8-89-90

lornajarrettblanchard January 10, 1975

— 90 Blanchard tally based on State/locality breakouts below. (We show IL/1; NOAA does not.)
— 89 NOAA EDS. Storm Data. Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan 1975.*
–15 IA, p. 4.
–5 Asphyxiation when home chimneys clogged with snow.
–2 Exposure
–3 Heart attacks
–5 Vehicular traffic accidents
— 2 MI, p. 6.
–1 Oakland County (just north of Detroit). Woman when tree fell on car.
–1 Washtenaw County. Motorcyclist blown off road and killed.
–35 MN, p. 6.
–14 “direct” deaths
–21 heart attack victims
–14 NE, indirectly attributable to storm, p. 6.
–12 ND, p. 7.
— 8 SD, p. 8.
–2 exposure (direct deaths)
–6 “storm related”
— 3 WI, p. 10.
–1 Manitowoc. Man killed when lumber driven by the wind hit him in the head.
–2 Milwaukee area. Exposure.
— 80 Schwartz and Schmidlin. “Climatology of Blizzards…” 2002, pp. 1765-1772.
— 70 Allsop, Harry. “Nemo: Top ten worst blizzards to hit the US.” Telegraph, UK, 2-8-2013.

*Blanchard note on NOAA’s Storm Data: Storm Data does not explicitly note that there were 89 storm or storm-related deaths. Rather the number is our addition of the loss of life attributable to the storm in each of the States notes above.

Summary of State Breakouts Summary of Causes of Death

Illinois ( 1) Asphyxiation and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ( 3)
Iowa (15) Exposure to excessive natural cold/hypothermia (17)
Michigan ( 2) Heart Attacks shoveling snow; pushing cars (30)
Minnesota (35) Vehicular/Vehicular-Related, weather conditions ( 7)
Nebraska (14) Wind ( 2)
North Dakota (12) Other, not specifically identified (22)
South Dakota ( 8)
Wisconsin ( 3)

Total 90

Breakout of Winter Storm Fatalities by State and, when noted, Locality and Cause

Illinois ( 1)
— 1 Chicago. Male dies of exposure.

Iowa (15)
–15 NOAA EDS. Storm Data. Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan 1975, p. 4.
–5 Asphyxiation when home chimneys clogged with snow.
–2 Exposure
–3 Heart attacks
–5 Vehicular traffic accidents
–15 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.
–5 Asphyxiation/carbon monoxide poisoning.
–2 Exposure.
–2 Heart attacks shoveling or after shoveling snow.
–6 Vehicular or related, weather related.
Breakout of winter storm fatalities by locality and, when noted, cause.
— 2 Brooklyn, hwy. 6. Cars collide; slick road; James Kibbee, 20, and his wife Mary Kibbee, 17.
— 1 Coralville Reservoir area, US 218. Car skids out of control into truck; Debra Ann Angerer, 22.
— 1 Creston area. Two-truck collision; visibility hampered by blowing snow; Dwight Smith, 51.
— 1 Des Moines. Vehicular; Betty Elaine Shaw, 22.
— 1 Glidden, Jan 11. Heart attack after shoveling snow; Willard W. Bentley, 77.
— 3 Granville. Carbon monoxide poisoning; family of three, from heating system leak. (Portz)
— 1 Lohrville area? Exposure; car stuck in snow; tried walking to safety; Mike Monahan, 38.
— 1 Missouri Valley, Jan 10. Heart attack; delivering mail during blizzard; John Alexander, 62.
— 2 Rembrandt. Asphyxiation? Elderly couple found dead in their home. Peterson couple.
— 1 Spencer area. Exposure. Raymond Mayou, 42, on snowmobile rescue mission becomes lost.
— 1 Waterloo, Jan 10. Vehicular; hit while crossing street; poor visibility; Dwayne Boleyn, 47.

Michigan ( 2)
— 2 State. Evening Tribune, Albert Lea, MN. “Storms Kill More than 30.” 1-13-1975, p. 1.
— 2 “ NOAA EDS. Storm Data. Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan 1975, p. 6.
–1 Oakland County (just north of Detroit). Woman when tree fell on car.
–1 Washtenaw County. Motorcyclist blown off road and killed.
— 1 Detroit area. Woman killed when tree falls on car.

