1983 — Aug 18, Hurricane Alicia, Galveston, greater Houston & Southeast TX — 21

lornajarrettblanchard August 18, 1983

— 21 Blanchard tally of deaths by location and cause of death breakouts below.

— 21 Burt and Stroud. Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book. 2004, p. 205.

— 21 KHOU.com. “Hurricane Alicia 30 Year Anniversary.” 8-3-2013.

— 21 NHC, NWS, NOAA. Preliminary Report. Hurricane Alicia, 15 to 21 August 1983.

— 21 NWS WFO Houston/Galveston. One Hundred Years…[SE TX] Weather (1900-2000).

— 21 Roth, David (NWS). Texas Hurricane History. Jan 17, 2010 update, p. 60.

— >20 AP. “Houston asks for debris clean-up aid.” Paris News, TX, 8-25-1983, 19A.

–10-20 NRC. Hurricane Alicia: Galveston and Houston, [TX], Aug 17-18, 1983. 1984, 75.[1]

— 17 American Red Cross (in Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team rpt.); cited in NRC, 134.

— 17 NCDC. “Billion Dollar US Weather Disasters 1980-1994, 1994.

— 17 Roth, David. Texas Hurricane History: Late 20th Century. NWS, 1998; 6-23-2003 mod.

Deaths by Location (21):

— 2 Clear Lake. NRC. Hurricane Alicia: Galveston and Houston…Aug 17-18, 1983. p. 134.[2]

–1 Clear Lake (south of Houston), Aug 18? Drowning; male (Hung Van Le), 20.[3]

— 1 Conroe (north of Houston), Aug 18. Tree fall on residence; Richard L. Furstenfeld, 54.[4]

— 1 Dallas, ~Aug 18. Wind blows traffic sign onto truck; Billy Austin Hatcher, 26.[5]

— 1 Dallas (NE), Aug 19. Drowning; swept into storm sewer. Christopher M. Bowman, 10.[6]

— 1 Highlands (east of Houston), Aug 18. Tree fall on automobile. Female (Lisa Norman), 24.[7]

— 1 Houston, Aug 18. Tree fall on residence; Elisa Lopez Flores, 71.[8]

— 1 Houston (River Oaks section), Aug 19. Truck runs into fallen tree. Kenneth Long, 22.[9]

— 2 Houston, Aug 20. Fire from candles, home without power; male, 19, sister, 10 (Gilliam).[10]

— 2 Houston Ship Channel bayou, Aug 20 (found). Drowning; male shrimpers, ages 25 & 29.[11]

— 2 Huntington Bayou (Houston area), Aug 18. Drowning while swimming; males, 17 & 20.[12]

— 1 Porter (west of Houston), Aug 18. Tree fall on residence; Cynthia Gaye Bingham, 15.[13]

— 1 ~Rosharon. Smoke inhalation, fire from candle, home without power; male, 62.[14]

— 1 Seabrook (southeast of Houston), Aug 18. Apparent drowning; male (Vien Van Le), 53.[15]

— 1 ~80 miles off Gulf coast. Drowning, Aug 17? LA tugboat sinks; crewman, 40, drowns.[16]

— 1 Location and date not noted. Tree fall on girl, 14, trying to move car outside her home.[17]

— 1 Location and date not noted. Utility repairman fell to death while working on power line.[18]

— 1 Apparent drowning of engineer on fishing boat near Houston Ship Channel.[19]

Identified Causes of Death (21)

Drowning: (10)

— 2 Clear Lake (south of Houston), Aug 18? Drowning; males (one was Hung Van Le), 20.

— 1 Dallas (NE), Aug 19. Drowning; swept into storm sewer. Christopher M. Bowman, 10.

— 2 Houston Ship Channel bayou, Aug 20 (found). Drowning; male shrimpers, ages 25 and 29.

— 2 Huntington Bayou (Houston area), Aug 18. Drowning while swimming; males, 17 and 20.

— 1 Seabrook (southeast of Houston), Aug 18. Apparent drowning; male (Vien Van Le), 53.

— 1 ~80 miles off Gulf coast. Drowning, Aug 17? LA tugboat sinks; crewman, 40, drowns.

