— 2,768 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 48.^[1]

— 2,246 June-Aug. Blanchard tally based on sources cited below (using 1,500 for June)

— 1,500 June. Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “New Warm Wave…Sweeping…East.” 7-19-1931, 2.

— 1,500 Nation, June. Oelwein Daily Register IA. “No Relief…New Heat Wave.” 7-17-1931, 1.

— >400 “ June 24-30, Simpson’s Leader-Times, Kittanning, PA. “400 Dead…” 6-30-1931.

— 230 “ June 30-July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. 7-1-1931, p. 2.^[2]

— 766 “ June-July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1,100 “ by July 2. Titusville Herald, PA. “Record Heat Wave Bears…on East.” 7-3-1931, 1.

–>1,013 “ by July 2. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1,231 “ late June-July 3. Charleston Daily Mail (AP). WV. “Death Toll Mounts.” 7-3-1931, 4.

–~1,300 “ ~June 28-July 4. Titusville Herald, PA. “354 Lives Lost…” 7-6-1931, p. 1.^[3]

— 50 July 17. Evening Tribune, Albert Lea, MN. “Heat Wave Death Toll…” 7-18-1931, p.1.

— 70 Central US, ~July 15-18. Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, WI. “Showers…” 7-18-’31

— ~100 July 25-29. Oelwein Daily Register, IA. “Showers…End Heat Wave.” 7-29-1931, 1.^[4]

Summary of State Breakouts

Alabama ( 14) Minnesota (148) Vermont ( 2)

Arizona ( 57) Mississippi ( 11) Virginia ( 26)

Arkansas ( 20) Missouri (201) Washington ( 1)

California (127) Nebraska ( 26) West Virginia ( 29)

Colorado ( 1) Nevada ( 20) Wisconsin (295)

Connecticut ( 6) New Hampshire ( 2) Wyoming ( 2)

Delaware ( 2) New Jersey ( 38)

District of Col. ( 4) New Mexico ( 1)

Florida ( 9) New York ( 88)

Georgia ( 32) North Carolina ( 17)

Idaho ( 1) North Dakota ( 8)

Illinois (632) Ohio (169)

Indiana (113) Oklahoma ( 19)

Iowa (211) Oregon ( 1)

Kansas ( 76) Pennsylvania (119)

Kentucky ( 47) Rhode Island ( 6)

Louisiana ( 12) South Carolina ( 16)

Maine ( 3) South Dakota ( 27)

Maryland ( 36) Tennessee ( 22)

Massachusetts ( 16) Texas ( 2)

Michigan ( 97) Utah ( 6)

Table BK. Deaths in the Registration Area in Continental United States: 1931

Accidental, other, or undefined causes…Excessive Heat.^[5]

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

—- —- —- 5 22 1,041 1,391 199 100 6 2 2

Table 8. Deaths…From Each Cause…by Age for the Registration Area…: 1931^[6]

Under 1 1 year 2 3 4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Over 65

97 21 9 6 3 15 12 28 32 146 363 534 519 968

Breakout of 1931 Heat Fatalities by State (and Locality, where noted):

Alabama ( 14)

— 14 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 177.

Arizona ( 57)

–16 Salt River Valley, Jul 24-30. Morning Avalanche, Lubbock, TX. “Death Toll…” 7-30-1931

— 4 Phoenix, July 25. Centralia Daily Chronicle, WA. “Heat…Five Fatalities.” 7-25-1931, 1.^[7]

Boulder/Hoover Dam, AZ/NV ( 16)

–16 Summer. El Paso Herald-Post, TX. “129 Temperature Recorded at Dam.” 8-12-1931, 11.^[8]

Arkansas ( 20)

— 20 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 187.

California (127)

–127 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 193.

— 1 El Centro, July 25. Centralia Daily Chronicle, WA. “Heat…Five Fatalities.” 7-25-1931, 1

–~60 Imperial Val., July 24-30. Morning Avalanche, Lubbock, TX. “Death Toll…” 7-30-1931.

— 26 “ by July 27. San Mateo Times, CA. “North Hit…Fires; South…Heat…” 7-27-1931.

— 9 “ July 27. San Mateo Times, CA. “North Hit by Fires; South by Heat Wave.” 7-27-1931.

— 1 Niland, July 2-3. Charleston Daily Mail (AP). WV. “Death Toll Mounts.” 7-3-1931, 4.

— 6 San Joaquin Val., Jul 26. San Mateo Times, CA. “North…; South…Heat…” 7-27-1931.

Colorado ( 1)

— 1 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 198.

Connecticut ( 6)

— 6 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 202.

Delaware ( 2)

— 2 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 206.

District of Columbia ( 4)

— 4 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 210.

Florida ( 9)

— 9 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 217.

Georgia ( 32)

— 32 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 223.

Idaho ( 1)

— 1 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 227.

Illinois (632)

–632 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 231.

— 46 “ June 28. Lowell Sun, MA. “Current Heat Wave Over U.S…200 Lives.” 6-29-1931, 10.

— 86 “ July 2-3. Charleston Daily Mail (AP). WV. “Death Toll Mounts.” 7-3-1931, p. 4.

— 1 Chicago, June 25. Fayetteville Daily Democrat, AR. “Heat…Deaths…South…” 6-25-‘31, 1.

— 12 “ June 27. Decatur Daily Review, IL. “No Relief from Heat in Sight.” 6-28-1931, 1.

— 30 “ June 28. Lowell Sun, MA. “Current Heat Wave…Taken 200 Lives.” 6-29-1931, 10.

— 44 “ July 2. Titusville Herald, PA. “Record Heat Wave Bears…on East.” 7-3-1931, 1.

— 4 “ July 15. Oakland Tribune, CA. “Midwest…Has Extreme Hot Wave.” 7-16-1931, 9.

— 11 “ July 16-17. Evening Tribune, Albert Lea, MN. “Heat Wave Death…” 7-18-1931.

— 3 “ July 25-29. Oelwein Daily Register, IA. “Showers Will End Heat…” 7-29-1931, 1.

— 2 Decatur, June 27. Decatur Review, IL. “Two Dead…Heat Wave…Grip.” 6-28-1931, p. 1.

— 1 Downstate, July 15. Oakland Tribune, CA. “Midwest…Extreme Hot Wave.” 7-16-1931, 9.

— 1 Harrisburg, Jun 20. Decatur Review, IL. “Relief…Severe Heat Wave…” 6-20-1931, p. 1.

