84–~107-109

lornajarrettblanchard November 2, 1927

— 107-109 Blanchard tally from State Breakouts below.

— 212 AP. “212 Dead in Montpelier, Vermont…” Bridgeport Telegram, CT, 11-5-1927, p. 1.
— 212 Pampa Daily News, TX. “Floods of 1927 Take 457 Lives…” 12-21-1927, p. 6.
— 200 Associated Press. “200 Drowned In Flood At Montpelier and Barre, VT.” Nov 5, 1927.
— 200 History.com. “This Day in History, November 4, 1927.”
— 150 Time. “New England Flood,” Nov 14, 1927.
–>120 Clifford and Clifford 2007, p. 32.
— 111 Minsinger, William Elliott. The 1927 Flood in Vermont and New England… 2003.
— 111 The Herald of Randolph. “New Book Published on 1927 Flood,” Oct 23, 2003.
— 88 Ludlum. The American Weather Book. 1982, 81.
— 88 Nat. Climatic Ctr. “Late Reports. Losses in Individual Severe Floods…,” p. 122.
— 85 NOAA 97-R248. “New England Remembers November 1927 Flood,” Nov 3, 1997.
— 85 NWS ERH NERFC NOAA. New England Flood of November 1927.
— 85 U.S. Dept. of Interior (84 VT, 1 RI). According to Clifford and Clifford 2007, p. 31.

Summary of State Breakouts

Connecticut ( 1)
Maine ( 4)
Massachusetts ( 13)
New Hampshire ( 4)
New York ( 0-1?) Minsinger mentions no deaths in his New York State section.
Rhode Island ( 1)
Vermont (84-85)

US Total 107-109

Canada ( 3-9)
Grand Total 110-116

Breakout of 1927 New England Flood-Related Fatalities by State & Locality (where noted)

Connecticut ( 1)
–8 State. Minsinger 2002, p. 93. (We are skeptical and do not use – have not found substantiation.)
–1 Canaan. Car “plunged down a fifty foot embankment at the height of the storm.” William Lampon.
–7 Locales not noted. “Seven other storm related deaths were reported in the state.” Minsinger.

Maine ( 4)
— 2 AP. “74 Known Dead Is Three Day Toll of New England Flood,” Nov 5, 1927.
–1 Milo. Electrocution; lineman repairing high tension line; Roland O. Lyford.
–1 Pemaquid Point. Robert Creamer.
— 2 Danforth. Drownings; canoe of men on fishing trip overturned; Edward Shanks, Hollis Leighton.

Massachusetts (13)
–13 Blanchard tally.
–12 AP. “74 Known Dead Is Three Day Toll of New England Flood,” Syracuse Herald, 11-5-1927.
— 1 Lowell Sun (MA). “Drowned in Concord,” Nov 8, 1927.
— 1 Becket. Dam failure; drowning; Mrs. Gustine Carroll. Clifford and Clifford 2007, p. 4.
— 1 Boston. Electrocution; touched a fan which had gotten wet from rain; Carmilla Bardillo.
— 1 Hadley. Benjamin Denio.
— 2 Millbury. Mrs. Charles A. Putnam and daughter, Dorothy Putnam, 8.
— 2 Northampton. Drowned, Mt. Tom meadows trying to save livestock. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Rubeck.
— 1 Westerly area. Woman. Clifford and Clifford 2007, p. 31.
— 1 Westfield. Mrs. Anna Kannie and Eugene R. Osborn.
— 2 Westfield area. Car washed away; drownings; Helen Moore, 21, and Harold Dewey, 19.
— 1 Worcester. Exposure? Body found in backyard; Mrs. Marcella Cassius.

New Hampshire ( 4)
— 4 Blanchard tally from breakouts below.
— 1 Berlin. Harold Finnan. AP. “74 Known Dead…” Syracuse Herald, NY, 11-5-1927, p. 6.
— 2 Boston & Maine railway bridge over CT River between White River Junction, VT and NH.
— 1 West Lebanon. Edward McGee. AP. “74 Known Dead…” Syracuse Herald, NY, 11-5-1927, p. 6.

New York (1?) Minsinger mentions no deaths in his “New York State” section.
— 1 Associated Press. “Woman’s Body Recovered [LI, NY]” November 6, 1927.

