52 –247 (US)-318

lornajarrettblanchard March 12, 1993

— 247-318 Blanchard tally of minimum of 247 U.S. deaths, and maximum of 318 international.

— 294-300 Blanchard tally of U.S. State, Cuba, Canada and North Atlantic fatalities below.[2]

— 247-253 Blanchard tally of U.S. State breakouts below (direct and indirect).[3]

— 318 Burt and Stroud. Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book. 2004, p. 94.

— 318 National Weather Service. Superstorm of 1993.

— 310 U.S., Canada, Cuba. AJC.com. “21 years ago, Atlanta slammed by rare blizzard.”[4]

— >300 Allsop, Harry. “Nemo: Top ten worst blizzards to hit the US.” Telegraph, UK, 2-8-2013.

— >300 NWS. Biggest Snow Storms in U.S. from 1888-Present. NWS Milwaukee WFO, 2005

— 286 (238 confirmed dead and 48 others missing and assumed dead). AP, Knoxville, TN.[5]

— 270 Grabianowski, Ed. “10 Biggest Snowstorms of All Time.” Howstuffworks.com.

— ~270 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993.[6]

— 270 Lott/Ross, Tracking and Evaluating U.S. Billion Dollar Weather Disasters, 1980-2005.

— >238 Eastern U.S. AP. “Storm rescue ends happily.” Leader-Call, Laurel, MS. 3-19-1993, p1.

— 235 Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, p. A12.

— 219 Associated Press. “Storm toll 219…” [Cuba to Canada] 3-17-1993.[7]

— 208 NWS (Armstrong). Superstorm of 1993. “Storm of the Century,” March 12-14, 1993.

— ~200 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report. Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993.

— ~200 VA DEM. Winter Weather (webpage). “Virginia Winters….March 13-14, 1993.”

— 197 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. B-1. (U.S.)

— 79 Direct.

–118 Indirect.

— ~150 Deaths documented in National Weather Storm Data Reports.[8]

— <100 Direct deaths. NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Rpt. Superstorm of March 1993… p.1-1.[9]

— 92 National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). All About Snow. 2016.

— 79 NOAA. “NOAA’s Top U.S. Weather, Water and Climate Events of the 20^th Century.”

Summary of Fatalities by State

Alabama 16

Connecticut 3-5

Delaware 2

District of Columbia 1

Florida 51

Georgia 16

Kentucky 5

Louisiana 1

Maine 2

Maryland 3-4

Mississippi 1

New Jersey 4-7

New York 23

North Carolina 20

Ohio 6

Pennsylvania 52

South Carolina 4

Tennessee 15

Virginia 13

West Virginia >9

U.S. Total 247-253

Canada 4

Cuba 10

North Atlantic 33

International Total 47

Grand Total 294-300

Breakout of Fatalities by State or Area

Alabama ( 16)

— 16 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

— 16 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p.1.

— 15 Blanchard tally of NCDC figure of 14 and the Birmingham home fire death.

— 14 Direct. NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993… 1994, p. B-1.

—>14 March 12-13. Exposure and stress. NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, 35/3, March 1993, p. 8.[10]

–1 Froze to death in home.

–6 Exposure in abandoned or disabled cars.

–7 Exposure outdoors.

–1 Elderly woman found dead on neighbor’s porch.[11]

–1 Male, 69, found dead a few feet from his apartment door.[12]

–1 Waiting in a bus shelter for a bus.

— 14 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

— 12 NWS WFO, Birmingham, AL. Winter Weather History in Central Alabama. 11-15-2013.

— 1 Birmingham, 12^th. Home Fire, too much wood in fireplace, sub-freezing cold, male, 93.[13]

Connecticut (3-5)

–5 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

–5 Knight-Ridder Tribune. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

–3 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

–1 Bethany, March 13. Male, 84, heart attack in his driveway while shoveling snow.[14]

–1 Danbury. Heart attack, female, 80, while ambulance crew blocked by mile of chest-high snow.[15]

–1 Wallingford, March 13. Male; snowmobile went off the road and hit utility pole.[16]

Delaware ( 2)

— 2 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. B-1. Indirect.

— 2 Newark, March 13-14. “Two…men died of heart attacks while shoveling snow” at home.[17]

District of Columbia ( 1)

— 1 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. B-1. Indirect.

Florida (51)

–51 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Rpt. Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14… 1994, p. 1-2.

–29 Direct deaths in FL.[18]

–13 Coastal flooding in predawn hours of March 13.

— 1 Pasco County, 5-8 foot surge; elderly female in home.

–10 Taylor County.[19]

— 2 Not noted where the two were, which would make 13 total.

— 3 Sustained high wind, gusting over 60 mph, after sunrise March 13. P. 1-6.

–1 Brevard County. Male motorist when truck blew over on a bridge. 1-6.

–1 Davie, Broward County, tree blown down; male, 60. P. 1-6.

–1 Pompano Beach. Building wall collapsed onto motorcyclist nearby.

— 1 High wind-generated waterspout, Lake Charles, Highland Co., boater, Mar 14.

— 7 Tornadoes (5 deaths) and downbursts (2), late March 12.

–3 Near Chiefland, Levy County. Females in two residences. Page 1-3.

–1 10M NE of Mt. Dora; boy, 5-months, when mobile home destroyed.

–1 1M from LaCrosse, Alachua Co.. Girl, 5, mobile home destroyed. 1-6.

–1 Downburst. Manatee County near Terra Ceia Bay. Male, 43. P. 1-6.

–1 Downburst. Miami area, Dade Co.. Female, 36, trailer flipped. P.1-6.[20]

— 5 Vessels flooded or capsized by high wind near Gulf coast.

–2 Clearwater, Pinellas Co., sailboat struck bridge supports, capsized. P.1-3.

–2 Homosassa area, Citrus County; drownings from a fishing boat. P.1-3.

–1 Off Honeymoon Island, Pinellas Co. crewman from 38-ft fishing boat.

–11 Gulf of Mexico open water drownings; strong winds/high seas capsized boats and ship.[21]

— 1 Lee County. Man went overboard in Gulf of Mexico off Lee county coast.[22]

— 7 ~50 miles off Ft. Myers, 13^th. From crew of 200-foot Honduran freighter.[23]

—>1 Fishing boat Bone Dry sank about 70 miles west of St. Petersburg.[24]

–11 Post-storm rescue and cleanup efforts.

— 1 Columbia County. Electrocution, 13-year-old.[25]

— 3 Duval County. “Three people died in a storm-related fire.”[26]

— 1 Duval County, Female, 36, killed “in wind-caused traffic fatality.”[27]

— 1 Gilchrist Co. Female killed when her car hit tree blown down by high wind.[28]

— 1 Lake Co., ~Umatilla. Man, 70s, electrocution or cardiac arrest cutting fallen limbs with chain saw.[29]

— 1 Marion Co., Oxford, 15^th. Electrocution; FL Power Corp. lineman, 33.[30]

— 2 Polk County. “…storm-related house fire.” Children 10 and 12.[31]

–48 Blanchard breakout of deaths by locality.

–47 Mar 12-13. AP. “Mean ‘no name’ storm compared to hurricane.” Daily News, FL. 3-28-1993, p13.

–47 NCDC. Storm Events Database. FL, Mar 12-13, Tornadoes, Tstm Wind, Storm Surge.

–11 Gulf of Mexico offshore drownings. Strong winds swamped/capsized boats/ship.

— 7 From crew of 200-foot Honduran freighter.[32]

— 2 Citrus Co., 10 miles from Homosassa, March 13. Drownings from boat.[33]

— 1 Pinellas Co., Honeymoon Island, March 13. Fishing boat crewman drowns.[34]

—>1 Fishing boat Bone Dry sank about 70 miles west of St. Petersburg.[35]

— 4 Flooding.[36]

–1 Hernando County, March 13. Heart attack when attempting to evacuate.[37]

–1 Levy Co., Cedar Key, March 13. Elderly male while evacuating from flood.[38]

–1 Pasco Co., Hudson-Aripeka area, 13^th. Elderly female drowned at home.[39]

— 4 High winds in aftermath of eastward racing 50 mph squall line prior to tornadoes.

–1 Broward Co., Davie, Mar 13. High winds uprooted tree; one person killed.[40]

–1 Broward Co., Pompano Beach. High winds causes bldg. wall collapse.[41]

–2 Clearwater Pass Bridge, March 13. Drownings; sail-boaters; capsized boat.[42]

–11 Rescue operations and cleanup activities.

— 1 Columbia County. Electrocution, 13-year-old.[43]

— 3 Duval County. “Three people died in a storm-related fire.”[44]

— 1 Duval Co., Female, 36, killed “in wind-caused traffic fatality.”[45]

— 1 Gilchrist Co. Female killed when her car hit tree blown down by high wind.[46]

— 1 Lake Co., ~Umatilla. Man, 70s, electrocution or cardiac arrest cutting fallen limbs with chain saw.[47]

— 1 Marion Co., Oxford, 15^th. Electrocution; FL Power Corp. lineman, 33.[48]

–10 Storm Surge. NCDC. Event Record Details, Storm Surge, Florida, 13 Mar 1993.[49]

–9 Dekle Beach, Taylor County.

–1 Keaton Beach, Taylor County.

— 7 Tornadoes and strong downbursts.[50]

–1 Alachua County, LaCrosse, March 13. Girl, 6, F1 destroyed mobile home.[51]

–1 Dade Co., Narrowrowanja, 13^th. Strong downburst overturned mobile home.[52]

–1 Lake County, ~Mt. Dora, March 13, 00:30, F2. Boy, 5-mo., mobile home.[53]

–2 Levy Co., ~Chiefland, 12^th. Two in home.[54] Mother and daughter, about 7.[55]

–1 Levy County, Chiefland, March 12. Elderly person, mobile home.[56]

–1 Manatee Co., 13^th. Drowning; male; evacuating houseboat, strong winds.[57]

–44 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

–44 Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, p. A12.

