1984 — March 28, Tornadoes and severe weather, NC (42-44) and SC (21) –63-65

lornajarrettblanchard March 28, 1984

— 74 Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. “Tornadoes kill 74.” 3-29-1984, pp. A1 and A10.
— 70 AP. “Tiny Red Springs hit hard.” Daily Times-News, Burlington, NC. 3-29-1984, p. 1.
— 70 Daily Times-News, Burlington, NC. “Killer twisters hit Carolinas.” 3-29-1984, p. 1.
–62-65 Blanchard tally of State breakouts below, including indirect deaths.
— 63 Blanchard tally of NWS NC death toll of 42 and SC SCO figure of 21 SC deaths.
— >60 Wilmington Morning Star, NC. “Tornado death toll reaches 60.” 3-30-1984, p. 1.
— 59 CDC. Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Tornado Disaster, NC, SC, March 28, 1984. 1985.
— 58 AP. “Twisters devastate towns in Carolinas; 58 killed…” Daily Independent, 29th.
— 57 Doyle. “10 Most Destructive Tornadoes From Around the World.” Scienceray, 6-19-2008.
— 57 NRC Committee on Natural Disasters. Hurricanes Iwa, Alicia, and Diana. 1984, p. 5.
— 57 Grazulis. Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. 1993, pp. 1254-1255.
— 57 NCDC/NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 26, No. 3, March 1984, p. 5.
— 57 National Weather Service, Milwaukee Weather Forecast Office, 2005
— 57 National Weather Service, Raleigh, NC. March 28, 1984 Carolina’s Tornado Outbreak.
— 57 NWS, Wilmington NC. Carolinas Tornado Outbreak: March 28, 1984. 3-28-2014 mod.
— >57 Sparks. Building Damage…[SC] Caused by the Tornadoes of March 28, 1984. 1985, 1.

