–1,563-1,601 Blanchard tally based on State breakouts below. (Difference is range for Chicago.)[1]

— 1,021 Nat. Weather Ser. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 2011

— >1,000 History.com. This Day in History, Disaster, July 12, 1995. “Heat Wave Hits…”

— 830 Changnon et al. 1996.

— 739 NYT. “Most Deadly of the Natural Disasters: Heat Wave.” 8-13-2002.

— 716 CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900 (exposure to excessive natural heat) code search.[2]

— 669 Nationwide, by July 18. AP. “Chicago’s Heat Claims 376.”[3]

— <500 Wilhelmi, Purvis and Harriss 2004, p. 148.

— 465 Basu and Samet 2002.

Summary of Fatalities by State

Alabama 19

Arizona 51

Arkansas 25

California 38

Delaware 1

District of Columbia 18

Florida 12

Georgia 24

Illinois 727-766 (Range reflects differing figures we use for Chicago.)

Indiana 15

Iowa 17

Kentucky 11

Louisiana 16

Maryland 11

Michigan 28

Minnesota 3

Mississippi 15

Missouri 58

Montana 1

Nebraska 3

Nevada 4

New Jersey 24

New York 17

North Carolina 8

Ohio 18

Oklahoma 14

Pennsylvania 146

South Carolina 11

Tennessee 13

Texas 41

Virginia 18

West Virginia 1

Wisconsin 154

Breakout of Fatalities by State (and locality, date, etc., where noted)

Alabama (19)

–19 AL DPH. “Health precautions urged during periods of prolonged heat.” 11-7-2006 mod.[4]

–15 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 4 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007.

Breakout of fatalities by location (where noted):

— 1 Jefferson County, Birmingham, Aug 18. Hyperthermia. Female, 79. NCDC Storm Data.[5]

— 1 Marengo Co., Demopolis, June 27. Heatstroke; male, 59. NCDC Storm Data, June 1996, p. 13.

— 1 Montgomery County, Montgomery, July 21. Heat; woman, 72, found dead in apartment.[6]

— 1 Montgomery County, Montgomery, July 24. Heat stroke; homeless man, 43.[7]

Arizona (51)

–51 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

–50 AZ DHS. Deaths from Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…Arizona 1992-2009. (p. 17)[8]

Breakout by State or country of residence (from Table 1, p. 15)

–47 Arizona

— 1 Other U.S. State or Canada

— 2 Mexico/Other Central or South American country

Breakout by geographic region of occurrence in Arizona (from Table 1, p. 15)

–22 Border counties

–25 Central AZ counties

— 3 Northern AZ counties

Breakout by gender (from Table 1, p. 15)

–38 Male

–12 Female

Breakout by race/ethnicity (from Table 1, p. 15):

–33 White, non-Hispanic

–11 Hispanic or Latino

— 4 Black or African American

— 1 American Indian or Alaska Native

— 1 Asian or Pacific Islander

Breakout by age group (from Table 1, p. 15):

— 0 0-14

— 1 15-19

— 2 20-24

— 1 25-29

— 4 30-34

— 2 35-39

— 6 40-44

— 1 45-49

— 4 50-54

— 2 55-59

— 6 60-64

— 4 65-69

— 4 70-74

— 3 75-79

— 2 80-84

— 8 85+

Breakout by county of occurrence (from Table 1, p. 16)

— 1 Coconino

— 1 Graham

— 1 La Paz

–17 Maricopa (CDC Wonder. ICD-9/E900.0, exposure to excessive natural heat, shows 16.)

— 2 Mohave

–12 Pima (CDC Wonder. ICD-9/E900.0, exposure to excessive natural heat, shows 16.)

— 5 Pinal

— 1 Santa Cruz

— 1 Yavapai

— 9 Yuma

Breakout by month of occurrence (from Table 1, p. 16):

— 1 May

— 2 June

–24 July

–19 Aug

— 2 Sep

— 2 Oct

Arkansas: (25) July 16 (2), Aug 17-25 (7)

–25 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 9 Statewide. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 1 Benton Co., Rogers, Aug 25. Overcome by heat, junior high football practice; boy, 13.[9]

— 2 Independence Co., Batesville, July 16. Heat exhaustion; two sisters, home not air conditioned.[10]

— 1 Jefferson County, Pine Bluff, Aug 17. Heat exposure in home; elderly woman. NCDC.[11]

— 1 Jefferson County, Pine Bluff, Aug 21. Heat stroke in home; elderly woman. Storm data.[12]

— 1 Pulaski County, Little Rock, Aug 17. Heat exposure; elderly woman in home. Storm Data.[13]

— 1 Pulaski Co., Little Rock, Aug 19. Excessive heat; elderly woman in home. Storm Data.[14]

— 1 Pulaski County, Little Rock, Aug 22. Heat stroke; elderly woman. NCDC Storm Data.[15]

— 1 Pulaski Co., North Little Rock, Aug 22. Heat exposure; elderly woman in home. NCDC.[16]

California (38)

–38 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

Delaware ( 1) July 8

— 1 Statewide. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 1 Brandywine Hills, July 8. Elderly female. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, p. 33.

District of Columbia ( 18) (July 14-15, 21-25, and 27.)

— 18 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” Nov 7, 2007 update.

–10 July 14-16. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 92.[17]

— 4 July 21-25. Hyperthermia (1); heat-exacerbated medical complications (3).[18]

— 2 July 27. Children 2 and 4 inadvertently locked inside an automobile. Storm Data.[19]

Florida: ( 12)

–12 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 5 Lushine (NWS WFO, Miami). “Underreporting of Heat and Cold Related Deaths in [FL].”[20]

— 1 Statewide. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 1 Broward Co., Tamarac, May 18. Heatstroke and cardiac arrest; male yard worker. OSHA.[21]

— 1 Suwanee Co., Lake City, Aug 15. Heatstroke; male; outdoor temp. reached 103°. NCDC.[22]

Georgia: ( 24)

–24 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 3 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 1 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 2 Fulton County, College Park, June 9. Hyperthermia and heat exhaustion; twins, 2; in car.[23]

— 1 Green County, Siloam, June 9. Heat exhaustion following collapse; male, 64.[24]

Illinois (727-766.) (Especially July 12-16)

–727-766 Blanchard tally.[25]

— 629 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 126 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

Breakout of fatalities by locality (where noted):

–1210 Chicago. Whitman, et al. “Mortality in Chicago…July 1995 Heat Wave.” 1997.[26]

–696 Excess deaths. Whitman. “Mortality in Chicago…July 1995 Heat Wave.” 1997.

–514 Heat related. Whitman, et al.

— 739 Chicago. July (5 days). National Wildlife Federation. More Extreme Heat Haves, p. 4.[27]

— 737 Chicago. Poirier. “White Heat: Cooling cities one roof at a time.” Bohemian. 9-7-2011.

–>700 Chicago, July 13-20. Klinenberg. Heat Wave. A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago.

–>600 Chicago. Dematte. “Near-Fatal Heat Stroke…1995 Heat Wave…” AIM, 129/3, 8-1-1998.

— 597 Chicago and suburban Cook County. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No’s 7 & 8.

— 546 Chicago, July. Hawk Eye, Burlington, IA. “Heat Wave: City Responds…” 8-1-1995, 4.[28]

— 526 Chicago, July 12-16, 17-20, 29-31. NCDC Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, 57, 58; CDC.

–504 Chicago, July 12-16. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, p. 57.[29]

–514 “ July 10-20 CDC. MMWR, “Heat-Related…” 62/22, 6-7-2013, pp. 433-436.

— 12 Chicago, July 29-31. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, p. 58.

— 525 Chicago. Cook County Medical Examiner (cited in Tara Bahrampour. NYT, 8-13-2002)[30]

— 525 Chicago. Grumm and Chenard, National Weather Service, 2008.[31]

–>500 Chicago, July. NYT News Service. “Heat Emergency Declared in Chicago.” 7-31-1995.[32]

— 485 “ July “and 739 excess deaths.” CDC. MMWR, 52/26, 7-4-2003, pp. 610-613.[33]

— 20 Chicago, Aug 11-14. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 38.

— 85 Cook County. CDC Wonder. ICD-9/E900.0, exposure to excessive natural heat.

— 64 Cook County (suburban), July 12-16. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, p. 57.[34]

— 1 Cook County, Melrose Park, July 29-31. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, p. 58.

— 1 Cook County, Niles, July 29-31. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, p. 58.

— 7 Cook County (suburban), Aug 11-14. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N8, Aug 1995, p. 38.

–27 Breakout of Other than Cook County localities:

— 1 Grundy County, Morris, July 12-16. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, p. 57.

— 7 Kane County, Aurora. July 12-16. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, p. 57.

— 1 Lake County, Ingleside, July 12-16. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, 57.

— 2 SW/West Central IL, Aug 9-24. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N8, Aug. 1995, p. 25.[35]

— 10 St. Clair County. CDC Wonder. ICD-9/E900.0, exposure to excessive natural heat.

–1 Fairmont City, July 11-17. Heat; male, 42. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, 1995, 59.

–1 Swanea, July 11-17. Heat; male, 69, no air conditioning, windows closed.[36]

— 1 Will County, Joliet, July 12-16. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, p. 57.

— 5 Winnebago Co., Rockford. July 12-16. NCDC Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, p. 57.

Indiana: ( 15) (14 between July 13-16)

–15 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

–15 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod

–14 Mostly northwest IN, July 13-16. Most were sick and/or elderly. NCDC Storm Data.[37]

— 1 Aug 12-21. Heat stroke; elderly male. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N8, Aug. 1995, p. 27.

