20,339

lornajarrettblanchard January 1, 1870

–>20,339 Blanchard. (See Census note below on significant undercounts–this is a minimum.)

— 20,339 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

AL 13 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

AZ — U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

AR 16 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

CA 479 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

CO 9 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

CT 286 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

DK (Dakota) 2 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

DE 58 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

DC 69 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

FL 10 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

GA 12 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

ID —- U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

IL 2,102 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

IN 353 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

IA 325 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

KS 354 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

KY 80 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

LA 68 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

ME 422 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

MD 331 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

MA 911 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

MI 852 State of MI. Ninth Annual Report… the Registry and Return…1875. 1881, 278.

“ 707 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

MN 238 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

MS 24 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

MO 1,049 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

NE 90 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

NV 141 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

NH 96 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

NJ 781 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

NM 36 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

NY 3,403 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

NC 14 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

OH 552 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

OR 16 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

PA 5,645 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.
–953 Philadelphia. Jones. Contagious and Infectious Diseases. 1884, p. 196.[1]

RI 186 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

SC 18 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

TN 29 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

TX 20 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

UT 36 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

VE 54 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

VA 43 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

WA 8 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

WV 157 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

WI 1,016 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

WY —- U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xvii.

Narrative Information

U.S. Census Office on the 1870 Census: “If the value of the Statistics of Mortality in a census of the United States, taken under existing laws, depended upon the return of substantially the whole body of deaths occurring during the year covered by the enumeration, the results would not be worth the space occupied by publication, much less the expense of collection and compilation. At no one of the three censuses taken under the act of May 23, 1850, has the aggregate number of deaths returned by the assistant marshals risen above two-thirds of the number of deaths probably occurring during the year of enumeration, as that number is deduced from the experience of other countries, from the experience of sections of our own country having an established system of registration, and from the ascertained law of the national increase. With such wholesale omissions from the number of deaths, therefore, if the Statistics Mortality depended for their value on any assumed completeness in the returns of assistant marshals, the whole would deserve a contemptuous rejection at the outset, and not an elaborate and expensive compilation and publication; but as matter of fact, the value of the following statistics arises from the consideration that these tables distribute a body of deaths approaching half a million,[2] among the several periods of life, between the two sexes, according to cause of death and month of death, by race, by nationality, and by occupation. Deeply as it is to be regretted that the census of the United States does not afford the material for determining exactly the death-rate of States and sections, and of deducing the effect of the various conditions of life upon the duration of life, from statistics complete and accurate in every particular, the Tables of Mortality in the census have still their value….

“It is easy to explain the cause of the wholesale omissions from the return of deaths in the census, which have been referred to. To take the recent census as an example, the census law required the return of all deaths occurring in families, from the 1^st of June, 1869, to the 31^st of May, 1870; in all, twelve months. The enumeration if the course of which this was to be accomplished began on the 1^st of June, 1870, and closed, nominally, on the 1^st of October, but really about the 1^st of January, 1871. Thus, the officers of the census were called upon to recover all the deaths occurring during the census year, at a distance in time ranging from one day to nineteen months from the dates at which such deaths severally occurred. The antecedent improbability of success in such an attempt would be of the strongest; while the actual experience of three censuses has shown that assistant marshals fall short of the true number of deaths by not far from 40 per cent., as a rule. In some cases assistant marshals fail to put the question; in others, heads of families, or persons answering for them, fail to recall the fact of a death occurring during the year, especially when ten or eleven months have already elapsed since the date of death, and the mind, not unnaturally, refers to the even as having taken place a year or longer before. In still another large number of cases, persons die out of families, which class of cases seems not to have been in contemplation of the census law, which makes the return of mortality a family return. In still other cases, deaths occur in families, but the very death itself breaks up the family and scatters the surviving members, leaving no one to report the death in the census. In still other cases, deaths occur in what are constructively families for the purposes of the census, i.e., boarding-houses, hotels, &c., but the common tie of membership or association is here so casual and so slight that the chances are altogether against the circumstance being retained in memory six or eight months after….” (United States Census Office. “Remarks Upon the Statistics of Mortality.” P. ix.)

[Blanchard note: Other Census reports also mention the problem of correctly identifying the cause of death as well as the various competing names in circulation in areas or regions for the country for the same disease.]

CDC: “Scarlet fever – or scarlatina – is a bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus or “group A strep.” These bacteria cause many types of infections, including strep throat and skin infections. Certain strep bacteria produce a toxin (poison) that can cause a red rash—the “scarlet” of scarlet fever. Scarlet fever is usually a mild illness that most commonly affects children between 5 and 15 years old.

“People can spread scarlet fever germs to others. Group A strep bacteria can live in a person’s nose and throat. The bacteria spread through contact with droplets from an infected person’s cough or sneeze. If you touch your mouth, nose, or eyes after touching something with these droplets on it, you may become ill. You can also get sick after drinking from the same glass or eating from the same plate as a sick person. People can get scarlet fever from contact with sores from group A strep skin infections.

“…What to expect: Illness usually begins with a fever and sore throat. There also may be chills, vomiting, or abdominal pain. The tongue may have a whitish coating and appear swollen. It may also have a “strawberry”-like (red and bumpy) appearance. The throat and tonsils may be very red and sore, and swallowing may be painful. Although the cheeks might have a flushed appearance, there may be a pale area around the mouth.

“Usually the characteristic red rash appears one or two days after the illness begins. However, the rash can appear before illness or up to 7 days later. The rash usually appears first on the neck, underarm, and groin (the area where your stomach meets your thighs). Over time, the rash spreads over the body. Typically, the rash begins as small, flat red blotches that gradually become fine bumps and feel like sandpaper.

“Underarm, elbow, and groin skin creases may become brighter red than the rest of the rash. Doctors call these Pastia’s lines. The scarlet fever rash generally fades in about 7 days. As the rash fades, the skin may peel around the finger tips, toes, and groin area. This peeling can last up to several weeks….

“There is no vaccine to prevent scarlet fever….” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Scarlet Fever: A Group A Streptococcal Infection.” 1-22-2018.)

Sources.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Scarlet Fever: A Group A Streptococcal Infection.” 1-22-2018. Accessed 6-20-2018 at: https://www.cdc.gov/features/scarletfever/index.html )

Jones, Joseph, M.D., President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana. Contagious and Infectious Diseases, Measures for Their Prevention and Arrest. Small Pox (Variola); Modified Small Pos (Varioloid); Chicken Pox (Varicella); Cow Pox (Variola Vaccinal): Vaccination, Spurious Vaccination Illustrated by Eight Colored Plates (Circular No. 2, Prepared for the Guidance of the Quarantine Officers and Sanitary Inspectors of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana.). Baton Rouge: Leon Jastremski, State Printer, 1884. Accessed 2-12-2015 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=3VTboPycbBgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

State of Michigan, Superintendent of Vital Statistics. “Scarlet Fever.” Ninth Annual Report Relating to the Registry and Return of Births, Marriages, and Deaths in Michigan for the Year 1875. Lansing, W. S. George & Co., 1881. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=dYyoAEYyeDoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

United States Census Office, Department of Interior. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics of the United States, Embracing The Tables of Deaths, Births, Sex, and Age. Washington: GPO, 1872. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=GssqAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

[1] Table: “Total Deaths from Consumption, Typhoid Fever, Scarlet Fever and Small-pox in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during Twenty-one Years–1862-1882.

[2] Number of deaths noted as 492,263 on page xvii.