Minnesota (35)
— 35 State. Ludlum, David M. The American Weather Book. 1982, p. 7.
— 35 “ Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Famous Winter Storms (webpage).
–14 deaths “in blizzard” –21 heart attacks
— 35 “ NOAA EDS. Storm Data. Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan 1975, p. 6.
–14 “direct” deaths –21 heart attack victims
— 35 “ Univ. of Minnesota. Famous Minnesota Winter Storms (Listed Chronologically).
–>34 “ Winona Daily News, MN. “34 deaths attributed to storm.” 1-20-1975, p. 4.
— 15 “ Press Telegram, Long Beach, CA. “Northeast snowbound; storm….” 1-15-1975, 9.
— 14 “ Blanchard tally of deaths noted by locality and cause below.
— 1 Alexandria area. Apparent heart attack, died awaiting ambulance led by snow plow.
— 1 Belle River, Jan 11. Apparent heart attack; snow hindered medical assistance; male, ~60.
— 1 Glenwood (rural), Pope County. “Storm-related” according to coroner; Palmer Haugen, 63.
— 1 Lake Mille Lacs fish house. Man, 74, heart attack, from Austin, MN. Arthur Matter.
— 1 Lafayette, Jan 11. Heart attack after shoveling snow; Werner Youngblom, 79.
— 2 Le Center. Two Young males, 19 and 21, asphyxiation in car nearly buried by snow.
— 2 Leonard, Jan 11. Exposure; 2 men abandoned car in ditch; tried walking to safety.
— 1 Moorhead, Jan 11. Apparent exposure; man found dead on street; Harm Ludemann, 66.
— 1 ~Motley, Jan 12. Apparent heart attack “exhausted…fighting…blizzard to…barn.” Man, 84.
— 1 Owatonna (rural), Jan 11. Exposure; walking to neighbor’s farm, became lost. Man, 70.
— 1 Waltham area, Jan 12. Exposure; car stuck in snow, tried walking to safety; Ernest Reimann, 59.
— 2 Willmar area, Jan 10. Mother, about 30, and son, 9, exposure, snowmobiling.

Nebraska (14)
–18 Associated Press. “Midwest Storm Claims 30.” Estherville Daily News, IA, 1-13-1975, p.3.
–16 Lincoln Star. “NE Nebraska Gets More Snow.” 1-16-1975, p. 22.
–14 Assoc. Press. “Worst blizzard in years leaves 14 dead.” Sidney Telegraph, NE, 1-13-1975, 6.
–14 NOAA EDS. Storm Data. Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan 1975, p. 6. (Indirectly attributable to storm.)
–13 Fairbanks News-Miner. “Last of blizzard drives temperatures in South down.” 1-14-1975, 3
–12 Press Telegram, Long Beach, CA. “Northeast snowbound; storm death toll…” 1-15-1975, 9
–10 State. Evening Tribune, Albert Lea, MN. “Storms Kill More than 30.” 1-13-1975, p. 1.
— 9 Blanchard tally of the locality and cause breakouts below.
Breakout of Nebraska winter storm and storm related deaths by locality and cause:
— 1 Columbus, Jan 14. Heart attack while shoveling snow from sidewalk; George Miller, 71.
— 1 Norfolk area. “…a motorist ran off an ice-slicked bridge near Norfolk.” John Szparage.
— 5 Omaha. Mills, J. (AP) “Five Omahans die in storm.” Beatrice Daily Sun, NE. 1-11-1975, 2.
–1 Apparent heart attack; collapsed outdoors; John P. Arent, 56.
–1 Cause not noted; I. H. Floersch, 69, death “believed to be storm-related.”
–1 Apparent heart attack while pushing car; Lawrence Sorensen, 58.
–1 Apparent heart attack while pushing car; Woodrow Rasmussen.
–1 Apparent exposure. Mrs. Maude Talbert, ~85, found dead in the snow outside home.
— 1 Omaha. Heart attack shoveling snow at home; Edward Henningsen (coroner determination).
— 1 St. Libory. Heart attack while walking through snow; Floyd Dean, 46.

North Dakota (12)
–12 NOAA EDS. Storm Data. Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan 1975, p. 7.
— 8 Fairbanks News-Miner. “Last of blizzard drives temperatures in South down.” 1-14-1975, 3
— 3 Bodies of three young men found Jan 16; car stalled, tried to walk to safety, got 3 miles.
— 1 Jamestown area. Woman, 33, found dead near abandoned automobile.