North Carolina (41-44)
— 57 Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. “Tornadoes kill 74.” 3-29-1984, pp. A1 and A10.
— 56 Daily Times-News, Burlington, NC. “Killer twisters hit Carolinas.” 3-29-1984, p. 1.
— 6 Bertie County.
— 1 Cumberland County
— 7 Duplin County.
— 2 Gates County.
— 6 Green County.
— 1 Hertford County.
— 2 Lenoir County. (AP. “Twisters devastate towns in Carolinas; 58 killed, 461 hurt.”)
— 1 Perquimans County.
–10 Pitt County.
–3 Greenville.
— 5 Robeson County.
–2 Red Springs. One victim was 3. AP, “Tiny Red Springs hit hard,” 3-29-1984.
–11 Sampson County.
— 2 Scotland County.
— 2 Wayne County.
— 44 AP. “Victims survey damage left by ravaging twisters.” Daily Times-News, 3-30-1984, 1.
— 44 AP. “Tornado cripples N.C. farmers’ financial base.” Times-News, Burlington, 31st, 11.
— 44 AP. “Funerals for tornado victims begin.” Times-News, Burlington, NC, 4-1-1984, p. 12A.
— 44 AP, Ayden, NC. “Storm victims picking up.” Times-News, Burlington, NC, 4-2-1984, 2A.
— 44 Wilmington Morning Star, NC. “Tornado death toll reaches 60.” 3-30-1984, p. 1.
— 6 Bertie County (The county breaking is from sidebar “Tornado Victims.)
— 2 Cumberland County
— 1 Dead on arrival at Cape Fear Valley Hospital, Fayetteville.
— 2 Gates County
— 8 Greene County
— 0 Harnett County
— 0 Hertford County
— 2 Lenoir County
— 0 Nash County
— 1 Perquimans County
— 8 Pitt County
— 2 Robeson County
–2 Dead on arrival, Southeastern General Hospital, Lumberton.
–10 Sampson County
–1 Clarence Hobbs
— 1 Scotland County
— 2 Wayne County
–3 Mount Olive (Wayne and Duplin counties — does not square with sidebar.)
— 1 Within article notes that a person taken to Bladen Co. Hospital in Elizabethtown, died after transfer to New Hanover (Co.) Memorial Hospital (Wilmington).
— 44 Blanchard tally based upon review of Grazulis and the NCDC.
–>43 AP. “Disaster centers aid twister victims.” Daily Times-News, Burlington, NC, 4-3-1984, 1.
— 42 National Weather Service, Raleigh, NC. March 28, 1984 Carolina’s Tornado Outbreak.
— 0 1st NC tornado, coming north from Marlboro County SC, where 7 died, about 19:15.
— 1 2nd NC tornado, Scotland County, F4, approximately 19:25.
— 1 2nd NC tornado, northwestern Robeson County, between 19:25 and 19:45, F4.
— 2 3rd NC tornado, Sampson County, west-central, F3, approximately 19:45.
— 6 3rd NC tornado “ “ near Clinton, F3, approximately 19:45.
— 2 3rd NC tornado, “ “ Roseboro, F3, approximately 19:45.
— 1 3rd NC tornado, “ “ Salemburg, F3, approximately 19:45.
— 3 4th NC tornado, Duplin and SE Wayne County, F3, approximately 20:15.
— 0 5th NC tornado, Wayne County, northeast of Mount Olive; F3.
–15 6th NC tornado, Lenoir Co., central Greene Co. and into Greene Co., 20:45-20:55.
–6 Snow Hill, Greene County.
–2 Ayden, Pitt County.
–1 Winterville, Pitt County.
–6 East side of Greenville, Pitt County.
— 6 7th major NC tornado, Bertie County, just west of Lewiston at about 20:55, F3.
— 2 8th major NC tornado, just southeast of Ahoskie (Hertford Co.) and into Gates Co.
— 1 Last major NC tornado, Perquimans Co.; touchdown ~22:15 near Elizabeth City.
— 42 NWS, Wilmington NC. Carolinas Tornado Outbreak: March 28, 1984. 3-28-2014 mod.
— 41 Grazulis. Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. 1993, pp. 1253-1254.
–6 Bertie Co., 20:55, F3. All six from a trailer park, 5 in one family. Grazulis, 1254.
–2 Cumberland County, Beaver Dam, 19:45, F3. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–2 Duplin and Wayne Counties, Mount Olive, 20:15, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–2 Gates County, 21:30, F2. 20:45, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–6 Greene County, near Snow Hill, 20:45, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–1 Lenoir/Greene/Pitt Counties, 20:45, F4. 20:45, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–1 Perquimans County, 22:15, F1. Began as waterspout in Albemarle Sound. P.1254.
–2 Pitt County, Ayden, 20:45, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–6 Pitt County, near Greenville, 20:45, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–1 Pitt County, Winterville, 20:45, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–1 Robeson County, 19:25, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–6 Sampson County, near Clinton, 19:45, F3. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–1 Sampson County, near Clinton, 20:15, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–2 Sampson County, Roseboro, 19:45, F3. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–1 Sampson County, Salemburg, 19:45, F3. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–1 Scotland County, 19:25, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–39 NCDC/NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 26, No. 3, March 1984, pp. 32-33.
–6 Bertie Co., 20:55, F3. All six from a trailer park, 5 in one family. Storm Data, p. 32.
–2 Cumberland Co., Beaver Dam, 19:45, F3. NCDC. Storm Data, 26/3, 1984, p. 32.
–2 Duplin/Wayne Counties, Mount Olive, 20:15, F4. Storm Data, 26/3, 1984, p. 32.
–6 Greene County, rural Snow Hill, 20:45, F4. Storm Data, 26/3, March 1984, p. 32.
–1 Perquimans Co., 22:15, F2. Tree fell on a mobile home. Storm Data, 26/3, p. 33.
–2 Pitt County, Ayden, 20:45, F4. NCDC. Storm Data, 26/3, March 1984, p. 32.
–6 Pitt Co., rural Greenville, 20:45, F4. NCDC. Storm Data, 26/3, March 1984, p. 32.
–1 Pitt County, Winterville, 20:45, F4. NCDC. Storm Data, 26/3, March 1984, p. 32.
–3 Robeson County, 19:25, F4. NCDC. Storm Data, 26/3, March 1984, p. 32.
–1 Sampson Co., central, 20:15, F4. NCDC Storm Data, 26/3, March 1984, p32.
–6 Sampson County, ~Clinton, 19:45, F3. NCDC. Storm Data, 26/3, March 1984, p. 32.
–2 Sampson Co., rural Roseboro, 19:45, F3. NCDC. Storm Data, 26/3, 1984, p. 32.
–1 Sampson Co., Salemburg, 19:45, F3. NCDC. Storm Data, 26/3, March 1984, p. 32.
–38 AP (Patterson). “Man felt building ‘trembling’.” Daily Independent, Kannapolis, NC, 29th.