— 1 Apparent drowning of engineer on fishing boat near Houston Ship Channel.

Fall: (1)

— 1 Location and date not noted. Utility repairman fell to death while working on power line.

Fire and/or Smoke Inhalation: (3)

— 2 Houston, Aug 20. Fire from candles, home without power; male, 19, sister, 10 (Gilliam).

— 1 ~Rosharon. Smoke inhalation, fire from candle, home without power; male, 62.

Tree Falls: (6)[20]

— 1 Conroe (north of Houston), Aug 18. Tree fall on residence; Richard L. Furstenfeld, 54.

— 1 Highlands (east of Houston), Aug 18. Tree fall on automobile. Female (Lisa Norman), 24.

— 1 Houston, Aug 18. Tree fall on residence; Elisa Lopez Flores, 71.

— 1 Houston (River Oaks section), Aug 19. Truck runs into fallen tree. Kenneth Long, 22.[21]

— 1 Porter (west of Houston), Aug 18. Tree fall on residence; Cynthia Gaye Bingham, 15.

— 1 Location and date not noted. Tree fall on girl, 14, trying to move car outside her home.

Vehicle Accidents: (2)[22]

— 1 Dallas, ~Aug 18. Wind blows road sign onto vehicle; Billy Austin Hatcher, 26.

— 1 Houston (River Oaks section), Aug 19. Truck runs into fallen tree. Kenneth Long, 22.[23]

Gender

Female (16)

Male ( 5)

Age Range

0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 Not Noted

0 6 7 0 1 2 1 1 3

Narrative Information

NHC: “The Coast Guard cutter Buttonwood moored at Galveston reported sustained winds of 96 mph with gusts to 125 mph. Hobby Airport at Houston, Texas reported 94 mph sustained winds with gusts to 107 mph. Wind gusts of hurricane force in downtown Houston littered the streets with broken glass as windows broke in the high-rise buildings. Additionally, twenty-three tornadoes were reported from Alicia.” (NHC, NOAA. Hurricanes in History. “Alicia, 1983.”)

NRC Committee on Natural Disasters: “Hurricane Alicia, which came ashore near Galveston, Texas, during the night of August 17-18, 1983, was the first tropical cyclone of full hurricane intensity to strike the U.S. mainland in over three years. It [was at the time]…the second most costly storm ever to strike the United States, if Hurricane Agnes, which in 1972 caused inland flooding over a large part of the U.S. East Coast, is excluded. Alicia’s coastal property damage was exceeded only by that of Hurricane Frederic, which came ashore near Mobile, Alabama, in 1979.

“Though Alicia was not a strong hurricane, the area of maximum winds in the storm crossed a large metropolitan area– the Galveston-Houston area of Texas…placing that area’s network of expensive structures, buildings, and lifeline facilities at risk. Wind damage was extensive throughout the area, and rain and storm surges caused flooding damage in some areas bordering the Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay. A unique effect of the storm was concentrated damage to the glass of a cluster of high-rise buildings in downtown Houston. ‘It was a hypnotic thing to watch,’ said a spokesman from the city’s Public Works Department who observed damage in downtown Houston from a police squad car. ‘A panel would break out, but it wouldn’t fall directly to the ground. It would get whipped around in the wind, hit another panel, maybe in the building across the street, and then there would be more broken glass flying around. It seemed to be feeding on itself.’

“Other residents of the area reported being scared, lying in the dark listening to the wind roar, glass breaking, and flying debris hitting around them. For some, the storm was fatal. Tallies of the death toll from Alicia vary from 10 to 20, depending on the extent to which deaths indirectly attributable to the storm are included….” [p. 1.]

“Besides the loss of life and property damage, life was affected in a number of ways. Electricity and telephone service were disrupted over a wide area, and it took weeks to get services restored in some locations. Other services, such as water and waste treatment, were lost when powr was lost….Fuel deliveries were interrupted and electrically powered gasoline pumps failed, resulting in refueling problems for emergency vehicles in some areas. Many ites were in short supply, and at least 60 formal complaints of price gouging were being investigated by the Texas Attorney General’s office.

