1900 — May 1, Powder then dust explosions, Winter Quarters 1 & 4 coal mine, Scofield, UT ~231

— 250 Salt Lake Herald, UT. “Number of Dead May Now Reach Three Hundred.” 5-3-1900, p.1.
— 250 Salt Lake Tribune, UT. “Most Appalling Mine Horror!” 5-2-1900, p. 1.
–200-246 Powell. “Scofield Mine Disaster.” Utah History Encyclopedia.
–231-232 Hamaker/Caras. Miners Killed in the Winter Quarters Mine Explosion, May 1, 1900.*
— ~225 Salt Lake Herald, UT. “State Mine Inspector Blames Company.” 5-4-1900, p. 1.
–197-202 Salt Lake Herald, UT. “Company Now Says Dead Number 202.” 5-6-1900, p. 2.
— 200 Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). 1982, p. 312.
— 200 National Fire Protection Association. Key Dates in Fire History. 1996.
— 200 NFPA. U.S. Unintentional Fire Death Rates by State. December 2008, p. 25.
— 200 NIOSH, CDC. Mining Disasters (Incidents with 5 or more Fatalities). 2-26-2013 update.
— 200 Simonds. The American Date Book. 1902, p. 93.
— 199 Salt Lake Herald, UT. “Coal Company Give Exact Number of Dead.” 5-8-1900, p. 1.

*Blanchard: Hamaker and Caras developed a webpage alphabetically listing all the fatalities, including, for most entries, where the miner was from, his birthdate and place, spouse (if married), parents names, burial location, and family representative, if there is one. We counted the names, which comes to 232. There are two entries (John Leslie Price and Ed. H. Samuels) wherein a note is made that the compilers did not believe they died in the explosion. If they are correct the death toll would be 230. At the end of the alphabetical listing there is another entry (Mack Johnson) listed as a “Possible Addition to the list.” If this is correct, then the death toll would be 231. We should note that in our experience compiling death tolls for 19th and early 20th century mining disasters it is not all that unusual to find evidence of a higher death toll than that provided by otherwise reputable organizations. The CDC’s NIOSH, for example, would have gotten their data, no doubt, from the U.S. Bureau of Mines. Federal data collecting organizations would have received their information from a State organization; States from the mining companies and the mining companies from the clerks, who often kept records only pertaining to those officially on the payroll. At times and places miners would bring others into the mines with them to help out who were not officially on the payroll (such as sons or other relatives), or even “sub-contractors” when pay was based on the amount of coal each person brought out, not on how many hours were worked. Sometimes a salesman or someone looking for work would be unlucky enough to be in a mine when there was a mishap. If so their names might or might not be added to the “official” death toll. And, sometimes an injured person would die later, after an “official” listing of fatalities was provided to the state by the mine operator.

Narrative Information

May 1: “Scofield, Utah, May 1. At present the mining camp at Scofield is the scene of the greatest excitement on account of a terrific explosion at the Winter Quarters mine, which occurred about 10 o’clock this morning. The cause is attributed to the blowing up of a number of kegs of blasting powder, and the point at which the explosion took place is not as yet known.

“The scene before the mouths of the tunnels of the mines is a vivid one in the extreme. Women and children waiting, moaning and crying out the names of their beloved ones and as every man is brought out from the mine on a stretcher, every one rushes forward, raises the covering from the face and shrieks awful to hear penetrates the dark and gloomy atmosphere as some one rushes forward only to faint at the foot of their husband’s or father’s corpse.

“Up to now it is positively known that the loss of life is a great one and up to now the corpses of twenty minters have been brought out and placed upon the ground awaiting arrival of strong-hearted men to carry them to their various homes. One hundred and fifty miners are known to have gone to work this morning and but very few have been brought out as yet.

“There is hardly a doubt but that every miner taken out of No. 1 mine is bound to have succumbed to the grasp of death, for that particular mine was filled with smoke, dust and debris. The scene of rescuing is still going on. Miners from Clear Creek have been brought down and all possible assistance is being given. At this moment the special bearing W. H. Sharp, Superintendent of the coal company and A. E. Welby arrived from Salt Lake. The loss to the P. B. Coal Co. is a great one and the extent will not be known for some time.

“The officials of the coal company are doing their best to decrease the loss of life….” (Deseret News, Salt Lake City, UT. “An Army of Men Killed in an Explosion.” 5-1-1900, 1.)

