1933 – July 30-Sep, St Louis Encephalitis Epidemic, St. Louis City and County, MO– 201
–201 AP. “St. Louis Has 3 More Encephalitis Deaths,” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. 10-9-1933, p2.
–201 Diaz, et al. “Reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus…” Dec 2018.
–197 Bredeck. “The Story of the Epidemic of Encephalitis in St. Louis.” Oct 1933, p. 1140.
Narrative Information
Bredeck, 1933: “The story of the epidemic of encephalitis in St. Louis and its vicinity is a very interesting one. Climatic conditions in the area involved were unusual for the three summer months – June, July and August. According to the official Weather Bureau records, the rainfall in St. Louis County for these months was the lowest since 1837, when the first official records began. For the City of St. Louis, the rainfall was the lowest in its history, except for a very small portion of the city which, during a single cloudburst, put the official record somewhat higher. The drainage and sewage problem in St. Louis County was favorable to the breeding of unusually large numbers of mosquitoes in areas commonly infested. In addition, the odors emanating from these open sewage channels were pronounced throughout the unusually dry summer season….
“The first information concerning the epidemic of encephalitis reached the Health Division of St. Louis August 8, 1933, when the superintendent of the Isolation Hospital notified the Health Division that 16 cases of an unusual type of encephalitis were admitted from the St. Louis County Hospital….
“On August 10 still more cases came in from the County, and it was quite obvious then that the City of St. Louis could not escape the epidemic…there were then no cases reported in the City of St. Louis proper….
“Early field investigations led us to believe that we were dealing with a disease which was similar in its spread to poliomyelitis. The cases were widely scattered, occurring in the suburban areas of the County. It was apparent very early that rarely more than one member of a family was affected, and that the upper age groups were involved more than younger individuals….
“It became manifest early that the diagnosis was delayed for several days in many patients who had nothing more than fever. The early cases also showed the importance of lumbar puncture as a diagnostic procedure….Bladder symptoms requiring catherization, and patients with delirium often requiring restraint would be handicapped by home treatment….
“The information issued early was complete from the clinical angle so that little difficulty could be experienced in recognizing the importance of fever, headache, and other symptoms so prominent in this disease….It was urged that…isolation should be maintained for at least 3 weeks from the date of onset of the disease….
“…reports started coming in to the City of St. Louis on August 17. Then…we started to date back the onset of the first case….This led to the discovery that cases that had recovered for several weeks were not reported. When we analyzed the cases we found that the first cases in St. Louis proper were on July 30. The first case in the County was July 7….
“…as the cases came in with no contact history, the carrier mode of spread became quite important. With the large number of mosquitoes in the areas involved naturally this theory became quite prominent in the minds of many ‘well-informed’ people. However, it never appealed very strongly to the Health Division that mosquitoes played an important role in the spread of the disease. With the infection so widely spread and the prevalence of mosquitoes so obvious, they had to be investigated thoroughly. As the result, the Public Health Service men together with the man from the Army Medical School carried on this work to attempt to solve the problem. Up to this time there has been no evidence accumulated to show that mosquitoes have any part to play in the transmission of this disease. While these experiments have not yet been completed, we naturally hold an open mind as to the results….
“People were afraid to come to St. Louis to transact even urgent business. Parents were afraid to send their children back to schools and colleges. Yet they had been advised by local, state and federal authorities that business matters could be carried on as usual in St. Louis. Up to this date we have had no reports come to us that lead us to believe that the epidemic was spread elsewhere by any persons going through St. Louis….
“The epidemic has now disappeared to the point where there are only a few sporadic cases. We have witnessed to date an epidemic of 1,065 cases with 197 deaths.” (Bredeck, Joseph F. (St. Louis Health Commissioner). “The Story of the Epidemic of Encephalitis in St. Louis.” (Presented at Special Session of APHA, Indianapolis IN, 10-10-1933.) American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 23, No. 11, Nov 1933, pp. 1135-1140.)
