1888 — Aug 22, fog, steamers collide, City of Chester sinks, San Francisco Bay, CA –15-16

–15-16 Blanchard estimated death-toll range.*

— 34 Daily Journal, Logansport, IN. “The Year’s Disasters,” Jan 2, 1889, p. 4.
— 30 Philadelphia Record Almanac 1889. “General and Local Events, August, 1888,” p. 94.
— 30 Morning Oregonian, Portland. “City of Chester Sunk,” Aug 23, 1888, p. 1, col. 7.
— 18 Daily Colonist, Victoria, BC. “City of Chester Sunk.” 8-23-1888, p. 1, col. 5.
–15 passengers
— 3 crew (one was the steward, Edward Chambers)
— 16 Fimrite. “Sunken ship discovery in SF Bay revives memories of xenophobia.” SFGate, 4-23-2014.
— 16 Oakland Tribune, CA. “Shipwreck One of Worst Since Janeiro’s Loss…” 8-30-1929, D3.
— 16 Pappas. “1800’s Shipwreck Rediscovered Near Golden Gate Bridge.” Livescience.com, 4-23-2014.
— 16 Supervising Inspector-General of Steam Vessels (U.S.). Annual Report…[FY] 1889. P.15.
–13 passengers
— 3 crew
— 15 Boston Post. “Due To A Strong Tide.” 8-30-1888, p. 1, col. 3.
— 15 Canadian Almanac 1889. “Remarkable Events.” Toronto: Copp, Clark Co., Ltd., 1888, p. 153.
— 15 Defiance Daily Crescent, OH. “Where the Blame Lies.” 8-30-1888, p. 4, col. 1.
— 15 Evening Herald, Syracuse, NY. “Record of the Year,” 31 Dec 1888, p. 3.
— 15 Los Angeles Daily Herald. “More of the Missing…Placed at Fifteen.” 8-25-1888, p.6, c.1.
— 14 Sacramento Daily Record Union, CA. “The Steamboat Disaster.” 8-24-1888, p. 2, col. 3.
–10 passengers
— 4 crew
— 13 Decatur Daily Republican, IL. “Found Watery Graves,” Aug, 24, 1888, p. 2, col. 2-3.
–>13 LA Daily Herald, CA. “Pacific Coast. The Sea Will Not Give Up Its Dead.” 8-24-1888, 5.
— 10 National Library of New Zealand. Star, “American Summary. San Francisco, August 25.”

* Blanchard estimated death-toll range: Given the range of estimated deaths noted in the sources cited herein (10-34), we attempted a compilation of named victims from these sources. This listing (located after the Newspapers section) contains 18 names (actually one was an unnamed coal-passer from the City of Chester). Among the usual problems encountered in compiling a victims list from press accounts, we highlight three:

(1) The names of Mrs. C. H. Haney, a cabin passenger of Eureka, CA, and Mrs. Annie C., Heney, of St. Johns, New Brunswick, Canada, could possibly refer to one and the same person – or perhaps not.

(2) Virtually all of the sources cited, note three crew deaths, however, we have seen a report of an unidentified coal-passer as “among the missing” in addition to the three named individuals.

(3) Despite early reporting that most of the steerage passengers (23) were among the lost, we have found the name of but one (Mr. Henry Smith) named as a fatality. If most did drown, then that would give support to the accounts of 30 or 34 deaths. However, we have not seen reporting on any steerage passenger death other than Henry Smith. His wife was aboard, and the name of Myrta Smith is among the named fatalities, but she was described as a cabin passenger.

Thus, we have decided to use the numbers reported in most press accounts of the time, as well as several retellings of the event in recent times – 15-16. By far most of the press accounts of the time we have looked at (dozens, only a few of which are cited) note fifteen deaths. Some, though note sixteen and this is the number of fatalities noted by the Steamboat Inspection Service (U.S.).