–42 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

–42 (12 missing). AP. Storm toll reaches 42 lives…” Daily News, NW FL, 3-17-1993, 3B.

–37 Confirmed dead on land

— 5 Off the Coast.

–10 Boaters lost (missing) in the Gulf of Mexico.

–2 Fishing boat Twister, missing since 13^th.[58]

Blanchard Breakout of fatalities by locality (48 specifically noted):

— 1 Alachua County, 1M from LaCrosse, 13^th. Tornado; girl, 5; mobile home was destroyed.

— 1 Brevard County, 13^th. High wind; male motorist, 18, when truck blew over on a bridge.

— 1 Brevard County. Male, 47, has heart attack while trying to tie boat down; drowns.[59]

— 1 Broward County, Davie, March 13. High wind; tree blown down onto male, 60.

— 1 Broward Co., Pompano Beach, 13^th. High wind; bldg. wall collapsed on motorcyclist.

— 2 Citrus Co., 10M off Homosassa area, 13^th. Drownings when fishing boat flooded/capsized.[60]

— 1 Columbia County. Electrocution, 13-year-old.[61]

— 1 Dade County, Miami area. Downburst, female, 36; trailer/mobile home flipped.

— 3 Duval County. “Three people died in a storm-related fire.”[62]

— 1 Duval County. High wind; female, 36, killed “in wind-caused traffic fatality.”[63]

— 1 Gilchrist County. Female killed when her car hit tree blown down by high wind.[64]

— 1 Hernando County, March 13. Heart attack when attempting to help family evacuate.

— 1 Highland County, Lake Charles, 14^th. High wind-generated waterspout; boater drowned,

— 1 Lake Co., 10M NE of Mt. Dora, 13^th. Tornado; boy, 5-mo., when mobile home destroyed.

— 1 Lake Co., ~Umatilla. Man, 70s, electrocution or cardiac arrest cutting fallen limbs with chain saw.[65]

— 1 Lee County. Man went overboard in Gulf of Mexico off county coast.[66]

— 1 Levy Co., Cedar Key, 13^th. Heart attack; elderly male while leaving storm surge flooding.

— 2 Levy County, Chiefland area, 12^th. Tornado; mother and daughter, about 7 in their home.

— 1 Levy County, Chiefland, March 12. Tornado; elderly person, when mobile home was hit.

— 1 Manatee County near Terra Ceia Bay. Downburst; male, 43.

— 1 Manatee County, March 13. Drowning; male; evacuating houseboat, strong winds.

— 1 Marion County, Oxford, March 15. Electrocution; FL Power Corp. lineman, 33.[67]

— 1 Marion County, Reddick, March 14. Hypothermia; Essie Mae Mitchum, 73.[68]

— 1 Marion County, March 14. Hypothermia, male, 79.[69]

— 1 Pasco Co., Hudson-Aripeka area, 13^th. 5-8 foot surge; drowning, elderly female in home.

— 1 Pasco County, March 12-13. Cardiac arrest “during the storm.” Details not noted.[70]

— 2 Pinellas Co., Clearwater, 13^th. High wind; sailboat hits bridge support, capsized; drownings.

— 1 Pinellas Co., off Honeymoon Island, 13^th. Crewman on 38-ft fishing boat swept overboard.[71]

— 2 Polk County. “…storm-related house fire.” Children 10 and 12.[72]

— 1 Seminole Co., Geneva, 13^th. Male, 16, drowned; wind-blown debris hit his head; fell into family pool.[73]

— 9 Taylor County, Dekle Beach, March 13. Storm surge, residences.

— 1 Taylor County, Keaton Beach, March 13. Storm surge, residences.

— 1 Volusia County. “Motorcyclist, 40-year-old, killed when he hits tree.[74]

— 2 Locations not noted, March 13. Storm Surge.

— 7 Gulf of Mexico, 70 miles off Ft. Myers. Honduran freighter Fantastico crewmembers.

Georgia (16)

–16 NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, pp. 33-34.

— 2 Effingham Co., Effingham, March 13. Under heading of “High Winds.” No detail.[75]

— 8 North Georgia, March 13. Under heading of “Blizzard” – no detail.[76]

–1 Walker County. Two jeeps of eight people stranded – one tried to hike out.[77]

— 5 North Central Georgia, March 13. Under heading of “Blizzard” – no detail.[78]

— 1 West Central Georgia, March 13. Under heading of “Blizzard” – no detail.[79]

–15 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

–15 Direct. NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993… 1994, p. B-1.

–15 Pavey (Morris News Service). “Blizzard of ’93 called storm of the century.” 3-13-2013.

–14 Northern third of GA.[80]

–14 Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, p. A12.

–13 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

— 0 NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Search Results, All Counties, Georgia, all Types.

— 1 Location not noted, March 13. Exposure; homeless man.[81]

— 1 Location not noted, March 13. Falling tree kills man inspecting house for storm damage.[82]

— 1 Location not noted, March 13. Traffic accident, female.[83]

Kentucky ( 5)

–5 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

–5 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

–3 Eastern KY. NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Rpt. Superstorm of March 1993… 1994, p. 1-12.

–2 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

–0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. KY. Search Results, All Counties, All Events, March 12-15.

Breakout of fatalities by locality and/or cause of death (where noted):

–1 Whitley Co., March 12-14. Male, 28, froze to death while walking from home to Corbin.[84]

–1 Locality not noted. Heart attack while shoveling snow; male.[85]

–1 Locality not noted. Motor vehicle accident.[86]

Louisiana ( 1)

— 1 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

— 1 New Orleans, March 14. Exposure; homeless man froze to death in a city park.[87]

Maine ( 2)

— 2 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

— 2 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

— 2 Couple “killed when their car skidded off a snow covered road…” NWS Survey Report.[88]

— 0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. ME. Search Results, all Counties, all Events, March 12-15.

Maryland (3-4)

— 4 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” Wisconsin State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

— 3 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

— 3 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

— 1 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. B-1 (Direct)

— 0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. MD. Search Results, all Counties, all Events, March 12-15.

Breakout of fatalities by locality (where noted):

— 1 Baltimore, body found 3 AM, March 14. Exposure; female; after slipping on snowy sidewalk.[89]

— 1 Hyattsville, 13^th. Van hits tractor-trailer stopped, Rt. 50, due to snow conditions. Male, 19.[90]

Mississippi ( 1)

— 1 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

— 1 Location not noted, March 13. Traffic accident on icy bridge kills female.[91]

New Jersey ( 7)

— 7 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

— 6 Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, p. A12.

— 4 Statewide. Indirect deaths “during the clean-up phase.” NWS Disaster Survey Report.[92]

— 3 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

New York ( 23)

–23 AP. “State by state storm damage.” Syracuse Herald-Journal, NY. 3-17-1993, p. A10.

–23 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

–21 Blanchard tally of locality/cause breakouts below.

–21 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

–20 AP, Rochester, NY. “Heart attacks biggest storm danger.” Post-Star, Glens Falls NY, 3-16-`93, A2.

—>10 Heart attacks while shoveling snow.

— 8 Direct. NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. B-1.

— 7 Direct. NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Rpt. Superstorm of March 1993… 1994, p. 1-14/15.

–1 Islip, March 13. Female hit by car that went out-of-control on icy road.

–1 “…man buried by an avalanche while working to free his car from the deep snow.”

–4 Location not noted. Exposure.

–1 Location not noted. Male buried by snow falling off a woodpile in his yard.

— 0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. NY. Search Results, all Counties, all Events, March 12-15.

Breakout of fatalities by location (where noted) or cause:

— 1 Clarksville, Albany County (upstate NY). Male; heart attack while clearing snow.[93]

— 1 Coram, Long Isl. Firefighter called in due to storm; oxygen tank he was filling exploded.[94]

— 1 Cornwall, Storm King Mt. Orange Co., 13^th. Male, 61, killed by avalanche at base of mt.[95]

— 1 Ellis, Tompkins County, March 13. Male, 61, “found dead under a foot of snow…”[96]

— 1 Islip, Suffolk Co., LI, March 13. Female hit by car that went out-of-control on icy road.[97]

— 1 Mayfield, March 13-14. Male buried under 4-5 feet of snow which fell off his woodpile.[98]

— 1 Newburgh, Orange Co., March 13. Female, 84, found dead under snow in front of home.[99]

— 1 Plattsburgh, March 13-14. Exposure; female. NCDC Storm Data, 35/3, March 1993, p. 73.

— 1 Schenectady, Mar 13-14. “man was buried under a foot of snow…” Storm Data, 35/3, 73.

— 2 Kingston, Ulster County. Heart attacks while shoveling snow, one in 40s, one in 60s.[100]

— 1 Westerlo, Albany County (upstate NY). Male; heart attack while clearing snow.[101]

— 1 Western NY, 13^th. Exposure; female, 95, left house to feed birds, locked herself out.[102]

–~3 Western NY, March 13. “Several persons…died in auto accidents related to the storm.”[103]

—>6 Locations not noted. Heart attacks while shoveling snow.[104]

North Carolina (20)

–20 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

–19 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

–17 Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, p. A12.

–14 Western NC. NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Rpt. Superstorm of March 1993… p. 1-12.

–7 Direct. Elderly persons from exposure to the elements or loss of home heating.

–7 Indirect, including heart attacks from shoveling snow.

— 9 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. B-1.

–2 Direct.

–7 Indirect.

— 0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. NC. Search Results, all Counties, all Events, March 12-15.