“August temperatures are uncomfortable on the Gulf Coast, and in Houston 31 ‘cooling centers’ were set up for people whose air conditioning or fans were made useless by the electrical outage. Having lost food due to lack of refrigeration and not being able to prepare hot meals, many people depended on volunteer groups such as the Red Cross and Salvation Army for meals….

“Looting was reported on the first day after the storm (Thursday): 22 people were arrested in Galveston, 65 in Houston, and 11 in Texas City. Curfews were imposed in Galveston, Hitchcock, La Marque, and Humble. On Friday only two arrests for looting were made in Galveston and none in Houston….” [p. 135]

“Many residents were homeless after the storm, particularly those from the hardest-hit beach and bayfront locations. It was estimated that over 3,000 people needed housing, and FEMA began attempts to rent 2,000 units. Some people remained in public shelters for more than a week. The Red Cross opened a total of 111 shelters in 22 counties, housing over 25,000 evacuees. Over 1,000 volunteers and 150 staff workers were involved in these efforts….” [p. 137]

“President Reagan declared Harris, Galveston, Chambers, Matagorda, Brazoria, and Fort Bend counties disaster areas shortly after Alicia, and on August 29 added Liberty, Montgomery, and San Jacinto counties….” [p. 137]

(Committee on Natural Disasters, National Research Council (Rudolph P. Savage, et al.). Hurricane Alicia: Galveston and Houston, Texas, August 17-18, 1983. 1984, p. 1.)

NWS: “Hurricane Alicia – August 18, 1983

First billion dollar storm to affect the Texas coast with damage estimated near $2 billion dollars
21 persons killed with over 7000 injured
Sustained winds measured at 115 mph with gusts in excess of 125 mph
Alicia produced 23 tornadoes.”

(National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Houston/Galveston, TX. One Hundred Years of Southeast Texas Weather (1900-2000). NWS, 12-20-2009 modification.)

Roth: “A weak frontal trough drifted in the Northern Gulf of Mexico on the night of August 14th. A huge area of thunderstorms developed off the coasts of Mississippi, Alabama, and Northwest Florida. A large cluster of thunderstorms, known as a Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC) was seen 150 miles south of the Louisiana coast during the morning and early afternoon of the 14th. It drifted west-southwest and by the afternoon of the 14th, thunderstorms developed over an apparent surface circulation. A weak low was analyzed in that area. It became Alicia, a tropical storm, by the afternoon of the 15th and a hurricane by the afternoon of the 16th. Hurricane Alicia struck the coast at around 2 am on August 17th in Southwestern Galveston Island after moving painfully slowly in the Gulf. It weakened into a tropical depression as it passed east of College Station….

“Storm surges were 12.1 feet at Morgan Point, along Galveston Bay. Highest rainfall total noted was 10.75″ at Greens Bayou; 9.70″ fell at Deweyville. Highest winds measured were 102 m.p.h. gusts at Galveston. Seventeen tornadoes were spawned by Alicia in Southeast Texas and seventeen people perished.

“A major crude oil spill occurred around Texas City…. An ocean going tug capsized 50 miles south of Sabine Pass. Alicia relieved the drought stricken Plains over the next few days as it continued northward through Oklahoma. Fifty to 200 feet of Galveston Island’s coast eroded away. Damages totaled over $3 billion.” (Roth (NOAA), Texas Hurricane History Late 20^th Century, 2003.)

Roth: “August 17-18th, 1983 (Alicia): A weak frontal trough drifted in the northern Gulf of Mexico on the night of the 14th. A huge area of thunderstorms developed off the coasts of Mississippi, Alabama, and northwest Florida. A large cluster of thunderstorms, known as a Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC), was seen 150 miles south of the Louisiana coast during the morning and early afternoon of the 14th. It drifted west-southwest and by the afternoon of the 14th, thunderstorms developed over an apparent surface circulation. A weak low was analyzed in that area. The system became Alicia, a tropical storm, by the afternoon of the 15th and a hurricane by the afternoon of the 16th.