Iowa (17) (July 12-14):

–17 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 5 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

–1 Burlington, July 13. Male, 37; un-air-conditioned home.[38]

–1 Des Moines, July 12-14. Female, 95. NCDC, Storm Data, 37/N7, July 1995, 66.[39]

–1 Marshalltown, July 13. Male, 71; un-air-conditioned home.[40]

Kentucky: (11) (esp. July 7-14)

–11 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 5 Western KY, July 7-23. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 83.

— 2 State, July 7-14. Daily News-Record, Harrisburg, VA. “Heat” (cont. p. 1) 7-15-1995, p. 2.

— 1 Louisville, July 13. Girl, 7-months, “…left in locked, parked car in mid-90s heat.”[41]

— 1 Louisville, July 13. Man, 51, “found dead from the heat in a downtown housing project.”[42]

Louisiana: (16) (Aug 25-26)

–16 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 3 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 3 Caddo County, Shreveport, Aug 25-26. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N8, Aug. 1995, p. 37.

Maryland: ( 11) (July 14-16 and 21-31)

–11 Statewide. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

Locality and/or date breakouts.

— 6 Baltimore area, July 14-16. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 90.

— 1 Hampden, July 14-16. Male in van in which he lived. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, 1995, 90.

— 1 Locality not noted, July 14-16. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 90.

— 3 Localities not noted, July 21-31. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 90.

Michigan: ( 28) (July 13-17)

— 28 State. Police MI Dept. of State. Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan ( 2014 update), p. 153.

— 28 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 25 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 12 Kent County. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900.0, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 2 Wayne County, Detroit, July 13-15. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, July 1995, p. 103.[43]

—>19 West Central MI, July 13-17. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 101.[44]

— 5 Allegan County, July 13-17. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 101.

— 2 Kalamazoo County, July 13-17. NCDC. Storm Data, V. 37, N.7, July 1995, p. 101.

–12 Kent County, July 13-17. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 101.

Minnesota ( 3) (July 12-13 and 31)

— 2 Statewide. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 2 July 10-14. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 107.[45]

— 1 Glenville, July 31. Heatstroke; male auto salvage yard worker; heat index 114-115°F.[46]

Mississippi ( 15)

–15 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 2 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 1 Alcorn County, Corinth, Aug 16. “A woman died due to the heat in her parents’ home.”[47]

— 1 DeSota County, Hernando, July 27; “…man died from a heat-related heart attack.”[48]

Missouri (~58) July 11-17, Aug 9-24 (9)

–~58 State. MO DHSS. Data & Statistical Reports. “Hyperthermia Mortality, Missouri, 1980-2013.” [49]

— 41 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 35 Blanchard tally of locality-noted breakouts below.

— 30 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

Breakout of fatalities by locality (where noted):

— 1 Clark County, July 11-17. Female, 76; “turned off air conditioner to save money.”[50]

— 2 Clark County, July 11-17. Temperature in their mobile home reached 120 degrees.[51]

— 4 Jackson Co., Kansas City metro area, July 11-15. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, 7-1995, p.122.

–1 Female, 36, “…whose apartment reached 130 degrees.”[52]

–2 “…elderly women whose homes lacked air conditioning or fans.”[53]

— 1 Osage County, July 11-17. Male, 66, dies in his house when air conditioner failed.[54]

— 1 Stone County, Galena, July 13. Male, 60, working outdoors; body temp. reached 107°.[55]

–~16 St. Louis metro area, July 11-17. NCDC, Storm Data, V. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 117.[56]

— 13 St. Louis City. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900.0, exposure to excessive natural heat, search

— >1 St. Louis, July 29-30. NYT News Ser.. “Heat Emergency Declared in Chicago.” 7-31-1995.[57]

— 8 St. Louis, Aug 9-24. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 49.

— 1 Washington Co., Potosi, Aug 9-24. Woman, 93; mobile home, air conditioner turned off.[58]

Montana ( 1)

— 1 Savage, June 26. Heatstroke; male, 19, worker, dismantling an abandoned railroad track.[59]

Nebraska ( 3)

— 3 Statewide. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 3 July 10-14. NCDC, Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 130.[60]

Nevada ( 4)

— 4 Statewide. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 2 Extreme southern NV, July 1. Over-exposure to heat and dehydration; Young couple.[61]

— 2 Sandy Valley area. Heat exposure, June 14. Elderly couple; car became stranded, 100.°[62]

New Jersey: ( 24)

–24 National Climatic Data Center. Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, p. 140,[63] and 37/8, Aug, p. 58.

–17 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

–10 NJ DHSS. Monthly Health Data Fact Sheet, June 2003, 2 pages.

–10 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007.

–10 July. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 140.

— 7 July 13-15. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 138.[64]

— 1 July 13-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 138.

— 1 July 14-15. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 138.

— 1 July 29; heat stroke, male golfer, Mount Laurel, Ramblewood Country Club.

County Breakouts where available:

— 1 Burlington Co., Mount Laurel, Ramblewood Country Club, July 29. Male, middle-aged.[65]

— 2 Gloucester County, July 13-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 138.[66]

— 2 Mercer County, July 13-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 138.

— 1 Middlesex County, July 13-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 138.

— 3 Ocean County, July 13-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 138.

— 1 Sussex Co., July 13-18; hiking in Wawayanda State Park. Storm Data, 37/7, 1995, p. 138.

New York ( 17)

–17 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

–14 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 2 Bronx County, July 13-31. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 141.

— 7 Kings County, July 13-31. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 141.

— 5 Queens County, July 13-31.NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 141.

–11 NYC. July 15-16 (24-hr period ending 8 am).[67]

North Carolina ( 8)

— 8 Mirabelli and Richardson. “Heat-Related Fatalities in North Carolina.” AJPH, 95/4, Fig. 1.

Ohio ( 18) Aug 1-3 (5) and Aug 8-22 (13)

–18 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 5 Cuyahoga County, Cleveland area, Aug 1-3. NCDC. Storm Data. V37, N8, . 68.

–12 Cuyahoga Co., Cleveland area, Aug 8-22. Elderly. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/8, p. 69.

— 1 Northern Ohio, Aug 8-22. NCDC. Storm Data. V37, N8, Aug 1995, p. 68.

–14 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

Oklahoma ( 14)

–14 Garwe (OK Dept Health). “Heat-Related Deaths, Oklahoma, 1990-2001,” 5-31-2002, p.1.[68]

–11 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 1 Ardmore, July 15. Heatstroke/heat exhaustion; male furniture storm worker. OSHA.

Pennsylvania (146)

–146 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

–104 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.[69]

— 96 Statewide, season-long. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 84.[70]

— 67 Statewide, July. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, pp. 191-192.[71]

— 40 State, July. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 187.[72]

— 29 State, Aug. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 84.

— 27 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

Breakout of fatalities by locality (where noted):

–33 Allegheny County, July 13-16. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 195.

— 1 Allegheny Co., July 29. Female, 64 (cites Co. Coroner). Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, p198.

— 1 Allegheny Co., Bridgeville, Aug 16. Heat stroke; wandered from mental hosp. male, 27.[73]

— 2 Berks County, Reading, Aug 12-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 81, 83.

— 2 Bucks County, Aug 12-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 81-82.

— 4 Carbon County, Aug 12-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, pp. 81, 83.

— 1 Chester County, July 13-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 187.

— 1 Chester County, July 23-Aug 5. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 190-91.

— 1 Clinton County, Lock Haven, July 12-18. Male, 80, sealing his driveway. Storm Data.[74]

— 2 Delaware County, July 12-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 187.

— 3 Delaware County, Aug 12-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, pp. 81, 83.

— 1 Erie County, Erie, Aug 1-3. Male, 67. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 81.

— 4 Erie County, Erie, Aug 4-22. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 81.

— 2 Lancaster County, July 12-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 187.

— 1 Montgomery Co., July 23-Aug 5. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 190.

— 4 Montgomery County. Aug 12-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, N8, Aug 1995, pp. 81, 83.

–33 Philadelphia, July 12-18. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 187.

–25 Philadelphia, July 20-30. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 190.

— 6 Philadelphia, July 31-4. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 81.

–13 Philadelphia, Aug 12-18. NCDC. Storm Data, V. 37, N. 8, Aug 1995, pp. 81, 83.[75]

— 1 Washington County, Peters Township, Aug 2. Heat stroke on Aug 1; girl, 4.[76]

— 4 Westmoreland County, July 13-16. NCDC. Storm Data, V. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 195.[77]

— 1 York Co., Shrewsbury, July 12-18. Female, 85, found in cornfield. NCDC. Storm Data.[78]

South Carolina (11)

–11 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 1 Aiken County, July 19. Hyperthermia; male, 53. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, 1995, p. 202.

— 1 Dorchester County, July 21. Heat; male, 82. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, 1995, p. 202.

— 1 Greenville County, Greenville, found Aug 16. Hyperthermia; in mobile home; male, 73.[79]

— 1 Greenville County, Greer, found Aug 16. Hyperthermia in home; woman, 72.[80]

— 1 Horry County, July 29. Heat exhaustion, male, 64. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, 1995, p. 202.

— 1 Kershaw County, July 19. Heat exhaustion, male, 49. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, p. 202.

— 1 Kershaw County, July 22. Heat stroke; male, 48. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, 1995, p. 202.

Tennessee (13)

–13 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 1 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 1 Knox County, Knoxville, July 16. Heat; homeless man. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, p. 210.

Texas (41)

–41 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

–10 State. Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

— 8 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

Texas Breakouts by County:

— 1 Fort Bend Co., Missouri City, Aug 19 (died Aug 21). Male worker pouring concrete.[81]

— 1 Galveston, April 7. Heatstroke; male employee loading raw sugar into railcar. OSHA.[82]

— 2 Harris Co., Houston, July 21-29. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 221.[83]

— 1 Lamar County, Paris, Aug 22. Heat exhaustion in un-air-conditioned home; elderly man.[84]

— 1 Parker Co., Weatherford, July 26. Heat stroke, male, 45. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, p. 220.[85]

— 1 Polk County, Livingston, Aug 15. Heat stroke; male, 1^st day oil field worker. OSHA.