Breakout of fatalities by locality:

— 3 Buncombe Co., Mar 13-15. Hypothermia; loss of home heating in extreme cold; all 70+.[105]

— 1 Carteret County, Newport area, March 13. Tree fell on mobile home; boy, 9, killed.[106]

— 2 Clay County. March 13-15. Hypothermia; loss of home heating in extreme cold; all 70+.[107]

— 1 Duplin County, Chinquapin, March 13. Falling tree kills female, 84. NCDC. SD.[108]

— 2 Madison Co., Mar 13-15. Hypothermia; loss of home heating in extreme cold; all 70+.[109]

–~3 Western Foothills and Mts., March 12-14. State Hwy Patrol reported “some” fatalities.[110]

–1 Location not noted, March 13. Traffic accident, male killed.[111]

— 7 Western Foothills and Mts., March 13-15. Snow-shoveling heart attack victims. NCDC.[112]

— 1 Wilmington. House fire started by candles in home with power knocked out; female.[113]

Ohio ( 6)

— 6 Eastern OH. Heart attacks while shoveling snow.[114]

Pennsylvania (52)

–52 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. 1-14.

— 4 Direct (exposure).

—<48 Indirect.[115]

–50 Franklin, M. “A Tale of snow and wind…” Evening Sun, Hanover, PA, 3-21-1993, A5.[116]

–50 Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, p. A12.

–49 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

–42 NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 90.

–40 Eastern PA, 13^th.-14^th. Most due to heart attacks as a result of shoveling snow.

— 2 Northwestern and Northern Mountains. NCDC. Storm Data, V35, N3, 1993, p. 91.

–36 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

–11 Blanchard tally of locality/cause breakouts below.

— 0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. PA. Search results all counties all events, March 12-15.[117]

Breakout of fatalities by location or cause:

— 1 Allegheny County, March 13. Male, 80, heart attack while shoveling snow.[118]

— 1 Allegheny County, Pittsburgh. CO poisoning from gas stove, cold apt.; female, 67.[119]

— 1 Armstrong County, Kittanning. Male, 77, “found frozen to death.”[120]

— 1 Butler County, Middlesex Township. Male, 63; body found in snowbank in his driveway.[121]

— 1 Carbon County, young boy killed under collapsing snow bank. NCDC Storm Data 35/3, 90.

— 1 Carbon County, March 13. Heart attack clearing snow; male.[122]

— 1 Carroll Co., Manchester. Heart attack, male, 55; freeing snowmobile from snowdrift.[123]

— 1 Montgomery Co.; exposure, elderly female unable to find way home in snow. Storm Data, 90.

— 1 Westmoreland Co., Rostraver Twp., 13^th. Heart attack while shoveling snow; male, 80.[124]

— 2 Eastern PA, locations not noted. Exposure. NCDC Storm Data 35/3, 90.

South Carolina ( 4)

— 4 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. B-1.

–2 Direct.

–2 Indirect.

— 2 NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 94. (Direct)

— 1 Greer, March 15. Under heading of “Record Cold” notes one death.

— 1 Spartanburg, March 13. Under heading of “Cold/Winds” notes one death.[125]

— 1 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

— 1 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

— 0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. SC. Search Results, All Counties, All Events, March 12-15

Tennessee (15)

–15 March 12-14. Direct and indirect. NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, 35/3, March 1993, p. 98.[126]

–1 Anderson County. Traffic accident; female.

–1 Bledsoe County. No details noted.

–1 Bradley County. Heart attack.

–1 Grainger County. “…result of a traffic accident blamed on the storm.”

–1 Knox County. Carbon monoxide poisoning; male in car?[127]

–1 Knox County. Exposure.

–2 Loudon County. “…killed due to a mobile home fire blamed on the storm.”

–1 McMinn County. Exposure.

–2 McMinn County. Heart attacks due to shoveling snow.

–1 Scott County. No details noted.

–1 Unicoi County. Female when oxygen supply ran out and snow prevented delivery.

–2 Localities or cause of death not noted.

–15 Eastern TN. NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Rpt. Superstorm of March 1993…, p. 1-12.

— 2 Direct; exposure.

–13 Indirect.

–14 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

–14 Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, p. A12.

–11 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

— 0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. TN. Search Results, all Counties, all Events, March 12-15.

Virginia (13)

— 13 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p.1.

— 12 Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, p. A12.

— 11 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Rpt. Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. B-1 (Indirect)

— 11 VA DEM. Winter Weather (webpage). “Virginia Winters….March 13-14, 1993.”

— 9 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

— 0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. VA. Search Results, all Counties, all Events, Mar 12-15.

Breakout of fatalities by locality/area or cause:

— 1 Botetourt Co., 15^th. Exposure, female, in her back yard due to disabling med. cond.[128]

— 1 Reston, northern VA, March 13-14. Heart attack while shoveling snow. NCDC SD.[129]

—>10 Western VA, 13-14^th. “…mainly due to over-exertion and heart attack” clearing snow.[130]

–1 Wise County. Heart attack, male, emergency medical assistance delayed by snow.[131]

— 1 Location not noted. Man killed when hit by car after abandoning his car stuck in snow.[132]

West Virginia (>9)

—>9 Three direct and at least six indirect. NCDC. Storm Data, 35/3, March 1993, p. 118.

— 1 Direct. Cairo, Ritchie County. Male, 69. [133] Walking home, apparently fell; found dead.[134]

— 1 Direct. True area, Summers Co. Exposure, male in 50s. NCDC Storm Data, 35/3, p. 118.

— 1 Direct. Warriormine, McDowell Co., 13^th. Exposure; male, 56, walking through snow.[135]

Indirect:

—>6 “At least a half dozen men…died from overexertion when shoveling the snow.”

— 9 NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993... 1994, p. B-1.

–3 Direct.

–6 Indirect.

— 6 AP. “Two more deaths confirmed in state.” Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV, 3-18-1993, A6.[136]

— 6 Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, p. A12.

— 4 Lott. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century.” 1993, p. 1.

— 4 Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

— 0 NCDC. Storm Events Database. KY. Search Results, all Counties, all Events, March 12-15.

Canada ( 4)

–1 Ontario. Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

–3 Quebec. Knight-Ridder. “Destruction from storm mounts.” WI State Journal, 3-17-1993, 3A.

Cuba (10)

–10 Alfonso and Naranjo. “The 13 March 1993 Severe Squall Line over Western Cuba,” p89.[137]

–10 RMS. The 1993 Superstorm: 15-Year Retrospective (Special Report). 8-7-2008, p. 2.[138]

Gulf of Mexico off Florida in international waters ( 5 dead, 16 missing)

— 21 Dead/missing. Orange County Register, Santa Ana, CA. “At A Glance.” 3-18-1993, A12.

North Atlantic (33)

— 33 Freighter Gold Bond Conveyor capsizes March 14, 200 miles south of Nova Scotia.[139]

Causes of Death (U.S.) Summary

Buried by Snowfall/Avalanche: ( 3)

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: ( 2)

Drowning: ( 1)

Drowning (Storm Surge): (13)

Electrocution: ( 3)

Explosion: ( 1)

Exposure/Hypothermia: (45)

Fire: ( 9)

Heart Attack/Cardiac Arrest: (53)

flood-related: ( 2)

snow-related: (50)

not specified: ( 1)

High Wind (24)

on land/in-land): ( 9)

on water near coast: ( 6)

wind/waves (Gulf of Mexico)( 9)

Medical assistance delayed by snow: ( 3)

Tornadoes (5) and Downbursts (2): ( 7)

Tree Fall: (see, also, high wind): ( 3)

Vehicular/Traffic Accidents: (18)

Not specifically or clearly noted: (71)

— 1 AL

— 2 CT

— 1 DC

— 7 GA, northern. March 13. Under NCDC heading of “Blizzard” – no detail.

— 5 GA, north central, March 13. Under NCDC heading of “Blizzard” – no detail.

— 1 GA, west central, March 13. Under NCDC heading of “Blizzard” – no detail.

— 2 KY

— 1 MD

— 4 NJ. Indirect deaths “during the clean-up phase.” NWS Disaster Survey Report.

— 1 NY, Ellis, Tompkins Co., March 13. Male, 61, “found dead under a foot of snow…”

–41 PA (was noted that most were due to outdoor exertion such as clearing snow)

— 2 SC. Indirect.

— 1 TN, Bledsoe County. Cause of death not noted.

— 1 TN, Scott County. No details noted.

— 2 TN, eastern.

Causes of Death (where identified) U.S. Breakout

Buried by Snowfall/Avalanche: ( 3)

–1 NY, Orange Co., Cornwall, Storm King Mt., 13^th. Man killed by avalanche at base of mt.

–1 NY, Mayfield, March 13-14. Male buried under 4-5 feet of snow which fell off his woodpile.

–1 PA, Carbon County, young boy killed under collapsing snow bank.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: ( 2)

–1 PA, Allegheny County, Pittsburgh. CO poisoning from gas stove, cold apt.; female, 67.

–1 TN, Knox County. Carbon monoxide poisoning; male in car.

Drowning: ( 1)

–1 FL, Brevard County. Male, 47, has heart attack while trying to tie boat down; drowns.

Drowning (Storm Surge): (13)

–13 FL, coastal flooding in predawn hours of March 13.

— 1 Pasco County, Hudson-Aripeka area, 13^th, 5-8 foot surge; elderly female in home.

–10 Taylor County (9 at Dekle Beach and one at Keaton Beach)

— 2 Locations not noted.

Electrocution: ( 3)

–1 FL, Columbia County. Electrocution, 13-year-old.

–1 FL, Lake Co., Umatilla. Man, 70s, electrocution or heart attack cutting fallen limbs with chain saw.[140]

–1 FL, Marion County, Oxford, 15^th. Electrocution; Florida Power Corp. lineman, 33.