“Hurricane Alicia struck the coast at around 2 AM on the 17th in southwestern Galveston Island after moving painfully slow in the Gulf. The pressure fell to 28.55″ at the Alvin weather office. In Houston, glass from skyscrapers filled the streets below. It weakened into a tropical depression as it passed east of College Station. Storm surges were 12.1 feet at Morgan Point, along Galveston Bay.

“As Alicia moved northward through Oklahoma, it relieved drought conditions across the Plains. The highest rainfall total noted was 10.75 inches at Greens Bayou, while 9.70 inches fell at Deweyville. Highest winds measured were 102 mph gusts at Galveston. Twenty-three tornadoes were spawned by the cyclone in southeast Texas and twenty-one people perished. A major crude oil spill occurred around Texas City. About 60 gallons of water had to removed from the National Weather Service Office in Alvin. An ocean going tug capsized 50 miles south of Sabine Pass. Fifty to 200 feet of the Galveston Island coast eroded away. Damages totaled over $3 billion.” (Roth, David (NWS). Texas Hurricane History. Jan 17, 2010 update, pp. 59-60.)

Newspaper

Aug 20: “Houston (UPI) — The list of the dead from Hurricane Alicia indicates the storm’s wind, not its torrential rain or high tides, was the main culprit. Five of the hurricane’s victims died from falling objects blown down by winds that reached 130 mph.

“First to die was Elisa Lopez Flores, 71, who was killed in her sleep Thursday when the wind knocked over a tree causing the collapse of the roof of her home.

“Three hours later, Robin Lisa Stutts Norman, 21, of Highlands was killed when a tree fell on her

Car. Her husband was injured.

“The storm moved inland and hit Conroe, north of Houston, where Cynthia Gaye Brigham, 14, was killed trying to move a car to shelter and was struck by a falling tree.

“Also in Conroe, former utility lineman Richard L. Furstenfeld, 54, was killed when a tree fell on him as he tried to repair a fallen power line.

“By nightfall Thursday, Alicia had moved north as far as Dallas, which was whipped by 80 mph winds that blew a 110-foot sign spanning four lanes of the Interstate 635 freeway, striking the cabs of two tractor-trailer rigs. The driver of one rig, Billy Austin Hatcher, 26, of Roth, Okla., was killed. Traffic investigator Roy Hodgens said the sign severed the truck’s air line.” (UPI. “Alicia’s winds blamed for most of fatalities.” Hutchinson News, KS, 8-20-1983, p. 22.)

Sources

Associated Press (Houston). “Alicia death toll increases to 16.” New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung, TX, 8-21-1983, p. 1. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=115464372&sterm

Associated Press. “Alicia’s death list.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-22-1983, p. 2. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=112276750&sterm=hurricane+alicia+dead

Associated Press. “Alicia’s victims listed.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-20-1983, p. 2. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=112276727&sterm=hurricane+alicia

Associated Press (Galveston). “Alicia’s winds claim 2 lives.” New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung, TX, 8-18-1983. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=115464355&sterm

Associated Press (Houston). “Houston asks for debris clean-up aid.” Paris News, TX, 8-25-1983, 19A. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=113293995&sterm=hurricane

Associated Press (Houston). “Insurers Say Alicia Ranks Among Costliest Hurricanes.” Baytown Sun, TX. 8-22-1983, A8. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=118422038&sterm

Associated Press (Galveston, Paul Recer). “Troops guard against looting in crippled Galveston.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-19-1983, p. 3A. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=115322976&sterm=hurricane+alicia+dead

Baytown Sun, TX (Louise Shaw and David Byford). “Highlands Woman Dead; Power Return Slow.” 8-19-1983, A1. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=118421884&sterm

Baytown Sun, TX. “Storm Victim’s Rites Set.” 8-21-1983, p. 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=118421941&sterm=hurricane+alicia

Burt, Christopher C. and Mark Stroud. Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book. W. W. Norton & Co., 2004, 304 pages. Google preview accessed 1-1-2014 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=NuP7ATq9nWgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Committee on Natural Disasters, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council (Rudolph P. Savage, et al.). Hurricane Alicia: Galveston and Houston, Texas, August 17-18, 1983. Washington, DC: National Academy Press 1984. Accessed 9-5-2014 at: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/images/hgx/hurricanes/Committee_On_Natural_Disasters_Alicia.pdf

