208–5,840

lornajarrettblanchard January 1, 1891

Document created by Wayne Blanchard, Dec 2008; revised Dec 2019, for website: Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-Of-Life Events. https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

–5,840 Blanchard compilation based on State and local breakouts below.

Summary of State Breakouts

Illinois (2,000) Chicago (2,000) The Year

Massachusetts ( 42) Lowell (24) and Boston (14) Jan-March 14

New Jersey ( 695) The Year

New York (1,926) The Year

Ohio ( 286) Cincinnati (286) The Year

Pennsylvania ( 683) Philadelphia (683) The Year

Washington, DC ( 208) The Year

Breakout of 1891 Typhoid Fever Deaths by State and Locality (where noted):

Illinois, Chicago (2,000) The Year

–2,000 Chicago Boston Med…Surg. Jour. “Typhoid Fever in Chicago.” 2-4-1892, 126-128.

–2,000 Chicago Historical Society. Encyclopedia of Chicago, “Epidemics.”

–1,582 The Year USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., Vol. VI, No’s 1-52, 1891.

— 18 Dec 27-Jan 3 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N1, 2 Jan 1891, 7.

— 12 Jan 3-10 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N3, 16 Jan 1891, 20.

— 15 Jan 17-24 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N5, 30 Jan 1891, 46.

— 22 Jan 24-31 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N6, 6 Feb 1891, 55.

— 12 Jan 31-Feb 7 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N7, 13 Feb 1891, 67.

— 16 Feb 7-14 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N8, 20 Feb 1891, 81.

— 19 Feb 21-28 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N10, 6 Mar 1891, 103.

— 14 Feb 28-Mar 7 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N11, 13 Mar 1891, 117.

— 13 Mar 7-14 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N12, 20 Mar 1891, 128.

— 18 Mar 14-21 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N13, 27 Mar 1891, 147.

— 16 Mar 21-28 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N14, 3 Apr 1891, 157.

— 19 Mar 28-Apr 4 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N16, 17 Apr 1891, 181.

— 25 Apr 4-11 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N16, 17 Apr 1891, 181.

— 25 Apr 11-18 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N17, 24 Apr 1891, 192.

— 26 Apr 18-25 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N19, 8 May 1891, 216.

— 55 Apr 25-May 2 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N20, 15 May 1891, 230.

— 107 May 2-9 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N20, 15 May 1891, 230.

— 88 May 16-23 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N23, 5 Jun 1891, 263.

— 71 May 23-30 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N23, 5 Jun 1891, 263.

— 66 May 30-Jun 6 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N24, 12 Jun 1891, 274.

— 40 June 6-13 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N25, 19 Jun 1891, 283.

— 45 June 13-20 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N26, 26 Jun 1891, 295.

— 29 June 27-July 4 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N28, 10 Jul 1891, 318.

— 60 July 11-18 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N30, 24 Jul 1891, 341.

— 47 July 18-25 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N31, 31 Jul 1891, 351.

— 36 July 25-Aug 1 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N32, 7 Aug 1891m 362.

— 51 Aug 8-15 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N34, 21 Aug 1891, 384.

— 41 Aug 15-22 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N35, 28 Aug 1891, 394.

— 29 Aug 22-29 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N36, 4 Sep 1891, 404.

— 39 Aug 29-Sep 5 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N37, 11 Sep 1891, 418.

— 33 Sep 5-12 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N38, 18 Sep 1891, 429.

— 52 Sep 12-19 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N39, 25 Sep 1891, 442.

— 53 Sep 19-26 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N40, 2 Oct 1891, 457.

— 44 Oct 3-10 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N42, 16 Oct 1891, 481.

— 31 Oct 10-17 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N43, 23 Oct 1891, 493.

— 42 Oct 24-31 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N45, 6 Nov 1891, 516.

— 53 Oct 31-Nov 7 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N46, 13 Nov 1891, 528.

— 38 Nov 7-14 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N47, 20 Nov 1891, 541.

— 32 Nov 14-21 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N48, 27 Nov 1891, 554.

— 27 Nov 21-28 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N49, 4 Dec 1891, 564.

— 31 Nov 28-Dec 5 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N50, 11 Dec 1891, 574.

— 38 Dec 5-12 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N51, 18 Dec 1891, 585.

— 34 Dec 12-19 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N52, 25 Dec 1891, 601.

Massachusetts ( 42) Lowell (24) and Boston (14) Jan-March 14

–42 Blanchard tally based on breakouts below.