— 3 Smith County, Tyler, July 26. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 220.[86]

— 1 Tarrant Co., Arlington, July 10. Heat stroke; male, 22. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, p. 202.[87]

Virginia (18)

–18 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

— 9 State. NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 6 Blanchard tally based of breakouts below.

— 1 Fairfax County, Alexandria, July 14-16. National Park Service bicycle patrol ranger.[88]

— 1 Henry Co., Martinsville, Aug 16. Excessive heat; male, 93, home with “stifling” heat.[89]

— 1 King George County, July 14-16. Elderly man. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, 226.

— 1 Warren County, Aug 14. Heat stroke; boy, 18-months, after getting into family van.[90]

— 1 Aug 5. Female, 40. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 106.

— 1 Locality not noted. Aug 31. Girl, 2, “after being left in a car unattended…” Storm Data.[91]

West Virginia ( 1)

— 1 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

— 1 Hancock County, Weirton, Aug 3; Boy, 9-months; afternoon temps in low-to-mid 90s.[92]

Wisconsin (154)

— 154 WI DEM. “Wisconsin Heat Awareness Day June 12, 2014” (Press Release). 6-4-2014.

—>127 All but extreme Northwest WI, July 13-15. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, 1995, p. 236.

—>69 Indirect.

—>58 Direct

— 85 State, July 11-27. MI Dept. of State Police. [MI] Haz. Mit. Plan ( 2014 update), p. 153.

— 82 State. Madison.com. “Footnote…more heat deaths than usual this year?” 8-13-2011.

— 81 “ NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. “1995 Heat Related Fatalities.” 11-7-2007 mod.

–33-73 “ by July 18. AP, 7-18-1995. Daily News-Record, Harrisonburg, VA, “East…” p.3.[93]

— 71 State. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat, search.

Breakout by locality (where noted)

— 1 Clark County, June. Direct heat-related. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/6, June 1995, p. 394.

— 1 Eau Claire County, June. Direct heat-related. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/6, June 1995, 394.

— 1 Juneau County, June. Heatstroke, at home. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/6, June 1995, p. 394.

— 1 Kenosha Co., June. Heatstroke, at home. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/6, June 1995, p. 394.

— 1 Kenosha County, July. Dehydration; boy, 8, in chest-to-foot body cast (had hip surgery).[94]

— 4 Manitowoc Co., June. Heatstroke, at home. NCDC Storm Data, 37/6, June 1995, p. 394.

— 95 Milwaukee Co., WI DEM. “Wisconsin Heat Awareness Day June 12, 2014.” 6-4-2014.

— 91 Milwaukee, July 12-17. CDC. “Heat-Wave-Related Mortality – Milwaukee…July 1995.”[95]

–1 July 13. Girl, 7-mo.; bronchopulmonary dysplasia related to environmental hyperthermia.

–1 July 14. Female, 82, found dead in home; no AC, doors and windows closed (safety).

–1 July 15. Environmental hyperthermia; male, 24; psychotropic med. use contributing.

–1 July 17. Arteriosclerotic heart disease/elevated environmental temp contributing; female, 79.

— 91 Milwaukee Co. Weisskoph. “Heat Wave…Mortality, Milwaukee, Wis., 1999 vs. 1995…”

— 31 Milwaukee County. CDC WONDER. ICD-9/E900, exposure to excessive natural heat.

— 91 Milwaukee, Jul 12-15. CDC. “Heat…Related Mortality…1995.” MMWR, 45/24, 6-21-1996.

— 1 Portage County, June. Heatstroke at home. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/6, June 1995, p. 394.

— 1 Racine County, July 30-31. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 240.

— 1 Southern WI, July 30-31. NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N7, 1995, p. 240.[96]

— 1 Vernon County, June. Indirect heat death. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/6, June 1995, p. 394.

— 1 Winnebago Co., June. Indirect heat death. NCDC. Storm Data, 37/6, June 1995, p. 394.

Narrative Information

Mid-July Midwest Heatwave:

Kunkel, et al. “Introduction. An intense heat wave developed over the central United States during mid-July 1995. Although brief, this heat wave was of sufficient intensity to cause hundreds of fatalities. This paper describes the 1995 heat wave, compares it with past heat waves of similar duration, and examines the weather conditions causing the heat wave. Although fatalities were reported in 19 states, 87% occurred in the Midwest…Consequently, the atmospheric analysis focused on this region where the greatest impacts were realized, and specific attention was directed toward conditions at Chicago, where 65% of all heat deaths in the nation occurred….”[97] [p. 1507]

“The short-lived July 1995 heat wave in the northern Midwest (notably Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Michigan) was the most intense heat wave of the latter half of the Twentieth century. In Chicago, only the heat waves in 1911, 1916, 1934, and 1936 were of comparable or greater intensity. Heat waves of slightly less intensity but far greater duration have occurred during the 1930s and 1950s…” [p. 1516] (Kunkel, et al. “The July 1995 Heat Wave in the Midwest…” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77/7, July 1966, pp. 1507-1518.)

Alabama:

August, NCDC: “Alabama, North Central…Hot, dry weather was a problem for Alabama throughout the month. New record high temperatures were set in a number of cities with Critical Heat Alerts in effect for many days during the month. Birmingham, for example, hit 100 degrees or higher on seven consecutive days from the 13th to the 19th as well as setting seven new record high temperatures. At least one county school system, Marshall County, delayed opening schools for one week because of the heat. One of the industries hit hardest by the heat was agriculture. Unfortunately, the effects of a hot period are sometimes not fully known until months later. The poultry industry was hit hard along with a number of crops including tomatoes, cotton, peanuts, and cattle. The $400 million crop damage is just an estimate.” (National Climatic Data Center. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995. Asheville, NC: NCDC, NOAA, p. 2.)

Delaware:

August, NCDC: “One of the longest heat waves on record enveloped New Castle County for two weeks and central and southern Delaware for twenty-five days. It took the combination of a cold front and the remnants of Hurricane Erin to break the back of this heat wave. According to published reports this was the worst heat wave for Delaware since 1977. The hottest temperatures during the August part of this heat wave were 96F in Wilmington (a new record) on the 4th, 98F in Lewes on the 5th and 100Fn in Georgetown on the 5th. Newark distributed fans to the elderly. Delmarva Power and Light set a new usage record. No heat related deaths were reported in August.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 10.)

District of Columbia:

NCDC: “A 38-hour period of extremely hot and humid weather in mid-July took its toll on humans and animals alike. The heat was caused by strengthening of the Bermuda high extended from the surface to the upper levels of the atmosphere. The most life-threatening period of the heat wave occurred during the afternoon of the 15th, when temperatures ranged from 96 to 99 but heat indices were between 120 and 125. For the entire period, heat indices were at or above 90 at most locations. On the evening of the 15th, indices exceeded 100 until around 0300, when outflow from a strong thunderstorm cooled and dried the surface, dropping temperatures and heat indices to the upper 70s. During this particular heat wave, ten persons perished, nearly all of them elderly folk ranging in age from the late 60s to the late 90s. Two died directly from hyperthermia, and eight from medical complications exacerbated by the heat.” (NCDA, NOAA. Event Record Details, Excessive Heat, District of Columbia, 14 Jul 1995.)

Illinois:

History.com: “On this day [July 12] in 1995, a heat advisory is issued in Chicago, Illinois, warning of an impending record-breaking heat wave. By the time the heat breaks a week later, nearly 1,000 people are dead in Illinois and Wisconsin.

“On July 13, the temperature in the city hit 106 degrees Fahrenheit and the heat index, which combines temperature with humidity for an estimate of how hot it feels, was above 120 F. During the week, the daytime temperature never went below the mid-90s and even the nighttime temperature stayed in the mid-80s. The use of air conditioning by those who had it caused records to be set for energy use and, subsequently, some power failures. People opened so many hydrants to cool themselves off in the streets that water pressure in several communities was lost. Attempts to close the hydrants were often met with violent resistance. When the heat warped train rails and made them unusable, commuting delays became common.

“The young and the old were the most vulnerable to the heat. Hundreds of children were hospitalized from heat ailments. By July 14, paramedics and area hospitals were overwhelmed and unable to keep up with the continuing emergency. Soon, the corpses began to pile up. At the Chicago morgue, 17 bodies were usually handled per day. But just midway through the heat wave, there was a backlog of hundreds of bodies. Refrigerated trucks had to be brought in to hold the excess.

“Most of those who died were older men who lived alone, despite the fact that senior women outnumbered senior men in the area. Researchers believe that strength of social connections to the community, which can be greater with women, was the most important factor in determining who became a victim of the heat wave.

“Without any explicit criteria about how to identify a death due to heat, it was difficult to accurately count the deaths from the disaster. However, about 740 more people died in Chicago during the heat wave than in a normal week. Cook County’s chief medical examiner, Edmund Donoghue, estimated that there were 465 heat-related deaths in the city. Mayor Richard Daley questioned this number, but may have been trying to downplay the toll to avoid criticism of the city’s poor preparations for the heat. In fact, it was several days into the heat wave before the city implemented its heat-emergency plan.” (History.com. This Day in History, Disaster, July 12, 1995. Heat Wave Hits Chicagoland.”)