— 1 Oak Park, Jun 19. Daily Leader, Ruston, LA. “Heat Wave…Twenty…” 6-19-1931, p. 1.

— 3 Peoria, Jun 27. Decatur Daily Review, IL. “No Relief from Heat in Sight.” 6-28-1931, 1.

— 1 Quincy, Jun 25. Fayetteville Daily Democrat, AR. “Heat…Deaths…South…” 6-25-‘31, 1.

Indiana (113)

–113 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 235.

— 26 State, June 27-28. Clovis News-Journal, NM. “Heat Wave is Broken…” 6-29-1931, 1.

— 36 “ July 2. Logansport Press, IN. “Storms Cool Indiana Air.” 7-4-1931, p. 1.

— 28 “ July 2-3. Charleston Daily Mail (AP). WV. “Death Toll Mounts.” 7-3-1931, p. 4.

— 2 “ July 15. Oakland Tribune, CA. “Midwest…Has Extreme Hot Wave.” 7-16-1931, 9.

— 1 “ July 17. Evening Tribune, Albert Lea, MN. “Heat Wave Death Toll.” 7-18-1931, 1.

— 1 Linden, Aug 1. Logansport Press, IN. “Showers Will Come Today…” 8-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Petersburg, Aug 1. Logansport Press, IN. “Showers Will Come Today…” 8-2-1931, 1.

Iowa (211)

–211 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 239.

–121 “ June-July 1. Muscatine Journal…News-Tribune, IA. “Heat Fatal….” 7-1-1931, 1.^[9]

— 27 “ June 22-28. Clovis News-Journal, NM. “Heat Wave is Broken…” 6-29-1931, 1.

— 4 “ June 25. Fayetteville Daily Democrat, AR. “Heat…Deaths…South…” 6-25-1931, 1.

— 5 “ June 27. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Storm…Killing Heat Wave…” 6-27-‘31, 1.

— 6 “ June 28. Clovis News-Journal, NM. “Heat Wave is Broken…” 6-29-1931, 1.

— 6 “ July 16-17. Oelwein Daily Register, IA. “No Relief…Heat Wave.” 7-17-1931, 1.

— 3 “ July 24-29. Muscatine Journal and News-Tribune, IA. “City Hopes…” 7-29-1931.

— 2 “ July 24-30. Morning Avalanche, Lubbock, TX. “Death Toll…” 7-30-1931.

— 1 Cedar Rapids, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Clarion, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 2 Clinton, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 2 “ County, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 4 Davenport, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Decorah, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Des Moines, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 “ July 29. Muscatine Journal and News-Tribune, IA. “City Hopes…” 7-29-1931.

— 8 Dubuque, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Eagle Grove, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Iowa City, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Lowden, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 McCausland, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 3 Mount Pleasant, July 1. Muscatine Journal…News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Muscatine, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Oakland, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Osage, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Sioux City, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Waterloo, July 28. Muscatine Journal… News-Tribune, IA. “City Hopes…” 7-29-1931, 2.

— 1 Waterloo, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

— 1 Waukon, July 1. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine…” 7-1-1931.

Kansas ( 76)

–75 State, July. Emporia Gazette, KS. “July Heat Killed 206.” 8-31-1934, p. 1.

–26 “ US Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 243.

— 1 Cherryvale, June 26-27. Rhinelander…News, WI. “Storm…Killing Heat…” 6-27-1931, 1.

Kentucky ( 47)

— 47 State. US Bureau of Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 249.

— 2 “ June 27. Rhinelander…News, WI. “Storm…Killing Heat Wave…” 6-27-1931, 1.

Louisiana ( 12)

— 12 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 255.

Maine ( 3)

— 3 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 259.

Maryland ( 36)

— 36 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 265.

Massachusetts ( 16)

–16 State. US Census Bureau. Mortality Statistics 1931. 1935, p. 270.

— 1 Boston, early Aug. Lowell Sun, MA. “Three Deaths in Mass. Heat Wave.” 8-7-1931, 20.

— 1 Scituate, early Aug. Lowell Sun, MA. “Three Deaths in Mass. Heat Wave.” 8-7-1931, 20.

— 1 Townsend Harbor, early Aug. Lowell Sun, MA. “Three Deaths in Mass. Heat…” 8-7-1931.

Michigan ( 97)

–97 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 274.

— 1 “ July 15. Oakland Tribune, CA. “Midwest…Has Extreme Hot Wave.” 7-16-1931, 9.

— 1 Benton Harbor. June 19. Daily Leader (UP), Ruston, LA. “Heat Wave…” 6-19-1931, p. 1.

— 1 Coldwater, July. Charleston Gazette, WV. “Man…Name is Arrested.” 7-21-1931, p. 1.

— 1 Escanaba, Aug 6. Appleton Post-Crescent, WI. “Several Deaths…Heat.” 8-7-1931, p. 1.

Minnesota (148)

–148 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 278.

— 3 “ June 18-19. Daily Leader (UP), Ruston LA. “Heat Wave…Twenty Lives.” 6-19-‘31, 1.

— 4 “ June 27-28. Clovis News-Journal, NM. “Heat Wave is Broken…” 6-29-1931, p. 1.

— 10 “ July 15-19. Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “New Warm Wave…to East.” 7-19-1931, 2.

— 10 Minneapolis, July 15-17. Oelwein…Register, IA. “No Relief …Heat…” 7-17-1931, 1.

Mississippi ( 11)

— 11 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 284.

Missouri (201)

–201 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 288.

— 1 Kansas City, June 28. Lowell Sun, MA. “Current Heat Wave…Taken 200…” 6-29-‘31, 10.

— 13 St. Louis area, June 18-27. Decatur Daily Review, IL. “No Relief…Heat…” 6-28-1931, 1.

— 3 “ June 23. Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. “City Swelters…” 6-24-1931, 1.

— 12 “ June 28-29. Clovis News-Journal, NM. “Heat Wave is Broken…” 6-29-1931, 1.

— 10 “ July 2. Titusville Herald, PA. “Record Heat Wave Bears…on East.” 7-3-1931, 1

Nebraska ( 26)

–26 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 296.

— 1 State, Jul 17. Evening Tribune, Albert Lea, MN. “Heat Wave Death Toll…” 7-18-1931, 1

Nevada ( 20)

— 20 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 299.

New Hampshire ( 2)

— 2 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 303.

New Jersey ( 38)

— 38 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 307.

New Mexico ( 1)

— 1 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 311.

New York ( 88)

–88 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 315.