–14 Boston, Jan 4-Mar 14 Blanchard tally based on breakouts below.

— 2 Jan 4-10. Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 1-10-1891, p. 13.

— 3 Jan 11-17. Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 1-17-1891, p. 15.

— 2 Jan 18-24 Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 1-24-1891, p. 13.

— 1 Feb 1-7 Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 2-7-1891, p. 15.

— 1 Feb 22-28 Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 2-28-1891, p. 18.

— 3 March 1-7 Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 3-7-1891, p. 17.

— 2 March 8-14 Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 3-14-1891, p. 16.

–24 Lowell Jan-Feb Blanchard tally based on breakouts below.

–10 Jan Lowell Sun, MA. “Health Bulletin for January,” 2-28-1891, p. 8.

–14 Feb Lowell Sun, MA. “Health Bulletin for February.” 3-14-1891, p. 1.

— 1 Lynnfield, March 1 Boston Daily Globe. “Respected by All Classes.” 3-2-1891, p. 9.

— 1 Malden, Feb 12. Boston Daily Globe. “Artist Pearson Dead,” 2-12-1891, p. 14.

— 1 Methuen, Jan 29~ Fitchburg Sentinel, MA. 1-30-1891, p. 6, col. 2.

— 1 Newton, March 6. Boston Daily Globe. “Thomas M. Whidden Dead.” 3-7-1891, p.17.

New Jersey ( 695) The Year

— 695 NJ Board of Health. Thirty-First Annual Report of the Board of Health… 1908, p. 10.[1]

New York (1,926) The Year

–1,926 Statewide New York Department of Health. 38^th Annual Report..., p. 540.^[2]

Ohio ( 286) Cincinnati (286)

–286 Cincinnati. Mitchell. “History of Epidemics in Cincinnati.” U. of Cin. Med. Bul., 15.

Pennsylvania ( 683) Philadelphia (683)

— 683 Philadelphia, the year. City of Philadelphia. Annual Report (V. III), 1907, p.102.^[3]

— 8 Jan 3-10 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N4, 23 Jan 1891, 30.

— 13 Jan 24-31 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N7, 13 Feb 1891, 67.

— 11 Jan 31-Feb 7 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N8, 20 Feb 1891, 81.

— 14 Feb 7-14 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N9, 27 Feb 1891, 93.

— 10 Feb 14-21 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N10, 6 Mar 1891, 103.

— 9 Feb 21-28 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N11, 13 Mar 1891, 117.

— 9 Feb 28-Mar 7 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N11, 13 Mar 1891, 117.

— 25 Mar 7-14 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N13, 27 Mar 1891, 147.

— 30 Mar 14-21 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N14, 3 Apr 1891, 157.

— 38 Mar 21-28 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N15, 10 Apr 1891, 167.

— 43 Mar 28-Apr 4 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N15, 10 Apr 1891, 167.

— 20 Apr 4-11 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N16, 17 Apr 1891, 181.

— 22 Apr 11-18 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N18, 1 May 1891, 205.

— 30 Apr 18-25 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N19, 8 May 1891, 216.

— 26 Apr 25-May 2 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N20, 15 May 1891, 230.

— 19 May 9-16 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N21, 22 May 1891, 242.

— 15 May 16-23 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N24, 12 Jun 1891, 274.

— 14 May 23-30 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N24, 12 Jun 1891, 274.

— 9 May 30-June 5 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N24, 12 Jun 1891, 274.

— 11 June 5-13 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N26, 26 Jun 1891, 295.

— 15 June 19-27 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N28, 10 Jul 1891, 318.

— 12 June 27-July 4 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N29, 17 Jul 1891, 328.

— 11 July 4-11 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N30, 24 Jul 1891, 341.

— 9 July 18-25 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N33, 14 Aug 1891, 372.

— 10 July 25-Aug 1 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N33, 14 Aug 1891, 372.

— 9 Aug 1-8 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N34, 21 Aug 1891, 384.

— 10 Aug 8-15 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N35, 28 Aug 1891, 394.

— 4 Aug 22-29 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N37, 11 Sep 1891, 418.

— 14 Sep 5-12 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N40, 2 Oct 1891, 457.

— 17 Sep 12-19 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N40, 2 Oct 1891, 457.

— 8 Oct 10-17 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N44, 30 Oct 1891, 505.

— 7 Oct 24-31 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N47, 20 Nov 1891, 541.

— 4 Oct 31-Nov 4 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N47, 20 Nov 1891, 541.

— 3 Nov 21-28 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N50, 11 Dec 1891, 574.