Diaz, et al., 2018: “The disease known as St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) is caused by St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), identified as the causative agent of a mosquito borne viral epidemic in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, during the summer of 1933. SLEV is transmitted by numerous mosquito species in the genus Culex and is amplified by passerine and columbiform avian species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length E gene sequences grouped SLEV strains into 8 genotypes. Genotypes I and II are prevalent in the United States and genotype V is widely distributed in South America. Other genotypes have limited distribution: genotype III is in southern South America, IV is limited to Colombia and Panama, VI is in Panama, VII is in Argentina, and VIII has been detected only in the Amazon region of Brazil.
“A retrospective analysis revealed that 38 human cases and 14 deaths were caused by SLEV in Paris, Illinois, USA during the summer of 1932. A 1933 SLE epidemic resulted in 1,095 clinical human cases and 201 deaths. Because subclinical cases are not identified or reported, retrospective serosurveys were conducted to determine the ratio of subclinical to clinical infections, which was determined to be 300:1. Using this ratio, the actual number of SLE cases during the 1933 SLE epidemic was ≈328,500, affecting nearly 40% of the city’s 821,960 inhabitants, based on US census data for 1930….
“Epidemics of SLE are promoted by environmental factors including summer temperature, rainfall, snowmelt, and surface water conditions. One of the most notable environmental drivers for SLEV activity is the cycling of rainfall and drought. The wet–dry cycle can affect the epidemiology of SLEV by forcing gravid floodwater Culex vectors to delay oviposition long enough to complete viral development (extrinsic incubation) in a single gonotrophic cycle, thus making them capable of viral transmission during their second blood meal. Drought has also been linked to urban SLE and West Nile virus (WNV) epidemics involving vectors in the Cx. pipiens complex….” (Diaz, Coffey, Burkett-Cadena and Day. “Reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Americas.” Emerging Infections Diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Vol. 24, No. 12, Dec 2018.)
Newspapers
Aug 24: “St. Louis, Aug. 24. – (UP) – Drinking water has been definitely eliminated as a carrier of the sleeping sickness germ which continues to prey on people of St. Louis and its environs. Four more deaths and 13 new cases brought fatalities from the malady to 22, and cases reported to 197.
“All research work now is being concentrated on insects as possible carriers of the germ under the direction of three U.S. public health physicians, Dr. J. F. Leake, Dr. L. L. Williams and Dr. Charles Armstrong.
“It was considered significant that the outbreak of encephalitis followed closely an influx of mosquitoes, but to offset this theory, physicians say that the disease has appeared in mid-winter when it would have impossible for the insect to have been the carrier.” (United Press. “Drinking Water Eliminated as Epidemic Cause.” Gastonia Daily Gazette, NC. 8-24-1933, p. 1.)
Aug 25: “St. Louis, Aug. 24. – (AP) – The death rate in ‘sleeping sickness’ epidemic here, rose to about one in eight cases today as scientists, worn from lack of sleep, strove vainly to ascertain the cause of the strange malady.
“Three more deaths were reported today and a recheck by St. Louis county authorities disclosed several hitherto unreported deaths, bringing the total to twenty-eight since the outbreak of the disease, July 30.
“Three major experts of the U.S. public health service, and local physicians are working literally day and night, intensively studying every possible method or procedure which might stop the spread of the epidemic.
“In their studies they are devoting little attention to the theory that germs are the cause of the disease, but are turning rather to the virus theory. ‘A virus,’ said Dr. Paul Zentay, assistant health commissioner of St. Louis, ‘is a living organism, so small that it cannot be seen in the strongest microscopes. It cannot be demonstrated by the ordinary means used in the case of bacteria, but in some virus diseases it is possible to inoculate animals with it by using some of the substance of an infected animal.’
“The fact that, in the case of encephalitis, it has been impossible so far to isolate the substance or organism by which the disease is transmitted is making the study of the disease difficult and baffling.