May 1: “Scofield, Utah, May 1. – The English language cannot describe the appalling disaster which occurred here at 10:25 this forenoon by an explosion in mine No. 4 of the Pleasant Valley Coal company, and by which certainly two hundred men and upward have lost their lives. At this hour one hundred and thirty-seven bodies have been recovered, and the work of rescue is still proceeding and will continue until all bodies are brought to the surface….

“The injured, eight in number, were taken on a special train to Salt Lake, leaving here at 8 o’clock this evening. There are one to three of the injured that will not survive the trip to the hospital….

“Theories as to the direct cause of the explosion differ materially, and it will take some time after the horrible shock and grief are partially allayed to arrive at a correct conclusion or positively substantiate the facts in connection therein.

“Bishop Thomas Parmley, superintendent of the operations here, gives it as his opinion that the explosion was brought about by giant powder which was taken into the mine by some of the miners, that exploded in some unaccountable way, igniting the dust, and thereby causing an explosion.

“This mine has been worked for over twenty years, and has the reputation, according to State Mine Inspector Thomas, of being one of the best-ventilated and protected in the West. He states that he inspected it less than five weeks ago, and believed it entirely safe at that time. It has never had bad air and has always been free from gas, and as the coal is all loaded with shovels, there has not been a large accumulation of dust.

“Nine-tenths of the men killed are Americans and Welsh. The former come mostly from Utah, with a small number from Tennessee and Colorado.

“No sooner was it understood to be an explosion than Bishop Parmley headed a rescuing party of twenty men and tried to gain an entrance into No. 4 through the opening of No. 1, but the men were soon forced back by the fire damp [methane]. Bernard Newren, one of the rescuing party, was overcome by gas and was with difficulty resuscitated.

“Finding the rescue impracticable from this route, the parties then headed for No. 4. Here they found the air beginning to circulate, and after clearing away the fallen and dead horses at the mouth of the mine they entered about two hundred yards when they came upon the dead bodies of six of the men.
Begged To Be Killed

“John Kirton was the first one brought out, at about 12 o’clock, his whole scalp being burned to a cinder and his face unrecognizable. He was still alive and apparently conscious, crying out in agony for his fellow-comrades to end his misery by killing him on the spot.

“In the meantime, John Wilson, who had been blown with his horse two hundred yards across the canyon from the mouth of the mine, had been discovered and was taken to his home. The back of his skull was crushed and some solid substance had been driven through his abdomen. He left here alive with the injured.
Injured Outside The Mine

“Thomas Sellers, who was working about fifty yards from the mouth of the mine on the outside, had his right foot crushed, back hurt and shoulder knocked out of place. Sandy Wilson, also on the outside, was hit by flying timers, and his life is despaired of. Harry Taylor had his jaw broken and John Beddoes was severely bruised. These men were all on the outside.

“The rescuing party inside the mine discovered William Boweter lying in the midst of several dead, and with assistance he walked to the mouth of the mine and was saved.

“The after-damp delayed the work of the rescuing party, but the magnitude of the disaster soon became apparent. All men on the raise known as Pike’s Peak were lying in Clusters. John James, a County Commissioner, was found with his son, George, entwined in loving embrace in each other’s arms.
Prepared For Death.

“All these men had apparently realized that death was coming, for all were found as though in attitudes of defense. Some had their cloaks about them, others had tried to protect themselves by burying their faces in the ground floor of the mine, hoping thus to escape the deadly gas that was fast enveloping them. They must have lived for some time in prayerful expectation of rescue reaching them.
Bernard Dougall Dead

“Bernard Dougall, the promising and enterprising young engineer from Springville, Utah, who had only just entered the mine a few minutes before with his assistants, was found with his instrument set, while he and his men lay dead around it. By this time a hundred stretchers had arrived, while the company store had also been stripped of all its quilts, blankets and pillows, with a view to caring for the wounded, but it soon became apparent that there were no wounded in the mine – all were dead.

“As fast as the bodies were removed they were carried to the company barn across the canyon and turned over to Mr. MacIntosh, who superintended the work of washing and identification. Thirty-five had ben thus gathered when your reported left to send this at midnight.

Scene A Ghastly One.

“The scene was ghastly yet most pathetic. Between the blackened and stalwart men lay about a dozen little lads who had been engaged as couplers and trappers. Some lay alongside of their fathers and elder brothers. It was a scene that made many a strong man turn away in tears.

Many Men Suffocated.

“At about 1 o’clock, the foul air having cleared away from No. 1, the work of rescue began here, and it was soon found that a great many of the miners of No. 1 had been suffocated. The men of the lower levels had been warned of the explosion and made their escape before the gaseous air had reached them.