Rhode Island ( 1)
–1 Westerly? Albert Blacknall. AP. “74 Known Dead…” Syracuse Herald, NY, 11-5-1927, p.6.
–1 Kinnison. “The New England Flood of…1927.” Contributions to Hydrology of [U.S.], 1929, p. 45.

Vermont (84-85)
— 85 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below (includes heart attacks).
— 85 The Herald of Randolph. “New Book Published on 1927 Flood,” Oct 23, 2003.
— 84 Baldwin. An Uphill Town Underwater. July 24, 2005.
— 84 Bazilchuk. “At Nature’s Mercy: Vermonters…” Burlington Free Press, 3-29-1999
— 84 Burt and Stroud. Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book. 2004, 132.
— 84 Cain. “Fairfax and the Flood of November, 1927. 1999, UVM 1994.
— 84 Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). 1982, p.
— 84 Kinnison. “The New England Flood of…1927.” Contributions to Hydrology of [U.S.], 1929, p. 45.
— 84 National Weather Service. Burlington, VT.
— 84 NWS ERH NERFC NOAA. New England Flood of November 1927.
— 84 Northeast States Emergency Consortium. Floods.
— 84 Sessions, Gene. “The Flood of ’27, 1927.” Vermonthistory.org.
— 84 Woodsmoke Productions and Vermont Historical Society, “The Flood of ’27, 1927.”
Breakout of Vermont flood-related fatalities by locality (where noted).
— 1 Bennington. Drowning; swept away; Andrew Shepard. Clifford and Clifford 2007, p. 8.
— 3 Johnson area. House succumbs to Lamoille River; Shangraw family (one survivor).
— 1 Morgan Beach, Orleans County. Drowned trying to get to work; George Kinne.
— 2 Newport. Crossing Black Riv. on way to Newport; Harry Auger, son Marcel Auger, 18.
— 1 Pittsfield, Tweed River. Mrs. French, as rescuers tried to pull her and husband to safety.
— 3 Royalton, on White Riv. Home of Mr. and Mrs. Hicks swept away with them and boarder.
— 5 Rutland. Minsinger. The 1927 Flood in Vermont and New England, Nov 3-7, 1927. P. 30.
–1 Drowning
–1 Injuries
–3 Apparent heart attacks “brought on from anxiety about the flood situation.
–4 Rutland. AP. “74 Known Dead is Three Day…” Syracuse Herald, NY. 11-6-1927, p. 6.
–1 Mrs. Edward A Burns, 68, “died from illness while being rescued from her home.”
–1 Wagon overturned at Otter Creek; John Cebula. Clifford and Clifford 2007, p. 11.
–2 Mrs. Lucy Salter and Miss Pauline Hall, 19.
— 3 Sharon. River sweeps house away; Mrs. Edwin Reynolds and her two children.
— 2 Troy, Mineral Spring Brook; attempt to take wagon to school; Philbert Chicoine and son, 19.
— 1 West Charleston. George Kinney.
— 2 White River Junction. Drowned clearing debris from bridge; Edward McGee, Lawrence Larue.
— 1 Wolcott. Drowning; boat capsizes in rescue attempt; Valleau Foster.
–62 Winooski River basin. Blanchard tally from breakouts below.
–55 Winooski River Basin. Sessions, Gene. “The Flood of ’27, 1927.” Vermont History.
–50 Upper Winooski River Valley. Minsinger 2002, p. 57.
— 1 Barre. Car stranded in rising water; drowning; Lt. Gov. S. Hollister Jackson.
— 2 Barre. Drownings; shopkeepers trying to move goods to upper floors.
— 4 Barre. Webster Avenue. Rescue boat overturns; sons of Fred Thomas drown.
–25 Bolton and area. Clifford and Clifford 2007, p. 26.
— 3 Fortune home: Miss Maud Lovell, Fortune daughters, Bernice, 11, and Edith, 9.
–4 Home swept away, Mr. and Mrs. Fortune, two children.
— 2 Pinneo Flat. House swept away; Mr. and Mrs. Hausmann. Minsinger, p. 71.
— 2 Mrs. Hayes and granddaughter. Clifford and Clifford 2007, p. 26
— 6 House swept away. Mr. / Mrs. John May; children, Hilda, Gladys, Dorothy, Alan.
— 5 Home swept away by floodwater; Mr. and Mrs. John May, three children.
–15 Hayes Boarding House swept away by Winooski River.
— 4 Burlington. Drownings; Mrs. Harry Cutting and three children; makeshift raft.
–24 Waterbury and Duxbury Corner area. Blanchard tally from locality breakouts.
–20 Waterbury/Duxbury (within ½ mile radius). Minsinger 2002, p. 68.
— 9 Duxbury Corner area. Buildings swept away and unsuccessful rescue attempts.
–1 Drowning trying to save farm furniture and livestock; George Sherman.
–3 Drowned; Mr. and Mrs. William Boyce and grandson Donald Brown.
–2 Drowned; house swept away; Mr. Howard Heaton and housekeeper.
–15 Waterbury.
–7 House swept away; Sargent family. Minsinger 2002, p. 68.
–4 Homemade raft upset; drownings; wife, children of Robert Cutting.
–3 Howard Henton, Mrs. Nora Canerby, George Sherman.
–1 Vermont State Hospital, apparent heart attack evacuating up stairs.
— 1 Middlesex village area. Drowned trying to cross flooded culvert; Albert Mitchiver, 28.
— 1 Montpelier. Byron Nelson. AP. “74 Known Dead…” Syracuse Herald. 11-6-1927, p. 6.

