation into business. Absentees are daily returning. It is believed that the present favorable weather will soon entirely remove the epidemic.

“Memphis, Friday, Sept. 27. Forty-five new cases of cholera are reported and 42 deaths within the past 24 hours. The disease is almost exclusively confined to negroes and the lower class of whites.” (New York Times, “The Cholera,” Sep 28, 1866, p. 1.)

U.S. Army

“It is well known that cholera prevailed extensively in the army during the year 1866, causing over 1,200 deaths among officers and men.” A footnote to this sentence notes: “Circular No. 5 reports, page XIII, 2,724 cases, 1,217 deaths. Additional reports from Texas, not received at the date of publication, contain 89 cases and 52 deaths; making a total of 2,813 cases and 1,269 deaths.” (Woodward. Report on Epidemic Cholera and Yellow Fever in the Army of the U.S. During the Year 1867, p. vi)

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Newspapers

Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. “Cholera,” 9-1-1866, p. 3, col. 3. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-arkansas-gazette-sep-01-1866-p-3/

Arkansas State Gazette, Little Rock. [Cholera on Oshand plantation], 11-30-1866, p. 1, col. 1. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-arkansas-state-gazette-nov-30-1866-p-1/

Bangor Daily Whig and Courier, ME. 10-1-1866, p. 3. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com

Boston Post. “Cholera Reports.” 10-2-1866, p. 2, col. 2. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-post-oct-02-1866-p-2/

Burlington Hawk-Eye, IA. “By Telegraph. From New York.” 9-28-1866, p. 1, col. 3. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/burlington-daily-hawk-eye-gazette-sep-28-1866-p-1/

Cedar Falls Gazette, IA. “The News.” 8-10-1866, p. 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=87830833

Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. [Cholera, Camden NJ]. 10-11-1866, p. 1, col. 6. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-daily-arkansas-gazette-oct-11-1866-p-1/

Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. [Cholera, Fort Smith], 10-8-1866, p.1, col. 4. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-daily-arkansas-gazette-oct-08-1866-p-1/

Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. [Cholera, Helena], 10-3-1866, p. 2, col. 2. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-daily-arkansas-gazette-oct-03-1866-p-2/

Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. [Cholera, Helena], 9-18-1866, p.1, col. 2. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-arkansas-state-gazette-sep-18-1866-p-1/

Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. “Deaths [Cholera, Little Rock], 10-3-1866, p.3, c.1. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-daily-arkansas-gazette-oct-03-1866-p-3/

Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. [Cholera, Louisiana interior plantations], 9-24-1866, p.1, col. 4. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-daily-arkansas-gazette-sep-24-1866-p-1/

Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. [Cholera, New Orleans], 10-6-1966, p.1, col. 4. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-daily-arkansas-gazette-oct-06-1866-p-1/

Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. [Cholera, New Orleans] 10-13-1866, p.1, c. 5. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-daily-arkansas-gazette-oct-13-1866-p-1/

Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. “Mortuary Report for the Month of September, as Furnished by the City Sexton.” 10-9-1866, p. 3, col. 1. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/little-rock-daily-arkansas-gazette-oct-09-1866-p-3/

Daily Gazette, Cincinnati, OH. “Cholera Mortality of the City Yesterday,” 8-17-1866. Accessed at: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohhamilt/news/1866aug17cholera.html

Daily Milwaukee News, WI. “Cholera,” 9-21-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=119998043

Davenport Daily Gazette, IA. “Cholera Reports,” 8-30-1866, 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com

Davenport Daily Gazette, IA. “From Cincinnati,” 8-30-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=24869828

Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “Cholera News,” 8-5-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=36105006

Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “Cholera News,” 8-8-1866, 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=36105015

Dubuque Daily Herald, IA. “The Cholera,” 10-2-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=36110497

Indianapolis Daily Journal, IN. “The Cholera.” 10-8-1866, p.1, col. 2. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/indianapolis-daily-journal-oct-08-1866-p-1/

Jacksonville Republican, AL. 9-1-1866, p. 16, col. 2. Accessed 11-14-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jacksonville-republican-sep-01-1866-p-16/