“Up to noon today 210 cases of the disease had been reported, but physicians said there may be many more cases of a mild type which have not been reported to physicians. They have asked that all mild fever cases be reported and isolated for study.” (Associated Press. “Baffling Disease Increases Its Toll.” Joplin Globe, MO, 8-25-1933, p. 10.)
Aug 26: “St. Louis, Aug. 26. – (AP) – As the death toll climbed to 35, a study of ‘sleeping sickness’ victims in St. Louis today showed that patients ranged from a 3-month-old baby to an 84-year-old man. Additional reports of victims of encephalitis, as the disease is officially known, were received from Missouri and Texas points….
“Indecision was manifest tonight whether schools of St. Louis county, where the epidemic has been especially prevalent, would open September 5, as scheduled. Dr. J. P. Leake, public health service expert directing a governmental study of the disease, today advised the schools be permitted to open. Experts pointed to lack of evidence that encephalitis is contagious and that ordinary diseases of a contagious nature frequently are better controlled in school than out.” (Associated Press. “Toll of Sleeping Malady up to 35.” Joplin Globe, 8-27-1933, p. 7.)
Aug 30: “St. Louis, Aug 30. – (U.P.) – A climbing death toll today faced baffled medical men, organized here in a determined fight against the rapidly-spreading epidemic of encephalitis, or sleeping sickness. An additional death today – the 46th within a month – sent the ratio of fatalities among encephalitis victims here to one to six, or 14.2 per cent….
“Two more United States Department of Health physicians were en-route here today to aid public health officials, university research men and federal scientists in their campaign against sleeping sickness….” (United Press. “U.S. Sends More Aid to St. Louis.” Macon Chronicle-Herald, MO. 8-30-1933, p. 1.)
Sep 4: “St. Louis, Sept. 4 0 (AP) – A new ward of fifty beds was opened in Isolation Hospital today to care for the growing number of sleeping sickness sufferers in the St. Louis area.
“The death list reached 72 today and the number of reported patients was well over 500, the exact number being unavailable because of lack of compilation yesterday and today, two holidays.
“Ninety sleeping sickness patients are receiving treatment at Isolation Hospital. The emergency has required a greatly augmented staff of nurses and physicians.
“Of the 144 encephalitis patients treated there, ninety remain, eighteen have died and 36 have been discharged, most of them with no lingering effects of the disease.
“Evidence that the disease is most deadly to elderly persons was seen in the ages of the nine persons who died yesterday and today.” (Associated Press. “Sleeping Sickness Death Toll Climbs.” Daily Capital News, Jefferson City, MO. 9-5-1933, p. 1.)
Sep 5: “St. Louis, Sept. 5. – (AP)….The disease, which tonight had taken 74 victims and afflicted 5436 others, has caused the mobilization of an emergency medical organization that is bringing physicians from distant cities to observe its workings…
“At Barnes hospital there are a dozen experiments under way, physicians working on various theories, with patients suffering from the diseases as their sources of evidence and observations.
“Today the United States Army entered the lists against the malady, with the setting up a laboratory for research at Jefferson Barracks, under the direction of Major James S. Simmons, distinguished bacteriologist of the Army medical college. His study will be on the possibility that insects are spreading the disease.
“The U.S. Public Health Service will have nine epidemiologists, selected for their particular experience in fighting epidemics, at work here following the arrival of four additional experts. Eight of them will concentrate on tracking down the transmission agent with the aid of trained workers from city and county health departments….” (Associated Press. “Intensify Study of Epidemic in the Mid-West.” Daily Capital News, Jefferson City, MO. 9-6-1933, p. 2.)
Sep 7: “St. Louis, Sept. 7. – (AP) – ‘Pitching camp’ in a battered hospital building of world war days, army medical experts today unpacked ‘pure-bred’ mosquitoes, monkeys and assorted rabbits and joined science’s efforts to solve the mystery of deadly ‘sleeping sickness.’….
“As the new experts joined a far-flung laboratory chain spreading throughout the Greater St. Louis area, five more deaths occurred from encephalitis. This brought the death toll here to eighty-six….”