Narrative Information

Federal Reporter, Vol. 61: “Collision – Steamers – Fog – Currents. The steamship O., entering the Bay of San Francisco, about mid-channel, in a thick fog, heard, about 2½ or 3 points on her starboard bow, the fog signals of the steamer C., coming out. The bearing of the signals continued the same until the C. was seen in that direction, heading directly towards the O., and about half a mile distant. Two blasts were then blown, to indicate an intention to go to port, which was assented to, and the helm immediately put hard a-starboard. It was seen, however, that the C., instead of going to port, was moving to starboard (influenced, doubtless, by the tide rip, which she was just entering); and after waiting about two minutes, two blasts were again given, and assented to. Almost immediately afterwards, but not until collision appeared inevitable, both ships reversed full speed. In something less than two minutes, however, the O. struck the C. on the port bow, penetrating 10 feet, and causing her to sink in a short time. The officers of the O. testified that she had been running ‘dead slow,’ which, going with the flood tide, would give, at most, 7 knots; but the court found, from the distances traversed, and especially the force of the blow, that the speed must have been over 10 knots. Held, on a libel for causing the death of certain passengers of the C., that the O. was in fault, for not reversing as soon as it was perceived that the C. was not answering her helm so as to go to port, and that the failure of the O.’ officers to take into consideration the influence of the tide rip, which they knew to exist, in preventing the C. from doing as she had agreed, precluded them from throwing the entire fault upon her….

“The Oceanic is a four-masted steamer, of 3,808 tons register, with a length of 438 feet, a beam of 40¾ feet, and a draught of 25 feet. She had been engaged in making voyages between the port of San Francisco and the ports of Hong Kong and Yokohama. She was thoroughly equipped and appareled, completely officered and manned, and in every respect a stanch and seaworthy vessel. On the morning of the collision, she was entering the harbor of San Francisco, having just returned from one of her periodical trips to China and Japan. She carried, in addition to her cargo, about 1,000 passengers. She was leased by the White Star Company to the Occidental & Oriental Steamship Company. The City of Chester was a steamship leased to and operated by the Pacific Coast Steamship Company. She was used in the coasting trade, and at the time was running between this port and that of Eureka, in this state. She had a gross tonnage of about 1,100 tons, and a net tonnage of about 860 tons; was about 205 feet in length, 32 feet in beam, and 16 feet in depth. On the morning of the collision, she was just proceeding on one of her regular trips, laden with freight and passengers, and was making her way out of this port….

“The collision took place between half-past 9 and a quarter of 10 on the morning of August 22, 1888, at the inner entrance to San Francisco bay, known as ‘Golden Gate Channel.’ It occurred at some point between Fort Point and the land opposite, known as ‘Lime Point.’ The precise locality, owing to the fog then prevailing, and the conflicting testimony on that point, is somewhat involved in doubt, and can only be determined approximately….

“The width of the channel, where the collision took place, is stated to be about seven-eighths of a nautical mile or, by chart measurement, about 5,200 feet. It is the narrowest point in the channel, and the whole body of water is navigable almost from shore to shore. The sea, on that morning, was calm. The tide was flood….

“The Oceanic, as stated above, answered her helm but slowly. The course of the City of Chester did not seem to change to the left to any appreciable degree, as it should have done. On the contrary, as the vessels approached she seemed to swing to the right. She was watch closely by the pilot and captain of the Oceanic. A short time expired, fixed at about two minutes by the witnesses, during which the vessels were approaching each other all the time; and it was observed by those on the Oceanic that the City of Chester was going gradually to the right; instead of to the left. In view of this fact, the pilot gave a second order to blow two whistles, which was immediately acknowledged by the City of Chester with two, also. The pilot and captain of the Oceanic finding that, after the second signal had been assented to by the City of Chester, she still failed to respond to her starboard helm, and to alter her course, as she had promised to do, gave the order to go full speed astern. Then the collision was a foregone conclusion. The engines went full speed astern for a very brief time, — about 2 or 2 1/2 minutes, — overcoming in some degree the forward speed of the Oceanic, which was about four knots, exclusive of the flood tide, when that vessel crashed into the City of Chester, on the latter’s port side, some 20 feet abaft her bow; penetrating to a distance of about 10 feet, or about one-half the beam. The engines of both vessels were stopped, and the Oceanic kept impaled in the breach she had made in the City of Chester, so as to keep the latter vessel, which was filling fast with water, afloat. The boats of the Oceanic were immediately lowered, and every effort was made by the officers and crew of the Oceanic to save life. Both vessels, while thus impaled, drifted with the tide towards the inside of the entrance. They drifted for some five or six minutes, when, finding that the City of Chester could no longer be kept afloat, the Oceanic backed a little, and the City of Chester sank…