South Carolina (21)
— 21 South Carolina State Climatology Office. South Carolina Storms of the Century.
–15 Direct — >6 Indirect.
— 17 NCDC/NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 26, No. 3, March 1984, pp. 36-37.
–5 Fairfield County, 18:00, F4. All in mobile homes; 49 injured. Storm Data, p. 37.
–1 Fairfield County, 18:00. Heart attack during tornado period. Storm Data, p. 37.
–1 Laurens County, Fountain Inn, 17:00. High wind blew large tree limb into car. P. 36.
–7 Marlboro Co., Bennettsville area, 19:10, F4. NCDC, Storm Data, p. 37; also NWS.
–3 Lester Community.
–4 Fletcher Community.
–2 Marlboro County, Tatum and McColl areas, one in mobile home, one in house. P. 37.
–1 Newberry Co., Newberry area, 17:20. Power knocked out, person in house fell. P. 37.
— 17 Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. “Tornadoes kill 74.” 3-29-1984, pp. A1 and A10.
— 17 Times-News, Burlington, NC. “Tornado Disaster Relief.” 4-1-1984, 3A.
–>16 Wilmington Morning Star, NC. “Tornado death toll reaches 60.” 3-30-1984, p. 1.
— 15 Grazulis 1993, pp. 1253-1254. [Grazulis only mentions direct deaths, unless noted.]
–5 Fairfield Co., 18:00, F4. 4 in mobile homes; 1 in truck, I-77 and 441 intersection.
–7 Marlboro Co., 19:10, F4. 4 in mobile homes, 3 in frame homes. Grazulis, p. 1253.
–3 Lester “
–4 Fletcher “
–2 Marlboro County, 19:25, F4. Grazulis 1993, p. 1254.
–1 Newberry Co., 1720, F2. Male in wreckage of his auto shop. Grazulis 1993, p.1253.
— 15 National Weather Service, Raleigh, NC. March 28, 1984 Carolina’s Tornado Outbreak.
— 15 NWS, Wilmington NC. Carolinas Tornado Outbreak: March 28, 1984. 3-28-2014 mod.
–2 Newberry, Newberry Co., and Fairfield County, SX: F2-F3 tornadoes, 5:00-5:40.
–6 Winnsboro (Fairfield Co.), Kershaw (Lancaster Co.), Cash (Chesterfield Co.) areas.
–? Bennettsville area, Marlboro County.
— 14 Daily Times-News, Burlington, NC. “Killer twisters hit Carolinas.” 3-29-1984, A1, A10.
–5 Fairfield County, Winnsboro.
–1 Laurens County, Fountain Inn. Woman, when tree limb fell on her car. (p. 10A)
–7 Marlboro Co., Bennettsville, Northwood Shopping Center. (p. 10A, cont. from 1.)
–1 Newberry Co., Newberry, Chris Epting, in his auto parts store. (p. 10A)
Other Reporting:
— 2 Newberry. (AP. “South Carolinians had little warning…” Times-News, 4-1-1984, 12A.)

Narrative Information
General

CDC: “On the evening of March 28, 1984, a series of tornadoes touched down in northeastern South Carolina and cut a swath almost exclusively through rural areas and small towns in a northeasterly direction through eastern North Carolina… In a 5-hour period, these storms caused more than 1,000 casualties (killed and seriously and slightly injured), along with extensive property damage of more than $100,000,000. The severity of the tornadoes varied from one to four on the Fujita scale (maximum five) and generated winds of at least 260 miles per hour.

“Emergency room (ER) charts and medical records from several of the temporary first aid posts were reviewed in both North Carolina and South Carolina, and death certificates for persons with fatal injuries were analyzed. In addition, all hospitals that treated 15 or more casualties were visited and evaluated for: (1) ER treatment of these casualties; (2) “disaster drill” response of each hospital; and (3) problems that each hospital encountered in coping with the disaster.