(Associated Press. “Army Experts Join in Study of Malady.” Joplin Globe, MO. 9-8-1933, p. 4.)
Sep 9: “St. Louis, Sept. 9. – (AP) – Thanks to a woman pathologist [Dr. Margaret G. Smith, Washington University pathologist] and the involuntary co-operation of monkey victims, science apparently had produced the mysterious ‘sleeping sickness’ in animals and has entered a new phase of the study of the disease.
“Today as the 103rd victim of the current St. Louis outbreak died, hollow-eyed laboratory workers pursued the elusive filterable virus believed responsible for the outbreak….” (Associated Press. “Sleeping Malady Produced in Animals.” Joplin Globe, MO. 9-10-1933, p. 7.)
Sep 12: “St. Louis, Sept. 12 – (AP) ….the death toll from encephalitis rose to 125 in the St. Louis area. A total of 701 cases have been reported.” (Associated Press. “Use of Rabbits in Encephalitis Probe Admitted.” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. 9-12-1933, p. 2.)
Sep 12: “St. Joseph, Mo., Sept. 12 – (AP) – The ninth death from encephalitis in St. Joseph occurred last night at the city’s isolation hospital. This morning four patients at State Hospital No. 2 for the insane were removed to the isolation hospital suffering from the disease….Four wards at the asylum had been under quarantine at the time previous cases were reported but the quarantine was lifted last week.” (Associated Press. “Ninth Death in St. Joe.” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. 9-12-1933, p. 2.)
Sep 13: “St. Louis, Sept. 13 – (UP) – Health officials today noted an apparent slackening in the number of deaths resulting from the epidemic of encephalitis that has drawn more than 100 of the nation’s leading medical authorities here.
“Two additional deaths in the past 12 hours increased to 132 the number of fatalities among the 754 cases reported.” (United Press. “Epidemic Slackening.” Chillicothe Constitution, MO. 9-13-1933, p. 1.)
Sep 13: “St. Louis, Sept. 13. – (AP)….Only a dozen county patients were reported in the last twenty-four hours, while the city reported twenty-five. The total number of fatalities stood late today at 138, and the number of cases, 799, of which 441 were county residents and 358 lived in St. Louis.” (Associated Press. “Columbia Has ‘Sleep Sickness.’” Daily Capital News, MO. 9-14-1933, p. 1.)
Sep 14: “St. Louis, Sept. 14. – (AP) – Indications continue that an outbreak of encephalitis, or ‘sleeping sickness’ has reached its peak in St. Louis county, apparent spawning ground of the mysterious malady, since reported over a wide area.
“Five deaths occurred today in Greater St. Louis, bringing the total to 144, but only two of the victims resided in St. Louis county.
“Since mid-July 800 cases have been reported. Of the total, 438 persons lived in the county and 362 in St. Louis proper. Most of the victims are recovering. In the past twenty-four hours but ten new cases have been recorded.” (Associated Press. “5 More Die in St. Louis of Sleeping Sickness.” Joplin Globe, MO. 9-15-1933, p. 8.)
Sep 16: “Speaking before approximately fifty physicians of the Tri-State district last night at the Connor hotel, Dr. E. T. McGaugh, state health commissioner, made known that medical authorities do not now believe encephalitis (sleeping sickness) is contagious and that he will not recommend that schools be closed, public meetings stopped or business activities delayed where the disease is prevalent in an epidemic form….
Neurological findings have demonstrated that the epidemic of encephalitis now in the state is entirely different from the lethargic encephalitis that we have known.
We find that the mortality is 3 per cent for persons under 35 years of age and more than 30 per cent for persons over 55 years of age, while the mortality for all ages is about 20 per cent. We have had persons attacked by the disease from 3 months old to 86 years old. This disease seems to affect p4ersons in the higher brackets of over 50 years of age, which is contrary to the lethargic type, which attacks younger persons.
So far we have found no residual (after-effects). Persons who have recovered from the disease seem to suffer no after-effects, contrary to what we find in the lethargic type. However, it will take two years to determine whether the patient will suffer any after-effects.