— 9 State, July 25-29. Oelwein…Register, IA. “Showers Will End Heat Wave.” 7-29-1931, 1

–32 NYC, by June 22. New Castle News, PA. “Thirty Two Die…Heat Wave…[NY]” 6-22-1931.

— 8 “ June 22. New Castle News, PA. “Thirty Two Die in Heat Wave…” 6-22-1931, p. 1.

— 1 “ June 28. Lowell Sun, MA. “Current Heat Wave…Taken 200 Lives.” 6-29-1931, 10.

North Carolina ( 17)

— 17 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 321.

North Dakota ( 8)

— 8 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 325.

— ~3 State, July 16-18. New Castle News, PA. “Heat Wave Broken.” 7-18-1931, 2.^[10]

Ohio (169)

–169 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 330.

— 20 “ July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid Wave…” 7-2-1931, 1

— 30 “ July 2-3. Charleston Daily Mail (AP). WV. “Death Toll Mounts.” 7-3-1931, p. 4.

— 12 “ July 16-18. New Castle News, PA. “Heat Wave Broken.” 7-18-1931, p. 2.

— 1 Bellaire, June 20. Decatur Daily Review, IL. “Relief…Severe Heat Wave…” 6-20-‘31, 1.

— 2 Belmont Co., July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 Blaine. July 1-2. Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “Season’s Heat Record…” 7-2-1931, 2.

— 2 Canton, July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid Wave…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 Cleveland, June 20. Decatur…Review, IL. “Relief…Severe Heat Wave…” 6-20-‘31, 1.

— 4 “ June 28. Lowell Sun, MA. “Current Heat Wave…200 Lives.” 6-29-1931, p. 10.

— 3 “ July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 Copley, July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 Dayton, July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 Defiance, July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 Dillies Bottom, July 1-2. Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “Season’s Heat Record…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 Geneva, July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 Massillon, July 2. Evening Independent, Massillon, OH. “Bury Heat Victim.” 7-3-1931, 5.

— 1 Medina, July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 New Philadelphia, July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break…” 7-2-1931.

— 1 Newark, July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid…” 7-2-1931.

— 2 Youngstown, July 1-2. Evening Independent, Massillon OH. “Break in Torrid…” 7-2-1931.

Oklahoma ( 19)

–19 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 336.

— 1 Clinton, Jun 23.24. Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. “City Swelters…” 6-24-1931, p. 1.

Oregon ( 1)

— 1 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 340.

Pennsylvania (119)

–119 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 344.

— 11 “ Jul 4-5. New Castle News, PA. “Heavy Death Toll…[Pa] Over Fourth…” 7-6-1931, 1

— 1 Brownsville, Aug 19. Daily News, Huntingdon, PA. “Heat…Fatal.” 8-19-1931, p. 12.

— 1 Glenshaw, July 4-5. New Castle News, PA. “Heavy Death Toll…[Pa]…Fourth…” 7-6-1931.

— 1 McKeesport, Jul 4-5. New Castle News, PA. “Heavy Death Toll…[Pa]…” 7-6-1931, 1.

— 1 New York Springs, ~Aug 8. New Oxford Item, PA. “Farmer Drops Dead…” 8-13-1931.

— 5 Philadelphia, July 8-9. Lebanon Daily News, PA. “Five Die…Heat in Phila.” 7-9-1931, 6.

— 1 Pittsburgh, June 19. Indiana Evening Gazette, PA. “Relief from Heat Wave.” 6-20-1931, 1

— 7 “ July 4-5. New Castle News, PA. “Heavy Death Toll…[Pa]…Fourth…” 7-6-1931.

— 2 “ area, ~July 12-14. New Castle News, PA. “Watch Weather Closely…” 7-15-1931.

— 1 Tarentum, July 4-5. New Castle News, PA. “Heavy Death Toll…[Pa]…Fourth…” 7-6-1931.

— 1 Uniontown, Jul 4-5. New Castle News, PA. “Heavy Death Toll…[Pa]…” 7-6-1931, p. 1.

— 2 York, July 1-2. Simpson’s Leader-Times, Kittanning. “Mercury Climbs…Death.” 7-2-1931.

Rhode Island ( 6)

— 6 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 348.

South Carolina ( 16)

— 16 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 354.

South Dakota ( 27)

— 27 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 358.

Tennessee ( 22)

— 22 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 365.

Texas ( 2)

— 1 Electra, Jul 4-5. Pampa Daily News, TX. “Accidents.” 7-6-1931, p. 6.

— 1 Malakoff, July 13. Pampa Daily News, TX. “Killed by Heat.” 7-14-1931, p. 3.

Utah ( 6)

–6 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 369.

–5 State, July 27. San Mateo Times, CA. “Utah Stricken.” 7-27-1931, p. 2.

–1 Salt Lake, Jul 25. Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “New Heat Wave…Eastward.” 7-26-1931, 34

Vermont ( 2)

— 2 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 373.

Virginia ( 26)

— 26 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 379.

Washington ( 1)

— 1 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 383.

West Virginia ( 29)

–29 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. 1935, p. 387.

— 1 Clarksburg, Jul 3. Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “Death at Clarksburg.” 7-3-1931, p. 4.

— 1 Moundsville, Jul 1. Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “Heat Kills Woman.” 7-3-1931, p. 4.

Wisconsin (295)

–295 State. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931. Washington: 1935, p. 391.

–155 State, June 25-July 1. Wisconsin Rapids…Tribune. “State’s 7-Day Heat…” 7-2-1931, p. 1.

— 12 “ June 25-27. Rhinelander…News, WI. “Storm…Killing Heat Wave…” 6-27-1931.

— 7 “ June 26. Rhinelander…News, WI. “Off-Lake Wind Unable…Heat.” 6-26-‘31, 1.

— 8 “ June 27. Decatur Daily Review, IL. “No Relief from Heat in Sight.” 6-28-1931, p. 1.

— 25 “ June 30. Rhinelander Daily News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples Industry.” 6-30-‘31, 1

— 78 “ July 1. Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune. “State’s 7-Day Heat Wave…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 67 “ July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

–144 “ by July 2. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 22 “ ~July 15-18. Wisconsin Rapids…Tribune, WI. “Showers…Heat Relief.” 7-18-1931.

— 21 “ July 15-19. Charleston…Mail, WV. “New Warm Wave…to East.” 7-19-1931, 2

— 1 Adell, June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 5 Appleton, June 29. Rhinelander…News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…Ind.” 6-30-1931.