Explosion: ( 1)

–1 NY, Coram, Long Isl. Firefighter called in due to storm; oxygen tank he was filling exploded

Exposure/Hypothermia: (45)

Exposure/Hypothermia (in home): ( 8)

–1 AL Froze to death in home.

–3 NC, Buncombe Co., Mar 13-15. Hypothermia; loss of home heating in extreme cold; all 70+.

–2 NC, Clay Co. March 13-15. Hypothermia; loss of home heating in extreme cold; all 70+.

–2 NC, Madison Co., Mar 13-15. Hypothermia; loss of home heating in extreme cold; all 70+.

Exposure/Hypothermia (vehicle related) ( 6)

–6 AL Exposure in abandoned or disabled cars.

Exposure (outdoors) (20)

–7 AL Exposure outdoors.

–1 Elderly woman found dead on neighbor’s porch.

–1 Male, 69, found dead a few feet from his apartment door.

–1 Waiting in a bus shelter for a bus.

–1 FL, Marion County, Reddick, March 14. Hypothermia; Essie Mae Mitchum, 73.[141]

–1 GA, Walker County. Two jeeps of eight people stranded – one died trying to hike out.

–1 KY, Whitley Co., Mar 12-14. Male, 28, froze to death while walking from home to Corbin.

–1 LA, New Orleans, March 14. Exposure; homeless man froze to death in a city park.

–1 MD, Baltimore, body found 14^th 3 AM. Exposure; female; after slipping on snowy sidewalk.

–1 NY, Newburgh, Orange Co., 13^th. Female, 84, found dead under snow in front of home.[142]

–1 NY, Western NY, 13^th. Exposure; female, 95, left house to feed birds, locked herself out.

–1 PA, Butler Co., Middlesex Township. Male, 63; body found in snowbank in his driveway.

–1 PA, Montgomery Co.; exposure, elderly female unable to find way home in snow.

–1 SC, Spartanburg, March 13. Male fell asleep outside nightclub and froze to death.

–1 VA, Botetourt Co., 15^th. Exposure, female, in her back yard due to disabling med. condition.

–1 WV, Direct. Cairo, Ritchie Co.. Male, 69. Walking home, apparently fell; found dead.[143]

–1 WV, Warriormine, McDowell Co., 13^th. Exposure; male, 56, walking through snow.

Exposure (location not noted): (11)

–1 FL, Marion County, March 14. Hypothermia, male, 79.

–1 GA, Location not noted, March 13. Exposure; homeless man.

–1 NY, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, March 13-14. Exposure; female.

–1 NY, Schenectady, Schenectady Co., Mar 13-14. “man was buried under a foot of snow…”[144]

–1 PA, Armstrong County, Kittanning. Male, 77, “found frozen to death.”[145]

–2 PA (eastern), locations not noted. Exposure.

–1 SC, Greer, March 15. Under heading of “Record Cold” notes one direct death.[146]

–1 TN, Knox County. Exposure.

–1 TN, McMinn County. Exposure.

–1 WV, True area, Summers Co. Exposure, male in 50s.

Fire: ( 9)

–1 AL, Birmingham, 12^th. Home Fire, too much fireplace, sub-freezing cold, male, 93.

–3 FL, Duval County. Storm-related fire.

–2 FL, Polk County. “…storm-related house fire.” Children 10 and 12.

–1 NC, Wilmington. House fire started by candles in home with power knocked out; female.

–2 TN, Loudon County. “…killed due to a mobile home fire blamed on the storm.”

Heart Attack/Cardiac Arrest while evacuating from storm-surge flooded area. ( 2)

— 1 FL, Hernando County, March 13. Heart attack, attempting to leave chest-high deep water.

— 1 FL, Levy County, Cedar Key, March 13. Elderly male while evacuating from surge flood.

Heart Attack/Cardiac Arrest related to snow removal: (50)

— 1 CT, Bethany, March 13. Male, 84, heart attack in his driveway while shoveling snow.

— 2 DE, Newark, March 13-14. Males, heart attacks while shoveling snow at homes.

— 1 KY. Locality not noted. Heart attack while shoveling snow; male.

— 1 NY, Clarksville, Albany County (upstate NY). Male; heart attack while clearing snow.

— 2 NY, Kingston, Ulster County. Heart attacks while shoveling snow, one in 40s, one in 60s.

— 1 NY, Westerlo, Albany County (upstate NY). Male; heart attack while clearing snow.

— 6 NY. Locations not noted. Heart attacks while shoveling snow.[147]

— 7 NC, Western Foothills and Mts., March 13-15. Snow-shoveling heart attack victims.

— 6 OH (eastern). Heart attacks while shoveling snow.

— 1 PA, Allegheny County, March 13. Male, 80, heart attack while shoveling snow.

— 1 PA, Carbon County, March 13. Heart attack clearing snow; male.

— 1 PA, Carroll Co., Manchester. Heart attack, male, 55; freeing snowmobile from snowdrift.

— 1 PA, Westmoreland Co., Rostraver Twp., 13^th. Heart attack while shoveling snow; male, 80.

— 1 TN, Bradley County. Heart attack.

— 2 TN, McMinn County. Heart attacks due to shoveling snow.

— 1 VA, Reston, northern VA, March 13-14. Heart attack while shoveling snow.

–~9 Western VA, 13-14^th. “…mainly due to over-exertion and heart attack” clearing snow.[148]

—>6 “At least a half dozen men…died from overexertion when shoveling the snow.”

Heart Attack/Cardiac Arrest (circumstances not noted): ( 1)

— 1 FL, Pasco County, March 12-13. Cardiac arrest “during the storm.” Details not noted.

High Wind (on land and in-land): ( 9)

–1 FL, Brevard County, March 13. Male motorist, 18, when truck blown over on a bridge.

–1 FL, Broward County, Davie, March 13. Tree blown down; male, 60.

–1 FL, Broward County, Pompano Beach. Building wall collapsed onto motorcyclist nearby.

–1 FL, Duval County, Female, 36, killed “in wind-caused traffic fatality.”[149]

–1 FL, Highland County, Lake Charles. March 14. High wind-generated waterspout, boater.

–1 FL, Gilchrist County. Female killed when her car hit tree blown down by high wind.[150]

–1 FL, Seminole Co., Geneva, 13^th. Male, 16, drowns; wind-blown debris hits head; fell in family pool.

–2 FL, Effingham Co., Effingham, March 13. Under heading of “High Winds.” No detail.

High Wind and Rough Water (on water near coast): ( 6)

–2 FL, Citrus Co., 10M off Homosassa, 13^th. Drownings; fishing boat flooded or capsized.[151]

–2 FL, Pinellas Co., Clearwater Pass. Sailboat struck bridge supports, capsized, couple drown.

–1 FL, 7 miles off Honeymoon Island, Pinellas County. Crewman from 38-ft fishing boat.

–1 FL, Manatee Co., Terra Ceia Bay, 13^th. Male, 43; drowns evacuating houseboat in high wind.[152]

High Wind and Waves (Gulf of Mexico): ( 9)

— 7 Gulf, about 50 miles off Ft. Myers, FL, 13^th. From crew of 200-foot Honduran freighter.[153]

—>1 Gulf, about 70 miles west of St. Petersburg (Pinellas Co). Fishing boat Bone Dry sank.

— 1 FL, Lee County. Man went overboard in Gulf of Mexico off county coast.

Medical emergency death related to delay of assistance due to snow-blocked roads: ( 3)

–1 CT, Danbury. Heart attack, female, 80; ambulance blocked by mile of chest-high snow.

–1 TN, Unicoi County. Female when oxygen supply ran out and snow prevented delivery.

–1 VA, Wise County. Heart attack, male, emergency medical assistance delayed by snow.

Tornadoes (5) and Downbursts (2): ( 7)

–2 FL, Levy County, ~Chiefland, 12^th. Tornado; mother and daughter, about 7 in their home.

–1 FL, Levy County, Chiefland, March 12. Tornado; elderly person; mobile home was hit.

–1 FL, 10 miles northeast of Mount Dora, 12^th. Tornado; boy, 5-mo., mobile home destroyed.

–1 FL, Alachua County, 1 mile from LaCrosse, 12^th. Tornado; girl, 5, mobile home destroyed.

–1 FL, Terra Ceia Bay area, Manatee County, 12^th. Downburst; male, 43, drowns.[154]

–1 FL, Miami area, Dade County. Downburst; female, 36, when her mobile home flipped.

Tree Fall: (See, also, high wind.) ( 3)

–1 GA. Location not noted, March 13. Falling tree kills man inspecting house for storm damage

–1 NC, Carteret County, Newport area, March 13. Tree fell on mobile home; boy, 9, killed.

–1 NC, Duplin County, Chinquapin, March 13. Female, 84, killed by falling tree.

Vehicular/Traffic Accidents: (18)

–1 CT, Wallingford, March 13. Male; snowmobile went off the road and hit utility pole.

–1 FL, Volusia County. “Motorcyclist, 40-year-old, killed when he hits tree.

–1 GA. Location not noted, March 13. Traffic accident, female.

–1 KY. Locality not noted. Motor vehicle accident.

–1 MS. Location not noted, March 13. Traffic accident on icy bridge kills female.

–2 ME. Couple “killed when their car skidded off a snow covered road…” NWS Survey Report.

–1 MD, Hyattsville, Rt. 50, 13^th. Van hits tractor-trailer stopped due to snow conditions. Male, 19.

–1 NY, Islip, Suffolk Co., LI, March 13. Female hit by car that went out-of-control on icy road.

–3 NY (western), March 13. “Several persons…died in auto accidents related to the storm.”

–3 NC, Western Foothills and Mts., March 12-14. State Hwy Patrol reported “some” fatalities.

–1 Location not noted, March 13. Traffic accident, male killed.