The number of persons who contract the disease in the affected areas seems to be about one in every 1,000. The disease has been confined largely to densely populated areas, but there are some cases elsewhere in the state.
This disease does not seem to be as fatal as the ordinary lethargic type. There is no known cause; that is, no cause of the affliction has been determined at the present time…
“Dr. McGaugh said fifteen of the world’s best scientists now are working in St. Louis in an attempt to find the cause and cure for the disease….
“There are approximately forth cases of encephalitis in Independence, Dr. McGaugh said….” (Joplin Globe, MO. “Sleeping Sickness is not now Believed Contagious, Missouri Health Commissioner Declares.” 9-16-1933, p. 2.)
Sep 16: “St. Louis, Sept. 16. – (AP) – Scientists who have struggled with animal experiments for weeks in an effort to solve the mystery of ‘sleeping sickness’ finally have dedicated their very lives to the study. The United States Public Health Service at Washington announced today that three unidentified scientists had submitted to bites from mosquitoes which previously had bitten ‘sleeping sickness’ or encephalitis victims. Experts have given prominence to a theory that the disease is transmitted by insects….
“….the fatalities have grown to 150. Only three deaths were reported today, and it is agreed generally that the epidemic is slackening, but little has been learned of how the disease is transmitted or how it may be combatted effectively….” (Associated Press. “Scientists Are Martyrs in Epidemic,” Daily Capital News and Post-Tribune, Jefferson City, MO. J9-17-1933, p. 3.)
Sep 18: “St. Louis, Sept. 18. AP – The encephalitis epidemic continued to decline today with only three deaths and thirteen new cases reported since yesterday morning. The death total today was 153, and the total number of cases 859, indicating, health officials said, that the malady is spreading much less rapidly than in August and earlier this month.” (Associated Press. “‘Sleep’ Epidemic Still on Decline.” Monitor-Index and Democrat, Moberly, MO. 9-18-1933, p. 5.)
Sep 18: “Poplar Bluff, Mo., Sept. 18. AP – W. M. Parker, 61, died here today from what doctors diagnosed as encephalitis or ‘sleeping sickness.’ He became ill a week ago.” (Associated Press. “Death at Poplar Bluff.” Monitor-Index and Democrat, Moberly, MO. 9-18-1933, p. 5.)
Sep 19, Kansas City: “The diagnosis yesterday as encephalitis of the case of Charles W. Hanson, federal prisoner, had not been confirmed today by physicians at General hospital, and he was moved from the mental ward to one of the medical wards for further observation. Hanson was taken to the hospital from the county jail yesterday after Dr. Paul V. Woolley, physician engaged by the government to care for the health of federal prisoners here, had examined Hanson and believed him a victim of sleeping sickness….
“Figures on the sleeping sickness cases treated in Kansas City, Mo., hospitals, not including other Jackson County or Kansas City, Kansas, cases, since the first case was reported here August 19, follow:
Total of patients treated 38
Patients living in Kansas City, Mo. 25
Out-of-town patients treated here 13
Recoveries of Kansas City, Mo., patients 3
Recoveries here of out-of-town patients 2
Deaths of Kansas City, Mo., patients 3
Deaths here of out-of-town patients 4
Present number of patients 26
(Kansas City Star, MO. “More Sleep Sickness.” 9-19-1933, p. 10.)
Sep 20: “The community was shocked to learn of the recent death of U. S. Allemong at his home in Independence, Mo., from encephalitis….” (Macon Chronicle Herald, MO. “Death from Encephalitis,” 9-20-1933, p. 4.)
Sep 21: “St. Louis, Sept. 21. – (AP) – Five new deaths from encephalitis or ‘sleeping sickness’ today brought the death toll in greater St. Louis since July 30 to 165. Despite a steadily mounting death list fewer patients are being reported from day to day and officials believe the epidemic is on the wane….” (Associated Press. “St. Louis Feels Sure Epidemic is on Wane.” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO, 9-21-1933, p. 1.)