South Dakota ( 8)
— 8 Daily Inter Lake, Kalispell, MT. “Valley residents start to dig out from …” 1-13-1975, p. 1.
— 8 NOAA EDS. Storm Data. Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan 1975, p. 8.
–2 exposure (direct deaths)
–6 “storm related”
–1 “A ninth person is missing, presumably dead.”
— 8 NWS Sioux Falls, SD WFO. Big Weather Events of the 20th Century at Sioux Falls, SD.
— 6 Summit community. Asphyxiation; family home.
— 2 Sioux Falls area. Exposure; two young men/car buried in snowdrift/left car seeking safety.

Wisconsin ( 3)
— 3 NOAA EDS. Storm Data. Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan 1975, p. 10.
–1 Manitowoc. Man killed when lumber driven by the wind hit him in the head.
–2 Milwaukee area. Exposure.

Breakout of Causes of Death

Asphyxiation and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
–5 IA. Asphyxiation when home chimneys clogged with snow.
–2 MN, Le Center. Two Young males, 19 and 21, asphyxiation in car nearly buried by snow.

Exposure (to excessive natural cold/hypothermia)
–1 IL, Chicago. Male dies of exposure.
–2 IA. Exposure.
–2 MN, Leonard, Jan 11. Exposure; 2 men abandoned car in ditch; tried walking to safety.
–1 MN, Moorhead, Jan 11. Apparent exposure; man found dead on street; Harm Ludemann, 66
–1 MN, Owatonna (rural), Jan 11. Exposure; walking to neighbor’s farm, became lost. Man, 70.
–1 MN, Waltham area, Jan 12. Exposure; car stuck in snow, tried walking to safety; Ernest Reimann, 59.
–2 MN. Willmar area, Jan 10. Mother, about 30, and son, 9, exposure, snowmobiling.
–1 NE. Apparent exposure. Mrs. Maude Talbert, ~85, found dead in the snow outside home.
–3 ND. Bodies of three young men found Jan 16; car stalled, tried to walk to safety, got 3 miles.
–1 ND, Jamestown area. Apparent exposure; woman, 33, dead near abandoned automobile.
–2 SD. Exposure (direct deaths).

Heart Attacks shoveling or after shoveling snow and pushing cars in snow
— 3 IA. Heart attacks
–21 MN. Heart attacks
— 1 NE, Columbus, Jan 14. Heart attack shoveling snow from sidewalk; George Miller, 71.
— 1 NE. Apparent heart attack; collapsed outdoors; John P. Arent, 56.
— 1 NE. Apparent heart attack while pushing car; Lawrence Sorensen, 58.
— 1 NE. Apparent heart attack while pushing car; Woodrow Rasmussen.
— 1 NE, Omaha. Heart attack shoveling snow; Edward Henningsen (coroner determination).
— 1 NE, St. Libory. Heart attack while walking through snow; Floyd Dean, 46.

Vehicular/Vehicular-Related (due to weather conditions)
–5 IA. Vehicular traffic accidents
–1 MI, Washtenaw County. Motorcyclist blown off road and killed. (wind double listed)
–1 NE, Norfolk area. “…a motorist ran off an ice-slicked bridge near Norfolk.” John Szparage

Wind
–1 MI, Oakland County (just north of Detroit). Woman when tree fell on car.
–1 MI, Washtenaw County. Motorcyclist blown off road and killed. (vehicular double listed)

Other
–7 MN (direct). Were 14 “direct” deaths, seven of which we have been able to identify.
–1 NE. Cause not noted; I. H. Floersch, 69, death “believed to be storm-related.”
–8 ND. “Direct,” though cause not noted – would appear to all be exposure.
–6 SD. Indirect “storm related,” though cause not specified.

Narrative Information

Illinois

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “Illinois…Whole state…[Jan] 10 eveing-11 afternoon…Wind, heavy rain. An intense winter storm passing along the northern Great Lakes whipped strong, steady winds across the state the evening of the 10th and into the 11th. Downed trees, broken tree limbs, shattered glass, torn shingles, and snapped power lines were common throughout Illinois as wind gusts of 40 to 65 miles an hour lashed the state….” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17, N1, Jan 1975, p. 4.)