“Cars were taken in and the dead were loaded into them and brought to the mouth….The dead were all carried into the boarding-house, directly opposite the mine, and at midnight 137 stalwart men, nearly all heads of families, were laid out in the cold embrace of death.

Died To Save Others.

“One force of men was busy washing and dressing them and another was busy carrying them from the mouth of the mine. Andrew Hood, foreman of No. 1 mine, was overcome with gas and had to be carried home, while two daring heroes whose names could not be obtained tonight gave up their lives in the attempted rescue of their comrades. It is thus they are laboring on and it will take many hours yet before the extent of the disaster will fully be known….

Male Members Families Gone.

“In several families every male representative is numbered with the silent dead….

What Thomas Says.

“It appears at this moment simply to be one of those accidents that are common to the very best regulated mines, and against the best endeavors of the most competent superintendents, among whom is numbered, even in this terrible calamity, Superintendent Sharp. The State Mine Inspector at this hour is still without data to lay blame on anyone. Of course an inquest will have to determine just where the blame rests, and perhaps it never can be fully determined.

Story Of A Survivor.

“W. C. Wilson was one of those fortunate ones on the lower level of No. 1 who escaped. He is an aged miner of twenty-six years’ experience, and tells his story about as follows: ‘There was a low, rumbling noise heard in the distance, followed by a sort of wave that can hardly be described, but that is known to all who have been in explosions, and I have been in several. I said to my partner that if gas was known to exist in the mine I should say that an explosion had occurred. I advised that we flee to the mouth of the tunnel, and with me came six men working in that section. In the main tunnel we met the driver and asked him if he had noticed a strange occurrence. He replied that he had almost been knocked off the bar by the rush of air. I was then convinced that it was indeed an explosion, and advised my comrades to hasten with me to the mouth of the tunnel. We met two others further on, and they proceeded hurriedly with us. We were none too soon, for the after-damp reached us some three or four minutes before we reached the open air, almost suffocating us.’….” (Salt Lake Tribune, UT. “Most Appalling Mine Horror! Explosion at Scofield Kills 250.” 5-2-1900, p. 1.)

May 2: “Scofield, Utah, May 2. – This catastrophe at the Pleasant Valley coal mines has developed to enormous proportions, It seems that at least 250 men have been killed in this accident. The accurate figures cannot be given and they will not be known for some days. The mine managers declare that it will be impossible to secure a list of names until the dead bodies have been brought out and identified….Assistant Superintendent Williams cannot give figures. But there must be 250 dead. Dozens of men seem, from accounts given by rescuing parties, to be covered up with dirt, dust, timbers and debris.

“Mr. Sharp [mine Superintendent] said today that there were 306 men at the mine in tunnels Nos. 1 and 2 at the time of the explosion. Of these it is impossible to acco9unt for more than sixty. There is such a hurry and turmoil that those who escaped cannot all be seen. However, there is great variance between the figures given by Mr. Sharp and those given by Bishop Parmley, mine superintendent, the third in authority, to the Prove delegation, led by William M. Roylance and Apostle Reed Smoot, who arrived today to look after Provo victims.

Three Hundred Dead.

“Mr. Smoot said that there were 390 men in the mine. If that is so, then more than 360 are among the dead.

“At 6 o’clock tonight 165 men had been recovered and the names of all except several Finns are known. If the mine superintendent’s figures are correct, then half of the strangled and mangled bodies are yet in the cross entries and ‘rooms,’ piled over with debris and sunk away in noisome and killing fire-damps.

“There is no record of the miners working from day to day, the company officials declare. They say that there is no record except the continuous one which is kept on the books. This is not made up every morning, for the number of cars the men send out is accounted by a system of checks. It seems that the only way to get these names authentically is to wait until the bodies have come out and are identified by friends, relatives and acquaintances. It is even impossible to get the list of these from the officers of the company. The names secured were got at the dead houses as the men were brought out and washed.

“Some were picked up at the mouths of the tunnels as the blackened and scarred miners were brought out. This is the only reliable way to get names.

Awful Scenes.