NCDC, Storm Data, July 12-16: “An intense heat wave affected northern Illinois from Wednesday July 12 through Sunday July 16. The heat wave tied or broke several temperature records at Rockford and Chicago. But what set this heat wave apart from others was the extremely high humidities. Dew point temperatures peaked in the lower 80s late Wednesday the 12th and Thursday the 13th and were generally in the middle and upper 70s through the rest of the hot spell. The combined and cumulative effects of several days of high temperatures, high humidity, intense July sunshine (100% possible sunshine recorded at O’Hare Airport in Chicago July 13) and light winds took their toll. 583 people died as a result of the heat in Chicago and surrounding areas. Official temperatures at Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport were 7/12; minimum 73 maximum 97 (tied record), 7/13 minimum 81 (record) maximum 104 (record), 7/14 minimum 83 (record), maximum 100 (tied record), 7/15 minimum 75, maximum 98, 7/16 minimum 74, maximum 93. The heat peaked on Thursday July 13. O’Hare had a high of 104 and a low of 81 for an average of 93, 20 degrees above normal. (The all-time record high for Chicago

is 105.) The heat index peaked at 119 at 1300 and 1700. At Midway Airport the temperature hit 106. (Midway is not the official Chicago reporting station so the 106 did not become Chicago’s official highest temperature.) The heat index at Midway reached 125 at 1400 when the temperature was 103 and the dew point was 79. What was really remarkable was that Meigs Field which sits on a small peninsula over the cool waters of Lake Michigan off the Chicago lakefront reached 103 degrees with a heat index of 115. Rockford had high temperatures of 97, 98, 97 and 94 on the 12 through 15th, respectively. The minimum of 75 on the 14th was a record. The heat index peaked at 125 at 1800 pm on the 13th when the temperature was 98 with a dew point of 83!

“Commonwealth Edison, which provides much of northern Illinois and virtually all of the Chicago metropolitan area with power, had record demands for electricity on the 12th through the 14th. Power output was 18,234, 19,151 and 19,201 megawatts, respectively. Transformers blew in the southwest suburbs near Joliet causing rolling power outages on the 13th and 14th. The north side of Chicago also lost power as did the northwest suburb of Cary. Draw bridges over the Chicago River had to be hosed down so they would operate and close properly. Several roads buckled from the heat. As many as 500 fire hydrants were opened in Chicago causing loss of water pressure. The city of Chicago used a record 1.8 billion gallons of water on the 13th. The city’s water system has a capacity to pump 2 billion gallons a day.

“There were over 580 fatalities attributed to the heat. Most of them occurred in the city of Chicago. Most of the deaths occurred two to three days following the peak of the heat wave. Many were elderly people living alone in homes or apartments with no air conditioning. Some had nailed windows shut and were afraid to go out because of crime in their neighborhoods. Emergency officials found people in homes with room temperatures of 120 degrees or higher. Here is a break down of fatalities by county; Lake County, 1 (Ingleside), Grundy County, 1 (Morris), Kane County, 7 (all in Aurora), Winnebago County, 5 (all in Rockford), Will County , 1 (Joliet), Cook, 568. The information from Cook County was provided by the Cook County Medical Examiners Office. 64 of the deaths occurred in suburban Cook County. 504 occurred in Chicago. The dates of the deaths are not known in all cases. Many of the examinations occurred in the days following the heat wave, more occurred later as funeral home and hospital records were checked. Heat was the primary cause of death in 75 of the cases and a secondary cause in the rest of the deaths. Information on morbidity is being compiled by the Cook County Department of Health. An estimate on number of injuries will be available later this year as an addition.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No, 7, July 1995, p. 57.)

NCDC, Storm Events Database, July 29-31: “Another hot spell affected Chicago. The heat was not as intense as the mid-July heat. High temperatures were 95, 98 and 95, respectively. Dewpoints were in the 70’s and the maximum heat indices were around 110. One death occurred in Melrose Park, one in Niles and 12 in Chicago. In four of the deaths, heat was the primary cause. Heat was the secondary cause in the other eight deaths.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Event Record Details, Heat, Illinois, 29-31 Jul 1995.)

NCDC, Aug: “High temperatures in Chicago were in the middle 90s and lows were in the middle to upper 70s for 4 days in mid August. Minimum temperatures of 77 and 79 on the 13th and 14th were record high minimums for Chicago. Humidity was high and sunshine was 85% of possible or more on each of the four days in the period. Twenty seven deaths were attributed to this heat wave. Seven occurred in suburban Cook County and the other 20 were in Chicago. Heat was the primary cause of death in 10 cases. It was the secondary cause in the other 17. On the 11th a 17-year-old high school football player collapsed during practice. He received a liver transplant on the 14th but died on the 26th. The other deaths occurred in homes or apartments.” (NCDC. Event Record Details, Heat, Illinois, 11-14 Aug 1995.)

NCDC: “An intense heat wave affected northern Illinois from Wednesday July 12 through Sunday July 16. The heat wave tied or broke several temperature records at Rockford and Chicago. But what set this heat wave apart from others was the extremely high humidities. Dew point temperatures peaked in the lower 80s late Wednesday the 12th and Thursday the 13th and were generally in the middle and upper 70s through the rest of the hot spell.

“The combined and cumulative effects of several days of high temperatures, high humidity, intense July sunshine (100% possible sunshine recorded at O’Hare Airport in Chicago July 13) and light winds took their toll. 583 people died as a result of the heat in Chicago and surrounding areas. Official temperatures at Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport were 7/12; minimum 73 maximum 97 (tied record), 7/13 minimum 81 (record) maximum 104 (record), 7/14 minimum 83 (record), maximum 100 (tied record), 7/15 minimum 75, maximum 98, 7/16 minimum 74, maximum 93. The heat peaked on Thursday July 13. O’Hare had a high of 104 and a low of 81 for an average of 93, 20 degrees above normal. (The all-time record high for Chicago is 105.) The heat index peaked at 119 at 1300 and 1700. At Midway Airport the temperature hit 106. (Midway is not the official Chicago reporting station so the 106 did not become Chicago’s official highest temperature.) The heat index at Midway reached 125 at 1400 when the temperature was 103 and the dew point was 79. What was really remarkable was that Meigs Field which sits on a small peninsula over the cool waters of Lake Michigan off the Chicago lakefront reached 103 degrees with a heat index of 115. Rockford had high temperatures of 97, 98, 97 and 94 on the 12 through 15th, respectively. The minimum of 75 on the 14th was a record. The heat index peaked at 125 at 1800 pm on the 13th when the temperature was 98 with a dew point of 83!

“There were over 580 fatalities attributed to the heat. Most of them occurred in the city of Chicago. Most of the deaths occurred two to three days following the peak of the heat wave. Many were elderly people living alone in homes or apartments with no air conditioning. Some had nailed windows shut and were afraid to go out because of crime in their neighborhoods. Emergency officials found people in homes with room temperatures of 120 degrees or higher. Here is a break down of fatalities by county; Lake County, 1 (Ingleside), Grundy County, 1 (Morris), Kane County, 7 (all in Aurora), Winnebago County, 5 (all in Rockford), Will County, 1 (Joliet), Cook, 568. The information from Cook County was provided by the Cook County Medical Examiners Office. 64 of the deaths occurred in suburban Cook County. 504 occurred in Chicago. The dates of the deaths are not known in all cases. Many of the examinations occurred in the days following the heat wave, more occurred later as funeral home and hospital records were checked. Heat was the primary cause of death in 75 of the cases and a secondary cause in the rest of the deaths.” (NCDC. Event Record Details, Heat, 12-16 Jul 1995)

NWF: “Chicago experienced one of the most severe heat waves to strike the United States in recent memory. Temperatures peaked at 106°F on July 13, and high humidity and high nighttime temperatures exacerbated the impact. Over 5 days in July 1995, approximately 739 people died and 3,300 people visited the emergency root with heat-related ailments…” (National Wildlife Federation. More Extreme Heat Waves: Global Warming’s Wake Up Call (Confronting Global Warming Report). 2009, 16 pages.)

Indiana:

NCDC, Aug 12-21: “Heat wave conditions initially developed over southwest Indiana on the 12th then overspread all but northwest Indiana for the remainder of the week. Heat wave conditions ended across the north and central sections on the 19th and over the south by the 21st. High temperatures were in the 90s throughout the period and near 100 across the south. High humidity also yielded Heat Index values between 100 and 115 degrees most of the week. These extreme conditions resulted in a heat stroke and death of an elderly male. The Indiana State Fair lost over $400 thousand due to low turnouts and most of Indiana crops suffered some due to the heat.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No, 8, Aug 1995, p. 27.)

Kentucky:

NCDC, July 7-23: “Western KY…Temperatures reached or exceeded 90 degrees from the 7th to the 23rd in most of western Kentucky. The heat index exceeded 105 degrees on many of these afternoons. The Tennessee Valley Authority recorded an all-time power demand. Local electric cooperatives reported scattered outages in Marshall, Calloway, and Graves Counties due to the extreme power demand. Several people were treated at Paducah hospitals for heat exhaustion or heat cramps.” [Notes, under the “number of persons killed” column, that there were five deaths.]

(NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 83.)

NCDC, Aug 9-20: “Temperatures climbed well into the 90s, with afternoon heat indices peaking around 115. Heat advisories were in effect for close to a week. Electrical demand soared as a result of heavy cooling demands. The Tennessee Valley Authority enacted emergency curtail plans. Rural electric cooperatives asked customers t o voluntarily reduce their use of electricity. The emergency curtailment was a precautionary measure, and no power shortages were reported.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No, 8, Aug 1995, p. 37.)

Louisiana:

NCDC, Aug 15-30: “A heat wave gripped north Louisiana during the last half of the month with daily highs from 97 to 104 degrees. The heat was also accompanied by high humidities. In Shreveport, Caddo Parish, the coroner listed three fatalities as heat related according to newspaper accounts. The deaths occurred August 25 and August 26.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No, 8, Aug 1995, p. 37.)