Jacksonville Republican, AL. 9-1-1866, p. 21, col. 1. Accessed 11-14-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jacksonville-republican-sep-01-1866-p-21/

Janesville Gazette, WI. “From Cincinnati” [Cholera], Aug 6, 1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=53351443

Marysville Tribune, OH. “Progress of the Cholera,” 8-1-1866, 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=83444505

New Albany Daily Commercial, IN. “Cholera at Norfolk.” 10-9-1866, p. 1, col. 8. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-albany-daily-commercial-oct-09-1866-p-1/

New York Times. “Cholera – The Malady Here and Elsewhere – Yesterday’s Official Bulletins.” 8-9-1866. At: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9901EFDC153DE63ABC4153DFBE66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera.” 8-10-1866, p. 8. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=7751987

New York Times. “Cholera.” 8-16-1866. Accessed at:

http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9404E2DB153DE63ABC4E52DFBE66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera.” 8-18-1866. Accessed at:

http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B01E1DB153DE63ABC4052DFBE66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera.” 8-31-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=7754492

New York Times. “Cholera at St. Louis.” 9-16-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B00E6D6133DE53BBC4E52DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera in Cincinnati.” 9-5-1866, p. 4. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00E5D7133DE53BBC4D53DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera in Kentucky and Tennessee.” 9-22-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0DE3D6133DE53BBC4A51DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera in Memphis,” 8-30-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=7754431

New York Times. “Cholera in Nashville,” 9-6-1866, p. 8. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E4D7133DE53BBC4E53DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera in New Orleans,” 8-7-1866, 4. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=7751646

New York Times. “Cholera in New-Orleans,” 9-11-1866, p. 4. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9906E0D7133DE53BBC4952DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera in New-York in 1866.” 3-31-1867. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0DEFDD1731EF34BC4950DFB566838C679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera in Providence and Bristol,” 9-17-1866, 1. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com

New York Times. “Cholera Reports,” 9-5-1866, p. 8. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0DE5D7133DE53BBC4D53DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Cholera in Richmond,” 9-13-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EFD7133DE53BBC4B52DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Local Intelligence. The Board of Health. The Extent of Cholera.” 1-23-1867, p. 2. Accessed 11-23-2019 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1867/01/23/79364872.html?auth=login-google&pageNumber=2

New York Times. “Louisiana; Cholera in New-Orleans,” 9-8-1866, p. 4. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9502E3D7133DE53BBC4053DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Louisiana; Cholera in New-Orleans,” 9-12-1866, p. 8. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D01EFD7133DE53BBC4A52DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “Missouri; Cholera,” 9-24-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9407E2D6133DE53BBC4C51DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “New-Orleans; Cholera.” 9-6-1866, p. 8. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A00E4D7133DE53BBC4E53DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “New Orleans; Cholera.” 9-7-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05E3D7133DE53BBC4F53DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “New Orleans; Cholera and Yellow Fever.” 9-4-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403E6D7133DE53BBC4C53DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “New-Orleans; Cholera on the Plantations,” 9-18-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9900E2DC1638EF3ABC4052DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “New Orleans; Deaths from Cholera and Yellow Fever.” 9-28-1866, p. 1. At: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9804E0D6133DE53BBC4051DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “News of the Day.” 8-15-1866, p. 4, col. 1. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-aug-15-1866-p-4/

New York Times. “St. Louis; Preparations…President…Cholera,” 9-7-1866. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9402E3D7133DE53BBC4053DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “St. Louis; The Cholera,” 9-7-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05E3D7133DE53BBC4F53DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera at St. Louis,” 9-1-1866, p. 4. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D05E7D7133DE53BBC4953DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera at St. Louis.” 8-15-1866, p.4, col. 7. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-aug-15-1866-p-4/

New York Times. “The Cholera at St. Louis,” 9-3-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940DE3DE1731EF34BC4B53DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera in Brooklyn,” 9-20-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=7757457

New York Times. “The Cholera in Louisville,” 9-24-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06E2D6133DE53BBC4C51DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera in Mobile,” 9-31-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=7754492