“When the Oceanic discovered the City of Chester coming out of the harbor, the former had the latter on her starboard bow; and under article 16 the Oceanic was bound to adopt such a course as would enable here to keep out of the way of the City of Chester, while the latter was entitled to keep her course. The Oceanic had ample opportunities to ‘keep out of the way’ of the approaching City of Chester, had she acted in due season. There were no impediments to any maneuvers she might have seen fit to make, if these had been carried out at the proper time….

“…we find that the Oceanic, being warned by fog signals, apparently forward of her beam, that another vessel was approaching through the channel, instead of keeping on in the direction of danger, should have stopped her engines, and then navigated with caution until the danger of collision was over. The claim that is made that she reduced her speed to dead slow off Point Bonita, when the fog signals were first heard, did not meet the requirement of the situation, even if her speed was only at the rate of 7 knots per hour; but, if we conclude that she was steaming and drifting in the tide at the rate of 10 knots per hour, then, clearly, she was proceeding in gross violation of the rule, and must be held responsible for the consequences….” (Federal Reporter, Vol. 61. “The Oceanic…(District Court, N.D. Cal…10 Apr 1894), pp. 338-356.)

Philadelphia Record Almanac 1889, August 22, 1888: “Thirty lives lost in the harbor of San Francisco, by the China steamer Oceanic crashing into the City of Chester, a coast-line steamer.” (Philadelphia Record Almanac 1889. “General and Local Events, August, 1888,” p. 94.)

Supervising Inspector General of Steam-Vessels: “August 22, 1888. – Steamer City of Chester and British steam-ship Oceanic collided in entrance of San Francisco Bay about 10 o’clock a.m. in a fog. The City of Chester sank and thirteen passengers and three of her crew were drowned.” (Annual Report of…for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1889. 1889, p. 15.

Newspapers

Aug 22: “San Francisco, Aug. 22.….The steamer City of Chester left her dock here shortly after 9 o’clock this morning. She had seventy-one cabin passengers on board and a number of steerage passengers. The number of crew is not known. There must have been more than a hundred people on the steamer….

“Lines were thrown from the City of Chester to the Oceanic immediately after the collision, and the sinking ship was made fast while quick preparations were made to transfer her passengers to the deck of the Oceanic. This was done under the personal supervision of Captain Wallace, who remained on the bridge until the water was sweeping over the deck of his vessel…it is positively known that a large number of the passengers and all but three of the crew were saved….Tugs were signaled and a large number of boats at once left shore to aid in rescuing the passengers. One elderly woman is known to have been lost, and Edward R. Chambers, steward of the Chester, is among the drowned. Captain Wallace states that he kept his whistle blowing all the time and cannot account for the collision.

“Capt. Wallace of the Chester described the fog as being so think that it was impossible to see more than a few yards. He says he was standing on the bridge of the Chester, and she was feeling her way along and blowing her whistle all the time. He heard the Oceanic’s whistle, which he answered, and supposed they would clear each other; but suddenly he saw her beak come out of the fog and there was no possibility of getting out of the way….

“The captain was among those who went down with the steamer. He said people were in the water on every side of him, and he thinks very few of them were saved….

“The loss of life at 2 o’clock this afternoon is estimated at fully thirty, and include all of the twenty-two steerage passengers….

“At the moment of the shock most of the officers and crew of the Chester seemed to lose possession of their senses, and several passengers stated afterwards that some of the crew took the first opportunity to get on board the Oceanic, and left the passengers.” (Morning Oregonian, Portland. “City of Chester Sunk,” Aug 23, 1888, p. 1, col. 7.)