Maryland:

NCDC, July 14-16: “A 38-hour period of extremely hot and humid weather in mid-July took its toll on humans and animals alike. The heat was caused by strengthening of the Bermuda high, extending from the surface to the upper levels of the atmosphere. The most life-threatening period of the heat wave occurred during the afternoon of the 15th, when temperatures ranged from 98 to 103 but heat indices were between 115 and 129. For the entire period, heat indices were at or above 90 at most locations. On the evening of the 15th, indices exceeded 100 until around 2 am, when outflow from a strong thunderstorm cooled and dried the surface, dropping temperatures and heat indices to the low to mid 70s. In the Baltimore area, there were a reported six deaths from the excessive heat. One man was found in a van which he lived, in Hampden. The Medical Examiner’s office reported two other deaths in the state during the same period. Thirty-one people were injured on the 17th when an elevated portion of Baltimore’s subway bowed outward, causing a train to derail at around 1250EST. In Frederick Co, near Jefferson, a portion of highway buckled, causing minor damage to a vehicle which crossed the bump shortly thereafter.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 90.)

NCDC, July 21-25, 29-31: “The heat wave returned twice in late July, from the 21st through the 25th and again from the 29th through the 31st. However, temperatures were not as oppressive, ranging from 90 to 97 degrees. Daytime heat indices ranged from 105 to 115, but fell below 90 each night. Three more persons perished during this period due to complications from the heat. During the month, Frederick City reported 22 consecutive maxima of 90 degrees or higher.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 90.)

NCDC, Aug 11-23: “Cecil County. An oppressive heat wave, which lasted as long as twenty-five consecutive days in Kent, Queen Anne’s, Talbot and Caroline Counties, gripped the region through early August. It took the clouds and rain associated with the remnants of Hurricane Erin to break the back of the heat wave. Hottest temperatures during the August part of the heat wave included 100F (4th) at the Baltimore-Washington International Airport, 98F in Salisbury (4th and 5th) and 96F at the Greater Wilmington-New Castle Delaware Airport (4th). No heat related deaths were reported.”

“The last heat wave of the summer affected the eastern shore during Mid August. Sinking air surrounding Hurricane Felix located well offshore also made this a mostly precipitation free heat wave. Hottest readings reached included 96F at the Baltimore Washington International Airport (14th and 18th), 95F in Salisbury (18th) and 94F at the Greater Wilmington-New Castle Delaware Airport (18th). No heat related deaths were reported.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No, 8, Aug 1995, p. 39.)

Missouri:

NCDC, Aug 9-24: “East Central Missouri, yet another heat wave struck the Midwest during much of August with afternoon high temperatures between 95 and 105 and heat indices between 110 and 120. Most heat related illnesses were in metropolitan areas, especially St. Louis where eight people died. Outside of St. Louis, a 93-year-old woman died in Potosi in a mobile home. The air conditioner had been turned off. Area crops, already damaged from earlier heat waves, continued to dry up with very low yields expected.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/8, Aug 1995, 39.)

Nebraska:

July 13 report: “Omaha, Neb. (AP) – People sought air-conditioned relief in the library, did their laundry at night and sweated through the fifth day of a heat wave Wednesday [July 12] that pushed temperatures to over 100 across the Plains…a man in Omaha whose cancer death was hastened by heat stroke…. In Omaha, Wednesday’s high hit 109, the highest temperature recorded since July 21, 1974, when it reached 110. The record high for Omaha was 114 degrees on July 25, 1936…. The Omaha Housing Authority gave away more than 40 fans in the past two weeks, and the state Social Services Department helped the poor buy fans and air conditioners…” (Daily News-Record, Harrisonburg, VA. “Triple-Digit Heat Fries Plains States.” 7-13-1995, p. 3.)

New Jersey:

NCDC, July 13-18: “An oppressive heat wave gripped most of New Jersey. It climaxed on the 15th as almost every location reported record breaking heat. The dew point temperatures reached into the 80s across southern New Jersey, an almost unheard of phenomena. This, combining with sweltering temperatures produced an apparent temperature (Heat Index) of 115 degrees in Pomona (Atlantic County). The Heat Index peaked at 129 in Philadelphia. The heat wave was broken for the northern half of the state the night of the 15^th as a backdoor cold front helped trigger a complex of severe thunderstorms. Relief for the southern half of the state had to wait for a second cold front to move through the evening of the 18th.

“Nine people died because of the heat. Heat related deaths were reported in Gloucester (2), Mercer (2), Middlesex (1), Ocean (3) and Sussex (1) Counties. Often the people who died were in poor health and had inadequate ventilation. Nevertheless, one person died in Gloucester County while working on a barge, while another died while hiking in Wawayanda State Park in Sussex County. Hospitals treated more than 100 persons for heat exhaustion. Record breaking high temperatures on the 15th included 104F in Newark, 103 F in East Millstone and Philadelphia, 101 F in Cape May, New Brunswick, Chatham, Mount Holly and Millville, 100 F in Pomona and Trenton, 98 F in Newton and 97 F in Wantage. The excessive heat caused record demand to be reached by the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection Association on July 14^th and almost every New Jersey Utility on the 15th. The heat also took its toll on poultry as a 20 percent drop in chicken egg production was caused by the excessive heat.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 138.)

NCDC, July 23-Aug 4: “One of the longest heat waves in the history of central and southern New Jersey, which began in late July, persisted until a cold front and the remnants of Hurricane Erin prevented the area from reaching the 90 degree mark. The 17 straight days of 90 degree or higher temperatures fell one day short of the all-time record set at Philadelphia International Airport in 1988. Public Service Electric and Gas (PSE&G) set a new record for power usage on the 2nd. Free fans were given to the poor and elderly in Monroe Township (Gloucester County) and jugs of water were distributed in Camden. The hottest temperatures reached during this heat wave included 98F in Pomona on the 4th (a new daily record.), 97F in Flemington and New Lisbon, 96F in Millville and New Brunswick and 95F in Boonton and Mount Holly. There were no reported heat related deaths during the August part of the heat wave.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/8, Aug 1995, p. 57.)

New York:

NCDC, July 13-31: “Kings County, Queens County, Bronx County… A heat wave during the last couple weeks of July was responsible for several deaths. Hundreds more were treated for various problems related to the heat and high humidity. Temperatures soared to 90 degrees or higher on several of these days. On July 15 the mercury rose to a record high of 102 in Central Park.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 141.)

NCDC, July 14: “High pressure along the east coast of the United States resulted in record heat across much of eastern New York on the afternoon of July 14th. Albany reached 99 degrees which broke the previous record high of 97 degrees set in 1952. Binghamton reached 93 degrees which broke the previous record high of 92 degrees set in 1974.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 143.)

Ohio:

NCDC, Aug 1-3: “Hot weather with afternoon temperatures in the 90s and relatively high humidity caused injuries and fatalities. Four of the five fatalities were older citizens and all occurred in Cuyahoga County in the Cleveland urban area where little cooling occurs during the night. Injuries were generally from heat stress/stroke. Eight occurred in Cuyahoga…with two in Summit…and one in Lorain… Figures for the fatalities are from the County Coroners. The number of injuries is uncertain due to the lack of reporting and the actual number treated for heat stress/stroke is likely higher.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/8, Aug 1995, p. 57.)

Pennsylvania:

NCDC, July 12-18: “An oppressive heat wave gripped most of Eastern Pennsylvania. It climaxed on the 15th as almost every location reported record breaking heat. The dew point temperatures, reached into the 80s across southern Pennsylvania that day, an almost unheard of phenomena. This, combing with sweltering temperatures produced an apparent temperature of 129 degrees in Philadelphia. The heatwave was broken for most of state the night of the 15th as a backdoor cold front helped trigger a complex of severe thunderstorms. Relief for southeast Pennsylvania had to wait for a second cold front to move through the evening of the 18th.

“Forty people died because of the heat, about 80 percent of them within Philadelphia. Heat related deaths occurred in Philadelphia (33), Delaware (2), Lancaster (2), Chester (1), Clinton (1) and York (1) Counties. Most often the individuals who died were in poor health, shut-ins, lived in attached brick housing and had no fans or air conditioning. In the Susquehanna Valley two deaths were the result of outdoor activities, an 80-year-old man was sealing his driveway in Lock Haven and an 85-year-old woman was found in a Shrewsbury corn field. Hospitals treated greater than 100 persons for heat exhaustion. Record breaking high temperatures on the 15th included 104F in Lancaster, 103F in Philadelphia (The highest in 29 years.) and Williamsport, 101F in Selinsgrove, 100F in Avoca, 99F in Harrisburg and 98F in Allentown. The excessive heat caused record demand to be reached by the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection Association and Pennsylvania Power and Light on July 14th and Metropolitan Edison on the 15th. The excessive heat wreaked havoc as some roadways buckled. In Chester County, the Gay Street bridge was closed for 72 hours. Other roadway closures included Interstate 83 in York County, United States Route 422 in Montgomery County, United States Route 30, Pennsylvania State Routes 283 and 272 in Lancaster County and Pennsylvania State Route 248 in Northampton County. The excessive heat contributed to a prison riot in the Philadelphia Detention Center the night of the 14th and caused at least one water main break. Lastly, the heat wave took its toll on poultry and cattle. An estimated 1 million chickens died because of the heat in Pennsylvania, one-fifth of them in Lancaster County. Ninety-five percent of all chicken farms in Pennsylvania suffered losses.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 187.)

NCDC, July 21-31, Philadelphia County: “The one day reprieve from the heat wave ended in Philadelphia as temperatures reached 90 or above the last dozen days in July. The 17-day heat wave fell one day short of the longest heat wave ever in Philadelphia’s history set in 1988. The hottest temperature through July 31st was 96 degrees on The 27th and 31st. The combination of heat and humidity claimed the lives of an additional 25 people. Most were in poor health, had inadequate ventilation (sometimes windows closed) and lived in attached housing.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 190.)