Sep 23: “St. Louis, Sept. 23 – (AP) – The ‘sleeping sickness’ epidemic appears near its end, Surgeon General Hugh S. Cumming of the U.S. public health service, said here tonight….The epidemic has taken 172 lives since mid-July in Greater St. Louis.” (Associated Press. “Epidemic is Near an End in St. Louis.” Sunday News and Tribune, Jefferson City, Mo., 9-24-1933, p. 2.)
Sep 27: “Topeka, Sept. 27. – (AP) – Dr. Earle G. Brown, secretary of the State Board of Health, said today a total of 71 new cases of encephalitis, or sleeping sickness, had been reported in Kansas last week, compared with 14 the week previous. Of the new cases, four were reported in Kansas City, three in Wichita, two in Hutchinson, two in Sumner County, and one each in Anderson, Cowley, Doniphan, Finney, Osborne and Ripley counties.” (Associated Press. “Kansas Reports Cases of Sleeping Sickness.” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO, 9-27-1933, p. 2.)
Sep 27: “Kansas City, Kan., Sept. 27. – (AP) – After an eight-day lull, six new cases of encephalitis were reported to city health officials here today. With one exception the cases developed in homes without sanitary system connections. John W. Webb, 74 years old, died in a hospital…” (Assoc. Press. “Encephalitis Outbreak at Kansas City, Kan.” Joplin Globe, MO, 9-28-1933, p. 7.)
Sep 28: “St. Louis, Sept. 28 – (AP) – Three deaths from encephalitis were reported in Greater St. Louis today, bringing the total since the outbreak of the epidemic in mid-July to 184. Ten new cases were reported, raising the total to 989.” (Associated Press. “Three More Die.” Daily Capital News, MO. 9-29-1933, p. 1.)
Sep 29: “St. Louis, Sept. 29. – (AP) – No deaths from encephalitis were reported in greater St. Louis today, the first day without a fatality since August 18. The disease has taken 185 lives since mid-July. Seven new cases today brought the total so far reported to 996.” (Associated Press. “Day Passes Without a Death.” Joplin Globe, MO. 9-30-1933, p. 2.)
Oct 2: “Aurora, Mo., Oct. 2. – (AP) – Mrs. C. A. Vanberg, 61 years old, died here yesterday afternoon from an illness diagnosed as encephalitis (sleeping sickness) by Dr. Will Smith. Mrs. Vanberg had been unconscious since she was stricken a week ago. There have been no other cases in Lawrence county.” (Associated Press. “Sleeping Sickness is Fatal to Aurora Woman,” Joplin Globe, MO, 10-3-1933, p. 5.)
Oct 4: “Topeka, Oct. 4 – (AP) – Twenty-one new cases of encephalitis, or sleeping sickness, were reported to the state board of health last week, an increase of four over the preceding week, a report by Dr. Earle G. Brown, secretary, showed today. Six of the cases were in Kansas City, three were in Ford county, two each were in Geary and Harvey counties, while one each was reported by Wyandotte, Seward, Sedgwick, Rice, Nemaha, Jewell, Ellsworth and Comanche counties.” (AP. “Topeka Reports Cases of Sleeping Sickness,” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, 10-4-1933, p. 12.)
Oct 8: “Private funeral services for Mrs. Minnie A. Hallquist…Kansas City, who died yesterday of encephalitis, will be held at 2 o’clock tomorrow…Mrs. Hallquist’s death was the ninth in Kansas City, Kansas, from sleeping sickness. She was 64 years old…” (Kansas City Star, MO. “Rites for Malady Victim…Ninth in Kansas City, Kansas.” 10-8-1933, p. 6A.)
Oct 9: “St. Louis, Oct. 9 – (AP) – Three deaths from encephalitis in Greater St. Louis during the week-end brought the total since July 30 to 201. Health authorities have announced the spread of the disease is no longer of epidemic proportions.” (Associated Press. “St. Louis Has 3 More Encephalitis Deaths,” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. 10-9-1933, p. 2.)