“The scene of death and carnage about this little mining camp, which strings its way out up and down Winter Quarters canyon, has been as pathetic and as awful as ever seen. Nearly all the public buildings are filled with dead. The Mormon church meeting house, just below the company offices, has every nook and corner filled with bodies washed and clothed in underclothing, with white sheeting spread over each to hide the picture of death. These came from tunnel No. 1 and were taken out on Tuesday night [May 1]. There were sixty-seven this afternoon at 4 o’clock. The public school house in the camp is, too, filled with them, the bodies mostly of men who were carried out of tunnel No. 4. Some are scarred and blistered where the cruel flames of the burning dust licked them to death. There are great holes in their skulls and bodies, where the flying timber and debris struck them. Some no doubt were killed instantly and saved the tortures of the searing flames. Thirty-two were counted at 3 o’clock….” (Salt Lake Herald, UT. “Number of Dead May Now Reach Three Hundred.” 5-3-1900, p. 1.)

May 2: “Scofield, May 2….There is as yet no definite information as to the cause of this explosion. Neither Superintendent Sharp nor his assistant, H. G. Williams, offers anything but theories…..According to their statements, there were two explosions, the first being a box of giant powder or a blown-out blast and the second the explosion of coal dust. It was this latter which did the great damage. The giant powder may have killed those in its vicinity, but as these men work in pairs, not in crowds, that is not likely to have killed more than two or three. The dust explosion would, of course, run in all directions, blasting by its concussion and burning with its flames everything and everyone in reach. Then, arose the fearful after-damp, which is a deadly poison.

“Those men killed in tunnel No. 4, or the far greater number of them, came to their death by the concussion and the burning. Those found in the cross entries and ‘rooms’ of tunnel No. 1 died through the effects of the after-damp, that came as the result of the awful explosion. Then it rapidly permeated every nook and corner of the cross entries and the ‘rooms.’: it reached across to tunnel No. 1, through the joining cross entries, raises, levels or dips, as they are variously termed. It came upon the men quickly and stealthily, and they were overcome before they could realize what was the matter….
Company Is Criticized.

“….there re men who make quiet complaint, almost under their breath, against what they call neglect of the company. These declare that the managers have neglected the safety of the men in failing to dampen and keep wet the coal dust which gathers in the main tunnels, in the cross-entries, the rooms and everywhere.

“Some of them have declared in very positive terms that had the company kept this dust damp there would have been no explosion, for the reason that there could have been no dust in the air to explode. ‘In all these tunnels and entries the floor is perfectly dry,’ said an old miner, who has worked in the mine off and on for eight years. ‘It this explosion was caused by dust there would have been no explosion if there had been water on the floor or if it had been sprinkled. In this it seems to me there is negligence. It is known that dust will cause trouble of this kind if there is a great flame. Now, there have been in this mine men handling giant powder who did not know anything about it or practically nothing. I have seen instances of gross carelessness on the part of the men. The managers of the company must have known of this and they should have made provision against an explosion of this kind….I knew that a party of Finns took in a box of giant powder and they were men working where this explosion must have occurred. Of course it will never be known wheth4r or not they caused the explosion, for no one has lived to tell the tale. The company should have kept this dust down by sprinkling it.’ Charles E. Downing.” (Salt Lake Herald, UT. “Giant [powder] and Coal Dust Caused Explosion” 5-3-1900, pp. 1-2.)

May 4: “Scofield, Utah, May 3. – ‘This accident was caused by the neglect of the Pleasant Valley Coal company. I do not want to call it criminal negligence, because it does not amount to that. But there has been considerable carelessness. The dust in tunnel No. 4 and in the various cross-entries and ‘rooms’ should have been sprinkled with water. Had that been done, none could have arisen to be ignited. The coal in No. 4 has a larger percentage of fixed carbon than in No. 1 and was, I think, more liable to be ignited. Consequently there should have been greater precaution taken than in the old property.’ This statement was made by State Mine Inspector Gomer Thomas this afternoon. Charles E. Downing.”

“Scofield, Utah, May 3. – If the statement made by Mine Inspector Thomas is correct, there has been blame in this awful catastrophe which has swept over 200 men to death, left 100 widows and more than 200 orphans.

“…it seems now that the dead will number about 225. Tonight at 9 o’clock there had been brought out 204 bodies in all.

“Thomas Sneddon, too, blames the company, and he is a coal miner of authority. He declared yesterday that there should have been much care and strict regulations as to the quantity of giant powder that should be taken into the mines. Now, as a matter of fact, there have been no strict regulations, which was admitted to The Herald correspondent yesterday by Assistant Superintendent Williams. He said that there were orders that only twenty-five pounds of giant powder should be taken in at one time by contractors who used it in blasting rock, but he said, too, that this order was lived up to. According to Inspector Thomas, the records of the company show that on March 25 a contractor took in fifty pounds.

Cause of the Explosion.