“A case was defined as an individual in either North Carolina or South Carolina who, on March 28, 1984, was injured in a tornado storm and required medical treatment. A total of 955 individuals were injured by the tornado storms and sought medical assistance. Of these, 640 (67%) had minor injuries (i.e., were treated and released); 256 (27%) were hospitalized; and 59 (6%) were killed. The age and sex distribution (56% were female) of those injured (excluding fatal injuries) for the counties in which the tornadoes struck reflected the age distribution of residents in these counties. Residents of the affected North Carolina counties who are 55 years of age or older comprise 18% of the population. Of those in North Carolina with nonfatal injuries and recorded ages, 106 (16%) of 660 were in this age group; of the fatalities, 19 (43%) of 44 were in this group (p 0.0001). As expected, contusions and lacerations, as well as other minor injuries (caused usually by blunt trauma), predominated (Table 1). Injuries to vital organs were uncommon.

“The ER records recorded the location of each person at the time of injury for 346 (39%) of the 896 nonfatal injuries. The death certificates recorded this in 55 (93%) of 59 fatalities. Where location was recorded, 19 (46%) of 41 of the North Carolina fatalities and 176 (51%) of 348 of the injured persons in North Carolina and South Carolina were in trailers or mobile homes at the time of injury. Of the counties that sustained tornado damage, an estimated 11% of residents live in trailers or mobile homes.

“All 20 hospitals in North Carolina that treated tornado-associated injuries had implemented their respective disaster plans and recall systems well before the first persons arrived; thus, rarely was an ER overloaded. The disaster plan had relatively few problems, but important among them were: poor radio communication between the hospital ER and the centralized, nonhospital disaster-control staff at the disaster sites; reluctance to treat the tornado storm as a mass casualty disaster; infrequent use of casualty “tags” in contrast to that hospital’s ER medical record; only partial implementation of triage; inadequate recording of essential information on the health records of most patients (e.g., vital signs not recorded in 44% of cases); and a relative deficiency of clerical, administrative, and other support staff (e.g., kitchen workers, social services staff, transport employees, chaplains).” CDC. Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Tornado Disaster, NC, SC, March 28, 1984. 1985)

Doyle: “Throughout the afternoon and evening hours of March 28, 1984, an ominous serious of tornadoes were preparing to devastate the Carolinas. As twenty-two tornadoes touched down causing over $200 million dollars in property damage and killing 57 people, while leaving 1,248 injured.” (Doyle 2008)

Grazulis: “SC MAR 28, 1984 1720 lk 38inj 1000y 23m F2. NEWBERRY — Moved ENE from 6m WSW of Newberry, across Newberry, near the Broad River. Downtown Newberry “looked like a war zone,” with $11,000,000 damage, as 80 businesses were damaged or destroyed. One man died in the wreckage of his automotive shop….

“SC MAR 28, 1984 1800 5k 49inj 1000y 21m F4. FAIRFIELD/KERSHAW — Moved NE from 5m W of Winnsboro to the northern part of Winnsboro, then E, crossing Wateree Lake, to the western tip of Kershaw County. All the deaths were in Fairfield County. Four occurred in trailers. Forty houses, 24 trailers, and four businesses were damaged or destroyed. One man was killed in a truck at the intersection of 1-77 and Hwy-441….

“SC-NC MAR 28, 1984 1910 7k 100inj 2100y 16m F4. MARLBORO, SC/ SCOTLAND, NC — Moved to the NE from 5m WNW of Bennettsville. The Northwood Shopping Center was hit in the northern part of Bennettsville. Three people were killed at “Lester” and four died at “Fletcher,” all in South Carolina. Four of the deaths were in mobile homes and three were in frame homes. The North Carolina path was three miles long….

“SC-NC MAR 28, 1984 1925 4k 395inj 1500y 45m F4. MARLBORO,SC /SCOTLAND/ ROBESON/CUMBERLAND, NC — Moved NE in tandem with the Bennettsville tornado. The seven-mile-long track in South Carolina began west of Tatum, passing through that town, and through McColl. Two deaths and 115 injuries occurred in South Carolina, where 150 homes and trailers were destroyed. In North Carolina, one person died in Scotland County and one in Robeson County with 280 injuries, as the funnel passed through Johns, Maxton, and Red Springs. Every building in Red Springs had Fl or F2 damage….