NCDC, July 31-Aug 5, greater Philadelphia area: “One of the longest heat waves to ever affect the Philadelphia area fell one day short of the all-time record longest heat wave of 18 days set in 1988. The late July heat wave spread north and westward and by early August covered the southern two-thirds of Eastern Pennsylvania. The heat wave culminated with record breaking high temperatures on both the 2nd and 4th. It ended on the 4th and 5th as a cold frontal passage and clouds and precipitation associated with the remnants of Hurricane Erin kept readings from reaching the 90s.

“Another 28 heat related deaths occurred during the August part of this heat wave; 13 were reported in Philadelphia, four in Carbon and Montgomery Counties, three in Delaware County, two in Bucks and Berks (in Reading) Counties. Hottest temperatures during the heat wave included 98F in Philadelphia on the 2nd and 4th (new daily record), 98F in Valley Forge, 96F in Williamsport on the 1st, 95F in Allentown and Avoca (Tied daily record) on the 2nd and 94F in Harrisburg (3rd and 4th), Lancaster (4th) and Perkasie. The Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) set a new energy usage record of 7,262 megawatts on the 2nd. The excessive heat combining with below normal precipitation continued to take its toll on the agriculture and livestock industries. Deaths listed are for August part of the heat wave.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/8, Aug 1995, p. 81.)

NCDC, Aug 1-3, Erie County: “Hot weather with afternoon temperatures in the 90s and relatively high humidity caused injuries and a fatality. All occurred in the Erie area and the one fatality was a 67-year-old man. Injuries were generally from heat stress/stroke. Figures for the fatalities are from the county coroners. The number of injuries is uncertain due to the lack of reporting and the actual number treated for heat stress/stroke is likely higher.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/8, p. 81.)

NCDC, Aug 8-22: “An unusually long period of hot weather with afternoon temperatures generally in the 90s and relatively high humidity caused injuries and fatalities. Nights remained unusually warm and in a number of cases temperatures only dropped to near 80 during the early morning hours. Utility systems suffered a high incidence of breakdown due to prolonged high demand and some roads buckled in the heat. All fatalities and injuries were reported from around the city of Erie. Injuries were generally from heat stress/stroke. Figures for the fatalities are from the county coroners. The number of injuries is uncertain due to lack of reporting and the actual number treated for heat stress/stroke is likely higher. The heat in itself was not a detriment for crops but rainfall was spotty and combined with the excessive heat crop yields began to be affected by the lack of rain by the end of the heat wave.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/8, p. 81.)

NCDC, Aug 12-18: “The last prolonged heat wave of the torrid summer of 1995 affected extreme southeast Pennsylvania and the Middle and Lower Susquehanna Valley in Mid August. At the same time Hurricane Felix was meandering around the Western Atlantic. The downward motion that surrounded this tropical system (Eastern Pennsylvania was located within this downward area.) resulted in little, if any, precipitation during the heat wave. Numerous daily record high temperature records were set including 96F on the 17th and 98F on the 18th in Philadelphia; 96F on the 16th, 97F on the 17th and 96F on the 18th in Williamsport. The hottest reading during the heat wave at Harrisburg was 96F and Lock Haven 94F. Unlike this summer’s previous heat waves, this one caused only one (reported) heat related death. A 90-year-old Philadelphia woman died on the 13th.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/8, p. 83.)

NCDC, Aug 1-31: “Pennsylvania, Western. Allegheny County, Westmoreland County, Washington County, Lawrence County, Beaver County. August 1995 was the second hottest August on record for Pittsburgh. The average high temperature for the month was 89 degrees and the average low was 66.4 degrees, giving an average mean temperature of 77.7 degrees, 7.2 degrees above normal. The hottest August ever had a mean temperature of 78.7 degrees in 1900. August 1995 ranked as the fifth hottest month ever since records began in 1871. There were 15 days during the month when the high temperature was 90 degrees or more, more than any other August on record. High temperatures were 90 degrees or more on the 13th through the 20th. The average daily temperature during this period never fell below 80 degrees. A four- year-old girl died on August 2nd after suffering heat stroke, according to an autopsy report, the previous afternoon in Peters Township, Washington County. The child had reportedly been left in a day-care center van for approximately two and one-half hours. The afternoon high temperature on the 1st at Pittsburgh International Airport was 94 degrees. A record high temperature of 96 degrees was tied on the 3rd. On the 13th the temperature was in the 90s with dew points in the mid to upper 70s, creating heat indices in the 100 to 110 degree range. There were 60-70 heat related injuries on the 13th at Three Rivers Stadium during an early afternoon Pittsburgh Steeler’s pre-season football game. On the 14th around 2030 EST, a concrete slab on the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Southwest Lawrence County, buckled due to the heat. Temperatures were in the mid 90s earlier in the afternoon. The buckled road created a 15-inch tall ramp that at least six vehicles vaulted. The vehicles were damaged after landing due to the impact or because they went out of control. Eight motorists were injured, two were hospitalized overnight because of back injuries. On the 16th, a portion of Interstate 79 southbound between Route 60 and the Parkway West, in Allegheny County was closed after the highway buckled under intense heat. At least five other major roads in Allegheny, Lawrence, and Beaver Counties were similarly damaged due to the heat in August. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation estimated damages to the roads at $75K.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 85.)

Virginia:

July 14-16: “A 38-hour period of extremely hot and humid weather in mid-July took its toll on humans and animals alike. The heat was caused by strengthening of the Bermuda high, extending from the surface to the upper levels of the atmosphere. The most life-threatening period of the heat wave occurred during the afternoon of the 15th, when temperatures ranged from 98 to 103 but heat indices were between 115 and 129. For the entire period, heat indices were at or above 90 at most locations. On the evening of the 15th, indices exceeded 100 until around 0200, when outflow from a strong thunderstorm cooled and dried the surface, dropping temperatures and heat indices to the low to mid 70s. On the 15th, an all-time record for power usage was established in northern Virginia, with 13,512 megawatts recorded (mostly from air conditioning usage). Five thousand customers were without power in the same general area. Two persons perished directly from the heat. In King George…an elderly man perished while in his home. In Alexandria (Fairfax County), a National Park Service bicycle patrol ranger collapsed near Daingerfield Island, then later died from complications resulting from hyperthermia. There were also several instances of heat exhaustion during the month, concentrated during the middle two weeks. In Woodstock (Shenandoah County), six people were treated for heat exhaustion; Alexandria hospitals reported about 80 persons requiring treatment between the 14th and 23^rd…

“The heat wave returned twice in late July, from the 21st through the 25th and again from the 29th through the 31st. However, temperatures were not as oppressive, ranging from 90 to 97 degrees. Daytime heat indices ranged from 105 to 115, but fell below 90 each night. No deaths or injuries were directly attributed to either episode.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, p. 226.)

July 11-31, Central and Eastern VA: “An intense heat wave gripped central and eastern Virginia for much of the month. Temperatures exceeded 90 degrees during the last 20 days of the month at Norfolk, and the last 21 days of the month at Richmond. This shattered the previous record of 15 consecutive days at Norfolk and 19 consecutive days at Richmond. Record high readings above the 100 degree mark on July 15 were accompanied by oppressive humidity which created heat index readings between 115 and 125 degrees across much of central and eastern Virginia. Unhealthful levels of ozone on the 15th and 16th made matters worse. Heat indices above 100 degrees were commonplace during the latter half of the month as high humidity accompanied the hot temperatures. Remarkably, no heat related deaths were reported in central or eastern Virginia during the month, although numerous individuals were treated for heat related illnesses. Virginia Power set electric power generation records on July 15, 17 and 24, each record

exceeding the previous power output record.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, p. 230.)

West Virginia:

July 14-16: “A 38-hour period of extremely hot and humid weather in mid-July took its toll on humans and animals alike. The heat was caused by strengthening of the Bermuda high extended from the surface to the upper levels of the atmosphere. The most life-threatening period of the heat wave occurred during the afternoon of the 15th, when temperatures were near 100 but heat indices were between 115 and 125. For the entire period, heat indices were at or above 90 at most locations. On the evening of the 15th, indices exceeded 100 until around 0200, when outflow from a strong thunderstorm cooled and dried the surface, dropping temperatures and heat indices to the low to mid 70s. The heat wave returned twice in late July, from the 21st through the 25th and again from the 29th through the 31st. However, temperatures were not as oppressive, ranging from 90 to 95 degrees. Daytime heat indices ranged from 105 to 115, but fell below 90 each night. No deaths or injuries were directly attributed to either episode.” (NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, pp. 234-235.)

Wisconsin:

Jul 12-15, CDC: “During July 12-15, 1995, a heat wave[98] occurred in major portions of the midwestern and eastern United States. Record-high temperatures were recorded at approximately 70 locations, ranging from the central and northern Great Plains to the Atlantic coast and caused substantial numbers of heat-related illnesses and deaths in some locations. In Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1994 estimated population: 938,112), maximum daily temperatures ranged from 91 F (32.7 C) to 103 F (39.5 C), and average daily humidity was as high as 70%. This report summarizes the investigation by the Milwaukee County Medical Examiner’s Office (MCMEO) and the Milwaukee Department of Health and Social Services of heat-related deaths in Milwaukee during the heat wave and presents four case reports.

“Investigation of Deaths

Jul 12-23, CDC: “During July 13–23, MCMEO received reports of and investigated 197 deaths. Of these, 91 (46%) were determined to be related to the heat wave. Deaths were considered heat-related if 1) the decedent’s measured body temperature at the time of death was >105 F (>40.4 C), or 2) there was evidence of high environmental temperature — usually >100 F (>37.7 C) — at the scene of death.