Iowa

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “Iowa. Northwest third of State. [Jan] 10 early a.m.-12 early a.m. Severe blizzard. An intense low pressure system moved nearly straight northward from SC Iowa to SE Minnesota producing severe blizzard over NW one third of State. Snow amounts of 8 to 15 inches were accompanied by wind gusts to 75 mph, and falling temperatures. Snow drifted into 20 foot drifts completely paralyzing the area. Thousands of motorists were stranded. The human deaths resulted from exposure…, 5 due to asphyxiation when home chimneys clogged with snow, 5 due to traffic accidents and 3 due to heart attacks. Livestock losses were substantial – estimated 15,000 cattle, 15,000 hogs, 1,500 sheep and 70,000 chickens. Dollar value of livestock losses es6timated in excess of $20 million. The Governor requested that 40 northwest counties be declared Federal disaster areas.” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17, N1, Jan 1975, p. 4.)

Kansas

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “Kansas. Northcentral, Portions Northeast. [Jan] 10…Heavy Snow, Wind. A severe winter snow storm with northerly winds in excess of 45 miles per hour caused considerable blowing and drifting snow along a 75 to 100 mile wide band from Hiawatha to Concordia to Hunter to Great Bend. Snow depths of 6 to 9 inches were common in the central core while 3 to 5 inches were reported elsewhere in the area. Temperatures were generally in the 20s at the height of the storm. Numerous automobile accidents and a number of minor injuries were reported. Some highways, as well as county roads, were closed as a result of drifting snow.” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17, N1, Jan 1975, p. 4.)

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “Michigan. Entire State. [Jan] 10 evening – 11 midday…Wind. Woman killed in Oakland Co. when tree fell on car. Motorcyclist blown off road and killed in Washtenaw Co. 28 of the 38 injured persons were in mobile homes. 22 aircraft and 13 boats torn from moorings. Storm surge caused flooding on east and north shores of Lake Michigan, erosion on east shore, and ice jam at north end of Green Bay. Many buildings and vehicles damaged. Extended period of power outage required use of emergency shelters in northern Lower Peninsula.” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17, N1, Jan 1975, p. 6.)

Minnesota:

Ludlum: “Minnesota’s ‘Storm of the Century’: severe blizzard moved from south to north; barometer sank to 28.55 in…at Duluth; wind chill from -50⁰ to -80⁰F…; deepest snowfall 23.5 in (60 cm); 35 storm-related deaths.” (Ludlum. The American Weather Book. 1982, p. 7.)

MN DNR: “Jan 10-12, 1975, perhaps one of the worst blizzards and strongest storms. Closed most roads in the state, some for 11 days, 20 ft drifts. One to two feet of snow, train stuck at Willmar, 15,000 head of livestock lost. Many low barometric pressure records set (28.55 at Duluth), winds to 80 mph, storm intensified over the state, 14 people died in blizzard, and 21 more from heart attacks.” (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Famous Winter Storms (webpage).)

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “Minnesota. Statewide. [Jan] 10-12…Severe Blizzard. The ‘Severe Blizzard’ was associated with a strong low pressure system that moved eastward across Kansas and Northern Oklahoma, Thursday the 9th, reaching Northeastern Missouri, daybreak, Friday the 10th. During day storm center curved sharply to the north-northeast deepening rapidly and intensifying as it moved over Eastern Iowa towards Southeastern Minnesota. By 7PM CST on the 10th storm’s center had reached Rochester, Minnesota area where new low pressure record of 28.635″ was set. At 10:15PM storm center passed just east of Minneapolis/St. Paul establishing new low pressure record of 28.62″. The center accelerated northward reaching the Duluth line at 2:05AM CST Saturday the 11th. Duluth set new all time low pressure record of 28.55″ and a new low record for the State. Storm center reached Canadian Border near Basswood Lake at about 5:30AM, Saturday the 11th.