— 1 Argyle, June 26. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Storm…Heat Wave…” 6-27-1931, 1.

— 1 Brodhead, June 26. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Storm…Heat Wave…” 6-27-1931, 1

— 1 “ July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Caledonia, June 29. Rhinelander…News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…Ind.” 6-30-1931.

— 4 Chilton, June. Appleton Post-Crescent, WI. “Chilton…Home-Coming.” 7-7-1931, 11.

— 1 Eaton, June 29. Rhinelander…News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples Industry.” 6-30-1931.

— 5 Elkhorn, June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 “ July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Escanaba, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Fond du Lac, June 26. Rhinelander…News, WI. “Storm…Heat Wave…” 6-27-1931, 1.

— 1 Footville, June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 Gillett, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Green Bay, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1

— 1 Hancock, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Janesville, June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 Jefferson, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 “ Aug 6. Appleton Post-Crescent, WI. “Several Deaths…Heat…” 8-7-1931, 1.

— 1 Johnson Creek, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves…” 7-2-1931, 1

— 1 Kenosha, June 26. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Storm…Heat Wave…” 6-27-1931, 1

— 1 “ June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 La Crosse, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Lake Mills, June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 Little Wolf, Aug 6. Appleton Post-Crescent, WI. “Several Deaths…Heat…” 8-7-1931, 1.

— 1 Madison, June 29. Rhinelander Daily News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…Ind.” 6-30-‘31

— 1 “ July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Scientist Dies…Heat Wave.” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Manawa, July 6. Appleton Post-Crescent, WI. “Name…Manawa…District.” 7-7-1931, 11.

— 1 Manitowoc, June 30, Rhinelander Daily News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…” 6-30-1931.

— 1 ~Marquette, July 1. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 Marshfield, June 24. Rhinelander…News, WI. “Off-Lake Wind Unable…” 6-26-1931, 1.

— 2 Milwaukee, June 25. Rhinelander…News, WI. “Off-Lake Wind Unable…” 6-26-1931, 1.

— 4 “ June 29. Rhinelander Daily News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…” 6-30-1931.

— 1 “ July 1. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 5 “ ~July 15-18. Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, WI. “Showers…” 7-18-1931, 1.

— 2 “ July 28. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “State Cooled as…” 7-29-1931, p. 1.

— 11 “ Co., June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 14 “ Co., July 1. Rhinelander…News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, p. 1.

— 2 Monroe, June 30. Rhinelander…News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…Ind.” 6-30-1931.

— 2 Neenah, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 “ ~July 15-18. Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, WI. “Showers…” 7-18-1931, 1.

— 1 Oconto, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Omro, July 1. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, p. 1.

— 1 Oneida, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 2 Oshkosh, Jul 1. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, p. 1.

— 1 Prairie du Sac, June 26. Rhinelander…News, WI. “Storm…Heat Wave…” 6-27-‘31, p. 1.

— 2 Prairie Farm, July 1. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, p1.

— 2 Racine, June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 Rhinelander, July 1. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 Rice Lake, June 29. Rhinelander…News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…Ind.” 6-30-’31.

— 1 Richland Ctr., June 29. Rhinelander…News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…” 6-30-’31.

— 1 Seymour, July 1. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East…” 7-2-1931, 1.

— 1 Sheboygan, June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 St. Joe, July 1. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 Sparta, June 25. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Off-Lake Wind Unable…” 6-26-’31, 1.

— 1 Stevens Pt., June 30. Rhinelander Daily News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…” 6-30-1931.

— 2 Stoughton, July 1. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 2 Superior, July 1. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

— 1 Troy, June 26. Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Storm…Heat Wave…” 6-27-1931, 1

— 1 Watertown, June 29. Rhinelander Daily News WI. “Severe Heat…Cripples…” 6-30-1931.

— 2 Whitewater, June 30. Appleton Post-Crescent WI. “Rainfall Checks Heat…” 7-1-1931, 1.

Wyoming ( 2)

— 2 Western WY, July 27. San Mateo Times, CA. “Utah Stricken.” 7-27-1931, p. 2.

Narrative Information

June 19: “By the United Press. In a late news dispatch from the United Press it was stated that the total deaths from the heat wave now enveloping the country had reached a score. Fifteen additional deaths occurred in Minnesota and Wisconsin all being attributed to the heat. Three were dead after prostration in Minnesota and North Dakota….

“Chicago, Ill., June 19. – With Summer officially two days away the entire nation is today gripped in a terrific heat wave….At Benton Harbor Michigan, L. Shaptro was overcome by the heat and died after falling from a ladder while engaged in painting a house. Henry Brandt, aged sixty-three, also a painter, fell dead while painting a house at Oak Park, Illinois.” (Daily Leader (UP), Ruston LA. “Heat Wave…Twenty…” 6-19-1931, p. 1.)

June 22, NY: “International News Service. New York, June 22 – With the toll of the present heat wave in the metropolitan area standing at thirty two deaths today, thunder showers and cooling breezes were promised by the weather man for tonight. Although the thermometer went only as high as 84 yesterday, the humidity was high and twenty-one deaths were caused in New York and vicinity, directly or indirectly by the sultry heat. Twelve persons were drowned, eight died from heat prostration and one man, ill and unable to endure the weather hanged himself. Crowds seeking relief at the beaches set a record for the season, 700,000 visiting Coney Island alone. Almost 200 rescues from drowning were reported from the various beaches.” (New Castle News, PA. “Thirty Two Die in Heat Wave in New York Area.” 6-22-1931, p. 1.)

June 29: “By the Associated Press. Much of the nation was moving feebly today against the seventh consecutive day of oven-like temperatures. From the Rockies to the Atlantic seaboard, and from a short distance below the Canadian border to the gulf, the heat bore down with merciless impartiality. There was scant hope of relief before Tuesday.

“Upwards of 200 have died during the current wave.^[11] Cattle were reported dying in the fields of Iowa, Illinois and other middle western states, which are bearing the brunt of the soaring temperature. In Iowa the crops were suffering what agricultural experts termed an “irreparable damage.”

“At least 46 persons died yesterday [June 28] in Illinois where the thermometer hovered around 100. In Chicago alone 30 deaths were attributed to the heat. In other midwestern states the death list mounted….Millions of persons throughout the nation sought relief at beaches, where many were drowned….