“Hyperthermia or excessive heat was cited as the underlying or direct cause for 34 (37%) of these 91 deaths and as an important contributing cause for 57 (63%). The 91 decedents ranged in age from 1 year to 97 years (median: 76 years), and 52 (57%) were male. Psychotropic medications were cited as contributing factors in 15 deaths, and alcohol consumption was cited as a contributing factor in five. Eighty-one (89%) of the deaths occurred during July 14–17, and 34 (42%) of these occurred on July 15.” (CDC. “Heat-Wave-Related Mortality – Milwaukee, Wisconsin, July 1995.” MMWR, Vol. 45, No. 24, June 21, 1996, p. 505.)

Madison.com: “There have been heat-related deaths in only seven of the last 20 years in Wisconsin, and none since 2006, when there were three, said Lori Getter, spokeswoman for Wisconsin Emergency Management. However, nothing compares to 1995, when there were several weeks of unrelenting heat, Getter said. That year, 82 people died.” (Madison.com. “Footnote: Have there been more heat deaths than usual this year?” 8-13-2011.)

Pennsylvania

July 30: “By the Associated Press. While western Pennsylvania continues to bask — or bake — under the continued hot spell, the eastern portions of the state apparently suffered more with higher temperatures and humidity. The heat-related death toll reached 50 in Philadelphia, the health department said….

“Saturday was the tenth consecutive day that temperatures stretched to the 90-degree mark at Philadelphia International Airport, where the mercury reached 94 degrees at 3 p.m., said National Weather Service Meteorologist Chuck Jones. Seventeen of the last 18 days were 90 degrees or higher….” (Indiana Gazette, PA. “Heat, Humidity…Onslaught.” 7-30-1995, 1.)

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[1] Ours is a compilation from a number of sources. (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database for exposure to excessive natural heat as primary cause of death data. (2) The National Climatic Data Center, NOAA which allows internet searches via the Storm Events Database. For “heat,” one has to do two searches – one for “excessive heat” and one for “heat.” Frequently the entries in one seem similar to ones in the other. The NCDC also publishes Storm Data, a monthly, electronically accessible. (3) The National Weather Service, another NOAA entity, publishes tables on heat fatalities. Their figures differ from NCDC figures. None of the NOAA sources is comprehensive for two subsets – children in vehicles and workers, though one can find references to each. (4) For more comprehensive coverage of children dying in cars due to heat one must go to one of the several websites devoted to young child heat deaths in vehicles for child deaths (such as Jan Null and KidsAndCars.org). (5) OSHA provides more comprehensive coverage of worker heat-related fatalities. (6) There is also newspaper coverage, particularly when looking for end-of-heat-season statements by State Offices of Chief Medical Examiners. Frequently their numbers differ markedly from CDC, NCDC or NWS figures. (7) State and local Public Heath or Vital Statistic entities.

[2] CDC-Wonder results relate only to cases where hyperthermia was coded ICD-9/E900 as primary (direct) cause of death by a medical examiner on a death certificate. “Heat-related” deaths are viewed as those where heat was an indirect or contributing cause of death, and are not included. Even with what we would view as a direct E900.0 heat death we know that sometimes such deaths are coded as something else – such as a dehydration in the case of a child left in a hot car, or heart-failure brought on by a heat stroke, and thus do not show up in a exposure to excessive heat query. The population base is noted as 266,386,596.

[3] Story in: Daily News-Record, Harrisonburg, VA, 7-19-1995, p. 3.

[4] Credits the Health Department’s Center for Health Statistics. Writes: The total numbers of deaths in the state due to excessive heat by year are as follows…1995, 19…”

[5] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 1. Asheville, NC: NCDC, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

[6] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 15. Asheville, NC: NCDC, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

[7] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 15. Asheville, NC: NCDC, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

[8] Data on the number and characteristics of deaths from heat due to weather conditions were obtained from the mortality database containing information from the death certificates filed with the Arizona Department of Health Services….In addition to death certificates where exposure to excessive natural heat was indicated as the underlying cause of death, heatstroke or sunstroke may be reported on death certificates as contributing factors that had a bearing on the death, but were not its underlying cause. For example, heatstroke and sunstroke were mentioned in…Arizona death certificates where atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…, respiratory disease…, diabetes…, or drug overdose/alcohol intoxication…were reported as the underlying cause of death. Those heat-related deaths are beyond the scope of this report.” (p. 1)

[9] Taken “…to a hospital in Little Rock where he later died from complications arising from the heat.” NCDC, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 7.

[10] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 21. Asheville, NC: NCDC, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

[11] “The temperature inside her house reached dangerous levels from the hot weather and lack of air-conditioning.” NCDC, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 6.

[12] “Lack of air-conditioning and very hot outdoor temperatures combined to produce dangerous conditions inside her home.” NCDC, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 6.

[13] “The combination of very hot outdoor temperatures and little ventilation pushed the temperature inside her house to just over 100 degrees” NCDC, NOAA, US Dept. of Commerce. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p.6.

[14] “A fan was running in her house, but the temperature inside was still 102 degrees when she was discovered.” NCDC, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 6.

[15] “…collapsed from heat stroke and later died at a local hospital from her injuries.” NCDC. Storm Data, 37/8, p.6.

[16] “The very hot temperatures outdoors caused the temperature to rise to dangerous levels inside her un-air-conditioned home.” NCDC, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 6.

[17] Nearly all were elderly “ranging in age from the late 60s to the late 90s. Two died directly from hyperthermia, and eight from medical complications exacerbated by the heat.”

[18] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 92.

[19] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 92.

[20] From Figure 3, “Annual Temperature Deaths, Florida, 1979-1999.” Figure 3 is a chart which shows heat deaths in one color and cold deaths in another on the same horizontal bar for each year. The fatality range shown on the left of the chart is in increments of five, going up to thirty. The bars for each year are shown diagonally and do not show any numbers. This does not make them readily readable. Thus one has to measure with a ruler the bar showing the lowest combined deaths (1979), which appears to show one cold death and one heat death. With the unit of measurement of one death then measured against the heat portion of all the other bars, one can get an approximation of the heat deaths for each year. I say “approximate” in that by this method we counted 133 heat deaths over the 21-year period included in the graph, whereas the text of the article notes that there were 125. Repetitious measurement attempts gave us the same result. The article notes that the data came from death certificates collected by the Public Health Statistics Section, Office of Vital Statistics, Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services.

[21] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1995]. “Inspection: 116507781–A&A Lawn Service.”

[22] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 25.

[23] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 6, June 1995, p. 51. Notes the twins became “trapped in their mother’s car.”

[24] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 6, June 1995, p. 51.

[25] Figures for Chicago and Cook County have variability – frequently it is not clear whether a figure refers solely to Chicago heat deaths or to Chicago and the rest of Cook County. Then there is the problem of death classification – such as heat as the primary cause of death, or heat as a contributing cause, or a statistical figure incorporating the notion of excess deaths above the norm. We choose to use as the low end of the range the figure of 700 deaths for Chicago reported by Klinenberg in his book on the event. We use 739 as the high end of the range based on Bahrampour, and others. An even higher figure could have been used by taking into account “excess deaths” over-and-above those ruled as heat-related. It would appear that a case could be made that some dozens of these were heat-related, but to do so here would be speculative. Thus we believe the range we use is conservative. When we add 27 to the range of 700-739 we get 727-766.

[26] In the footnote to our tally we note the range we use and why. Not using this figure because it is outside the range.

[27] Cites in footnote 13: Whitman, S., et al. “Mortality in Chicago Attributed to the July 1995 Heat Wave,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87, No. 9, 1997, pp. 1515-1518. Tara Bahrampour also writes in the NYT that “Though there was some argument over numbers, scientists now say that 739 people died that week.” (Bahrampour, Tara. “Most Deadly of the Natural Disasters: The Heat Wave,” New York Times, 8-13-2002.)

[28] Highlighted to denote not using in tally, using, instead, NCDC Storm Data number of 526 for July.

[29] Cites Cook County Medical Examiners Office.

[30] Bahrampour writes: “In 1995, Chicago officials questioned whether the medical examiner’s count of 525 was exaggerated; epidemiologists now say it was low. ‘As a mathematician I did know whatever the medical examiner said would be undercounting it,’ said Dr. Steven Whitman, who was director of epidemiology for Chicago’s Department of Public Health then. For each heat-related death, he said, the medical examiner must confirm one of three factors: a body temperature of 105 degrees or more, a high environmental temperature at the death scene, or decomposition in a body seen alive just before the heat wave. But since autopsies are not performed on all bodies, not all heat-related deaths are recorded. In addition, fatal strokes and heart attacks attended by physicians are generally not counted as heat-related deaths, even if they probably would not have occurred without the heat. For a more accurate picture, Dr. Whitman compared the number of deaths that month, around 3,000, with the expected number in an average month, 2,200, attributing the difference, or ‘excess deaths,’ to the heat.”

[31] Highlighted to denote not using in tally, using, instead, NCDC Storm Data number of 526 for July only.

[32] Highlighted to denote not using in tally, using, instead, NCDC Storm Data number of 526 for July.

[33] Cites: S. Whitman, G., et al. “Mortality in Chicago attributed to the July 1995 heat wave.” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87, 1997, pp. 1515-1518. Highlighted in yellow to denote not being used in tally, using, instead, NCDC Storm Data. While many of the spike of 739 excess deaths were heat-related, one knows not how many.

[34] Cites Cook County Medical Examiners Office. Excludes Chicago, which is listed separately.

[35] Probably East St. Louis, according to our read of the event description.

[36] NCDC. Storm Data, 37/7, July 1995, p. 59.