“New snow of 3 to 6 inches had fallen on the 9th in a 100-mile wide band across Minnesota from the Southwest to the Northeast. This snow began blowing and drifting in the Southwest on morning of 10th and developed into full blizzard conditions with new heavy snowfall during afternoon spreading north and east to reach Fargo/Mankato line by 6:00PM – the Duluth/Twin Cities/Austin line by Midnight and over remaining sections of extreme Southeast and extreme Northeast within next 3 hours. The blizzard continued over all sections of State during 11th with winds of 30 to 50 MPH. Drifts up to 20 feet high developed in heavy snowfall areas of West Central, Central, and South Central northward through Central sections into Canada paralyzing activity. 12″ to 23″ of new snow was measured. Drifts elsewhere in state closed most all roadways – snow plowing ceased due to zero visibility and uncontrollable drifting. Most sections only snowmobiles able to move. Numerous sustained power outages across state, particularly in rural sections. Thousands were stranded. 168 trapped in train at Willmar; 6,000 homes without power Western Twin Cities.

“Temperatures dropped 25⁰ to 35⁰ from noon of 10th to noon of 11th. By nightfall of 11th readings were -15⁰ to -2⁰ northwest to southeast. Wind-chill readings averaged 50⁰ to 30⁰ below. Blizzard conditions started easing southeast by daybreak of 12th and finally ended northeast after nightfall.

“Thirty-five (35) deaths occurred during period of storm; 14 were directly related and 21 were heart attack victims. Livestock losses near 15,000 head; poultry 100,000; 140 farm buildings damaged or destroyed; total losses in excess of $14,000,000. Wild life losses moderate to heavy. Additional losses: $3,900,000 to private homes and businesses; $2,400,000 for snow control and removal. It took 11 days to clear some areas. American Red Cross provided food or shelter for 16,672 people.

“This Blizzard of 1975 now ranked as ‘Storm of the Century’ for Minnesota. National Weather Service Winter Storm Watches from Minneapolis/St. Paul were posted 2 days before storm hit; Blizzard Warnings were issued 8 to 14 hours in advance of its onset.” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17, N1, Jan 1975, p. 6.)

Missouri

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “Missouri. Statewide. [Jan] 9-10…Blizzard, Flooding and Flash Flooding, Sev. Thunderstorm. A major storm system moved through the area causing a variety of weather across the state. Extreme northwestern Missouri was on the southern edge of one of the worst winter storms in recent years. Six to eight inches of snow fell and was whipped by forty to fifty mile per hour winds to drifts up to waist deep….” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17, N1, Jan 1975, p. 6.)

Nebraska

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “Nebraska. Eastern Quarter of the State…[Jan] 10…Early morning to Late Evening…Blizzard. Heavy snow ranging from 4 to 19 inches accompanied by gusty winds up to 60 m.p.h. caused blowing snow with drifts ranging from 4 to 12 feet high and locally visibilities of less than 1/8 of a mile across the eastern one-fourth of the state. Path of the storm was southwest to northeast and heaviest amounts fell over a 100 mile wide band from Hebron, Beatrice, Pawnee City northeast through Nebraska City, Omaha and Sioux City. Outside this area in the extreme southeast corner 1 to 3 inches fell. One-hundred miles west and north of the main path snow of 1 to 3 inches fell. The western two-thirds received traces or no snow at all. Throughout the 100 mile wide path of heaviest snowfall hundreds of cars were stalled with numerous auto accidents mostly of fender bender variety. Businesses and schools were closed. Thousands of people were unable to reach home, most of whom were able to find shelter in business establishments or homes close by. Most principle and secondary highways were closed with the main arteries mostly open to at least one lane traffic in about 36 hours. There were fourteen deaths reported indirectly attributable to the storm. Livestock losses in Nebraska were minimal.” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17, N1, Jan 1975, p. 6.)

North Dakota

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “North Dakota. State. [Jan] 10-11…12 [killed]…Blizzard. Storm center developed over Southern Plains moving northward through upper Mississippi Valley. Over 10 inches of snow fell in eastern portions of state to around one inch in western sections.

“Very cold arctic air surged southward from Canada intensifying winds to over 60 mph, dropping wind chills to lower than 70 degrees below Zero and reducing visibilities to near Zero in blowing snow. Drifts as high as 10 feet in eastern and central portions of state. Travel and business at complete standstill…” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17/N1, Jan 1975, p. 7.)