Committee on Natural Disasters, National Research Council. Hurricanes Iwa, Alicia, and Diana – Common Themes: A Report of the Committee on Natural Disasters, 1984. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1985, 30 pages. Digitized by Google. Accessed at: http://books.google.com/books?id=6EMrAAAAYAAJ&dq=hurricane+alicia&source=gbs_navlinks_s

Godschalk, David R., David J. Brower, and Timothy Beatley. Catastrophic Coastal Storms: Hazard Mitigation and Development Management. Durham NC: Duke Univ. Press, 1989, 75-93.

Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team. Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team Report (FEMA 689 DR Texas). Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1983.

KHOU.com. “Hurricane Alicia 30 Year Anniversary.” 8-3-2013. Accessed 9-5-2014 at: http://forums.khou.com/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=1864

National Climatic Data Center. “Billion Dollar U.S. Weather Disasters 1980-1994.” Table 4. NOAA, 8-4-1997.

National Hurricane Center, NOAA. Hurricanes in History. “Alicia, 1983.” Accessed at: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml#alicia

National Hurricane Center, NOAA. Preliminary Report. Hurricane Alicia, 15 to 21 August 1983. Accessed 9-4-2014 at: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1983-prelim/alicia/prelim01.gif and

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1983-prelim/alicia/prelim02.gif

National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Houston/Galveston, TX. One Hundred Years of Southeast Texas Weather (1900-2000). Dickinson, TX: NWS, 12-20-2009 modification. Accessed 6-8-2012 at: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hgx/?n=climate_holidays_hundred

Roth, David (National Weather Service). Texas Hurricane History. Camp Springs, MD: NWS. 1-17-2010 update. Accessed at http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf

Roth, David. Texas Hurricane History: Late 20th Century. National Weather Service, Weather Service Forecast Office, Lake Charles, LA, NOAA, 1998; June 23, 2003 modification. Accessed at: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/txlate20hur.php

United Press International. “Alicia’s winds blamed for most of fatalities.” Hutchinson News, KS, 8-20-1983, p. 22. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=137698197&sterm

United Press International. “Damage, deaths mount in wake of hurricane.” Bryan Times, OH, 8-22-1983, p. 2. Accessed 9-5-2014 at: http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19830822&id=BVkdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CFgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6584,4858250

[1] “Tallies of the death toll from Alicia vary between 10 and 20, depending on the extent to which deaths indirectly attributable to the storm are included….The ‘official’ Red Cross estimates were 17 deaths and 3,243 injuries (Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team, 1983).”

[2] “Bodies of two men were found in Clear Lake, presumably drowned while staying on boats docked there.”

[3] Associated Press (Houston). “Alicia death toll increases to 16.” New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung, 8-21-1983, p. 1. Notes “The body of an unidentified man was found about 6:30 p.m. in Clear lake, south of Houston…” Another account notes that “Hung Van Le, 20, of the Beaumont area, whose body was found in a sunken boat in 15 to 20 feet of water near Clear Lake…was thought to have drowned in floodwaters Thursday [18^th].”

[4] Associated Press. “Alicia’s victims listed.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-20-1983, p. 2. Another source writes that the former utility lineman “was killed when a tree fell on him as he tried to repair a fallen power line.” (UPI. “Alicia’s winds blamed for most of fatalities.” Hutchinson News, KS, 8-20-1983, p. 22.)

[5] Associated Press. “Alicia’s victims listed.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-20-1983, p. 2 (notes the wind blew a traffic sign over onto his truck on the LBJ Freeway in Dallas). AP (Galveston). “Troops guard against looting in crippled Galveston.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-19-1983, 3A. See, also, NRC. Hurricane Alicia… 1984, p.134.

[6] AP. “Alicia’s victims listed.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-20-1983, p. 2. NRC. Hurricane Alicia… 1984, p.134.

[7] Baytown Sun, TX (Shaw and Byford). “Highlands Woman Dead; Power Return Slow.” 8-19-1983, p. A1. Another account notes full name as Robin Lisa Norman, whose husband and 2-year-old son were injured. (Baytown Sun, TX. “Storm Victim’s Rites Set.” 8-21-1983, p. 1.) See, also, NRC. Hurricane Alicia… 1984, p.134.

