11, NJ–103-108

lornajarrettblanchard October 15, 1954

–103-108 Blanchard tally based upon State and DC breakouts below.*
— 95 Barnes, Jay. Florida’s Hurricane History. 1998, Appendix, p. 311.
— 95 Blake, et al. The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense US Cyclones…. 2007
— 95 Hebert/Jarrell/Mayfield. The Deadliest, Costliest…[US] Hurricanes… Feb 1993, p. 80.
— 95 Jarrell et al, 2001.
— 95 National Weather Service. Baltimore/Washington Weather Forecast Office.
— 95 Norcross. Hurricane Almanac. 2007, p. 60.
— 95 Sav 1974, p. 14.
— 91 AP. “Hazel’s Death Toll Nears 150.” Salisbury Times, MD, Oct 18, 1954, p. 1.
— 84 AP. “Death Toll Rises to 251.” Aiken Standard and Review, SC, Oct 20, 1954, p. 1.
— 82 AP. “Hurricane Death Toll Reaches 245,” Daily Herald, Provo, UT, Oct 19, 1954, p. 1.
— 81 AP. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune, CA. Oct 17, 1954, 2.
— 74 Dunn and Miller 1964, p. 309.
— 71 Davis, Walter R. “Hurricanes of 1954.” Monthly Weather Review, December 1954, 370.

*The question arises as to why the State tally is higher than that provided by the National Weather Service and other sources that follow and reproduce their reporting. One of the explanations is that the NWS generally reports only what they refer to as “direct” deaths. In the case of hurricanes that would be wind (including tree falls during the storm), storm surge and sometimes other drowning deaths, such as those during the storm. Deaths attributed to “indirect” causes would not be included in their reported death toll. Indirect deaths would include electrocutions from downed wires or utility repair operations, heart attacks during evacuation, or vehicular accidents attributed to storm conditions. We, on the other hand, follow and accept the reporting at the time, which, generally citing “officials” or State Police, note storm-related deaths due to these “indirect” causes.

Summary of State Breakouts

Connecticut ( 1)
Delaware ( 4)
District of Columbia ( 3)
Maryland ( 11)
Massachusetts ( 1)
New Jersey ( 7)
New York ( 21)
North Carolina ( 19)
Pennsylvania (21-26)
South Carolina ( 1)
Virginia ( 13)
West Virginia ( 1)
Total 103-108

Canada 81 Environment Canada, “Remembering Hurricane Hazel…” 2004.
Haiti, western 88 Gelber 2002, 234.

Breakout of Fatalities by State

Connecticut ( 1)
–1 Greenwich, Oct 15. Electrocution; stepped on a fallen wire; Katherine J. Duncan, 42.

Delaware ( 4)
–4 Associated Press. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune, CA. Oct 17, 1954, 2.
–1 Bridgeville. Electrocution; wind toppled tree onto power line then on car; Elmer Sorden, 60.
–1 Dover area. Crushing when wind causes chicken house to collapse; John Hulinek, 70.
–1 Wilmington. Woman “blown into a trolley car as she tried to cross a downtown intersection.”

District of Columbia ( 3)
–3 Associated Press. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune, CA. Oct 17, 1954, 2.
–1 Female, 74; “…high winds swept her into the path of a truck as she crossed a street.”
–1 Female “died of a heart attack worrying about her young son being caught in the storm.”

Maryland (11)
–11 AP. “11 Dead…in Wake of Hurricane in State.” Frederick Post, MD, 10-19-1954, p. 1.
–10 AP. “Gov. Asks Emergency Help…Flooded Eastern Shore.” Cumberland News, MD, 10-18-‘54, 1.
— 9 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.
— 8 Eastern Shore. AP. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune CA. 17 Oct 1954, 2.
Breakout of Maryland storm-related fatalities by location (where noted/located):
–1 Annapolis. Drowning; during attempt to save boat; Walter Aylch, 40.
–1 Baltimore. Falling tree; Robert Cohen, 11.
–1 Caroline County. Female; no details.
–1 Crisfield. Drowning trying to secure boat; waterman Capt. Lorenzo Landon, 60’s.
–1 Hagerstown. Drowning; car stalled in a flash flood was swept away; Mrs. Helen Irving, 44.
–1 Salisbury. Skating rick collapse; man inspecting storm damage; Howard Ward, 54.
–1 Salisbury. Debris blown from building under construction hits car; Wade D. Bloodsworth, 35.
–1 Stockton. Falling tree; Vivian Wise, 13.
–1 Williston, Eastern Shore. Youth “reported fatally injured…struck by flying debris.” Blazejak.