–1 TN, Anderson County. Traffic accident; female.

–1 TN, Grainger County. “…result of a traffic accident blamed on the storm.”

–1 VA. Location not noted. Man killed when hit by car after abandoning his car stuck in snow.

Not Noted: (71)

— 1 AL

— 2 CT

— 1 DC

— 7 GA, northern. March 13. Under NCDC heading of “Blizzard” – no detail.

— 5 GA, north central, March 13. Under NCDC heading of “Blizzard” – no detail.

— 1 GA, west central, March 13. Under NCDC heading of “Blizzard” – no detail.

— 2 KY

— 1 MD

— 4 NJ. Indirect deaths “during the clean-up phase.” NWS Disaster Survey Report.

— 1 NY, Ellis, Tompkins County, March 13. Male, 61, “found dead under a foot of snow…”[155]

–41 PA (though it was noted that most were due to outdoor exertion such as clearing snow).

— 2 SC. Indirect.

— 1 TN, Bledsoe County. Cause of death not noted.

— 1 TN, Scott County. No details noted.

— 2 TN, eastern.

Narrative Information — General

Grabianowski: “In 1993, an early March storm surged up the east coast of the United States, unleashing snow and wind on a wider area than any other storm in recorded history. Massive snowfalls were recorded from eastern Canada to Alabama. Parts of 26 states were hit; roughly half of the entire U.S. population was affected, including many large cities [source: NOAA]. Two hundred and seventy Americans were killed. This storm is often compared to the Blizzard of 1888 — in many areas, it wasn’t as severe and didn’t drop as much snow, but it covered a much larger area.

“This storm broke numerous weather records. A low temperature of minus 12 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 24.4 degrees Celsius) was recorded at Burlington, Vt., while even Daytona Beach, Fla., felt the effects, with a low of 31 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 0.56 degrees Celsius). Birmingham, Ala., received more than a foot of snow (30.5 cm), with four inches (10.2 cm) falling as far south as Atlanta, Ga. Snowfall totals were amplified farther north — Syracuse, N.Y. got more than 40 inches (1.02 m), for example. Mountainous areas in the Appalachians and Catskills got the most snow, with recorded totals of 50 inches (1.27 m) or more. Wind speeds topped 70 mph (112.7 kph) in many places, and topped 100 mph (161 kph) in a few locations. Using storm surge and barometric pressure data, meteorologists say the Storm of the Century was the equivalent of a category three hurricane; it ranked a 13.2 on the NESIS scale.” (Grabianowski, Ed. “10 Biggest Snowstorms of All Time.” Howstuffworks.com.)

Lott, 1993: “On March 12-15, a storm now called ‘The Storm of the Century’ struck the eastern seaboard….

“1) The preliminary death toll for the U.S. is approximately 270, and 48 people were reported as missing at sea (Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic, including Canadian waters). This is over 3 times the combined death toll of 79 attributed to hurricanes Hugo and Andrew. The death toll includes those caused by direct and indirect (e.g., shoveling snow) results of the storm….

“2) Thousands of people were isolated by record snowfalls, especially in the Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia mountains. Over 200 hikers were rescued from the North Carolina and Tennessee mountains. Curfews were enforced in many counties and cities as ‘states of emergency’ were declared. The National Guard was deployed in many areas to protect lives and property. Generally, all interstate highways from Atlanta northward were closed. For the first time, every major airport on the east coast was closed at one time or another by the storm….

“3) For the first time, every major airport on the east coast was closed at one time or another by the storm. The Asheville, NC airport was closed for 3 days. Snowfall rates of 2-3 inches per hour were common during the height of the storm. Generally, New York’s Catskill Mountains along with most of the central and southern Appalachians received at least 2 feet of snow. In areas to the east, wind-driven sleet occurred in some areas, with central New Jersey reporting 2.5 inches of sleet on top of 12 inches of snow–somewhat of an “ice-cream sandwich” affect.

“4) Hundreds of roof collapses occurred due to the weight of the heavy wet snow. Over 3 million customers were without electrical power at one time due to fallen trees and high winds.

“5) At least 18 homes fell into the sea on Long Island due to the pounding surf. About 200 homes along North Carolina’s Outer Banks were damaged and may be uninhabitable. Over 160 people were rescued at sea by the Coast Guard in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic. At least 1 freighter sank in the Gulf of Mexico.

“6) Florida was struck by an estimated 15 tornadoes, and 44 deaths in Florida were attributed either to the tornadoes or other severe weather. A 12-foot storm surge occurred in Taylor County, FL resulting in at least 7 deaths. Also, up to 6 inches of snow fell in the Florida panhandle.

“7) 3 storm-related deaths were reported in Quebec and 1 in Ontario. About 110 miles south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, a 177-meter ship sank in heavy seas, with all 33 of its crew lost at sea. 65-foot waves were reported in the area. Also, a wind gust of 131 MPH occurred at Grand Etang, Nova Scotia. Some parts of northern New Brunswick experienced temperature drops of 45 degrees Fahrenheit in 18 hours. 3 deaths occurred in Cuba (Havana was blacked out), and a tornado left 5000 people homeless in Reynosa, Mexico (near Texas border)….” (Lott, Neal. The Big One! A Review of the March 12-14, 1993 “Storm of the Century” (Technical Report 93-01). NOAA NCDC, Research Customer Service Group, May 14, 1993.)

NOAA: “A gigantic low pressure system screamed up the eastern seaboard, bringing everything from a storm surge to the western coastline of Florida to nearly 60 inches of snow in some parts of the Appalachian. This storm will long be remembered for paralyzing the entire eastern seaboard, at one point shutting down every airport on the Washington/Boston corridor. The superstorm was responsible for 79 direct deaths and more than 600 injuries, along with $2 billion in damage. It was one of the most well-forecasted storms in history, with timely warnings that limited the death toll of this fierce weather system.” (“NOAA’s Top U.S. Weather, Water and Climate Events of the 20^th Century.”

NWS: “This extremely intense and massive storm tracked from the western Gulf of Mexico to the Florida Panhandle and up the eastern seaboard to Massachusetts (lowest pressure at one point was under 960 mb). A huge area had tremendous snow amounts, some of record proportions. This storm dumped the most snow in the largest area than ever before. Amounts ranged from a foot in southern Alabama to over 40 inches in the state of New York. In the mountains along the Tennessee / North Carolina border a whopping 60 inches fell! Winds of 70 mph were common across this large area with drifts to 20 feet high. Nearly 300 deaths were blamed on this storm due to the severity and large area affected.” (National Weather Service Milwaukee/Sullivan Weather Forecast Office. 2005)

Alabama

NCDC Storm Data, March 12-13 Winter Storm: “What most called the worst winter storm in Alabama history struck Friday afternoon and lasted until mid-day Saturday. Snow began falling over north Alabama Friday afternoon, then spread southward overnight, reaching all the way to the Gulf Coast. The storm was caused by a strong and massive low pressure system that moved from the western Gulf of Mexico into the Florida panhandle, and up the Eastern Seaboard. The heaviest snow began after midnight when northerly winds of 40 to 55 mph became common…. By mid-day Saturday snow had accumulated to 6 to 12 inches over North Alabama and 2 to 4 inches at the Gulf Coast. A 40-mile-wide band of 12 to 20 inches fell from the Birmingham area northeastward to DeKalb and Cherokee counties, generally following the Appalachian Mountains. High winds combined with the heavy wet snow, felled numerous trees and knocked down power lines over a wide area. Numerous roads became impassable, and hundreds of thousands of homes were without power. It was estimated that 400,000 homes were without electricity, and many remained so for several days. Compounding the snow and power problems, temperatures fell well into the single digits and teens across much of the state Saturday night. For example, the temperature at the Birmingham Airport fell to 2 degrees, the coldest March temperature ever recorded….The snow and high winds knocked many radio and television stations off the air, and severely hampered emergency personnel responding to fires, stranded motorists, and those in dire need of medical attention. As if the snow, high winds, and extreme cold were not enough, many large trees fell onto homes and businesses. Numerous awnings, and roofs collapsed under the weight of the heavy snow….” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 8.)

Connecticut

NCDC Storm Data, March 14: “A powerful east coat storm set record and near record low barometric pressure readings as it tracked very rapidly north-northeast from the Florida panhandle to central Massachusetts within 24 hours, It’s center moved through central Connecticut. The state was hit with blizzard condition….Snowfall across the state ranged from about 8 inches at Norwich in the southeast to 21 inches in the northwest hills….In the wake of the passage of the low enter on Sunday morning, March 14^th, heavy snow squalls occurred as arctic cold replaced the mild air. Gale force easterly winds gusting to 60 mph blew the snow into drifts several feet deep and made roads impassable for several hours during the height of the blizzard….Up to 40,000 electric customers were without power but most power was restored within 6 to 12 hours….” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 15.)

Delaware

NCDC Storm Data, March 13-14: “….Blizzard condition were produced over a large part of Virginia, Maryland, The District of Columbia, as well as the eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. Snowfall amounts ranged from 1 to 3 inches in the coastal plain from southern Delaware, across southeast parts of Maryland and Virginia. Three to fifteen inches of snow was recorded from Northeast Delaware, across east and central Maryland and the District of Columbia….The storm dumped more than a foot of snow on the northern half of the State and drenched Sussex County. Heavy snow turned to rain and sleet in many parts of Delaware Saturday afternoon….Winds gusted to around 60 mph and caused scattered damage and fallen trees and power lines….” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 16.)

Florida

NCDC Storm Events Database: “Tornadoes, Thunderstorm Winds, Hail, Storm Surge, Flooding, Beach Erosion, Snow.