South Dakota

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “South Dakota…[Jan] 10 afternoon [to] 12 morning. Counties East of the Missouri River…8 [killed]…Severe Blizzard. A storm centered in eastern Kansas early Friday, intensified rapidly and moved northeastward across northwest Missouri, central Iowa into western Wisconsin. Snow began to fall Friday before noon. In the eastern portion of the state, the winds increased blizzard conditions by 6 PM and severe blizzard conditions by midnight. These severe conditions continued through Saturday ending Sunday about noon. The temperatures dropped to eight below zero by mid-day Saturday. The sub-zero temperatures combined with the strong winds resulted in chill factors of approximately 70 below zero. Many cars stalled on the highways because of poor visibility, icy roads and blowing and drifting snow. Eight persons lost their lives, two as a result of exposure, the others storm related. A ninth person is missing, presumably dead. The immediate cattle loss is estimated at 7,500 with another 2,500 to be destroyed as a result of exposure. The sheep loss is being estimated at approximately 2,000, hogs at 1,700 and poultry at more than 4,100. This storm is considered by many long time residents as the worst blizzard of this century. During this blizzard, a 2,000 foot radio and TV antenna just east of Sioux Falls, collapsed.” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17/N1, Jan 1975, p. 8.)

Wisconsin

NOAA EDS Storm Data: “Wisconsin. Entire State. Late 10th & 11th…3 [killed]…Wind Storm. An extremely intense low pressure system, the center of which passed through western and extreme northwest Wisconsin, caused very strong winds throughout the state. Considerable damage was reported statewide, including numerous power failures from downed power lines, large trees and signs blown down, along with damage to various structures. Wind damage was most extensive over the southeastern half of Wisconsin. Sustained winds were averaging around 50 MPH with frequent gusts into the 60 to 70 MPH range. Highest measured winds in gusts were 77 MPH reported by Wisconsin Power and Light at Eldorado in Fond Du Lac County….One death occurred in Manitowoc as a piece of lumber driven by the wind hit a man in the head. Two people died of exposure in the Milwaukee area as winds and falling temperatures developed on the 11th.” (NOAA EDS Storm Data. V17/N1, Jan 1975, p. 10.)

Sources

Allsop, Harry. “Nemo: Top ten worst blizzards to hit the US.” Telegraph, UK, 2-8-2013. Accessed 2-13-2013: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9859086/Nemo-Top-ten-worst-blizzards-to-hit-the-US.html

Associated Press. “6 Killed In Mishaps.” Cherokee Daily Times, IA. Jan 11 & 13, 1975, p. 3. Accessed 10-20-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/cherokee-daily-times-jan-11-1975-p-3/

Associated Press. “At Least Nine Dead In Midwest Blizzard.” Cedar Rapids Gazette, IA. 1-12-1975, p.1. Accessed 10-20-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/cedar-rapids-gazette-jan-12-1975-p-1/

Associated Press. “Blizzard Death Toll Reaches 15.” Albert Lea Tribune, MN. 1-14-1975, p. 2. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/albert-lea-evening-tribune-jan-14-1975-p-2/

Associated Press. “Blizzard Victim.” Estherville Daily News, IA. 1-14-1975, p. 3. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/estherville-daily-news-jan-14-1975-p-3/

Associated Press. “Find Iowa couple asphyxiated.” Creston News Advertiser, IA, 1-15-1975, p. 12. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/creston-news-advertiser-jan-15-1975-p-24/

Associated Press. “Iowa Due For More Snow.” Fairfield Ledger, 1-13-1975, p. 10. Accessed 10-20-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/fairfield-ledger-jan-13-1975-p-10/

Associated Press. “Midwest blizzard leaves 50 dead.” Creston News Advertiser, IA. 1-13-1975, p1. Accessed 10-20-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/creston-news-advertiser-jan-13-1975-p-1/

Associated Press. “Midwest Storm Claims 30.” Estherville Daily News, IA, 1-13-1975, p.3. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/estherville-daily-news-jan-13-1975-p-3/

Associated Press. “Storm called state’s worst.” The Pioneer, Bemidji, MN. 1-13-1975, p. 1. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/bemidji-pioneer-jan-13-1975-p-1/

Associated Press. “Worst blizzard in years leaves 14 dead.” Sidney Telegraph, NE, 1-13-1975, 6. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/sidney-telegraph-jan-13-1975-p-6/

Beatrice Daily Sun, NE. “Five Omahans die in storm.” 1-11-1975, p. 2. Accessed 10-20-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/beatrice-daily-sun-jan-11-1975-p-2/

