22,187

lornajarrettblanchard January 1, 1870

—>22,187 Blanchard. (See Census note below on significant undercounts–this is a minimum.)

— 22,187 Census. Ninth Census – Volume II…Tables of Deaths… 1872, pp. xvii and xxiii.[1]

— 22,186 Census. Report on the Mortality…Tenth Census…1880…Part II. 1886, p.. xxxii.[2]

Alabama 409 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Arizona 11 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Arkansas 237 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

California 392 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Colorado 11 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Connecticut 414 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Dakota 2 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Delaware 91 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

District of Col. 62 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Florida 107 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Georgia 743 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Idaho — U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Illinois 1,758 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Indiana 1,029 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Iowa 521 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Kansas 204 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Kentucky 661 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Louisiana 449 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Maine 608 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Maryland 434 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Massachusetts 1,142 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Michigan 666 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Minnesota 236 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Mississippi 333 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Missouri 1,395 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Montana 9 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Nebraska 52 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Nevada 14 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

New Hampshire 302 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

New Jersey 336 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

New Mexico 20 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

New York 2,029 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

North Carolina 862 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Ohio 1,280 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Oregon 52 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Pennsylvania 1,898 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.
Rhode Island 88 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

South Carolina 515 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Tennessee 607 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Texas 464 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Utah 24 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Vermont 221 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Virginia 676 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Washington 13 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

West Virginia 167 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Wisconsin 464 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Wyoming 1 U.S. Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.

Total deaths all causes: 492,263. (Census. Ninth Census – Volume II. Vital Statistics… 1872, p. xxi.)

Narrative Information

U.S. Census Office on the 1870 Census: “If the value of the Statistics of Mortality in a census of the United States, taken under existing laws, depended upon the return of substantially the whole body of deaths occurring during the year covered by the enumeration, the results would not be worth the space occupied by publication, much less the expense of collection and compilation. At no one of the three censuses taken under the act of May 23, 1850, has the aggregate number of deaths returned by the assistant marshals risen above two-thirds of the number of deaths probably occurring during the year of enumeration, as that number is deduced from the experience of other countries, from the experience of sections of our own country having an established system of registration, and from the ascertained law of the national increase. With such wholesale omissions from the number of deaths, therefore, if the Statistics Mortality depended for their value on any assumed completeness in the returns of assistant marshals, the whole would deserve a contemptuous rejection at the outset, and not an elaborate and expensive compilation and publication; but as matter of fact, the value of the following statistics arises from the consideration that these tables distribute a body of deaths approaching half a million,[3] among the several periods of life, between the two sexes, according to cause of death and month of death, by race, by nationality, and by occupation. Deeply as it is to be regretted that the census of the United States does not afford the material for determining exactly the death-rate of States and sections, and of deducing the effect of the various conditions of life upon the duration of life, from statistics complete and accurate in every particular, the Tables of Mortality in the census have still their value….

“It is easy to explain the cause of the wholesale omissions from the return of deaths in the census, which have been referred to. To take the recent census as an example, the census law required the return of all deaths occurring in families, from the 1^st of June, 1869, to the 31^st of May, 1870; in all, twelve months. The enumeration if the course of which this was to be accomplished began on the 1^st of June, 1870, and closed, nominally, on the 1^st of October, but really about the 1^st of January, 1871. Thus, the officers of the census were called upon to recover all the deaths occurring during the census year, at a distance in time ranging from one day to nineteen months from the dates at which such deaths severally occurred. The antecedent improbability of success in such an attempt would be of the strongest; while the actual experience of three censuses has shown that assistant marshals fall short of the true number of deaths by not far from 40 per cent., as a rule. In some cases assistant marshals fail to put the question; in others, heads of families, or persons answering for them, fail to recall the fact of a death occurring during the year, especially when ten or eleven months have already elapsed since the date of death, and the mind, not unnaturally, refers to the even as having taken place a year or longer before. In still another large number of cases, persons die out of families, which class of cases seems not to have been in contemplation of the census law, which makes the return of mortality a family return. In still other cases, deaths occur in families, but the very death itself breaks up the family and scatters the surviving members, leaving no one to report the death in the census. In still other cases, deaths occur in what are constructively families for the purposes of the census, i.e., boarding-houses, hotels, &c., but the common tie of membership or association is here so casual and so slight that the chances are altogether against the circumstance being retained in memory six or eight months after….” (United States Census Office. “Remarks Upon the Statistics of Mortality.” P. ix.)