“There was one death In Iowa. The temperature ranged from 97½ in Creston to 102 in Sioux City — the latter establishing a June record. There was a drowning in Nebraska, where the year’s record was equaled. Lincoln had 101 degrees. Temperatures in Kansas and Oklahoma ran around 100, with Altus, Okla., having 103. The northern Rocky mountain area was hotter than usual. There were four deaths in St. Louis and one in Kansas City. The mercury rode at 100 or more throughout Indiana. Thirteen persons died from the heat over the week-end, and eight were drowned. Unofficially Evansville had 110 degrees of heat. St. Paul, at midnight, had a temperature of 89 with 5 deaths.

“In Cleveland there were four deaths due to heat and two due to drowning, the maximum temperature in Detroit was 83 degrees last evening. It had been around 78 most of the afternoon. Two persons drowned and four were overcome by the heat in Kentucky where a temperature of 100 degrees was fairly general. Lexington, Ky., had 96 degrees, which set a new June 28 record.

“A breeze kept the weather moderate yesterday in the northeast states. New York city had a maximum of 82 degrees, and there was but one heat death in the city.

“South of Richmond, Va., it was generally hot, with Birmingham and Macon’s 104 degrees being the hottest ever for June. New Orleans and Richmond had a maximum of 88. The temperature at Washington, D.C., was 80 at midnight. There was low humidity over all of Maryland, with Cumberland having a high of 98 and Baltimore 92. There were three drownings in Baltimore. Pennsylvania was also hot and sultry….” (Lowell Sun, MA. “Current Heat Wave Over U.S. Has Taken 200 Lives.” 6-29-1931, p. 10.)

June 30, Wisc.: “By Associated Press. The searing band of heat that has held Wisconsin five days today appeared to be tightening, crippling, in that operation, industry and agriculture. Meanwhile, the six-day death total reached 63.

“With reports of factories, foundries and offices closing in all parts of the state, came news of crops beginning to sear and farm animals dying.

“As unofficial thermometer recordings of 112 to 118 were reported from over the state, and official readings hovered around 100 degrees at many points, for yesterday, the federal weather bureau held slight hope for relief. The oft-reported ‘possibly local thunder-showers’ was printed on today’s weather cards.

“The day opened warm throughout the state. It was cloudy in Milwaukee, and residents were saved the beating sun, but the humidity made an early morning temperature of around 90 seem warmer. Other points reported these temperatures between 7 a. m. and 9 a.m.: Chippewa Falls 98, Superior 75, Wausau 82, Fond du Lac 83, Appleton 90, Rhinelander 90, Wisconsin Rapids 84, Stevens Point 90, Marinette 89, Ashland 83, Madison 90, Green Bay 92.

“Each reported sweltering temperatures during the night, and almost all added a word about ‘record breaking heat yesterday.’….

“Twenty-five deaths reported today were added to the five-day total of 38 compiled last night….

“Appleton reported the thermometer hovering above the 100 mark throughout the day. Other points continued to report rising mercury….The Fox River paper company at Appleton closed its plant yesterday because of the heat, throwing 500 men and women out of work.

“County authorities at Beloit and in Dane county reported more than 100 horses dead of the heat.

“Eau Claire reported many of the farmers in that vicinity doing the farm work by moonlight. City sewer crews were forced to quit work yesterday….” (Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Severe Heat Wave Cripples Industry.” 6-30-1931, 1.)

July 1: “(By the Associated Press) July came today with a record heat wave still prevailing in many sections of the country. Temperature relief, which came to North Dakota and Minnesota Tuesday, was on its way to the other central states today – but would hardly arrive before tonight or Thursday, weather forecasters said. Heat Goes Eastward. And as the cooler weather came, it apparently pushed the heat wave farther into the east and south where Tuesday heat records were broken in Virginia, Pennsylvania, the Carolinas and Georgia. No relief appeared in these states….

“Total deaths attributable to the heat during the last 24 hours, including drownings and one youth killed in an electrical storm at St. Louis, were estimated at approximately 230. Total deaths for the current heat wave were set at about 766.

“To midwest farmers, the forecast of cooler weather came as good news. They have seen crops withered and scorched by the sun, their livestock drop dead in the fields, and their wells and streams dry up.

“Conditions Summarized. A summary of conditions Tuesday follows:

“Pacific coast nearly normal.

“Rock Mountains enjoyed moderating temperatures; showers general. Utah and southern Idaho cooler.

“Northeast temperatures were around 78 degrees.

“Temperatures mounting in central east and south with no relief in sight for Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, North Mississippi, and upper Louisiana.

“New Orleans and the Mississippi gulf coast were cooled by gale causing some damage, reducing temperatures.

“In Hazleton. Pa., where temperature is 96 — hottest in 12 years — car service of Wilkesbarre and Hazleton third rail line disrupted by buckled rails.

“Official permission given in Pittsburgh to sleep in city parks under police guard.

“Severe hail storm near Great Falls, Mont., destroyed crops. Electrical storms in northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota, brought temperatures down. Damage to crops and property by hail.

“The temperature got up as high as 104 at Peoria, Ill., Birmingham, Alabama, Huron…and Davenport, Ia.” ….

“At least three types of businesses are booming as a result of the heat wave, it was reported today. A barber explained that hair and beards grow 25 per cent faster in hot weather, thus accounting for an increase in…business. In the last ten days, lemon shipments into Iowa have been among the heaviest in history. And the bugs and worms have been so numerous that there is an actual shortage of insecticides.” (Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “By the Associated Press. July came…” 7-1-1931, 2)

July 2, Mid-West: “Chicago, July 2. – The heat wave that scorched the Middle West for more than a week moved eastward into the Appalachian region today. Pennsylvania, western New York and parts of Ohio, West Virginia and Kentucky felt the scourge of a pitiless sun as the central states grew comfortable again under clouded sides and occasional showers. It was still hot in most of the Southwest….

“Thermometers in the Middle West that had held monotonously to 90 and 100 degree readings for a week fell to 70 and 80 and the sun-baked populace considered it cool.

“There were enough heat deaths, however, to bring the total to more than 1,100. Forty-four died in Chicago, many of them stricken on previous days; Cleveland added five more; St. Louis, where the official temperature Wednesday was 104, reported ten. Additional persons unable to stand the prolonged hot spell succumbed at scattered points throughout the stricken area.

“Relief was slow in coming to the Southwest. Showers cooled off parts of north Oklahoma, but most of the state was still hot. Rains and cloudy weather ended a two-week dry scorching spell in Missouri and Kansas. Precipitation was as much as 3½ inches recorded at Glen Elder, Kan. One to two inches in northeast Kansas was considered especially beneficial to the corn crop. Rain brought some-relief to west Texas, but other sections of the state continued- to swelter.” (Titusville Herald, PA. “Record Heat Wave Bears Down on East.” 7-3-1931, p. 1.)