New York Times. “The Cholera in Nashville,” 9-24-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E2D6133DE53BBC4C51DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera in Nashville, 9-25-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D07E1D6133DE53BBC4D51DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera in New-Orleans,” 9-19-1866, p. 8. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9803E5D6133DE53BBC4152DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera in Richmond,” 9-15-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E01E7D6133DE53BBC4D52DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera in Savannah,” 9-20-1866, p. 5. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9504E4D6133DE53BBC4851DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera in St. Louis, 8-31-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=7754492

New York Times. “The Cholera in St. Louis,” 9-6-1866, p. 8. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C03E4D7133DE53BBC4E53DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera in St. Louis,” 9-13-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02EFD7133DE53BBC4B52DFBF66838D679FDE

New York Times. “The Cholera in St. Louis,” 9-15-1866, p. 1. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D01E7D6133DE53BBC4D52DFBF66838D679FDE

Philadelphia Inquirer. “Cholera Reports.” 10-4-1866, p. 1. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/philadelphia-inquirer-oct-04-1866-p-1/

Post Dispatch, St. Louis, MO. “Cholera’s Riot. The Plagues Deadly Work in St. Louis Twenty-Six Years Ago,” 9-18-1892. At: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/events/epidemics.htm

San Antonio Express-News (Jacob Beltran), TX. “Cholera epidemics killed at least 700 in 1800s.” 2-14-2015. Accessed 3-10-2015 at: http://www.expressnews.com/150years/education-health/article/Cholera-epidemics-killed-at-least-700-in-1800s-6081967.php

The Age, Philadelphia. “Cholera.” 10-8-1866, p.1, col. 3. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/philadelphia-age-oct-08-1866-p-1/

Titusville Herald, PA. “Cholera in New York, Brooklyn, and Cincinnati” 8-9-1866, p. 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=2832712

Wisconsin State Journal, Madison. “From Cincinnati,” 12-19-1866, p. 1, col. 5. Accessed 5-22-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/madison-wisconsin-state-journal-dec-19-1866-p-1/

[1] Since Chambers was referenced in a footnote, we speculate that the 50,000 number derives from multiplying 12,000 times 4, which would come to 48,000 — Rounding would give 50,000. Rushton, “Cholera…Its Impact on 19^th Century Mormon Migration.” 2005, 131, also shows 50,000 deaths. Cites: Blair, Roger P. “‘The Doctor Gets Some Practice’: Cholera and Medicine on the Overland Trails.” Journal of the West, Vol. 36, Jan 1997, p. 55.

[2] Notes 11,862 deaths from The American Annual Cyclopedia. Writes: “While no estimate can now be made the number of deaths for the whole country was doubtless four or five times that given.” (4 times 11,862 is 47,448.)

[3] Compiled by B. Wayne Blanchard in May 2018 and modified in Nov 2019 for incorporation into website Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events at: https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

[4] We believe there were many more deaths than those we tally, but we are not comfortable employing multipliers.

[5] “The returns to the Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D.C. from fifty-three of the principal cities and towns, and from the post commanders and hospitals of the United States Army, give the number of deaths from cholera in those cities, towns, and posts, during the four months ending December 1, 1866, as 10,805. There were in these cities about 250 deaths before August 1, the time when the statistics commence, and the deaths from cholera in places not enumerated would unquestionably swell the total number of deaths from it in the United States to fully 12,000.”

[6] Cites Ft. Smith Herald.

[7] Date is from Pyle, who writes that July 28 was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[8] Troops had sailed from NY harbor to San Francisco. Cites US Ex. Doc. No. 95, Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 669.

[9] From an Editorial review of Circular No 5, War Department, Report on Epidemic Cholera in the Army of the United States during the year 1866, writes: “The value of stringent hygienic precautionary measures is strikingly illustrated in the reports of Brevet Major E. McClellan, Asst. Surgeon U.S. Army, in charge of Fort Delaware, who says: ‘Epidemic cholera has existed to a very considerable extent during the past month in and around Delaware City, where, in the aggregate of fifteen hundred inhabitants, some thirty odd deaths have occurred. No case has occurred among the troops of this command…”

[10] Estimate based on: “October 2, a gentleman from Richmond, Va., died at Washington City from cholera, and several fatal cases followed.”