“The “Storm Of The Century” roared across Florida producing a variety of severe and unusual weather conditions for a period of about 18 hours from late Friday the 12th through late afternoon Saturday the 13th. A severe squall line raced eastward at 50 mph ahead of an intense low producing several tornadoes and strong downbursts as it moved through the state and directly caused seven fatalities. This was followed by a hitherto unknown (for the Gulf Coast) winter storm surge of 9 to 12 feet onto the gulf coast in Taylor County, with storm surges and/or tidal and wind driven flooding of 5 to 9 feet elsewhere along the gulf coast of the state and into the lower Keys. This was followed by a period of 8 to 12 hours of high sustained winds of up to 50 mph with gusts to 70 mph, keeping tides much above normal along the west coast and causing severe beach erosion in many areas. Total number of fatalities from the storm was 47, including 14 from storm surge and flooding, seven from tornadoes and/or strong downbursts, and four from high winds in the aftermath of the squall line. Eleven people drowned offshore in the Gulf of Mexico after strong winds swamped or capsized ships (including seven crewmen from a 200-foot Honduran freighter). Eleven others died during rescue operations and cleanup activities. Meanwhile, colder air poured in behind the intense low with up to four inches of snow falling in the panhandle from north of Pensacola to Crestview, and a trace to 3 inches elsewhere across north Florida. Record or near record low temperatures occurred over much of the state the following two nights. Total property damage was estimated at $1.6 billion.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database, Event Record Details, Tornadoes, Tstm Wind, Hail, Florida, 13 Mar 1993.”)

Florida: “A 10- to 12-foot storm surge moved into the coast destroying 57 residences. Ten people were killed, nine at Dekle Beach and one at Keaton Beach.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database, Event Record Details, Storm Surge, Florida, 13 Mar 1993.)

Georgia

NCDC Storm Data, March 12-13 Heavy Snow: “An intense late winter storm moving northeast from the Gulf of Mexico began producing light snow around 2200 EST over the extreme north Georgia mountains. By 0200 EST, the snow was falling at a rate of 1 inch per hour with accumulations of 5 inches reported over extreme northwest Georgia….Most secondary roads had become impassable across north Georgia by sunrise while primary roads were limited primarily to emergency travel.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 32.)

Kentucky

NCDC Storm Data, March 12-14 Blizzard: “One of the strongest Winter Storms of the century dumped from 6 to 30 inches of snow over eastern and southeastern Kentucky. The snow combined with winds to produce snow drifts from 6 to 10 feet. Interstate 75 was closed from Lexington to the Tennessee border and Interstate 64 was closed from Lexington to the West Virginia border. Both roads were closed for 2 days. Between 3,000 and 4,000 motorists were stranded along the highways. Emergency shelters were set up in Ashland and London….” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 47.)

New Jersey

NWS Natural Disaster Survey Report: “As much as 26 inches of snow fell in interior sections of northern New Jersey while 12-15 inches were more common elsewhere in the state. Coastal flooding of 6-9 feet was experienced causing some beach erosion. There were four fatalities from the storm, all indirectly caused during the clean up phase….” (NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-14.)

New York

NWS Natural Disaster Survey Report: “Southeastern New York and Long Island were…hit hard with up to 20 inches falling on interior areas of the region. Lesser, but significant, amounts fell on the coast. The snow changed to rain or mixed with sleet and rain near the coast in the afternoon [March 13]. Over 200,000 homes were without power due to the high winds and there were major disruptions to travel. Thirty beach front homes on eastern Long Island at West Hampton were washed into the sea. Two deaths related to the storm include a woman struck by an out of control car in Islip, and a man buried by an avalanche while working to free his car from the deep snow.

“Blizzard conditions were common across the interior sections of New York with very low visibilities Saturday afternoon [13^th]. Snowfall amounts ranged as high as 40 inches in the Adirondack Mountains….there were five deaths directly related to the event in interior New York. Four of these were due to exposure while the last was caused by snow falling off a woodpile and burying a man in his yard….Tens of thousands of people were without electricity due to downed power lines….” (NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-14/15.)

Ohio

NWS Natural Disaster Survey Report: “Blizzard conditions continued northward [from WV] through eastern Ohio and caused eight injuries and $2.75 million in property damage. Six persons died from heart attacks while shoveling snow. A State of Emergency was declared in 25 counties in eastern Ohio for 2 days prohibiting all travel. Hundreds of motorists were stranded; local residents and shelters provided refuge for them. The National Guard and Army reserve units were called in to assist in storm relief efforts. Snowfall totals ranged from 5 inches in Columbus to 22 inches in Ironton. The snow, driven by wind gusts over 35 mph, drifted up to 12 feet near Steubenville.” (NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-13.)

Pennsylvania

NWS Natural Disaster Survey Report: “….Some snowfall reports were 36 inches at Latrobe, 27 inches at State College, and 24 inches at Dubois. All airports and highways were closed for a time, and the Governor declared a State of Emergency Saturday afternoon [13^th] that remained in effect through the following week….The highest recorded wind gust was 66 mph at Philadelphia International Airport.” (NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-14.)

Virginia

PHMPC: “The “Superstorm of March ’93” was also known as “The Storm of the Century” for the eastern United States, due to its large area of impact, all the way from Florida and Alabama through New England. As the storm’s center crossed Virginia, weather stations recorded their lowest pressure ever. Unlike most big winter storms that move up the coast, this storm took a more inland track across Richmond and the Chesapeake Bay. It brought rain and some high winds to Southeast Virginia and heavy snow and blizzard conditions over portions of the north and west. Eleven people died in Virginia from over-exertion and heart attacks shoveling snow or from exposure and hypothermia. Snow removal and clean-up costs were estimated at 16 million dollars statewide.” (Peninsula Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (VA). Peninsula Multi-Jurisdictional Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan: Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. 2006, p. 32.)

NCDC Storm Data, March 12-13: “Massive in scope best describes this late winter storm. It was the most widespread deep snow to affect West Virginia, at least since World War II. The November 1950 storm did not bring heavy snow to the eastern panhandle. Every county reported at least a foot of snow on the ground from the one-and-a-half day storm. Increases in snow depth from 16 to 24 inches were most common. The most snowfall was 34 inches from Pickens in Randolph County….Sustained winds of 15 to 30 mph with stronger gusts blew during the afternoon of the 13^th and into the early morning hours of the 14^th. Temperatures fell from the 20s into the teens during the storm. The dry snow was blown into drifts of 10 to 12 feet in the mountains….Travel came to a complete stop by late afternoon on the 13^th….” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 118.)

Cuba

Alfonso and Naranjo abstract: “On 13 March 1993 a powerful prefontal squall line hit western and central Cuba. At 0000 UTC, a fast-developing extratropical cyclone with a well-defined cold front was located in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Over the eastern Gulf of Mexico there was a 300-hPa jet streak interacting with a low-level jet. A hodograph typically associated with supercells or severe squall lines was observed at Key West, Florida. The air mass over the eastern Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and Cuba was conditionally unstable. Instability was enhanced by moist air at the surface interacting with a dry intrusion in the midtroposphere from the Mexican Plateau. Lifting induced by a strong short-wave trough favored the formation a compact squall line with embedded bow-echoes and line-echo wave patterns. Damaging winds were widespread with the squall line. Thus, the event fits the definition of a serial derecho. One of the two bow echoes that affected Cuba included a small but strong mesocyclone in its forward flank, as detected by radar and surface observations. The mesocyclone caused great damage in a 20-km-wide strip over the Havana and Havana City provinces, producing a family of downbursts in its southern portion. Estimated damage up to F2 on the Fujita scale was experienced in the effected area. Another bow echo struck the central region of Cuba producing similar damage. The squall line event described in this study is the most damaging one ever recorded in Cuba.” (Alfonso, A. P. and L. R. Naranjo. “The 13 March 1993 Severe Squall Line over Western Cuba.” Weather and Forecasting, Vol. 11 (AMS), March 1996, p. 89 of 89-102.)

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Additional Reading:

Kocin, Paul J., et al. (National Weather Service, National Meteorological Center, Camp Springs, MD). “Overview of the 12-14 March 1993 Superstorm.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 76, No. 2, Feb 1995, pp. 165-182. Accessed 3-28-2016 at: http://www.weather.gov/media/ilm/Overview_Kocin_Schumacher_Morales_Uccelini.pdf

[1] Sometimes referred to as the “Superstorm of 1993,” or the “Storm of the Century.”

[2] We readily admit that it is difficult to follow various reports of known deaths from missing and presumed deaths, as well as, sometimes, to know whether figures being presented are for the U.S. alone or all storm-related deaths. Thus we may be leaving out some missing and presumed deaths in the Gulf or elsewhere.

[3] We have not been able to determine how the estimates of 270 and 318 were formulated. We speculate they incorporated other than U.S. and perhaps missing.

[4] Atlanta Journal Constitution, 3-13-2013.

[5] AP, Knoxville, TN. “Rangers find 11 hikers; search for more goes on.” Stars and Stripes, 3-19-1993, p. 6. The missing were noted as the crew of 32 of the freighter which sank in the North Atlantic off Nova Scotia, and “16 mariners lost in waters around Florida.”

[6] Lott notes that additionally, “48 people were reported as missing at sea (Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic, including Canadian waters).”

[7] Excerpt in: NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 7-19.

[8] NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-15. Goes on to note that “…indirect deaths and damage/clean up costs…can not be determined accurately using the existing procedures. Timeliness of the reports and accuracy of some of the information, particularly regarding injuries and damage cost estimates, were frequently a problem. Storm Data rely heavily on newspaper accounts of weather events. This works well in documenting relatively easily defined events such as thunderstorm winds or hail damage, but frequently will not provide the information needed on post-storm clear up costs or on deaths that are a result of the clean up….”

[9] Notes: “The majority of the deaths associated with the Superstorm occurred during post-storm cleanup activities.”