Aug 22: “City of Chester Sunk.”
“The S.S. Oceanic Crashes Into Her at Golden Gate and She Sinks in Five Minutes.”
“Thirteen of the Passengers and Crew Drowned.”
“A Terrible Scene on the Deck of the Fated Vessel…”

“San Francisco, Aug 22….At 2:30 p.m. the following were known to be drowned:

G. W. Anderson,
M.B. Meach,
Miss. Pratger,
Mrs. C. Haney,
J. C. Hampton and wife,
Mrs. Porter and three of the crew….”
(Daily Colonist, Victoria, BC. “City of Chester Sunk.” 8-23-1888, p. 1, col. 5.)

Aug 22: “The City of Chester sunk – Run down in a fog by the Oceanic.”
“Thirteen lives known to be lost.”

“San Francisco, August 22 – One of the most terrible disasters that ever occurred on the Pacific Coast happened in the Bay of San Francisco, a short distance from the Golden Gate about 10 o’clock this morning. The steamer City of Chester left her dock here at 9:30 and started on her regular trip to Eureka on the northern coast of California….

“The greatest loss of life is believed to have occurred among the steerage passengers, of whom there were twenty-three. Only two of these were accounted for late this afternoon and it is believed that all the others are lost. They were either in the hold or the lower decks of the steamer at the time of the collision, and there was no opportunity to warn them of any danger or to render them any assistance afterwards. The cabin passengers numbered seventy and of these ten are lost. Three of the crew are also lost.
Names of the lost

“The names of the cabin passengers lost are as follows: GW Anderson, Oakland; Mrs. SE Prather, San Diego; Mrs. CH Haney, Eureka; MC Hampton and wife, Virginia City, Nev; CT Davis, Springville, and Miss. Davis, his niece; M Greer, Napa; Mrs. Meech and Mrs. Porter.

“The following members of the crew are lost: ER Chambers, steward; Robert Fulton and Adam Richmond, waiters….” (Los Angeles Herald, CA. “The City of Chester sunk.” 8-23-1888.)

Aug 23: “The Steamboat Disaster.”
“Latest Concerning the Identity and Number of Victims.”

“San Francisco, August 23d. – The clouds of uncertainty have at last been dispelled and it is now definitely known that fourteen persons were lost on the ill-fated steamer City of Chester, which was run down yesterday by the Oceanic. They are: Dead – [We break paragraph into lines.]

Edward Chambers, steward;
Robert Fulton, waiter;
Adam Richmond, water-tender;
J.C. Hampton [passenger],
Mrs. J.C. Hampton [passenger],
Mrs. C. Heney [passenger].

Missing –
G.W. Anderson [passenger],
Mrs. [Chas. ] Meech [passenger],
Mrs. A.E. Prather [passenger],
Mrs. Porter [passenger],
John Greer [passenger],
Henry Smith [steerage passenger ],
Myrta Smith [cabin passenger ].

“A coal-passer, whose name is unknown, is also among the missing, making the total loss of life, all told, fourteen.” (Sacramento Daily Record Union, CA. “The Steamboat Disaster.” 8-24-1888, p. 2, col. 3.)

Aug 24: “San Francisco, Aug. 24. – The steamer City of Chester was run into and sunk in San Francisco bay Wednesday by the Occidental and Oriental steamer Oceanic, and as far as can now be ascertained thirteen people went down with her….It was first thought that the number of drowned would foot up thirty-four, which included twenty-one of the twenty-three steerage passengers, but from the latest information obtainable from the steamship officials it is believed that only thirteen persons were lost. This includes ten of the seventy cabin passengers and three of the crew….

“On the Oceanic the Chinese crew became terror-stricken as soon as the accident occurred, and much time was lost in lowering the boats, but still the boats, when they were lowered, did good work picking up those who were floating in the bay and sustaining themselves on bits of wreckage. One Chinaman showed great bravery by jumping into the sea from the deck of the Oceanic and rescuing a child from the arms of a drowning man and floating with it until picked up by a boat. When the Chester finally sank one of her guards caught a boat with seven people in it, four of whom had just been rescued, and all were pulled under water. Three of them were drowned….” (Decatur Daily Republican, IL. “Found Watery Graves,” 8-24-1888, p.2, col. 2.)