Quebec and New Brunswick, Canada (3-9)
–>9 “As many as nine.” Clifford and Clifford 2007, p. 4.
— 3 Sherbrooke area, “…three deaths were reported across the eastern township area.”

Narrative Information

Baldwin: “October, 1927 rainfall for the state of Vermont was already 50% above normal. A tropical storm, thought to go out to sea, collided with a high pressure barrier in New England causing torrential downpours on Vermont. Governor Weeks pronounced the disaster as “The greatest catastrophe in Vermont’s history.” 9,000 people were left homeless; 275 houses destroyed; 1500 damaged; 1250 bridges destroyed; 84 dead.” (Baldwin 2005, slide 2.)

Cain: “In all, 84 people died as a result of the flood, including Vermont Lt. Governor S. Hollister Jackson. Mr. Jackson was trying to get home and was within a couple hundred yards from his house when, trying to drive through water, the engine stalled. He got out and was trying to wade through the water when he was carried into a deep hole. His body was found a mile away. Hardest hit was the Winooski River Valley, from Barre-Montpelier up through Winooski to Lake Champlain. Forty-eight people lost their lives in that area alone, accounting for 58% of all lives lost in the state….

“In all, 84 people died [in Vermont] as a result of the flood, including Vermont Lt. Governor S. Hollister Jackson. Mr. Jackson was trying to get home and was within a couple hundred yards from his house when, trying to drive through water, the engine stalled. He got out and was trying to wade through the water when he was carried into a deep hole. His body was found a mile away….

“A contemporary meteorologist estimated that a cubic mile of water had been lifted off the Atlantic Ocean and deposited on Vermont.” (Cain, Fairfax [VT] and Flood of Nov 1927, 1999.)

History.com: “On this day in 1927, 10 days of extremely heavy rain in New England lead to flooding; the floods went on to kill 200 people and cause millions of dollars in damages…. Weeks earlier, a tropical storm had hit the Caribbean. As this storm moved north, it collided with a cold front from Canada. It then stalled over the Hudson River Valley of New York, bringing overwhelming rain to northern New York, Vermont and western Massachusetts….

“Thousands of people had to flee their homes as the waters rose. Many small towns were uninhabitable for weeks after the flooding began.” (History.com. This Day in History, November 4, 1927.)

NOAA: “According to the National Weather Service, the [1927] hurricane season…brought a tropical storm that swept northward across western New England on Nov. 3-4, 1927. As its warm, humid air rose over the mountains and hills, torrential rains fell, causing severe flooding over extensive areas in virtually all of northern New England and the upper Hudson basin in New York. In all, 85 people were lost.” (NOAA. New England Remembers November 1927 Flood, Nov 3, 1997.)