[10] “There were at least 14 deaths associated with the exposure or stress due from the storm.”

[11] AP (Ric Leyva). “East Coast struggles to get to work today.” Indiana Gazette, Indiana, PA. 3-15-1993, p. 1.

[12] AP (Ric Leyva). “East Coast struggles to get to work today.” Indiana Gazette, Indiana, PA. 3-15-1993, p. 1.

[13] Associated Press (Brent Laymon). “Monster Storm.” The Progress, Clearfield, PA. 3-13-1993, p. 7.

[14] Bixby, Lyn. “Blizzard of March 1993.” Hartford Courant, CT, 11-21-2001. Victim identified as Joseph Ulman.

[15] Guinness, Meredith, Thomson News Service. “Storm of `88 – 1888, that is – still considered worse.” Cumberland Sunday Times-News, MD, 3-21-1993, p. 14A. To be clear, the reason this was noted as a storm-related death is because the woman died while the ambulance crew “struggled through a mile of chest-high snow to reach her.” The implication being she might have lived had they reached her in time.

[16] Bixby, Lyn. “Blizzard of March 1993.” The Hartford Courant, CT, 11-21-2001.

[17] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 16.

[18] 28 direct deaths are noted on page 1-2. However pp. 1-3 through 1-6 detail the direct deaths, and when all these are tallied, the total comes to 29 direct deaths, not the 28 noted on page 1-2. When this total of 29 direct deaths is added to the 11 drowning deaths noted in the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico, and the 11 post-storm rescue and cleanup deaths, the total comes to 51, which is the number this document notes as the FL tally.

[19] NWS Natural Disaster Survey Report, at page 2-10, notes “Eleven people were drowned by the surge between 4:20 a.m. and 6:30 a.m., March 13, with ten of these fatalities in Taylor County.” Noted on next page that “To our knowledge, no winter storm has ever produced a deadly storm surge of such magnitude in the Gulf of Mexico. In fact, Superstorm surge killed more people from drowning than Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew combined.”

[20] Victim identified as Danielle Howanitz. Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[21] NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report. Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-2.

[22] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[23] Reference to the Fantastico which sank 70 miles off Ft. Myers, FL during the storm. A U.S. Coast Guard helicopter rescued three of its crew but “was forced back to base due to low fuel levels” before the remaining seven could be saved. (IT1me.com. 1993 Storm of the Century, citing John Galvin. “Superstorm: Eastern and Central U.S., March 1993. Popular Mechanics, 12-17-2009.) The ship was carrying a load of fertilizer from Miami to Tampa. (Divespots.com. “Fantastico.” Accessed 3-29-2016.) See, also, Leereefs.org. “Major Shipwrecks.”

[24] UPI. “Coast Guard rescues 235 people from storm.” 3-15-1993. Notes that the Coast Guard “found one body, but said it believed there was another person aboard.”

[25] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[26] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Since the NWS does not have note a category for “storm-related fire” deaths, we assume this is the appropriate place.

[27] AP, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Since this “wind-related” death is not noted in “high wind” section and is a traffic fatality, frequently viewed as the NWS and the NCDC as an indirect death, we can only assume this seemingly catch-all category is the appropriate placement.

[28] AP, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Since this “wind-related” death is not noted in “high wind” section and is a traffic fatality, frequently viewed as the NWS and the NCDC as an indirect death, we can only assume this seemingly catch-all category is the appropriate placement.

[29] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[30] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Victim identified as John E. Middleton. Article notes he was from Oxford; locality of death might be different.

[31] AP, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Again, we have to guess that these deaths should be placed in this category, in that no other category seems more appropriate.

[32] Reference to the Fantastico which sank 70 miles off Ft. Myers, FL during the storm. A U.S. Coast Guard helicopter recued three of its crew but “was forced back to base due to low fuel levels” before the remaining seven could be saved. (IT1me.com. 1993 Storm of the Century, citing John Galvin. “Superstorm: Eastern and Central U.S., March 1993. Popular Mechanics, 12-17-2009.)

[33] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, pp. 25-26. Notes “Two males, one a Canadian…were apparently washed overboard from a fishing boat and drowned. Their bodies were recovered a week later.”

[34] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, pp. 27-28. Under heading of “High Winds” notes: “A 38-foot fishing vessel was swamped by 20-30 foot seas seven miles west of the coast. One crewman drowned…”

[35] UPI. “Coast Guard rescues 235 people from storm.” 3-15-1993. Notes that the Coast Guard “found one body, but said it believed there was another person aboard.”

[36] Notes that the total of 47 fatalities included 14 from storm surge and flooding. In that a separate location on the NCDC Storm Events Database on “Storm Surge” notes 10 deaths – 9 at Dekle Beach and 1 at Keaton Beach, we assume that there were four flood deaths.

[37] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 27: “Flood waters about nine feet deep inundated the coastal area with most residents in water chest deep. One person suffered a heart attack and died attempting to evacuate out of the flooded area. Sixty-one homes were destroyed, 3,300 damaged, and 100 people evacuated.”

[38] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, 35/3, March 1993, p. 27. The flooding that took place is noted under the title of “Storm Surge” and the time of as 05:45 EST. In that the NCDC Storm Events Database notes ten other deaths as the storm surge death total, and has them in Taylor County, we assume this was one of the four “Flood” deaths noted.

[39] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 27. An AP article identifies the victim as Orly Grossback. (AP, Chiefland, FL. “Winter storm kills at least 13 across the state.” Key West Citizen, 3-14-1993, 3A.)

[40] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 29.

[41] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 29. Under the heading “High Winds” it is noted that the collapsing wall killed a motorcyclist who was standing nearby.

[42] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 25. Under the heading of “High Winds” notes they “were drowned when they apparently were pushed [notes winds up to 61 mph] into the bridge pilings and capsized.”

[43] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[44] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Since the NCDC does not have note a category for “storm-related fire” deaths, we assume this is the appropriate place.

[45] AP, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Since this “wind-related” death is not noted in “high wind” section and is a traffic fatality, frequently viewed as the NWS and the NCDC as an indirect death, we can only assume this seemingly catch-all category is the appropriate placement.

[46] AP, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Since this “wind-related” death is not noted in “high wind” section and is a traffic fatality, frequently viewed as the NWS and the NCDC as an indirect death, we can only assume this seemingly catch-all category is the appropriate placement.

[47] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[48] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Victim identified as John E. Middleton. Article notes he was from Oxford; locality of death might be different.

[49] NCDC Storm Data, 35/7, March 1993, p. 26, writes “A 10- to 12-foot storm surge moved into the coast destroying 57 residences. Ten people were killed…”

[50] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Tornadoes, Tstm Wind, Hail, Flooding, Storm Surge. FL, March 12-13.

[51] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Tornado, Florida, Alachua County, LaCrosse, 3-13-1993, 20:00, F1. Identification of victim as 6-year-old girl from: AP. “Storm already responsible for five deaths in South,” 3-13-1993.

[52] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Thunderstorm Wind, FL, Miami-Dade Co., Narrowrowanja, 13^th, 04:52. An AP article has the place of death as Homestead. We note that a look at a Google map shows a Naranja, FL just to the north of Homestead. According to the article, “Danielle Howanitz, 36, died in a mobile home brought in by the federal government to replace one demolished by the hurricane. The home…tipped over in a strong gust.” Associated Press, Chiefland, FL. “Winter storm kills at least 13 across the state.” Key West Citizen, 3-14-1993, 3A.

[53] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Tornado, Florida, Lake County, Mt. Dora, 3-13-1993, 00:30 EST, F2.

[54] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Tornado, Florida, Levy County, March 12, 1993, 23:38 EST.

[55] Assoc. Press, Chiefland, FL. “Winter storm kills at least 13 across the state.” Key West Citizen, 3-14-1993, 3A. The victims were identified as Willie Mae Strong and her daughter. Capri. (Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.)

[56] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Tornado, Florida, Levy County, March 12, 1993, 23:38 EST. AP article identifies the victim as Sylvester Garrison, who lived two houses away from the destroyed home noted above. (Assoc. Press, Chiefland, FL. “Winter storm kills at least 13 across the state.” Key West Citizen, 3-14-1993, 3A.)

[57] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Thunderstorm Wind, FL, Manatee Co., Terra Ceia Bay, Mar 13, 1993.

[58] Cited Coast Guard for information that some wreckage had been found March 15, but little hope held out. Called off search on the 16^th. Another source notes the that “two men on the fishing boat Twister activated an emergency locator Beacon Saturday, then disappeared.” Notes search was conducted around Crystal River (Citrus County). (UPI. “Six dead, 11 missing in waters off Florida.” 3-16-1993.)

[59] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[60] Perhaps a reference to the fishing boat Twister, which was lost about 10 miles west of Crystal River, Citrus County, in the Gulf. (UPI [United Press International]. “Coast Guard rescues 235 people from storm.” 3-15-1993.)

[61] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[62] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[63] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[64] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[65] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[66] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[67] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Victim identified as John E. Middleton. Article notes he was from Oxford; locality of death might be different.

[68] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[69] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[70] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[71] This might be a reference to Verlie Eugene Lewis, 47, Cocoa Beach (Brevard County on FL east coast) a commercial fisherman, who drowned when his boat, the June Bug, sank 70 miles west of Tarpon Springs, Pinellas County. (Assoc. Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.)

[72] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[73] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[74] Associated Press, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B.

[75] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 33.

[76] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 33.

[77] Galvin, John. “Superstorm: Eastern and Central U.S., March 1993. Popular Mechanics, 12-17-2009. Walker County is in northwest Georgia. Article notes that seven were rescued after being spotted by a GA State Police helicopter. The member who had tried hiking out for help died.

[78] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 34.

[79] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 34.