“NC MAR 28, 1984 1945 12k 101inj 1400y 41m F3. BLADEN/CUMBERLAND/ SAMPSON …Moved NE from 5m NE of Tobermory, to Beaver Dam, Salemburg, Roseboro, and near Clinton. The tornado moved along at 60mph, first striking Beaver Dam, killing two people and leveling a vast section of pine forest. One person was killed in Salemburg, two near Roseboro, and six near Clinton. Three deaths were in trailers. The total loss for both tornadoes in Sampson County was $25,000,000….

“NC MAR 28, 1984 2015 3k 149inj 1400y 21m F4. SAMPSON/DUPLIN/WAYNE… Moved NE from 5m NE of Clinton, Faison, Calypso, to NE of Mt. Olive. One person was killed near Clinton, and two died at Mt. Olive. There was considerable damage at Faison and Calypso….

“NC MAR 28, 1984 2045 16k 153inj 1200y 38m F4. LENOIR/GREENE/PITT… Moved NE from NE of La Grange to east of Greenville. Six people were killed near Snow Hill, two at Ayden, one at Winterville, and six near Greenville. Four of the deaths occurred in trailers. A total of about 300 homes were destroyed….

“NC MAR 28, 1984 2055 6k 19inj 800y 6m F3. BERTIE …Moved NE from just west of Lewiston. This tornado struck a trailer park. Six people were killed at the trailer park, including five members of one family. $5,000,000….

“NC MAR 28, 1984 2130 2k 10inj 800y 14m F3. GATES… Moved NE from near the Chowan River across the southern part of the county. Nine houses and seven trailers were destroyed, and nine houses were damaged….

“NC MAR 28, 1984 2215 lk l inj 175y 6m Fl. CHOWAN/PERQUIMANS… Moved NNE as a waterspout on Albemarle Sound, then moved ashore into Chowan County. One person was killed and another was injured as a tree crushed a trailer in Perquimans County.” (Grazulis. Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. 1993, pp. 1254-1255.)

NCDC: “Tornado Outbreak in the Carolinas on March 28, 1984. During a 6-hour period in the late afternoon and early evening of March 28th, a strong line of thunderstorms produced 22 tornadoes in North and South Carolina. Of the 22 tornadoes, 7 were F4 in strength, 5 F3, 7 F2, and 3 were L1. The path lengths varied from less than a mile to 45 miles, and totaled 310 miles. The longest tornado path (#11, McColl Tornado) was also the widest, with a mean width of 1.5 miles and maximum width of 2.5 miles. Many of the paths followed each other along lines indicating that the tornadoes were of a family type (spawned one after another by the same parent thunderstorm). One tornado (#16, Snug Harbor) began as a waterspout over Albemarle Sound. In South Carolina the tornadoes were accompanied by 3 large downburst areas, each producing F1 damage.

“The total number of deaths for the two states from the two states from these tornadoes was 57, 21 of which (37%) occurred in mobile homes. 1,248 people were injured.” (NCDC/NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 26, No. 3, March 1984, p. 5.)

Sparks: “On Monday, March 26, 1984, a low-pressure system formed in West Texas. As it crossed the Midwest it increased in strength. The hot, dry air from the southwest gathered moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and met with cold dry air from the interior of the continent, creating an unstable air mass. By the morning of Wednesday, March 28, heavy rain and strong winds were being experienced in Georgia. By the time the storm reached South Carolina, conditions were ideal for the creation of tornadoes. The National Severe Storms Forecast Center of the National Weather Service issued its first tornado watch at 2:15 p.m. Record low pressures were recorded as the storm passed, accompanied by severe thunderstorms, heavy rain, and hail.

“The first tornado was reported by a South Carolina state trooper near Ware Shoals, about 20 miles from the Georgia border, at 4:35 p.m. The Columbia office of the National Weather Service issued a tornado warning at 4:45 p.m. Between 4:35 p.m. and 10:50 p.m. the storm traveled northeast across South Carolina and North Carolina, killing at least 57 people, injuring approximately 1,300, causing over $200 million of damage, and leaving more than 3,000 people homeless….” (Sparks 1985, p. 1.)