[Blanchard note: Other Census reports also mention the problem of correctly identifying the cause of death as well as the various competing names in circulation in areas or regions for the country for the same disease.]

McCarthy on Typhoid: “Typhoid is a virulent micro-organism that attacks the intestinal tract. It can be contracted by hand to hand contact or contaminated food, but in most cases the disease spreads when the excreta of an ill person get into the water supply. The disease is hard-hitting: patients usually experience vomiting and diarrhea that can cause serious dehydration, which in turn can lead to seizures and comas. Fevers as high as 106 degrees also contribute to the complications that in severe cases are fatal. Children were considered more susceptible, but it was by no means only a childhood disease….” (McCarthy, Michael P. Typhoid and the Politics of Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Philadelphia: 1987.)

Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: “Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are life-threatening illnesses caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi and Salmonella serotype Paratyphi, respectively. Most people in the United States with typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever become infected while traveling abroad, most often to countries where these diseases are common….” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever. Page last reviewed 8-22-2018.)

Typhoid Fever: “Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract (bowels/gut) and occasionally the bloodstream caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria. This strain of bacteria lives only in humans….People with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract (bowels/gut). In addition, a small number of people, called carriers, recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria. Both ill persons and carriers shed Salmonella Typhi in their feces (poop). You can get typhoid fever if you eat food or drink beverages that have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if sewage contaminated with Salmonella Typhi bacteria gets into the water you use for drinking or washing food. Therefore, typhoid fever is more common in areas of the world where hand-washing is less frequent and water is more likely to be contaminated with sewage….

“Symptoms may be mild or severe and may include fever, headache, constipation or diarrhea (loose stool/poop), rose-colored spots on the trunk of the body, and an enlarged spleen and liver. It is common for symptoms to go away and then appear again. Death occurs in less than 1 percent of those who get antibiotic treatment. Symptoms generally appear one to two weeks after exposure to the bacteria….

“Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics. Resistance to multiple antibiotics is increasing among the Salmonella bacteria that cause typhoid fever, complicating treatment of infections. People who do not get treatment may continue to have fever for weeks or months, and as many as 20% may die from complications of the infection.

“Most infected people may return to work or school when they have recovered, if they carefully wash hands after using the toilet. Children in daycare and health care workers must obtain the approval of the local or state health department before returning to their routine activities. Food handlers may not return to work until three consecutive negative stool cultures are confirmed….

“People can be reinfected if they come into contact with the bacteria again….

“A vaccine is available for people traveling to developing countries where significant exposure may occur. For more information about vaccination, speak to your health care provider. It is equally important to pay strict attention to food and water precautions while traveling to countries where typhoid is common. When drinking water in a developing country, you should buy it in a sealed bottle, boil it, or chemically treat it. When eating foods, avoid raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled and washed, undercooked foods, and foods from street vendors. Additionally, food handlers may not work while sick with typhoid.” (New York State Department of Health. “Typhoid Fever,” Sep 2017 last review.)

Sources

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever. Page last reviewed 8-22-2018. Accessed 8-7-2019 at: https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html

McCarthy, Michael P. Typhoid and the Politics of Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1987. Partially Google digitized at:

http://books.google.com/books?id=GAuEpdBXH3QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

New York State Department of Health. “Typhoid Fever,” Sep 2017 last review. Accessed 6-26-2018 at: https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/typhoid_fever/fact_sheet.htm

United States Census Office, Department of Interior. Ninth Census – Volume II. The Vital Statistics of the United States, Embracing The Tables of Deaths, Births, Sex, and Age. Washington: GPO, 1872. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=GssqAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

United States Census Office, Department of the Interior. Report on the Mortality and Vital Statistics of the United States as Returned at the Tenth Census (June 1, 1880)…Part II. Washington: GPO, 1886. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=wfNYAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

[1] Referred to as “Enteric Fever” at the time. There were 492,263 deaths in the U.S. in 1870.

[2] Our calculation based on 1870 death rate of 45.07 per 1,000 deaths and total U.S. deaths in 1870 (p. xvii.)

[3] Number of deaths noted as 492,263 on page xvii.