[11] Date is from Pyle, who writes that July 18 was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[12] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 282. Cites US Ex. Doc. No. 95, Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 669.

[13] “According to Milo Erwin’s History of Williamson County, ‘The cholera made its first appearance in July 1849…It re-appeared in 1866, and lasted for six weeks, during which over twenty five persons were taken away, and the city of Marion vacated….” The population of Marion in these days would have been about 950. The story goes that in the summer of 1866, H. C. Hopper attended a political meeting in Cairo, Illinois. When he returned home he became ill. His illness was diagnosed as cholera which became epidemic and claimed the lives of many people including Hopper and his 19 year old wife Nancy. The broken gravestones at the old Aikamn Cemetery record their deaths on the same day, August 22, 1866.”

[14] Notes that it was recorded that out of the first 51 cases there were 26 deaths.

[15] Date is from Pyle, who writes that July 29 was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[16] Chambers writes there were several deaths. For tally purposes we translate several into three.

[17] Ellis, John H. Yellow Fever & Public Health in the New South. University Press of Kentucky, 1992. Partially google digitized: http://books.google.com/books?id=pqRcT7sFYYYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

[18] After noting 1,294 cholera deaths it is written: “During the period extending from June 1^st to Jan. 1^st, 1867, cholera infantum caused 78, and cholera morbus 91 deaths.” We have added all three to derive 1,463.

[19] Deaths by cholera at Charity Hospital.

[20] “New Orleans, Oct. 1. During the past forty-eight hours there have been seven deaths from yellow fever, and thirty from cholera.”

[21] International Medical Congress. Transactions… 1887, p. 288, noting this was the start date.

[22] “New Orleans, Sept. 17. The cholera still continues to rage on the plantations in the interior.”

[23] Date is from Pyle, who writes that June 16 was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[24] “3” is an estimate based upon the statement: “Baltimore, Oct. 1. A few scattered cases of cholera have occurred in the last three days, several of which have proved fatal.”

[25] “A Herald Troy dispatch says the cholera has broken out with fearful violence in the vicinity of North Adams, Mass. There has been 8 cases and 5 deaths, the doctors say, within 22 hours.”

[26] Date is from Pyle, who writes that May 29 was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[27] Notes it reached Detroit May 29 via immigrants from the east over the Great Western Railroad from New York.

[28] “In the Medical Record for September 1, 1866, under the caption of progress of the cholera, we read: …. ‘From St. Paul, Minn., we hear that two men have died of cholera, and that a quarantine is established at Kaposia, three miles above the city, where steamers will put off any cholera-patients that may be on board….”

[29] Notes: “thirty-eight or forty [plantation workers] having been attacked with cholera, and eighteen having died.”

[30] Date is from Pyle, who writes that August 22 was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[31] “A Vicksburg dispatch says within the past two days there have been sixty deaths from cholera–forty-seven blacks and thirteen whites.”

[32] “On the 27^th of July, two cholera-deaths occurred at Saint Louis, Mo. These cases occurred in that portion of the city most frequented by emigrants.”

[33] “During the epidemic, Saint Louis lost eight thousand five hundred cases…”

[34] Burials of cholera fatalities, not those who died this day.

[35] Burials of cholera fatalities, not those who died this day.

[36] “In the Medical Record of September 15, we read: ‘Turning to the Mississippi Valley, we find that Saint Louis has been the heaviest loser in the Southwest, having already published a death-list approaching, in round numbers, nearly two thousand five hundred, as the result of a month’s prevalence of the epidemic in a very virulent form….”

[37] The number is our based on Oct 4 wire reporting that “During the past few days several fatal cases have occurred in Camden, N.J.” (Daily Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. 10-11-1866, p. 1, col. 6.) We convert “several” to at least 3.

[38] Dating is from Pyle, who writes that October was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[39] This range includes both New York City and Brooklyn (which was an independent city until its incorporation into NYC in 1898. This range also includes more than what was specifically designated as “Asiatic cholera,” which was a term doctors and officials were loath to use. Frequently other terms were applied to the cause of mortality, including cholera morbus, cholera infantum, diarrhea and dysentery.

[40] New York Times. “Cholera in New-York in 1866.” 3-31-1867.