Massachusetts ( 1)
–1 Associated Press. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune, CA. Oct 17, 1954, 2.

New Jersey ( 7)
–7 Associated Press. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune, CA. Oct 17, 1954, 2.
–5 Nese, Jon and Glenn Schwartz. The Philadelphia Area Weather Book. 2002, p. 143.

New York (21)
–21 Davies. Inside the Hurricane: Face to Face with Nature’s Deadliest Storms. 2000, p. 81.
–19 AP. “New York Counts 19 Deaths.” Syracuse Herald American, NY. 10-17-1954, 1.
–6 Electrocution.
–2 Auburn. Fallen power line; Mrs. Jay Sawyer, 43, and son, David Sawyer, 11.
–2 Brooklyn. Stepped on live high tension wire; Peter Sanin, 51, wife Catherine, 45.
–1 Staten Island. Picking up storm-downed high tension wire; James Burke, 11.
–1 Van Etten. Telephone lineman repairing storm damage; Leonard Cleavenger.
–5 Falling objects. [We count six from article descriptions.]
–1 Bronx. Hit by falling sign; Faye Novack, 55.
–1 Fulton. Falling tree; Herbert Earnshaw, 67.
–2 Norwich. Chimney bricks crush car; Frank Hendrickson, 47, wife Daisy, 37.
–1 Warwick. Falling tree limbs while clearing debris; Jacob Kleveno, 46.
–1 Wolcott. Falling tree limb; Floyd Albert Neal, 50.
–3 Falls.
–1 Cairo. Broken neck; electric shock on utility pole; fell; Howard Fiero, 38.
–1 Saranac Lake. Fall downstairs in darkened home; Mrs. Louis D’Onotrio, 70.
–1 Verno. Fell or was blown from ladder; Lester Sequin, about 40.
–5 Vehicular accidents. [We count four from article descriptions.]
–1 Buffalo; Two-car Crash; Paul Koonz, 27.
–1 Dekalb Junction, Rt. 87. Car goes in ditch; passenger Loreen Vivian Paul, 18.
–2 Oswego area, Route 11. Mrs. Eloise Lapoint and caesarian section baby at hosp.
–19 Associated Press. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune, CA. Oct 17, 1954, 2.

North Carolina (19)
— 19 Cohn, Scotti. Disasters and Heroic Rescues of North Carolina. 2005, p. 138.
— 19 Douglas 1958, pp. 307-312.
— 19 Barnes. North Carolina’s Hurricane History (Third Edition). 2001, p. 304.
— 19 Nat. Weather Ser., Newport/Morehead City, NC WFO. Hurricane Hazel, Oct 15, 1954.
— 18 Associated Press. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune, CA. Oct 17, 1954, 2.
–>15 AP. “Reporter Says Damage…Fantastic. Daily Times-News, Burlington, NC, 10-16-1954, p. 1.
Breakout of North Carolina storm-related fatalities by locality (where noted):
— 1 Burlington, Oct 16. Electrocution; lineman F M Crowder while repairing storm-damaged lines.
— 1 Holden Beach. Assoc. Press. “Hazel Goes to Pot up Sqhna. [Susquehanna] River.” 10-16-1954, p. 6.
— 7 Ocean Island Beach. Drownings.
–2 Mr. & Mrs. Frank Armfield
–2 Mr. and Mrs. J. Elwood Cox.
–3 Sherman Register, 34, of Shallotte; wife Madeline, 34, son, Buddy, 10, presumed dead.
— 1 Parkton area, Robeson County. Tree fall onto home; Jose Ann Bullard.
— 5 Shallotte, Brunswick County. State Highway Police report, not noting cause of death.
–1 David Glass of Greensboro.