“Harrisburg, Pa., July 2 – (UP) – Two deaths and a dozen prostrations from the heat were recorded in Central Pennsylvania today as the mercury again climbed toward the 100 mark….The heat was given as the cause of the explosion of firecrackers which set fire to the home of Earl Rhoades at Bloomsburg. Temperature recordings for yesterday included 100 degrees at Harrisburg at 4 p.m. and 101 at Williamsport, during the afternoon.” (Simpson’s Leader-Times, Kittanning. “Mercury Climbs…Death.” 7-2-1931.)

July 2, Wisc.: “By the Associated Press. Wisconsin’s seven-day heat wave was over today, the 100 degree temperatures pelted down to the comfort mark by rain and wind…

“The death list Wednesday [July 1] increased 78 to bring the state toll for the week to 155. Beginning Wednesday morning thunder showers accompanied by lightning and stiff winds started across the state from Minnesota and by early today virtually every section of Wisconsin was cooled and refreshed….” (Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune. “State’s 7-Day Heat Wave Over.” 7-2-1931, 1.)

July 2, WV, Charleston: “At 3 o’clock Thursday afternoon [July 2] the government’s official thermometer m the city registered 105 degrees, breaking the previous high mark for the season. With the temperature Thursday equaling the year’s high mark of 105 degrees, set Wednesday, Charleston residents again sweltered under a burning sun and waited for a break in the heat wave that has held the city in its grip for two weeks. The only promise of relief in the weather forecast was for possible showers Friday.

“The mark of 105 degrees was reached on the government’s official thermometer at the city wharf boat at noon and continued at that figure for an hour and a half. At noon the thermometer of the United Fuel Gas company, considered one of the most accurate in the city, registered 103 degrees. During Wednesday night the government’s thermometer reached a minimum of 71 degrees. At 7 o’clock Thursday morning it had climbed five points.

“Summer records, old and new, that fell throughout the state Wednesday were expected to be equaled, if not passed, Thursday. There were scattered showers in some sections of the state Wednesday, but their effect was fleeting. At Wheeling a new heat record for the year was set Wednesday when an official temperature of 103 degrees was recorded, three degrees higher than the day before. A measure of relief was brought by scattered thunder showers Wednesday night.

“Five heat prostrations were reported by Wheeling physicians. Two deaths attributed to the heat were reported from nearby towns.” (Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “Season’s Heat Record in City Again Reached.” 7-2-1931, 2.)

July 3: “Although the first summer heat wave appeared today to be wearing itself out climbing over the Alleghenies, the toll of deaths attributable to the heat continued to grow. Throughout Illinois there was general relief, but that state continued to lead with 86 deaths during the last 24 hours. Ohio was second with 30 deaths, and Indiana third with 28.

“The total deaths throughout the United States yesterday, including drownings and two killed in electrical storms, was estimated at 218, bringing the toll of the entire wave to 1,231.

“An unidentified man died of the heat on railway tracks near Niland, Cal., where a temperature of 121 decrees “was reported—setting a 15-year high mark.” (Charleston Daily Mail (AP). WV. “Death Toll Mounts.” 7-3-1931, p. 4.)

July 3: “Cleveland, July 3 (AP) – With the heat wave having taken 30 lives in Ohio, lost through prostration and drowning during the last 24 hours, the state today anxiously awaited fulfillment of the weather man’s prediction of cooling thundershowers….

“Many persons also suffered prostrations. Toledo, Dayton and Youngstown turned their resources over to alleviation of suffering. The heat was so intense in Fayette county that the wheat harvest was hampered, harvest hands became ill and two horses fell dead.

“The cool depths of coal mines were occupied by entire families at Pomeroy. In Mansfield 76 per cent of the workers at the Mansfield Tire and Rubber company became ill and the factory was closed until Monday. Industrial operations at Akron were curtailed.

“The high temperatures caused highways in numerous places to expand and ‘explode.’ Fifteen explosions were reported in Ashtabula county, and in Seneca county highway workers were kept busy repairing pavements ‘blown up.’ As a section of a city boulevard in East Liverpool expanded, bricks were thrown into the air.

“A cow, believed to have become crazed by heat, attacked a farmer near Fremont who killed it after he jumped a fence to safety. A dog being clipped of its hair at Akron became crazed and bit nine boys…The highest temperature was 107 at East Liverpool.” (Charleston Daily Mail (AP). WV. “Ohio Roads Explode.” 7-3-1931, p. 4.

July 13: “Chicago, July 13 (UP). – Heat that hatched eggs and killed honey bees in their hives was reported tonight as one hot wave died away and another started East. The new wave is spreading from the Dakotas, Chicago government forecasters said. It will diffuse over the Midwest before heat-plagued residents of the Midwest have recovered fully from the three day hot spell just ended, they predicted.

“Cooling breezes and light showers had provided some relief to the Midwest tonight, but temperatures of 100 degrees were reported. In the San Joaquin valley of California, the mercury rose to nearly 105.

“Reports from throughout the Midwest indicated a large loss of life from the heat, although the toll did not approach the 1,500 deaths recorded during the June heat wave. Wisconsin reported 21 heat deaths since Wednesday and Minnesota had 10 fatalities.

“Farmers of Indiana and Illinois reported that crops are being damaged by the prolonged heat, together with a several weeks drought. In southern Illinois, agricultural experts said the crop damage is greater than it was at this time a year ago, when crops were virtually wiped out by drought.

“Heat in the Midwest centered today over Kentucky, Indiana, southern Illinois, central Missouri and states bordering them. Temperatures in the middle 90’s were not unusual there.

“Postal clerks at Mt. Vernon, Indiana, heard a faint ‘peep-peep’ from a case of eggs in transit. They found three baby chicks in the egg crate, evidently having been hatched out by the heat.” (Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “New Heat Wave is Coming Eastward.” 7-26-1931, 5.)

July 15: “Minneapolis, July 15 – With the northwest in the grip of another heat wave temperatures skyrocketed Tuesday [July 14] under a blistering sun and threatened to shatter heat records set two weeks ago. Readings of 100 were reported in several sections of Minnesota while in other cities around the northwest the mercury hovered between 90 and 100. Little relief was in sight for today….