— 7 Nov 28-Dec 5 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.VI, N52, 25 Dec 1891, 601.

Washington, DC ( 208) The Year

— 208 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N42, 19 Oct 1894, 936.

Narrative Information

Jan 12: “Lawrence, Mass., Jan. 12. – Mayor Collins has been notified by the state board of health to warn the people of this city against the water of the Merrimac river for drinking purposes without first boiling it at least fifteen minutes, and not to use the ice cut from the river this year. The board says that the results of weeks of investigation made by them show that the prevalence of typhoid fever and kindred diseases in Lawrence is due to the water. The Merrimac is the only water supply of the city, and the ice company’s house is already stocked largely with this year’s river cutting.” (Fitchburg Sentinel, MA. “Fever Germs in Water,” 1-12-1891, p. 8.)

Jan 23: “Lowell, Mass., Jan. 23. – The local board of health warns the people not to drink canal water, into which the hospital sewage goes, and which may cause an epidemic of typhoid fever. The order creates considerable comment, as this source of fever had not been suspected heretofore.” (Boston Daily Globe. “May Cause Typhoid Fever.” 1-23-1891, p. 9.)

Aug 24: “Newark, N.J., Aug. 24. – Eight new cases of typhoid fever, said to be due to the use of impure well water, have been reported in Newark since Saturday last. The polluted condition of the Passaic River has driven most of the people of Jersey City and Newark to use well or spring water wherever practicable, and in the latter city a number of wells, abandoned because of supposed contamination, have been reopened.” (New York Times. “Typhoid Fever in Newark.” 8-25-1891, p. 1.)

Aug 27: “Newark, N.J., Aug. 27. – During the last thirty-six hours there has been a startling increase in the number of deaths from typhoid fever in this city. The Board of Health refuses to give any information, but from the doctors at the hospitals it was learned that there are more than seventy-five cases of fever in the city at present and forty-eight cases have been reported within the last thirty-six hours.” (New York Times. “Typhoid Fever in Newark.” 8-28-1891, p. 2.)

Sep 21: “From the Hartford Courant, Sept. 21. Typhoid fever id quite prevalent in the part of the city south of and near to the Park River, east of Main Street. There are more than twelve cases, mostly of adults residing in Sheldon, Governor, and South Prospect Streets. The cause of the outbreak has not been ascertained, but it probably arises from local deficient sanitary arrangements. So far none of the cases are considered very serious.” (New York Times. “Typhoid Fever in Hartford.” 9-23-1891, p. 5.)

Sep 22: “From the Lewiston (Me.) Journal, Sept. 22. A prominent Lewiston physician says there are sixty cases of typhoid fever in the two cities, Lewiston and Auburn, a much larger number than usual at this time of the year.” (New York Times. “Typhoid Fever in Maine.” 9-27-1891, p. 12.)

On Typhoid Fever:

CDC: “Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are life-threatening illnesses caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi and Salmonella serotype Paratyphi, respectively. Most people in the United States with typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever become infected while traveling abroad, most often to countries where these diseases are common….” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever. Page last reviewed 8-22-2018.)

State of NY Department of Health: “Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract (bowels/gut) and occasionally the bloodstream caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria. This strain of bacteria lives only in humans….People with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract (bowels/gut). In addition, a small number of people, called carriers, recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria. Both ill persons and carriers shed Salmonella Typhi in their feces (poop). You can get typhoid fever if you eat food or drink beverages that have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if sewage contaminated with Salmonella Typhi bacteria gets into the water you use for drinking or washing food. Therefore, typhoid fever is more common in areas of the world where hand-washing is less frequent and water is more likely to be contaminated with sewage….

“Symptoms may be mild or severe and may include fever, headache, constipation or diarrhea (loose stool/poop), rose-colored spots on the trunk of the body, and an enlarged spleen and liver. It is common for symptoms to go away and then appear again. Death occurs in less than 1 percent of those who get antibiotic treatment. Symptoms generally appear one to two weeks after exposure to the bacteria….

“Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics. Resistance to multiple antibiotics is increasing among the Salmonella bacteria that cause typhoid fever, complicating treatment of infections. People who do not get treatment may continue to have fever for weeks or months, and as many as 20% may die from complications of the infection.

“Most infected people may return to work or school when they have recovered, if they carefully wash hands after using the toilet. Children in daycare and health care workers must obtain the approval of the local or state health department before returning to their routine activities. Food handlers may not return to work until three consecutive negative stool cultures are confirmed….