Carroll Daily Time Herald. “Carroll Area Digs Out After Record Blizzard.” 1-13-1975, p. 1. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/carroll-daily-times-herald-jan-13-1975-p-1/

Cedar Rapid Gazette, IA. “Highway Mishaps Fatal to Four Eastern Iowans.” 1-11-1975, p. 1. Accessed 10-20-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/cedar-rapids-gazette-jan-11-1975-p-1/

Daily Inter Lake, Kalispell, MT. “Valley residents start to dig out from cold, snowy weekend.” 1-13-1975, 1. Accessed 10-22-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/kalispell-daily-inter-lake-jan-13-1975-p-1/

Daily Journal, Fergus Falls, MN. “Blizzard one of worst this century.” 1-11-1975, p. 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=74722912&sterm

Des Moines Register, IA. “Weather…continued from Page One.” 1-12-1975, p. 7. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/des-moines-register-jan-12-1975-p-7/

Evening Tribune, Albert Lea, MN. “Storms Kill More than 30.” 1-13-1975, p. 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=34580026&sterm

Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, AK. “Last of blizzard drives temperatures in South down.” 1-14-1975, p. 3. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=78188494&sterm

Leader-Times, Kittanning, PA. “Midwestern Farmers Again Weather Victims.” 1-16-1975, p. 4. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=88747107&sterm

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Le Mars Daily Sentinel, IA. “Granville family of three found dead after storm.” 1-15-1975, p. 1. Accessed 10-20-2021 at https://newspaperarchive.com/lemars-daily-sentinel-jan-15-1975-p-1/

Lincoln Star. “NE Nebraska Gets More Snow.” 1-16-1975, p. 22. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/lincoln-star-jan-16-1975-p-22/

Lincoln Star, NE. “Norfolk Man Dies In Crash.” 1-11-1975, p. 9. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/lincoln-star-jan-11-1975-p-9/

Ludlum, David M. The American Weather Book. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1982.

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Famous Winter Storms (webpage). Accessed 10-20-2021 at: https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/summaries_and_publications/winter_storms.html

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data Service. Storm Data. Vol. 17, No. 1, January 1975. Asheville, NC: NOAA EDS. Accessed 10-20-2021 at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-42157385-9EFD-4FA8-913E-C7704B449466.pdf

National Weather Service, Sioux Falls, SD Weather Forecast Office. Big Weather Events of the 20th Century at Sioux Falls, SD (webpage). Accessed 10-22-2021 at: https://www.weather.gov/fsd/20thcentury

Post-Crescent, Appleton, WI. “Blizzard hammers nation’s midsection.” 1-12-1975, 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=17674367&sterm

Press Telegram, Long Beach, CA. “Northeast snowbound; storm death toll mounts in Midwest.” 1-15-1975, p. 9. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=46521362&sterm

Schwartz, Robert M. and Thomas W. Schmidlin. “Climatology of Blizzards in the Conterminous United States, 1959–2000.” Journal of Climate, Vol. 15, Issue 13, July 2002, pp. 1765-1772. Accessed at: http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0442(2002)015%3C1765%3ACOBITC%3E2.0.CO%3B2

Spirit Lake Beacon, IA. “Blizzard Is An Iowa Word.” 1-16-1975, p. 1. Accessed 2-14-2013 at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=102755547&sterm=storm+death

The Pioneer, Bemidji, MN. “Two deaths reported – Bemidji area digs out.” 1-13-1975, p. 1. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/bemidji-pioneer-jan-13-1975-p-1/

Times Herald, Carroll, IA. “Brother of Randy Olson Dies in Storm.” 1-17-1975, p. 2. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=134102601&sterm=storm

United Press International. “May snow Wednesday.” Columbus Telegram, 1-14-1975, p. 1. Accessed 10-21-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/columbus-telegram-jan-14-1975-p-1/

University of Minnesota. Famous Minnesota Winter Storms (Listed Chronologically). Accessed 1-26-2009 at: http://climate.umn.edu/doc/historical/winter_storms.htm

Winona Daily News, MN. “34 deaths attributed to storm.” 1-20-1975, p. 4. Accessed 2-14-2013 at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=62436390&sterm

Winona Daily News, MN. “Blizzard called ‘storm of the century.’” 1-13-1975, p. 3. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=75711116&sterm