Pennsylvania (21-26)
–26 Davies. Inside the Hurricane: Face to Face with Nature’s Deadliest Storms. 2000, p. 81.
–26 Gelber, Ben. The Pennsylvania Weather Book. 2002, 234.
–21 AP. “Hurricane Death Toll Mounting.” Daily Review, Towanda, PA, 10-19-1954, p. 1.
–11 Associated Press. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune, CA. Oct 17, 1954, 2.
Breakout of Pennsylvania hurricane-related fatalities by locality (where noted):
— 1 Blairsville area. Vehicle collision; state police attributed to lack of visibility due to downpour.
— 1 Castleman River. Drowning; swept from a bridge he was crossing; Roy Barkley, 39,.
— 1 Consul. Drowning; unidentified man. AP. “Hazel Goes to Pot up Sqhna. River.” 10-16-1954, p6.
— 1 Kingston, Oct 15. Falling tree; William Reese, 7.
— 1 Moncure, Chatham County. “killed…while driving a truck.” O. L. Jordan.
— 1 Pikesville. Tree fall on farmhouse; lung punctured; Wesley Wooten, 56.
— 1 Pinetop [Pinetops?] area. Tree blown down and onto tobacco warehouse; William Taylor.
–11 Pittsburgh area. Flash flood drownings. UP. “Canadian Provinces Count Dead.” 10-17-1954, 1.
— 1 Salisbury. Heart attack digging ditch to protect home from flood water; William Pertry, 70.
— 1 Upper Dublin Township. Electrocution; lineman repairing flood-damaged utility pole.

South Carolina ( 1)
–1 State. Douglas 1958, pp. 307-312.

Virginia ( 13)
–13 AP. “Hurricane Hazel Damage Covers Extensive Area,” Greely Tribune, CO, 10-21-54, 28.
–13 Davies. Inside the Hurricane: Face to Face with Nature’s Deadliest Storms. 2000, p. 81.
— 8 Associated Press. “Stricken Areas Record Toll.” Oakland Tribune, CA. 10-17-1954, 2.
Breakout of Virginia storm-related fatalities by locality where noted:
–1 Barksley area. Wind blows debris from chicken house onto man; William Barnes, 61.
–1 Emporia area. Wind blows down tobacco warehouse wall; Mrs. Elizabeth Pair.
–3 James River, 60 miles upriver from Norfolk. Tug Indian sank; four survivors.
–1 Captain William Clayton Hodges, about 38.
–2 Norfolk. Associated Press. “Hazel Goes to Pot up Sqhna. [Susquehanna] River.” 10-16-1954, p. 6.
–1 Car/truck collision on rain-slicked Petersburg Pike; Laura C. Burch, 43.
–1 Electrocution; attempt to move downed power line from street; William Ira Pierce, 52.
–1 Parksley, Accomack Co. Struck by debris “at the height of the storm.” William Barnes, 55.
–1 Richmond. Falling tree; Walter Lee Scott, 70.
–1 Sedley, Southampton County. Struck by debris “at the height of the storm.” J. G. Raiford, 66.

West Virginia ( 1)
–1 Buchannan. Drowned; photographer in boat (capsized) over city street; Horace Edward Fretwell, 29.

Narrative Information

Davis: “Hazel resulted in 20 deaths on the Carolina beaches and about $163 million in damage to the Carolina beaches and the interior of North Carolina. The death toll for the area along the hurricane’s path north of the Carolinas into the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario was about 149 with 78 of the total in Canada. Damage estimates for this area total over $148 million plus additional damage particularly in Virginia and New York for which figures are not available.” (Davis, Walter R. “Hurricanes of 1954.” Monthly Weather Review, Dec 1954, 370.)

Douglas: “Hurricane Hazel, the eighth of `54 blew northeastward up the Atlantic…. Her circular winds accelerated to 130 miles per hour as she turned northwestward, squarely toward the coast of the Carolinas that juts out into the Atlantic. Before her…she pushed a rising wall of waves…. Warnings screamed along the Carolina coasts as the rains began….

The mass evacuation that followed saved thousands of lives. The problem, on those endless island beaches north from Georgia, is that they are connected with the mainland by bridges or causeways only at long intervals. To escape, people must ride for miles along roads parallel to the sea already storming up the sands. The heavy rains fill the roads….People who were forced to abandon their cars in sand flowing like water were exposed to sand-blast, rain-blast, wind-blast.