[37] “[July] 13-16…Heat wave conditions developed across all of Indiana. High temperatures reached between 95 and 105 degrees with heat indices between 100 and 120 degrees. The Evansville area temperatures reached or exceeded 95 degrees from July 11-17. Nearly all heat related deaths occurred in the sick or elderly populations and most occurred in northwest Indiana. Also nearly 800,000 baby chickens died at the Rose Acre Farms in Seymour resulting in losses totaling near one million dollars.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 59.)

[38] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 66.

[39] “”…in her home as the temperature in the house climbed above 110° mark. She had no air conditioning or fans and the windows were closed.”

[40] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 66.

[41] The infant “was found by a passerby in a locked Jeep in an employee parking lot at the University of Louisville.” Daily News-Record, Harrisonburg, VA. “Heat” (continued from p.1), 7-14-1995, p. 2.

[42] Daily News-Record, Harrisonburg, VA. “Heat” (continued from p.1), 7-14-1995, p. 2.

[43] “Detroit Receiving Hospital and Detroit’s Henry Ford Hospital each reported one death blamed on heat-related illness.”

[44] “A four day period of extreme heat and humidity resulted in at least 19 deaths attributed to hyperthermia…Most victims were elderly, but the range in age was from 40 to 85.”

[45] “…combination of heat exhaustion and dehydration, exacerbated by excessive drinking.”

[46] OSHA. “Inspection: 120407952 – Bridley’s Auto Salvage.”

[47] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 48.

[48] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 113.

[49] From Chart: “Hyperthermia Mortality, Missouri, 1980-2013.”

[50] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 117.

[51] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 117.

[52] Daily News-Record, Harrisonburg, VA. “Heat” (continued from p.1), 7-14-1995, p. 2.

[53] Daily News-Record, Harrisonburg, VA. “Heat” (continued from p.1), 7-14-1995, p. 2.

[54] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 117.

[55] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 119.

[56] Notes that were 20 deaths, with “A large majority of the heat-related deaths…in the St. Louis metro area.” Notes four heat-related deaths in other counties. Also notes that “most victims [were] elderly and living alone. Many were on upper floors when they died. Well over 200 people were treated for heat related illnesses as well.”

[57] Monday July 31, rpt. concerned weekend deaths and noted “Heat was a factor in at least one death in St. Louis.”

[58] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 49.

[59] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1995]. “Inspection: 102803285…” June 26, 1995.

[60] “One hundred degree heat over a five day period resulted in three deaths, numerous livestock losses, and damage to roads.” In Otoe County, on July 12 “Intense heat in excess of 100 degrees caused rails to expand and forced the derailment of 15 boxcars on a 98-car Union Pacific train as it entered Nebraska City.”

[61] “…after their vehicle became stranded on a seldom used dirt road. The exact date and time of deaths are unknown as the bodies were not found until July 16^th. (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. &, July 1995, p. 136.)

[62] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 6, June 1995, p. 169. Notes they were on a seldom used 4-wheel drive road.

[63] “Through the end of July, at least 24 heat related deaths occurred in the state of New Jersey.”

[64] Notes, “Often the people who died were in poor health and had inadequate ventilation.”

[65] Heat stroke while golfing. NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 140.

[66] One of these deaths was a person working on a barge. Notes that most of the nine dying between July 13-18 “were in poor health and had inadequate ventilation.”

[67] According to Ellen Borakove, spokeswoman for Medical Examiner. (Daily News-Record, Harrisburg, VA. “Heat” (Continued from Page 1), 7-17-1995, p. 2.)

[68] From Figure 1. “Heat-Related Deaths by Year, Oklahoma, 1990-2001.” Deaths in Figure 1 are denoted by a horizontal bar, against backdrop of horizontal lines in increments of five. The precise number of deaths is not given, thus one has to make an educated guess in looking at the Figure and contrasting one bar against others.

[69] One death, location and date not noted, was “an 80-year-old…man who had been out sealing his tar driveway in 94-degree heat.” AP. Daily News-Record, Harrisonburg, VA, “East Gets Relative Relief…,” 7-18-1995. p. 3.

[70] “Ninety-six heat related deaths were reported, seventy-two within Philadelphia. The majority of deaths occurred during the mid-July heat wave. Most persons who died were elderly, had underlying illnesses and lived in attached housing with inadequate ventilation. Countless others suffered from heat exhaustion. It was the warmest summer on record (78.6F) in Philadelphia surpassing the record of 78.4F set just last year..”

[71] “PA…month long…67 [No. of persons killed column]…Excessive Heat. While the first ten days of July 1995 were cool enough to prevent it from being the hottest on record, heat waves in the middle and end of the month made this one of the most oppressive Julys ever. The mean temperature of 81.5 degrees at Philadelphia International Airport was the 2^nd warmest July on record, surpassed only by the mean of 82.1 degrees set in July of 1994. High temperatures near and above the 100-degree mark on the 15^th were some of the hottest temperatures reported in Eastern [PA] in 29 years. In all, sixty-seven heat related deaths occurred, fifty-eight of them within Philadelphia. Most were elderly, shut-ins, in poor health and lived in attached housing with no ventilation or air conditioning.”

[72] Not used in our tally – inconsistent with other NCDC reporting.

[73] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 86.

[74] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 187.

[75] One death was of a woman, 90, in Philadelphia on Aug. 13.

[76] “The child had reportedly been left in a day-care center van for approximately two and one-half hours.” (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 85.)

[77] One was a female, 12; one a male, 20 who died from heat exhaustion; one a female, 99, who had a heat stroke, and one a male who had a heat stroke.

[78] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 187.

[79] Non-air-conditioned home. (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 90.)

[80] “A 72-year-old woman who lived alone was found dead from hyperthermia in home where inside temperature estimated to be 120F. (NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 90.)

[81] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1995]. “Inspection: 123577553 – Lehne & Forbes…”

[82] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1995]. “Inspection: 107488090 – Suderman…”

[83] “Texas, Central Southeast…Heat Advisories were issued covering all of Southeast Texas for an eight day period. Overnight lows hovered around 80 degrees, while afternoon highs were near 100 each day. The afternoon heat indices ranged from 105-115 degrees. Many record high temperatures were broken across Southeast Texas. The city of Houston tied or broke four record high temperatures, and tied or broke five record high low temperatures. Approximately 200 people reported signs of heat sess or exhaustion. There were also two deaths reported due to the excessive heat.”

[84] “…temperatures had broken the 100 degree mark several days running.” (NCDC. Storm Data, V37, N8, p. 102.)

[85] Man “being transported to Snyder on a prison bus. Three other persons were treated for heat related symptoms.”

[86] “Two elderly people, a 71-year-old woman and an 85-year-old man were found dead in their homes from heat strokes. A 39-year-old man died from an apparent heat stroke after working in his attic for several hours.”

[87] “He had been applying tar to the roof of a building when he lost consciousness. The heat index at the time was 109 degrees.” Also: OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1995]. “Inspection: 110043114.”

[88] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 7, July 1995, p. 226.

[89] “Martinsville. A 93-year-old man died after exposure to stifling heat in a house rescue workers likened to an oven. The man’s body temperature had reached 108 degrees inside the uncooled house Wednesday. The man died a short time later at Memorial Hospital of Martinsville and Henry Country….`Excessive heat likely contributed to the death,’ said hospital spokesman Bill Evans….Daytime high temperatures ranged in the mid- to high 90s early this week before falling into the low 90s Wednesday. Evans said the hospital treated two to four cases of heat exhaustion per day during the heat wave, including several factory workers and people who took part in strenuous outdoor activities.” (Daily News-Record, Harrisburg, VA. “Heat Cited In Death of 93-Year-Old Man.” 8-18-1995, p. 7.)

[90] “Front Royal – An 18-month-old Warren County boy has died of heat stroke after he let himself into the family van and pulled the door shut, authorities said. Nathan Patrick was found Monday afternoon by his mother…[who] though he was playing in the basement of the house.” (Daily News-Record, Harrisburg, VA. “Tot Dies of Heat Stroke.” 8-17-1995, p. 9.) Also noted in: NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 106.

[91] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 107.

[92] NCDC. Storm Data, Vol. 37, No. 8, Aug 1995, p. 108.

[93] Thirty-three direct deaths, and 40 indirect (as a contributing cause according to Wisconsin coroners).

[94] AP, in Daily News-Record, Harrisonburg, VA, “East Gets Relative Relief From Hot Spell,” 7-18-1995. p. 3.

[95] Notes that information was from Milwaukee County Medical Examiner’s Office (MCMEO) and the Milwaukee Department of Health and Social Services on “heat-related deaths in Milwaukee during the heat wave. During July 13-23, MCMEO received reports of and investigated 197 deaths. Of thee, 91 (46%) were determined to be related to the heat wave. Deaths were considered heat-related if 1) the decedent’s measured body temperature at the time of death was greater or equal to 105 F…or 2) there was evidence of high environmental temperature – usually greater than or equal to 100 F…at the scene of death. Hyperthermia or excessive heat was cited as the underlying or direct cause for 34 (37%) of these deaths and an important contributing cause for 57 (63%). The 91 decedents ranged in age from 1 year to 97 years (median: 76 years), and 52 (57%) were male. Psychotropic medications were cited as contributing factors in 15 deaths, and alcohol consumption was cited as a contributing factor in five. Eighty-one (89%) of the deaths occurred during July 14-17, and 34 (42%) of these occurred on July 15.”

[96] “One death was directly attributed to the oppressive heat, and…one indirectly related death. Racine County.”

[97] Looking at the data above for other states for roughly the same time-span we think this percentage too high.

[98] CDC footnote: “Three or more consecutive days of air temperatures >90 (>32.2 C).

1995 — June-Aug, esp. July 12-17, Heat, esp. IL/>700, WI/154, PA/146, MO/58–1,563-1,601