“As the mercury soared to 98 in Minneapolis during the afternoon thousands of persons sought relief from the heat at municipal bathing beaches. In contrast to the June heat wave no prostrations were reported…” (Evening Tribune, Albert Lea, MN. “Another Heat Wave Now Gripping the Northwest.” 7-15-1931, 1.)

July 16: “By United Press. Chicago – A blazing summer sun sent temperatures soaring to record and near record heights as the middle-west sweltered Thursday in the grip of a July heat wave that brought crop damage and loss of life. United States weather bureau experts announced there was no relief in sight before the end of the week.

“All sections of the plains states reported temperatures approaching the 100 degree mark Wednesday [July 15] and several cities suffered under even higher thermometer readings. Aberdeen, S.D. was the hottest place in the country with a temperature of 114. All time records were broken at Pierre, S.D., when the mercury reached 111 degrees.

“Other cities reporting temperatures of 100 or higher were Huron, S.D., 106; Phoenix, 104; Moorhead, Minn., 102; Pueblo, 100; Rapid City, 100, and El Paso, 100. Temperatures in the nineties were recorded in virtually all other sections of the middlewest.

“The heat wave brought additions to the summer’s death toll. Four persons died in Chicago from the heat and numerous prostrations were reported in other cities…” (El Paso Herald-Post, Tx. “Nation Again Suffers Under Heat Blanket.” 7-16-1931, 1.)

July 17: Chicago, July 17. – (UP) – Sizzling heat waves beat down today upon the midwest, drove thousands of people to the beaches, killed more than 15, and caused untold suffering among sweltering millions who toiled on under extremely high temperatures in the cities and upon the farms.

“Although not so widespread or extended as the record heat wave which killed more than 1,500 persons as it swept the country several weeks ago, the present wave has fastened its grip upon nine midwestern states and predictions today were it would continue thru today in most of the nine states in the heat belt, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, Missouri, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska.

“At least two deaths in Chicago were attributed yesterday directly to the heat, making a total of five here for the two days since the new wave spread across the mid-west. In the vicinity of Minneapolis, at least 10 deaths were attributed to the heat. Several died of heat in Iowa and the other states of the region.

“While breezes off Lake Michigan held yesterday’s Chicago maximum to 96, a degree cooler than Wednesday, and drove the mercury down to 91 during the afternoon this natural cooling system did not extend far inland and cities only a few miles away reported temperatures of near the 100 mark. Peoria, near the center of Illinois, reported an even 100.

“Some other cities where temperatures of 100 or higher were reported were, Cincinnati, 102; Green Bay, Wis., 100; Davenport, Ia., 100, Huron, S.D., 106; Minneapolis, 100, North Platte, Neb., 100. At Marquette, Mich., the temperature was 98. St. Louis, Mo., baked under a temperature of 98, while at Milwaukee the mercury climbed to 96 and at Keokuk, Ia., to 98….” (Oelwein Daily Register, IA. “No Relief from New Heat Wave.” 7-17-1931, 1.)

July 25: “Chicago, July 25 (UP). – A new heat wave rolled eastward across the nation today before torrid winds from the Northwest, where temperatures in the high 90’s have prevailed for several days. Forecaster W. P. Day of the Chicago weather bureau said tonight that the new hot spell may last for several days. He said that there are no rain or cooling breezes in sight. Temperatures of 100 and above were not unusual today over much of the western half of the nation. Scorching weather was reported from Oklahoma and Kansas, and in Salt Lake City, Utah, it was so hot that one man died and 30 others were prostrated during a parade.

“Tucson and Yuma, Ariz., from where the nation’s extreme heat often is reported, had temperatures of 112 today, and at Needles, Calif., it was 119. Temperatures were around the 100 mark in Montana and other states of the Northwest.

“Weather forecasters said the heat wave will spread over the Midwest tomorrow and will continue eastward on Monday and Tuesday. They declined to forecast when cooler weather may arrive.” (Charleston Daily Mail, WV. “New Heat Wave…Eastward.” 7-26-1931, 34.)

July 29: “Chicago, July 29. – (UP) – Showers in scattered localities were promised today by United States weather bureau officials as relief from oppressive heat which has baked the nation from coast to coast during the last five days and caused nearly 100 deaths. Cooler weather was predicted for virtually every section of the country after a day in which temperatures soared to record shattering heights.

“The death toll in the southwest including the imperial valley of California, was given unofficially at 68 for the five days. Weather bureau officials said the heat wave in Southern California and Arizona was almost unprecedented….

“Needles, Calif., was the hottest city in the country with a temperature of 112. Yuma, Ariz., reported 108 degrees; Fresno, Calif., 100 and Los Angeles, 93.

“On the Atlantic Coast, New England suffered under a record heat wave that brought death to at least seven persons and caused innumerable prostrations. A temperature of 97.4 in Boston was said to be the highest in history for July 28….

“Nine additional deaths were caused as New York sweltered yesterday under a temperature of 94, the record for the season….

“In Chicago, three persons died of heat when the temperature rose to 96. Numerous other deaths occurred throughout the middle-west. All over the nation, people flocked to beaches, lakes and parks seeking relief from smothering breezes.

“Agricultural experts said many thousands of dollars damage has been done to crops and predicted serious losses to farmers unless rains brought relief to the parched fields within a day or two.

“Among cities reporting unusually high temperatures yesterday were: Des Moines, 107; Lincoln, Neb., 105; Omaha, 106; Concordia, Kas., 101; North Platte, Neb., 106. Some of those reporting temperatures of 100 degrees were Keokuk, Ia., Oklahoma City; Wichita, and Phoenix.” (Oelwein Daily Register, IA. “Showers Will End Heat Wave.” 7-29-1931, 1.)

Boulder/Hoover Dam Construction Project, AZ/NV

Aug 12: “Washington – Sixteen deaths from heat prostration have occurred at Boulder dam this summer, according to a report received by Commissioner of Reclamation Elwood Mead, from John C. Page, acting construction engineer in charge. The highest temperature recorded was 129 degrees on July 27 and 29. Thirteen heat deaths were among employes of the contracting companies and the others were outside the official pay rolls.

“There have been 26 deaths in all, the other fatalities having been due to accidents, drowning and illness….” (El Paso Herald-Post, TX. “129 Temperature Recorded at Dam.” 8-12-1931, 11.)