“Summarizing statements and opinions of Mr. Thomas and Mr. Sneddon, the condition, according to them, was as follows:

“The explosion was first caused by the explosion of giant powder handles by contractors, or by black powder, which the miners used, being ignited.

“The great explosion was caused by the ignition of the dust from the original explosion.

“The company has shown carelessness, first, in permitting such large quantities of giant powder to be taken in.

“It has shown, second, greater negligence in not sprinkling with water the dust all through the mine.

“Notwithstanding such conditions, there was no disposition on the part of the county attorney of Carbon county, L. O. Hoffman, to bring out these facts and statements when he questioned witnesses at the inquest held today.

“The jury finding on the facts presented to it returned a verdict in which no blame or intimation of blame attaches to anyone….” (Salt Lake Herald, UT. “State Mine Inspector Blames Company.” 5-4-1900, p. 1.)

May 5: “Scofield, May 5. – The company claims tonight that 197 men have been brought out of the works, and that no more than five are missing. All the rescued, they say, are boxed up and between fifty and sixty caskets will have to be returned to alt Lake. They do not say their estimate of the number dead was at any time too great, but ascribe the cause of the over-supply to rush orders from undertakers when it was feared not enough could be got together in time.

“Three bodies were recovered up to 1 o’clock this morning and no more have been found all day. Nevertheless, there will be no pause in the search….The bodies brought out this morning are those of Richard T. Reese, John Lundgreen and Clyde Law….” (Salt Lake Herald, UT. “Company Now Says Dead Number 202.” 5-6-1900, p. 2.)

May 8: “Scofield, May 8….All day long and far into the night has search been continued for the four victims who are yet known to be in No. 1. Every exertion was made to reach them and finally the efforts of the searchers were rewarded by the discovery of another Finlander by the name of Nicholas Walkama, who was brought out of No. 1 late this afternoon…Nicholas Walkama already appears upon the rolls of the company as dead, but the body was fully identified as his by a relative late this evening. It is now believed that the body over which the board bearing the name of Nicholas Walkama stands is that of John Helkkila. At Edwards’ boarding-house tonight it was said that several other bodies would be recovered before morning….” (Salt Lake Tribune, UT. “One More Body Found.” 5-9-1900, p. 1.)

May 10: “Scofield, May 10. As the recent terrible calamity at Scofield recedes into the past, more and more interest centers around the all important question as to what caused the explosion. The survivors, who are familiar with every condition in the mine, have almost finished their heroic task of rescuing the bodies, and had time to thin, and their opinions are focused to one thing – dust.

“The views of one man interviewed by the ‘News’ staff correspondent sets out the views of dozens of others who have been interrogated. ‘These mines, Nos. 1 and 4,’ said he, ‘have been worked on a big scale for many years, with the inevitable result that during all that time the dust has accumulated. Men and animals have walked through it until it has been – or a portion of it – reduced to a powder, and has been worn and ground and worn until it is grey. Coal miners will understand what that means. There was so much of this dust in the mine that any considerable disturbance – the rapid running of a car, for instance – would make the air cloudy with dust.

The Navy Contract.

“‘Not long ago the company made a contract to supply the Southern Pacific with 2,000 tons of coal a day for use of the navy. I understand this was in addition to the ordinary output of the mine, and the force was largely increased shortly before the explosion to accomplish the big task. These extra exertions added new dust to the old, and thee are places in the mine, where a man will walk in dust up to his ankles.
On The Day Of The Explosion.

“‘The shipments on the new contract were to have commenced on May 1, the day of the explosion, and the dust was everywhere. Heavy work was being done in various parts of the mine, and blasting was in progress at the part known as Pike’s Peak. An unusually heavy blast lifted the dust into the air to such an extent that the electric lights seemed dim and faint. Just then, most likely, there was a blast or shot which ignited the dust suspended in the air, and a sheet of flame swept through the mine until air in which there was little dust was reached….

The Afterdamp.

“‘When the explosion occurred, and the afterdamp filled the whole area of the explosion, the poison at once moved along with the current, into portions of the mine far removed, and overcame the men. That, in brief, is how the calamity originated – a disturbance that lifted the dust into the air, and a shot that ignited it….” (Deseret Evening News, Salt Lake City. “What Caused Awful Explosion?” 5-12-1900, p. 1.)

Sources

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Deseret Evening News, Salt Lake City. “What Caused Awful Explosion?” 5-12-1900, p. 1. Accessed 5-22-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/salt-lake-city-deseret-evening-news-may-12-1900-p-1/

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