NOAA/ERH: “For the 1927 New England flood, all lives lost occurred in Vermont with the exception of a death in Rhode Island. Of the Vermont fatalities, 55 were in the Winooski Valley where the storm’s heaviest rains fell during the night time hours, according to Albert Kachic, a retired weather service regional hydrologist who specializes in flood history. Total property damage was conservatively estimated as $40 million ($960 million in 1997 dollars), of which $28 million dollars ($672 million in 1997 dollars) occurred in Vermont.” (NOAA/ERH. New England Flood of November 1927.)

NOAA/ERH: “In many areas, the rivers and streams rose so rapidly and at night that the inhabitants were taken by surprise,” Kachic said. “Many were unable to escape to safety before being drowned in their houses. Rushing waters washed out bridges, retaining walls, dams, road embankments, houses, building, and farm lands.” The area of greatest precipitation was centered along the Green Mountains of Vermont and extended southward across Massachusetts into Connecticut. In this area, upwards of nine inches of rain landed on ground already saturated by heavy rains that fell from Oct. 18-21, 1927. Swamps and lakes were already full and most of the streams and creeks were running bank full, Kachic said. As a result, the rivers, small streams and creeks quickly overflowed their banks and filled many valleys from hill to hill. Major or record flooding occurred in virtually all of Vermont and New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and western Connecticut….

“The Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt., was three feet higher than the previous record and the entire business district was under eight to 10 feet of water. At White River Junction, Vt., the Connecticut River was five feet higher than the former record of March, 1913, and at Bellows Falls, Vt., 6.6 feet higher than in 1913. The crest of the flood on the Pemigewasset River at Plymouth, NH was nine feet higher than previously recorded peaks, and at Franklin Junction on the Merrimack River it was seven feet higher.” (NOAA/ERH. New England Flood of November 1927.)

NOAA NWS ERH: “A late season hurricane moved up the Atlantic coast in early November 1927 and proceeded to move up through the Connecticut River valley. The storm dumped generally 3-4 inches of rain through much of southern New England. However, as the system reached the higher altitudes in Vermont, the tropical system stalled due to the presence of two cold, high pressures areas just to the east and west. The result was widespread areas of 6 inches or more of rainfall during the period of November 2-5, with reports received of up to 15 inches of rainfall. In addition, October had been a very wet month, with rainfall generally about 150% of normal for the month.

“The result of this rain was widespread flooding throughout the reach of the Connecticut River, and reaching eastward into the Merrimack River basin and westward into the Lake Champlain valley. The major focus of the Connecticut River flooding however was in the White River valley. Discharge estimates out of the White River at West Hartford, Vermont were on the order of 120,000 cfs to 140,000 cfs — or, approximately 200 cfs/sq mile. This equated to a peak stage at West Hartford of approximately 35 feet, or 17 feet above its flood stage. This remains the flood of record for this location.

“The flow out of the White River combined with increased flows throughout the reach of the Connecticut River to cause flooding all the way downstream to Hartford. Holyoke Power Dam had nearly 15 feet going over the top of the dam during the peak flow (see photo). The flood peak that finally reached Hartford on November 7 crested at 29 feet.

“Also particularly hard hit was the Winooski River valley where 5 to 7 inches of rain fell in a 24 hour period. Downtown Montpelier was generally under 8 to 10 feet of water. The 1000 square mile drainage of the Winooski was discharging 113,000 cfs at the peak of the flood.

“In other areas, the Pemigewasset River at Plymouth NH established a then record flow of 60,000 cfs, the Merrimack River at Lowell MA had 73,000 cfs at its peak. Record flooding was also recorded on many tributaries of the Hudson River in New York, notably the Batten Kill and the Hoosic River. Flooding was also reported in many areas throughout Maine, particularly on the Androscoggin.

“Total damage from this storm was difficult to estimate. However, estimates that were made indicated damages of at least 50 million dollars, with the bulk of the impacts in Vermont. In addition, the flood took 85 lives; 84 of those in Vermont.” (NWS ERH NERFC NOAA. New England Flood of November 1927.)

NWS Burlington, VT Forecast Office: “The United States Geological Survey estimated that 5,530 square miles (53%) of the state received over 6 inches of rain, 3,320 square miles over 7 inches, 1,660 square miles over 8 inches, and 457 square miles over 9 inches. The graphic below illustrates the rainfall distribution….