[80] NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-11. Written that “Eight of the deaths were directly attributable to the storm from either fallen trees or exposure to the elements while the remaining six deaths were indirectly caused by the storm.”

[81] Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV. “Deaths in the East Coast blizzard.” 3-14-1993, A3.

[82] Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV. “Deaths in the East Coast blizzard.” 3-14-1993, A3.

[83] Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV. “Deaths in the East Coast blizzard.” 3-14-1993, A3.

[84] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 47.

[85] NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-12.

[86] NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-12.

[87] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 49. Highlighted in yellow to denote that this death was not during the March 12-13 winter storm, but in the storm’s freezing temperature aftermath.

[88] NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-15.

[89] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 55.

[90] Shuey, P.J. “Area digs out after the big one.” The Capital, Annapolis, MD, 3-15-1993, p. 1. Victim identified as Santiago Osorio Guzman. Notes “snow-related accident” was just west of Davidsonville Road. Cites State Police.

[91] Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV. “Deaths in the East Coast blizzard.” 3-14-1993, A3.

[92] NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-14.

[93] NYT. “The Blizzard of ’93: The Overview; Storm Paralyzes East Coast…” 3-14, 1993. Cites Albany Co. Sheriff.

[94] NYT (Robert D. McFadden). “The Blizzard of ’93: The Overview; Storm Paralyzes East Coast…” 3-14, 1993.

[95] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 75. Notes that the victim was “trying to remove snow from around his car on the highway below when the avalanche hit.” News article provides age of victim, who was identified as John Hynes of Cornwall-on-Hudson, and that the location was near West Point. (Associated Press (Yvette H. Blackman). “10 killed in New York state.” Post-Star, Glen Falls, NY, 3-15-1993, A3.)

[96] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 75.

[97] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 75. Notes that the victim “was forced to walk in the street as sidewalks were impassable due to the snow.”

[98] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 73.

[99] AP (Yvette H. Blackman). “10 killed in New York state.” Post-Star, Glen Falls, NY, 3-15-1993, A3. Cause of death not clear. Article notes “Police said she was outside her car when she collapsed on Saturday.”

[100] Assoc. Press (Y. H. Blackman). “10 killed in New York state.” Post-Star, Glen Falls, NY, 3-15-1993, A3. We assume these were Kingston, Ulster County, men in that they were reported to have died in the Kingston Hospital.

[101] NYT. “The Blizzard of ’93: The Overview; Storm Paralyzes East Coast…” 3-14, 1993. Cites Albany Co. Sheriff.

[102] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 75.

[103] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 75.

[104] AP, Rochester, NY. “Heart attacks biggest storm danger.” Post-Star, Glens Falls NY, 3-16-`93, A2. Article notes “At least half of the 20 New York deaths blamed on the storm were people who died of heart attacks while shoveling…” In that we note the locations of four, we take it to be the case that there were at least six others.

[105] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 77.

[106] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 77. NCDC had date time-frame as March 12-14. The 13^th is from: NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-7.

[107] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 77.

[108] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 77. NCDC had date time-frame as March 12-14. The 13^th is from: NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-7.

[109] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 77.

[110] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 77. Not clear, but traffic fatalities would be best guess.

[111] Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV. “Deaths in the East Coast blizzard.” 3-14-1993, A3.

[112] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 77.

[113] Smothers. “The Blizzard of ’93: The South; Regions Used to the Sun Took…Severest Blows.” NYT, 3-15-1993.

[114] NWS. Natural Disaster Survey Report Superstorm of March 1993, March 12-14, 1993. 1994, p. 1-13.

[115] “As many as 48 others [reference to 4 direct deaths] died in the post-storm clean-up, primarily from heart attacks while shoveling snow.”

[116] Notes “Most were blamed on exhaustion or heart attacks from shoveling snow.” Another article cites state officials for the figure of 50 storm-related fatalities. (AP (Robinson). “Pennsylvania may get $45 million in storm relief.: The Progress, Clearfield, PA, 3-18-1993, 1.)

[117] The “0” means no fatalities are noted.

[118] Indiana Gazette, Indiana, PA. “County suffers along with entire eastern coast.” 3-14-1993, p. A-6.

[119] Associated Press, Pittsburgh. “Unlit gas oven causes death.” New Castle News, PA, 3-16-1993, p. 2. Victim identified as Ethel McGill. Article notes that “the pilot light in the oven went out, but the gas continued to flow.”

[120] The News, Frederick, MD. “Death Toll” (continued from A-1). 3-15-1993, p. A-8.

[121] AP (Robinson). “Pennsylvania may get $45 million in storm relief.: The Progress, Clearfield, PA, 3-18-1993, 1. Victim identified as Patrick Molloy.

[122] Indiana Gazette, Indiana, PA. “County suffers along with entire eastern coast.” 3-14-1993, p. A-6.

[123] Franklin. “A Tale of snow and wind; rescues, heroes and babies.” Evening Sun, Hanover, PA, 3-21-1993, p. A-5.

[124] Christopher Buckley and Karen Peters. “Mid-Mon Valley area is digging out today.” Monessen Valley Independent, PA, 3-17-1993, 2. Victim identified as Michael Durki.

[125] Newspaper article notes: “In Spartanburg, S.C., a man who apparently fell asleep outside a nightclub…froze do death.” Smothers. “The Blizzard of ’93: The South; Regions Used to the Sun Took…Blows.” NYT, 3-15-1993.

[126] Though it is written that “There were 15 deaths that were directly or indirectly related to the winter storm” the details which follow tally to thirteen.

[127] The NCDC notes one CO death. A newspaper notes “man found in car, believed dead of carbon monoxide poisoning.” Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV. “Deaths in the East Coast blizzard.” 3-14-1993, A3.

[128] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 115-116. “It was believed that she suffered a heart attack or stroke while in her back yard and was unable to get inside out of the cold.”

[129] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 115.

[130] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 115.

[131] Writes “They had to make their way through snow drifts that were at times chin deep.”

[132] Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV. “Deaths in the East Coast blizzard.” 3-14-1993, A3.

[133] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 118.

[134] Associated Press. “Two more deaths confirmed in state.” Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV, 3-18-1993, A6. Specific cause of death not noted. Might have been heart attack due to exertion walking through deep snow, or exposure if he was knocked unconscious when he fell, for example. Victim identified as Willard W. Elder. Cites County Sheriff on “ruling” that the death “was storm related.”

[135] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1993, p. 118. Newspaper article identifies victim of Willis Altizer, 55. (Assoc. Press. “Two more deaths confirmed in state.” Bluefield Daily Telegraph, WV, 3-18-1993, A6.

[136] Cites West Virginia authorities from statement the day before, March 17.

[137] In Cuba, total fatalities were relatively low (10), but economic losses amounted to more than U.S. $1 billion.”

[138] “To the south [of FL], the squall line was the most damaging one ever recorded in Cuba, causing 10 casualties [fatalities] and over $1 billion in economic losses (Alfonso and Naranjo, 1996).” [A.P. Alfonso and L. R. Naranjo. “The 13 March 1993 Severe Squall Line over Western Cuba.” Weather and Forecasting 11, 1996, pp. 89-102.]

[139] Galvin, John. “Superstorm: Eastern and Central U.S., March 1993. Popular Mechanics, 12-17-2009. Notes that the entire crew was lost after “heading straight into the storm. The captain reported that 90-mph winds and 100-ft. waves were battering the ship…” before it sank as the crew of a Canadian military turboprop watched. Crew consisted of twenty-nine people from Hong Kong, three from China and one from Taiwan.

[140] As the description notes there is ambiguity as to cause of death.

[141] It is our assumption the death was outdoors, given that a news article wrote “Officials believe she was trying to seek shelter” on a night where temperatures reached a low of 21 degrees F. (Ocala Star-Banner, FL. “Storm hits Big Sun with awesome power, fury.” 3-21-1993, p. 7.)

[142] It is our speculation that this was a death due to exposure. The newspaper source notes that she was found buried in snow in front of her home and that according to police she had collapsed outside her car.

[143] Specific cause of death not noted. Might have been heart attack due to exertion walking through deep snow, or exposure if he was knocked unconscious when he fell, for example.

[144] It is our speculation that this was a death due to exposure – cause of death not made clear.

[145] It is our speculation that this was a death due to exposure – cause of death not made clear.

[146] Presumably due to exposure – though not explicitly stated.

[147] AP, Rochester, NY. “Heart attacks biggest storm danger.” Post-Star, Glens Falls NY, 3-16-`93, A2. Article notes “At least half of the 20 New York deaths blamed on the storm were people who died of heart attacks while shoveling…” In that we note the locations of four, we take it to be the case that there were at least six others.

[148] Notes there were at least 10 such deaths, but we know of one death in Wise County which was a heart attack death noted as storm-related in that medical assistance was delayed due to snow-blocked roads.

[149] AP, Tallahassee, FL. “Storm Deaths.” Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, FL, 3-17-1993, p. 3B. Since this “wind-related” death is not noted in “high wind” section and is a traffic fatality, frequently viewed as the NWS and the NCDC as an indirect death, we can only assume this seemingly catch-all category is the appropriate placement.

[150] Highlighted in yellow in order to point out that some might believe this should be under “Vehicular” category.

[151] Probable reference to fishing boat Twister which was lost about 10 miles west of Crystal River, Citrus County.

[152] A different NOAA source (in tornado discussion) refers to the strong wind as a downburst.

[153] The Fantastico, on way from Miami to Tampa. Have not seen a nationality description of the crew.

[154] This is from the NWS Natural Disaster Survey report. The NCDC also notes a Terra Ceia Bay death on March 13, under the description of strong winds, specifically noting in this instance a man attempting to evacuate his houseboat in strong winds. We speculate these reference the same death.

[155] This might be a slip or fall leading to an exposure death, or a heart attack. Not clear.