Oct 12: “Biggs – Private funeral services for Frank E. Biggs, who died Wed. of encephalitis, will be held Friday afternoon at 2 o’clock at the graveside in Woodlawn cemetery, Independence, Mo.” (Kansas City Star, MO. “Funerals,” 10-12-1933, p. 19.)
Oct 14: “St. Louis, Oct. 14 – (AP) – John Scheer, 71, died here today from encephalitis, the 116th victim in St. Louis since an epidemic began last July in this area. More than 200 deaths have occurred in greater St. Louis.” (Associated Press. “Dies of ‘Sleep Sickness.” Sunday News and Tribune, Jefferson City, MO, 10-15-1933, p. 3.)
Oct 25: “Columbia, Mo., Oct. 25. – (AP) – The first fatality from encephalitis in central Missouri was reported with the death here early this morning of James Maurice Clark, 19, Ferguson, sophomore in the University of Missouri. Clark entered the university hospital Sunday believed to be suffering with only a mild case of sleeping sickness, but his condition took a sudden change for the worse Monday….Eight cases of encephalitis have been reported here since September.” (Associated Press. “First Encephalitis Victim in Central Missouri Reported,” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO, 10-25-1933, p. 7.)
Sources
Associated Press. “5 More Die in St. Louis of Sleeping Sickness.” Joplin Globe, MO. 9-15-1933, p. 8. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/joplin-globe-sep-15-1933-p-8/
Associated Press. “Army Experts Join in Study of Malady.” Joplin Globe, MO. 9-8-1933, p. 4. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/joplin-globe-sep-08-1933-p-4/
Associated Press. “Baffling Disease Increases Its Toll.” Joplin Globe, MO, 8-25-1933, p. 10. Accessed 1-27-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/joplin-globe-aug-25-1933-p-10/
Associated Press. “Columbia Has ‘Sleep Sickness.’” Daily Capital News, MO. 9-14-1933, p. 1. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-daily-capital-news-sep-14-1933-p-1/
Associated Press. “Day Passes Without a Death.” Joplin Globe, MO. 9-30-1933, p. 2. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/joplin-globe-sep-30-1933-p-2/
Associated Press. “Death at Poplar Bluff.” Monitor-Index and Democrat, Moberly, MO. 9-18-1933, p. 5. Accessed 1-28-2020: https://newspaperarchive.com/moberly-monitor-index-sep-18-1933-p-5/
Associated Press. “Dies of ‘Sleep Sickness.” Sunday News and Tribune, Jefferson City, MO, 10-15-1933, p. 3. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-news-and-tribune-oct-15-1933-p-3/
Associated Press. “Encephalitis Outbreak at Kansas City, Kan.” Joplin Globe, MO, 9-28-1933, p. 7. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/joplin-globe-sep-28-1933-p-7/
Associated Press. “Epidemic is Near an End in St. Louis.” Sunday News and Tribune, Jefferson City, Mo., 9-24-1933, p. 2. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-news-and-tribune-sep-24-1933-p-2/
Associated Press. “First Encephalitis Victim in Central Missouri Reported,” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO, 10-25-1933, p. 7. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-post-tribune-oct-25-1933-p-5/
Associated Press. “Intensify Study of Epidemic in the Mid-West.” Daily Capital News, Jefferson City, MO. 9-6-1933, p. 2. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/daily-capital-news-sep-06-1933-p-1/
Associated Press. “Kansas Reports Cases of Sleeping Sickness.” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO, 9-27-1933, p. 2. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-post-tribune-sep-27-1933-p-2/
Associated Press. “Ninth Death in St. Joe.” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. 9-12-1933, p. 2. Accessed 1-28-2020: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-post-tribune-sep-12-1933-p-2/
Associated Press. “Scientists Are Martyrs in Epidemic,” Daily Capital News and Post-Tribune, Jefferson City, MO. J9-17-1933, p. 3. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-news-and-tribune-sep-17-1933-p-3/