“People can be reinfected if they come into contact with the bacteria again….

“A vaccine is available for people traveling to developing countries where significant exposure may occur. For more information about vaccination, speak to your health care provider. It is equally important to pay strict attention to food and water precautions while traveling to countries where typhoid is common. When drinking water in a developing country, you should buy it in a sealed bottle, boil it, or chemically treat it. When eating foods, avoid raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled and washed, undercooked foods, and foods from street vendors. Additionally, food handlers may not work while sick with typhoid.” (New York State Department of Health. “Typhoid Fever,” Sep 2017 last review.)

Sources

Boston Daily Globe. “Artist Pearson Dead,” 2-12-1891, p. 14. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-feb-12-1891-p-14/

Boston Daily Globe. “Lowell.” 2-3-1891, p. 6. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-feb-03-1891-p-6/

Boston Daily Globe. “Lowell.” 2-5-1891, p. 6. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-feb-05-1891-p-6/

Boston Daily Globe. “May Cause Typhoid Fever.” 1-23-1891, p. 9. Accessed 12-18-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-Jan-23-1891-p-9/

Boston Daily Globe. “Respected by All Classes.” 3-2-1891, p. 9. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-mar-02-1891-p-9/

Boston Daily Globe. “Thomas M. Whidden Dead.” 3-7-1891, p.17. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-mar-07-1891-p-17/

Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 1-10-1891, p. 13. Accessed 12-18-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-jan-10-1891-p-13/

Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 1-17-1891, p. 15. Accessed 12-18-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-jan-17-1891-p-15/

Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 1-24-1891, p. 13. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-jan-24-1891-p-13/

Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 2-7-1891, p. 15. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-feb-07-1891-p-15/

Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 2-28-1891, p. 18. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-feb-28-1891-p-18/

Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 3-7-1891, p. 17. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-mar-07-1891-p-17/

Boston Daily Globe. “Weekly Mortality,” 3-14-1891, p. 16. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-mar-14-1891-p-16/

Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. “Typhoid Fever in Chicago.” 2-4-1892, pp. 126-128. Accessed 12-27-2008 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=Ya01AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever. Page last reviewed 8-22-2018. Accessed 8-7-2019 at: https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html )

Chicago Historical Society. “Epidemics.” The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. 2005. Accessed 12-26-2008 at: http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/432.html

City of Philadelphia. First Annual Message of John E. Reyburn, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia with the Annual Reports of the Departments of Public Health and Charities, Supplies, Public Education, Law, City Controller, City Treasurer, Commissioners of the Sinking Funds, Receiver of Taxes, and Board of Revision of Taxes for the Year Ending December 31, 1907 (Vol. III). Philadelphia: Dunlap Printing Co., 1908. Google digitized. Assessed 12-5-2012: http://books.google.com/books?id=0ihNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Fitchburg Sentinel, MA. “Fever Germs in Water,” 1-12-1891, p. 8. Accessed 12-18-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/fitchburg-sentinel-jan-12-1891-p-8/

Fitchburg Sentinel, MA. [Typhoid death in Methuen] 1-30-1891, p. 6, col. 2. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/fitchburg-sentinel-jan-30-1891-p-6/

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https://books.google.com/books?id=cvErAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

New York State Department of Health. Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the State Department of Health of New York For the Year Ending December 31, 1917 (Vol. 1). Albany: J. B. Lyon Co., 1918. Google preview accessed 6-3-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=XE49AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

New York State Department of Health. “Typhoid Fever,” Sep 2017 last review. Accessed 6-26-2018 at: https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/typhoid_fever/fact_sheet.htm )

New York Times. “Typhoid Fever in Hartford.” 9-23-1891, p. 5. Accessed 12-18-2019 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/09/23/106053632.html?pageNumber=5

New York Times. “Typhoid Fever in Maine.” 9-27-1891, p. 12. Accessed 12-18-2019 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/09/27/103338829.html?pageNumber=12

New York Times. “Typhoid Fever in Newark.” 8-25-1891, p. 1. Accessed 12-18-2019 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/08/25/103330097.html?pageNumber=1

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[1] “Table 6. – Showing Number of Deaths in New Jersey from Certain Classified Diseases for Twenty-Eight Years, 1879-1906.”

[2] From: Table 19 — Movement of mortality from certain important causes of death in New York State, showing the annual number of deaths and death rates per 100,000 population: 1885-1917.

[3] Table entitled “Typhoid Fever Deaths from 1862 to 1907, inclusive, by Wards