Aug 25: “The steamer City of Chester, a coaster belonging to the Pacific Coast Steamship Company, was run down by the steamship Oceanic, a big Chinese liner belonging to the P. and O. Company, on the morning of Wednesday, August 22….The iron prow of the larger steamer cut into the port side of the smaller one, nearly amidships, like a knife into cheese, and she sank in about fifty fathoms of water, four minutes after contact. The damage to the Oceanic was not material. Ten of the Chester’s passengers were lost, either crushed or drowned.” (National Library of New Zealand. Star, “American Summary. San Francisco, August 25,” p. 4.)

Aug 29: “The Fault was the Tide’s.”

“San Francisco, August 29. – The British Court of Inquiry which has been investigating the recent steamer disaster, announced its decision to-day, exonerating the officers of the steamer Oceanic, and complimenting the officers and men for the fine discipline observed during the trouble. The Court states that it can only attribute the cause of the collision to the fact that the City of Chester was caught in a strong tide, off Fort Point, which caused her to run across the bows of the Oceanic.” (Los Angeles Daily Herald, CA. “The Fault was the Tide’s.” 8-30-1888, p. 5, col. 3.)

Sep 4: “A Plain Verdict.”
“All that Can be Said as to the Chester Casualty.”

“San Francisco, September 4. – The inquiry into the cause of the Oceanic and City of Chester casualty was concluded to-day, so far as the Coroner’s inquest is concerned. The jury returned the following verdict. The deceased, Annie C. Heney, a native of St. Johns, N.B., aged 56 years, and others came to their death on August 22, 1888, by means of submersion in the waters of the Bay of San Francisco, the result of a collision between the steamships Oceanic and City of Chester, and we further find it impossible to place the blame on either vessel on account of a lack of expert evidence.” (Los Angeles Daily Herald, CA. “A Plain Verdict.” 9-5-1888, p. 5, col. 4.)

Listing of City of Chester Fatalities Identified in Sources Noted Herein

Passengers
1. Anderson, G. W. Cabin passenger, Oakland
2. Brewer, Miss Josie, 5, niece of C.T. Davis Cabin passenger.
3. Davis, C.T. Cabin passenger, Springville [Names come from one source.]
4. Greer, John Cabin passenger, Napa, CA
5. Hampton, J.C. [or M.C.] Cabin passenger, Virginia City, NV
6. Hampton, Mrs. J.C. Cabin passenger, Virginia City, NV
7. Haney, Mrs. C. H. Cabin passenger, Eureka, CA [Could be one and the same.]
8. Heney, Mrs. Annie C., of St. Johns, New Brunswick, Canada.
9. Meech, Mrs. M.B. San Diego.
10. Porter, Mrs.
11. Pratger, Miss.
12. Prather (or Prater), Mrs. A. E. (or S.E.). Cabin passenger, San Diego
13. Smith, Henry Steerage passenger
14. Smith, Myrta Cabin passenger

Crew
1. Chambers, Edward R. Chief Steward
2. Fulton, Robert Waiter
3. Richmond, Adam Water-tender
4. Unidentified male Coal-passer (“among the missing.”) [Have not seen confirmation.]

Sources

Boston Post. “Due To A Strong Tide.” 8-30-1888, p. 1, col. 3. Accessed 2-2-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-post-aug-30-1888-p-1/

Canadian Almanac 1889. “Remarkable Events.” Toronto: Copp, Clark Co., Ltd., 1888, p. 153. Accessed 2-2-2021 at: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Canadian_Almanac_Directory/e585AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=victims+of+city+of+chester+san+francisco+1888&pg=PA153&printsec=frontcover

Daily Alta California, San Francisco. “Sunk In The Bay. The City of Chester Run Down By the Oceanic.” 8-23-1888, p. 1. Accessed 2-2-2021 at: https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18880823.2.2&srpos=33&e=——-en–20-DAC-21-byDA-txt-txIN-City+of+Chester+sunk——-1