“The hurricane moved…at North Carolina about 9 A.M. on the fifteenth of October, from the South Carolina line to Cape Fear, with winds from 90 to 106 miles per hour and blasts, near and east of the eye, at 150 miles per hour. Twenty-foot waves came racing up the shores on top of a ten-foot-high tide. Rain was like drumfire.

“From Pawley’s Island, South Carolina, to Cape Fear, North Carolina, the entire ocean front was obliterated. All signs of human life vanished in watery smoke. Miles and miles of houses built behind ten- to twenty-foot dunes exploded as the seas and winds crashed over the sand hills…. Myrtle Beach, Windy Hill, Crescent Beach, Cherry Grove, in South Carolina, with their stores and businesses, were incredibly devastated. There was one death…. Of Long Beach’s 377 buildings, 352 were utterly destroyed. At Holden Beach 200 were gone. Ocean Isle was swept bare; Robinson Beach, Colonial Beach, Wrightsville were badly damaged. One-half the taxable wealth of Carolina Beach was swept away…. Nineteen lives were lost in North Carolina….

“Hazel blew and whirled through Virginia, the District of Columbia, Maryland and Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York State. Winds cut swaths in forest trees, blew down power poles and towers, plate glass store fronts and roofs…The losses by power failures and by the floodings of rivers, lakes, dams, the destruction of roadways and shade trees was astronomical….

Then it headed “…into Canada with a path as wide as Windsor to Kingston, with winds of ninety miles per hour and gusts to 120…. It was over this steep lakeside region, deep-grooved with rivers, that hurricane Hazel from the Caribbean collided with…[a] massive cold front from the Yukon and Chicago….

“Sunday morning, the sixteenth of October, 1954….What the first helicopter saw, flying low to pick up people stranded on the roofs of houses, was an enormous triangle of destruction that had been a valley of neat and pleasant towns, from Bradford and Becton in the north, to the mouth of the Humber. It was now a steep and glistening avalanche of wet mud and indescribably tangled debris….” (Douglas 1958, pp. 307-312.)

Dunn and Miller (1964, 217) note that following Hurricanes Hazel and Carol (Aug 31), “…the Weather Bureau began to formulate plans for an intensive research program designed to develop means of forecasting the heights of hurricane tides and surges. Official Weather Bureau advisories had long contained warnings to coastal residents to expect ‘abnormally high tides’ or ‘dangerously high tides’ in connection with the approach or landfall of the hurricane center. These warnings were not specific enough, and the tide-research program hoped to develop means which would enable the hurricane forecaster to foretell the actual tide heights in feet. Tide specialists were assigned to all the major hurricane forecast centers and to a few of the more vulnerable stations along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. The research program was well under way by the hurricane season of 1955…” (Dunn and Miller 1944, 217)

Environment Canada: “The official death toll for this storm [in Canada] is 81 people.” (Environment Canada, “Remembering Hurricane Hazel 1954, 50 Year Anniversary,” 2004.)

Gelber: “The third major hurricane to hit the East Coast in the 1954 season arrived in the middle of October. Hurricane Hazel developed into a dangerous Category 4 hurricane over the south-eastern Caribbean Sea on October 5, blasting Hispaniola on October 12. Ninety-eight died in western Haiti, where winds gusted to 100 miles per hour.

“After wreaking havoc in the islands, Hazel took aim on the United States’ eastern seaboard, striking the North Carolina-South Carolina border shortly after daybreak on October 15. Sustained winds reached 106 miles per hour….

“Hazel’s rapid forward movement (45 miles per hour) increased the force of the winds that buffeted the North Carolina coast, which reached 130 miles per hour. Hazel was expected to weaken rapidly over the foothills of the Appalachians, but swift steering currents helped maintain very powerful winds near the surface, even after the circulation center had weakened over eastern Virginia.

“The storm crossed into south-central Pennsylvania around 9:00 p.m. on October 15, 1954, still packing hurricane-force winds that knocked down about one billion bushels of fruit in eastern and central Pennsylvania….The Weather Bureau in Philadelphia reported eleven fatalities and two persons missing in the aftermath of the storm in eastern Pennsylvania….

“In the western part of the state…thirteen people lost their lives…” (Gelber 2002, 234.)

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