Associated Press. “‘Sleep’ Epidemic Still on Decline.” Monitor-Index and Democrat, Moberly, MO. 9-18-1933, p. 5. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/moberly-monitor-index-sep-18-1933-p-5/
Associated Press. “Sleeping Malady Produced in Animals.” Joplin Globe, MO. 9-10-1933, p. 7. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/joplin-sunday-globe-sep-10-1933-p-7/
Associated Press. “Sleeping Sickness Death Toll Climbs.” Daily Capital News, Jefferson City, MO. 9-5-1933, p.1. Accessed 1-28-2020: https://newspaperarchive.com/daily-capital-news-sep-05-1933-p-1/
Associated Press. “Sleeping Sickness is Fatal to Aurora Woman,” Joplin Globe, MO, 10-3-1933, p. 5. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/joplin-globe-oct-03-1933-p-5/
Associated Press. “St. Louis Feels Sure Epidemic is on Wane.” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO, 9-21-1933, p. 1. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-post-tribune-sep-21-1933-p-1/
Associated Press. “St. Louis Has 3 More Encephalitis Deaths,” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. 10-9-1933, p. 2. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-post-tribune-oct-09-1933-p-2/
Associated Press. “Three More Die.” Daily Capital News, MO. 9-29-1933, p. 1. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-daily-capital-news-sep-29-1933-p-1/
Associated Press. “Toll of Sleeping Malady up to 35.” Joplin Globe, 8-27-1933, p. 7. Accessed 1-27-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/joplin-sunday-globe-aug-27-1933-p-7/
Associated Press. “Topeka Reports Cases of Sleeping Sickness,” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, 10-4-1933, p. 12. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-post-tribune-oct-04-1933-p-12/
Associated Press. “Use of Rabbits in Encephalitis Probe Admitted.” Jefferson City Post-Tribune, MO. 9-12-1933, p. 2. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jefferson-city-post-tribune-sep-12-1933-p-2/
Bredeck, Joseph F. (St. Louis Health Commissioner). “The Story of the Epidemic of Encephalitis in St. Louis.” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 23, No. 11, Nov 1933, pp. 1135-1140. Accessed 1-26-2020 at: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.23.11.1135
Accessed 1-27-2020 at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1558406/
Diaz, Coffey, Burkett-Cadena and Day. “Reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Americas.” Emerging Infections Diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Vol. 24, No. 12, Dec 2018. Accessed 1-26-2020 at: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/12/18-0372_article
Joplin Globe, MO. “Sleeping Sickness is not now Believed Contagious, Missouri Health Commissioner Declares.” 9-16-1933, p. 2. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/joplin-globe-sep-16-1933-p-2/
Kansas City Star, MO. “Funerals,” 10-12-1933, p. 19. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/kansas-city-star-oct-12-1933-p-19/
Kansas City Star, MO. “More Sleep Sickness.” 9-19-1933, p. 10. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/kansas-city-star-sep-19-1933-p-10/
Kansas City Star, MO. “Rites for Malady Victim…Ninth in Kansas City, Kansas.” 10-8-1933, p. 6A. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/kansas-city-star-oct-08-1933-p-6/
Macon Chronicle Herald, MO. “Death from Encephalitis,” 9-20-1933, p. 4. Accessed 1-28-202- at: https://newspaperarchive.com/macon-chronicle-herald-sep-20-1933-p-4/
United Press. “Drinking Water Eliminated as Epidemic Cause.” Gastonia Daily Gazette, NC. 8-24-1933, p. 1. Accessed 1-27-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/gastonia-daily-gazette-aug-24-1933-p-1/
United Press. “Epidemic Slackening.” Chillicothe Constitution, MO. 9-13-1933, p. 1. Accessed 1-28-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/chillicothe-constitution-tribune-sep-13-1933-p-1/
United Press. “U.S. Sends More Aid to St. Louis.” Macon Chronicle-Herald, MO. 8-30-1933, p. 1. Accessed 1-28-2020: https://newspaperarchive.com/macon-chronicle-herald-aug-30-1933-p-1/