Daily Colonist, Victoria, BC. “City of Chester Sunk.” 8-23-1888, p. 1, col. 5. Accessed 2-1-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/victoria-daily-british-colonist-aug-23-1888-p-1/

Daily Journal, Logansport, IN. “The Year’s Disasters.” 1-2-1889, p. 4. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=83142306

Decatur Daily Republican, IL. “Found Watery Graves,” 8-24-1888, p. 2, col. 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=7731886

Defiance Daily Crescent, OH. “Where the Blame Lies.” 8-30-1888, p. 4, col. 1. Accessed 2-1-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/defiance-daily-crescent-aug-30-1888-p-4/

Evening Herald, Syracuse, NY. “Record of the Year – Principal Events That Have Occurred in the World,” 12-31-1888, 3. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=51376727

Federal Reporter. “The Oceanic…(District Court, N.D. California. April 10, 1894), Vol. 61, pp. 338-364. Accessed at: http://openjurist.org/61/f1d/338

Fimrite, Peter. “Sunken ship discovery in SF Bay revives memories of xenophobia.” SFGate, 4-23-2014. Accessed 2-2-2021 at: https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sunken-ship-discovery-in-SF-Bay-revives-memories-5425465.php

Los Angeles Daily Herald, CA. “A Plain Verdict.” 9-5-1888, p. 5, col. 4. Accessed 2-2-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/los-angeles-daily-herald-sep-05-1888-p-5/

Los Angeles Daily Herald, CA. “More of the Missing. The Number of Victims of the Chester Disaster Placed at Fifteen.” 8-25-1888, p. 6, col. 1. Accessed 2-1-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/los-angeles-daily-herald-aug-25-1888-p-6/

Los Angeles Daily Herald, CA. “Mrs. Meech and Her Children.” 8-24-1888, p. 5., col. 4. Accessed 2-1-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/los-angeles-daily-herald-aug-24-1888-p-5/

Los Angeles Herald, CA. “The City of Chester Sunk.” 8-23-1888. Accessed 2-2-2021 at: https://clickamericana.com/topics/places/the-city-of-chester-steamship-sinks-just-inside-the-golden-gate-1888

Los Angeles Daily Herald, CA. “The Fault was the Tide’s.” 8-30-1888, p. 5, col. 3. Accessed 2-1-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/los-angeles-daily-herald-aug-30-1888-p-5/

Morning Oregonian, Portland. “City of Chester Sunk.” 8-23-1888, p. 1, col. 7. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=19245716

National Library of New Zealand. Star, p. 4. “American Summary. San Francisco, Aug 25.” At: http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=TS18880917.2.45&l=mi&e=——-10–1—-0-all

Oakland Tribune, CA. “Shipwreck One of Worst Since Janeiro’s Loss, 1901.” 8-30-1929, D3. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=105413307

Pappas, Stephanie. “1800’s Shipwreck Rediscovered Near Golden Gate Bridge.” Livescience.com, 4-23-2014. Accessed 2-2-2021 at: https://www.livescience.com/45068-san-francisco-shipwreck-rediscovered.html

Philadelphia Record Almanac 1889. “General and Local Events.” The Philadelphia Record, 1889. Digitized by Google. Accessed 9-5-2017 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=wCoXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=true

Sacramento Daily Record Union, CA. “The Steamboat Disaster.” 8-24-1888, p. 2, col. 3. Accessed 2-1-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/sacramento-daily-record-union-aug-24-1888-p-2/

Salt Lake City Herald, UT. 8-30-1888. Accessed 2-1-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/tags/oceanic/?pep=city-of-chester&pr=50&psb=dateasc&ob=1&page=5&ndt=by&py=1888&pey=1888/

Supervising Inspector-General of Steam Vessels (U.S.). Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector-General of Steam-Vessels to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1889 (Treasury Department Document No. 1251. Steam-boat Inspection, dated 9-27-1889). Washington: Government Printing Office. 1889. Accessed 1-1-2021 at:
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09189980&view=1up&seq=197&q1