[8] AP. “Alicia’s victims listed.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-20-1983, p. 2. NRC. Hurricane Alicia… 1984, p.134.

[9] AP. “Alicia’s victims listed.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-20-1983, p. 2. NRC. Hurricane Alicia… 1984, p.134.

[10] AP. “Alicia death toll increases to 16.” New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung, TX, 8-21-1983, 1. Another account notes names as Alfred Gilliam Jr. and Lolita Gilliam (AP. “Alicia’s death list.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-22-1983, 2.) NRC. Hurricane Alicia… 1984, p.134.

[11] Associated Press (Houston). “Alicia death toll increases to 16.” New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung, 8-21-1983, p. 1. Notes that the out-of-state men “probably drowned after falling out of their boat in high winds.” Another account notes that their bodies were “pulled Saturday [20^th] from Braes Bayou near Brady Island in the Houston Ship Channel.” (AP. “Alicia’s death list.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-22-1983, p. 2.) Names of victims were “Kenneth Packer, 29, and Ozell Jones, 25, of Youngstown, Ohio.” (UPI. “Damage, deaths mount in wake of hurricane.” Bryan Times, OH, 8-22-1983, p. 2.) See, also, NRC, Cmt. on Natural Disasters. Hurricane Alicia… 1984, p. 134.

[12] Associated Press. “Alicia’s victims listed.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-20-1983, p. 2. Notes that “Michael Lopez, 17, and Sergio Rodriguez, 20, both of Houston [were] pulled Friday from Huntington Bayou, where they disappeared on Thursday while swimming.” See, also, NRC, CND. Hurricane Alicia… 1984, p. 134.

[13] AP. “Alicia’s victims listed.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-20-1983, p. 2. Another account has last name as Brigham, age as 14, and home in Conroe, while noting that she was the third person to die. (UPI. “Alicia’s winds blamed for most of fatalities.” Hutchinson News, KS, 8-20-1983, p. 22.)

[14] Associated Press (Houston). “Alicia death toll increases to 16.” New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung, 8-21-1983, p. 1. Rosharon is in Brazoria County, and is south of Houston and west of Galveston. Another account notes victim’s name as Tommy Lee Campbell (Associated Press. “Alicia’s death list.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-22-1983, p. 2.)

[15] Associated Press. “Alicia’s victims listed.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-20-1983, p. 2. AP. (Galveston). “Troops guard against looting in crippled Galveston.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-19-1983, 3A. Name provided in: Associated Press. “Alicia’s death list.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-22-1983, p. 2, which notes “The body was found near the Pier Restaurant” and that the victim was from the Beaumont area.

[16] AP (Houston). “Insurers Say Alicia Ranks Among Costliest Hurricanes.” Baytown Sun, TX. 8-22-1983, A8. Notes “The Coast Guard on Sunday [22^nd] suspended the search for the latest victim, a Louisiana tugboat crewman missing since the vessel sank in the hurricane about 80 miles off shore. Four others clung to a leaky raft for 2½ days before being rescued Friday.” Another account names victim as M. J. Boiteaux, writes that he was from Harvey, LA, and that he drowned after “he abandoned a life raft and tried to swim to an offshore oil platform.” (Associated Press. “Alicia’s death list.” Del Rio News-Herald, TX, 8-22-1983, p. 2.)

[17] Cmt. Natural Disasters. Hurricane Alicia: Galveston and Houston, Texas, Aug 17-18, 1983. 1984, pp. 75, 134.

[18] Cmt. on Natural Disasters. Hurricane Alicia: Galveston and Houston… Aug 17-18, 1983. 1984, pp. 75, 134.

[19] UPI. “Damage, deaths mount in wake of hurricane.” Bryan Times, OH, 8-22-1983, p. 2.

[20] One of these is cross-counted in Vehicle Accidents.

[21] Cross-listed under “Vehicle Accidents.”

[22] One of these is cross-listed in Tree Falls.

[23] Cross-listed under “Tree Falls.”