Massachusetts

Aug 7: “Boston, Aug. 7 (AP) — Predictions of partly cloudy, weather and northeast winds today brought New England hope of relief from the heat wave that has set new temperature records in many sections. Three deaths as a result of the intense heat, four drownings, and eight prostrations have been reported. The deaths: Mrs. John T. Mahoney of the Roxbury section of Boston, who collapsed at her summer home at Scituate and died; Gustave Wiljanen of Townsend harbor, who collapsed at the wheel of his automobile and was pronounced dead at the Burbank hospital, Fitchburg; and Patrick Greene of Boston, who collapsed near his home and was dead before aid could reach him.

“Yesterday, Boston experienced its hottest August 6th since 1906. Maximum temperature of 97 was recorded at 3 p. m. (Eastern Standard time), making the fourth time the mercury bad climbed that high this summer. The humidity percentage was extremely high….” (Lowell Sun, MA. “Three Deaths in Mass. Heat Wave.” 8-7-1931, 20.)

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Fayetteville Daily Democrat, AR. “Heat Brings Deaths into South Today.” 6-25-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=59165227

Indiana Evening Gazette, Indiana, PA. “Relief From Heat Wave.” 6-20-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=116462401

Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. “City Swelters as Temperature Sets New Mark.” 6-24-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=99160608

Lebanon Daily News, PA. “Five Die from Heat in Phila.” 7-9-1931, p. 6. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=126781930

Logansport Press, IN. “Showers Will Come Today is Latest Advice. Yesterday Hottest August 1 in 14 Years at Indianapolis.” 8-2-1931, 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=83505105

Logansport Press, IN. “Storms Cool Indiana Air.” 7-4-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=83504850

Lowell Sun, MA. “Current Heat Wave Over U.S. Has Taken 200 Lives.” 6-29-1931, p. 10. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=56745113

Lowell Sun, MA. “Three Deaths in Mass. Heat Wave.” 8-7-1931, 20. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=56745638

Morning Avalanche, Lubbock, TX. “Death Toll Climbs Upward as Heat Wave Continues in U.S.” 7-30-1931, 1. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=110771419

Muscatine Journal and News-Tribune, IA. “City Hopes Clouds Will Bring Rain.” 7-29-1931, p. 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=95926161

Muscatine Journal and News-Tribune, IA. “Heat Fatal to Man in Muscatine.” 7-1-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=95925891

Muscatine Journal and News Tribune, IA. “Muscatine Man Killed by Heat.” 7-1-1931, p. 2. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=95925892

New Castle News, PA. “Heat Wave Broken.” 7-18-1931, 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=57183729

New Castle News, PA. “Heavy Death Toll in Pennsylvania Over Fourth Period.” 7-6-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=57183432

New Castle News, PA. “Thirty Two Die in Heat Wave in New York Area.” 6-22-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=57183130

New Castle News, PA. “Watch Weather Closely…” 7-15-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=57183638

New Oxford Item, PA. “Farmer Drops Dead in Field.” Aug 13, 1931, p. 3. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=7005469

Oakland Tribune, CA. “Midwest Again Has Extreme Hot Wave.” 7-16-1931, p. 9. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=31552928

Oelwein Daily Register, IA. “No Relief from New Heat Wave.” 7-17-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=104575243

Oelwein Daily Register, IA. “Showers Will End Heat Wave.” 7-29-1931, 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=104575282

Pampa Daily News, TX. “Accidents.” 7-6-1931, p. 6. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=123309132

Pampa Daily News, TX. “Killed by Heat.” 7-14-1931, p. 3. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=126423006

Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Heat Wave Moves East, West is Cool.” 7-2-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=126929690

Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Off-Lake Wind Unable to End Present Heat.” 6-26-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=126929669

Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Scientist Dies Wednesday at Madison Home…Victim of Heat Wave.” 7-2-1931, 1. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=126929690

Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Severe Heat Wave Cripples Industry.” 6-30-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=126929683

Rhinelander Daily News, WI. “Storm Adds to Havoc of Killing Heat Wave as Death Toll Climbs.” 6-27-1931, p. 1. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=126929675

San Mateo Times, CA. “North Hit by Fires; South by Heat Wave.” 7-27-1931, 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=37266066

San Mateo Times, CA. “Utah Stricken.” 7-27-1931, p. 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com

Simpson’s Daily Leader-Times, Kittanning, PA. “400 Dead by Heat in Nation.” 6-30-1931, 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=96248045

Simpson’s Leader-Times, Kittanning. “Mercury Climbs Throughout State Bring suffering and Death.” 7-2-1931, 1. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=96248056

Titusville Herald, PA. “354 Lives Lost…” 7-6-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com

Titusville Herald, PA. “Record Heat Wave Bears Down on East.” 7-3-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=105951024

United States Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce. Mortality Statistics 1931 (Thirty-Second Annual Report). Washington: GPO, 1935. Accessed 10-24-2013 at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsushistorical/mortstatsh_1931.pdf

Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, WI. “Showers Bring State Welcome Heat Relief.” 7-18-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=185505

Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, WI. “State’s 7-Day Heat Wave Over.” 7-2-1931, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=183813

[1] Cause of death listed as List No. 191, “Excessive heat.” Census Bureau. Mortality Statistics 1931. 1935.

[2] The article states that “Total deaths attributable to the heat during the last 24 hours, including drownings and one youth killed in an electrical storm…were estimated at approximately 230.

[3] The dates are our interpretation of the statement, datelined Monday, July 6, “…much of the country was free on the Fourth from the severe heat wave which last week counted its victims at nearly 1,300 dead…”

[4] The article, date-lined Chicago, July 29 (UP)) states that there had been “nearly 100 deaths” caused by heat “during the last five days.” It is possible that the dates referred to could be July 24-28.

[5] U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931, p. 48.

[6] U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1931, p. 171.

[7] Phoenix is in the Salt River Valley, thus we assume these four fatalities are part of the 16 noted above.

[8] These are not the fatalities noted above for the Salt River Valley in AZ, which is in a different part of the State.

[9] The article notes that the death of a Muscatine man on July 1 brought the State’s heat wave fatality total to 122.

[10] The article states that “…thirteen in Minnesota and North Dakota [died due to the heat], according to news dispatches. Since another article (Charleston Daily Mail, 7-19-1931) states that 10 died in Minnesota during this approximate timeframe, we conjecture that approximately 3 heat-related deaths of the 13 were in North Dakota.

[11] Context of “seventh consecutive day…” seems to indicate this to be a one-week total (approximately Jun 23-29).

1931 — June-Sep, Heat, esp. West/Midwest/NE, esp. IL/632, WI/295, IA/211, MO/201–2,768