“As a result of the statewide devastation caused by the flood, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built 3 flood retention reservoirs and accompanying dams in the Winooski River basin at East Orange, Wrightsville and Waterbury to try to mitigate the effects of further flooding. In 1949 the Union Village Reservoir and dam on the Ompompanoosuc River was completed. By the early 1960s, four other reservoirs/dams were completed in the Connecticut River basin. These were built on the Ottauquechee River at North Hartland, the Black River at North Springfield, and the West River at Ball Mountain (Jamaica) and Townshend. Flooding continues to occur throughout the state, but no event has approached the Flood of 1927 for areal extent. This is partially due to the mitigation efforts of the Corps of Engineers, but also due to the fact that the 1927 event was a rarity, with a return period of hundreds of years.” (NWS Burlington, VT Forecast Office, The Flood of 1927, 2007)

Northeast States Emergency Consortium: “The Vermont Flood of 1927 was the deadliest natural disaster in the state’s history; eighty-four people were killed with over $28 million in property damage.” (Northeast States Emergency Consortium. Floods.)

Time: “Tens of thousands were homeless.” (Time, “New England Flood,” November 14, 1927)

University of Vermont: “Had this been an isolated event of extreme rain the effects would not have been so severe. The month of October, 1927 saw one hundred-fifty percent more rain than normal. In Northern and Central Vermont there was nearly three hundred percent more; this completely saturated the ground.” (University of Vermont, History of the 1927 Flood, 2004)

“…the 1927 flood took out 1285 bridges, miles and miles of roads and railroads, and countless homes and buildings.” (University of Vermont, History of the 1927 Flood, 2004; NOAA NWSFO Burlington, The Flood of 1927)

Newspapers

Nov 4, UPI: “Boston, Nov. 4. — (UPI) — Death and destruction lay beneath swirling flood waters of more than a dozen rivers and lakes in four New England States today. An isolated Vermont, inundated as never before by fall freshets, struggled to recover from perhaps the greatest disaster in its history. Many sections of Massachusetts and Connecticut were under water. New Hampshire reported some damage. Most telephone lines into Vermont were useless and telegraph wires were crippled. Six persons were known to have perished. Unconfirmed reports indicated the death toll might reach 13. Many were reported missing. Thousands of homeless were reported in Vermont. National guardsmen were called out in Vermont and Massachusetts to assist police and firemen. Reports indicated that one of the hardest hit points in Vermont was Montpelier, the state capitol. Boats laden with flood and medical supplies were dispatched from Burlington, Vt. to Montpelier this morning. Torrential rains of the past few days continued in most parts of Vermont…. Overflowing of the White River had flooded a bridge between Hanover and White River Junction, Vt., making it impossible for the team to reach White River Junction by train.” (UPI/Minot. “Lives, Property Lost New England Floods,” Oelwein Daily Register, IA, 11-4-1927.)

Nov 5, AP: “Raging rivers continued today to spread death and destruction through the valleys of northern and western New England, paralyzing communication and shrouding the extent of the disaster in uncertainty. While more than 30 lives were known to have been lost, unconfirmed but definite reports from the isolated area indicated that the death toll might mount above 200.

“Mystery continued as to the situation in Montpelier and Barre, Vt., where the loss of life was variously reported at from 137 to 200. The bursting of a reservoir was said to have sent more than 10 feet of water swirling through the city. A wireless message from the stricken area to The Associated Press reported the death loss at 23, among them Lieutenant Governor S. II. Jackson….

“The rainfall varied from three to seven inches in different localities. Countless brooks carried the surface flow into the little rivers which quickly became rushing torrents, went over their banks and in turn sent a mighty volume, of water into New England’s great rivers, the Connecticut and the Merrimack. There was no withstanding the force of the walls of water which swept down the valleys. Foundations of bridges crumbled and the superstructures crashed into the streams. Where small streams had been dammed to form reservoirs or mill ponds, the great added weight of water burst the dams. Houses were swept, away by the dozen and hundreds of others were left standing with water up to the second story or higher. Cattle and sheep in the pastures or tied in barns perished in large numbers.” (Associated Press. “200 Drowned In Flood At Montpelier and Barre, VT.” Nov 5, 1927.)

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