South Carolina

SC State Climatology Office: “On March 28, 1984, one of the most intense low pressure centers on record moved across the State, spawning 11 tornadoes, and numerous damaging thunderstorms. The first tornado appeared in Honea Path in Anderson County and was followed by a series of ten tornadoes along a line from Anderson and Newberry counties east-northeast through Marlboro County into North Carolina. Fifteen people were killed as a direct result of these tornadoes and at least six other deaths were indirectly associated with this severe weather episode.” (SCSCO. SC Storms…)

Sparks: “There is no state-wide building code in South Carolina. If a jurisdiction adopts a building code, it must be one approved by the state, which currently means the Standard Building Code (Southern Building Code Congress International, 1982). However, most rural areas have not adopted a building code, and even when a code has been adopted, inadequate resources often limit its enforcement. This has had an adverse effect on the quality of construction in general and on the ability of structures to resist the natural hazards of tornadoes, hurricanes, and earthquakes to which the area is prone in particular. The state-wide enforcement of appropriate building regulations could greatly reduce damage and loss of life in future events of this type. (p. 2.)

“The performance of the public, unreinforced masonry buildings examined in this survey was extremely poor. South Carolina has the highest earthquake risk of any state on the East Coast and is subject to hurricanes, so it is surprising that unreinforced masonry is used so extensively in the area when its poor performance in extreme winds and earthquakes has long been known. Since the cost of reinforcing masonry is small compared with the overall construction costs and the returns are so great, there seems little excuse for the continued use of unreinforced masonry in places of public assembly

“The collapse of the Northwood Village Shopping Center and the subsequent testing and analysis highlighted serious shortcomings in its form of construction. Unfortunately, it is a form of construction used in hundreds of shopping centers in the region. The use of a moment-resisting frame would add relatively little to the total cost yet would increase the safety of such buildings significantly. The better performance of buildings constructed in this way clearly shows the advantage to be gained from this form of construction.

“With regard to domestic dwellings, a number of simple improvements could be made to conventional construction that, although they would not prevent minor damage in the event of tornado, would probably prevent collapse and loss of life….” (p. 36.)

Sources

Associated Press. “16 tornadoes kill 70, hurt 600,” Chronicle-Telegram, Elyria, OH, 3-29-1984, pp. A1 & A4. Accessed 2-4-2017 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/us/ohio/elyria/elyria-chronicle-telegram/1984/03-29?tag

Associated Press. “Disaster centers aid twister victims.” Daily Times-News, Burlington, NC, 4-3-1984, 1. Accessed 2-3-2017 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/us/north-carolina/burlington/burlington-daily-times-news/1984/04-03?tag

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Associated Press (Dennis Patterson). “Man felt building ‘trembling’.” Daily Independent, Kannapolis, NC, 3-29-1984, p. 1. Accessed 2-2-2017 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/us/north-carolina/kannapolis/kannapolis-daily-independent/1984/03-29?tag

Associated Press, Columbia, SC. “South Carolinians had little warning before tornadoes hit them.” Times-News, Burlington, NC, 4-1-1984, 12A. Accessed 2-3-2017 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/us/north-carolina/burlington/burlington-daily-times-news/1984/04-01/page-12?tag

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Associated Press, Raleigh. “Tornado cripples N.C. farmers’ financial base.” Times-News, Burlington, NC, 3-31-1984, A11. Accessed 2-3-2017 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/us/north-carolina/burlington/burlington-daily-times-news/1984/03-31/page-10?tag

Associated Press (F. Alan Boyce). “Twisters devastate towns in Carolinas; 58 killed, 461 hurt.” Daily Independent, Kannapolis, NC, 3-29-1984, p. 1. Accessed 2-2-2017 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/us/north-carolina/kannapolis/kannapolis-daily-independent/1984/03-29?tag

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Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. “Tornadoes kill 74.” 3-29-1984, pp. A1 and A10. Accessed 2-4-2017 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/syracuse/syracuse-herald-journal/1984/03-29?tag

Times-News, Burlington, NC. “Tornado Disaster Relief.” 4-1-1984, 3A. Accessed 2-3-2017 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/us/north-carolina/burlington/burlington-daily-times-news/1984/04-01/page-3?tag

Wilmington Morning Star, NC. “Tornado death toll reaches 60.” 3-30-1984, p. 1. Accessed 2-3-2017 at: http://www.weather.gov/images/ilm/climate/CarolinasOutbreak/TornadoDeathTollReaches60-Mar30.png