[41] “Dr. Harris pointed out that deaths from cholera infantum and other diarrhoeal diseases ran parallel week by week with the cholera deaths and that during the year there were over 1200 more deaths from these conditions than in previous years….official reports probably represented only about one-third or one-half the actual toll…”

[42] By noting “New York and its institutions” Chambers may well be including the NY Islands we have noted.

[43] “While in New York and its institutions there were only about 1200 cholera deaths reported, and in Brooklyn only about 800 or 900, yet there was considerable doubt as to the accuracy of the reports. In the first place the rice water stools were regarded as an infallible diagnostic criterion of cholera and their absence was regarded sufficient grounds for some other diagnosis. In the second place cholera infantum was regarded as a separate and unrelated disease and was so reported.

[44] Chart on cover page entitled “The Conquest of Pestilence in New York City…As Shown by the Death Rate as Recorded in the Official Records of the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.”

[45] “Table 1: Years of Unusually Large Numbers of Deaths from Selected Epidemic Diseases, 1798 to 1918.”

[46] “…the first cholera death in ’66 occurred in New York on May 2, in a filthy neighborhood frequented by immigrants…” (Speculates source as a ship from Europe.)

[47] At Blackwell Island Workhouse.

[48] Almshouse and penal institutions. (Probably Blackwell’s, David’s, Governor’s, Hart’s, and Ward’s Islands.)

[49] “The first reported case was that of a German woman who had accompanied troops from New York to Newport Barracks in Kentucky; the woman died in a tenement house in Cincinnati.”

[50] “In the Medical Record for September 1, 1866, under the caption of progress of the cholera, we read: ‘The deaths in Cincinnati, Ohio, have increased from an aggregate of six hundred and ten, in twelve days, to a daily average of nearly eighty, and this in spite of vigorous sanitary measures, the gratuitous issue to the poor of remedies intended to control the precursory diarrhoea, and a re-enforced corps of district physicians….”

[51] Writes that cholera “prevailed during 1866” at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory.

[52] “In 1866 there were 900 deaths from cholera in Philadelphia, nearly all in the northeastern section of the city, where was the inlet of the water-supply near a filthy shore.”

[53] Date is from Pyle, who writes that late July was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[54] “At Philadelphia it appeared late in July and remained through the summer, but only 834 deaths were charged to its account.

[55] We note “>” (at least), in that while the report notes exactly 14 “Asiatic Cholera” deaths, it also notes 17 “Cholera Morbus” deaths, 10 more than the previous year.

[56] Ellis, John H. Yellow Fever & Public Health in the New South. University Press of Kentucky, 1992.

[57] 753 Cholera deaths table compiled from daily reports of Secretary of the Board of Health and sextons of cemeteries. “In addition to these, there were 57 interments in the Catholic cemetery from the breakout out of the cholera to the 16^th of September, nearly all of whom, we were informed, had died of cholera. We have, therefore, over eight hundred deaths as the harvest which the pestilence gathered while it held high carnival in our city.”

[58] Cites: U.S. Executive Documents, No. 95. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 666.

[59] Cites: U.S. Executive Documents, No. 95. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 666.

[60] Cites: U.S. Executive Documents, No. 95. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 666.

[61] Cites: U.S. Executive Documents, No. 95. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 666.

[62] “There were eighty-one deaths in Galveston during August, of which seventeen resulted from cholera, and thirteen from cholera morbus.”

[63] Cites: U.S. Executive Documents, No. 95. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 666.

[64] Dating is from Pyle, who writes that September was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[65] Cites: U.S. Executive Documents, No. 95. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 666.

[66] Cites: U.S. Executive Documents, No. 95. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873, p. 666.

[67] New Albany Daily Commercial, IN. “Cholera at Norfolk.” 10-9-1866, p. 1, col. 8.

[68] Date is from Pyle, who writes that August 12 was the “officially recognized entry date for cholera,” p. 71.

[69] “33” is my estimate based upon following under the Richmond dateline of Sep 12: “The estimated average of cholera interments since the 1^st is three a day…”

[70] Not clear if this number was included the figure for the city of Richmond.

[71] Chambers. The Conquest of Cholera. 1938, p. 278.