56 –1,050

lornajarrettblanchard January 1, 1999

Compiled by Wayne Blanchard; last edit 3-6-2024 for upload to: http://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

–1,050 Xu, J., MD. “QuickStats: Number of Heat-Related Deaths,[1] by Sex – NVSS…1999-2010.”[2]

— 990 Blanchard tally based on State breakouts below.

— 972 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Census Regions, T67 (heat and light).

–206 Northeast –330 Midwest –344 South –92 West

— 966 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, HHS Regions, T67 (heat and light)

[*Our number – no total given. Regions which do not show mean fewer than 10 deaths.]

— 15 HHS Region #1 CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT

— 94 HHS Region #2 NJ, NY

–145 HHS Region #3 DE, DC, MD, PA, VA, WV

–170 HHS Region #4 AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN

–252 HHS Region #5 IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI

–129 HHS Region #6 AR, LA, NM, OK, TX

— 76 HHS Region #7 IA, KS, MO, NE

— ? HHS Region #8 CO, MT, ND, SD, UT [not shown if less than ten]

— 73 HHS Region #9 AZ, CA, HI, NV

— ? HHS Region #10 AK, IS, OR, WA

— 877 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Census Regions, X30 and T67 ICD-10 codes.

–184 Northeast –314 Midwest –308 South –71 West

— 823 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

— 594 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality. Underlying Cause of Death, State, X30, excessive heat.

— 502 Lott and Ross. Tracking and Evaluating U.S. Billion Dollar Weather Disasters… 2005.

— 502 Nat. Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 309 Twenty-one States (most, 258, in Midwest). Palecki, Changnon and Kunkel 2001.

— 256 July. MI Dept. of State Police. Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan ( 2014 update), p.153.[3]

*Blanchard note on sources: Ours, by necessity, is a compilation from several sources.

(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database underlying and multiple cause of death searches for T67 and X30. These suffer, however, from the fact that the CDC does not show deaths if the loss of life is less than ten. These deaths, therefore are unknown to us unless found in another source.

(2) The National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Internet searches via the Storm Events Database can be queried. For “heat,” one has to do two searches – one for “excessive heat” and one for “heat.” Frequently the entries in one seem similar to ones in the other. The NCDC also publishes Storm Data, a monthly, electronically accessible.

(3) The National Weather Service, another NOAA entity, publishes tables on heat fatalities. Their figures differ from NCDC figures. None of the NOAA sources is comprehensive for two subsets – children in vehicles and workers, though one can find references to each. Both generally show fewer deaths than CDC Wonder in that primarily what is noted are “direct” deaths attributable to high natural heat (Underlying Cause of Death in CDC parlance). This is the case even for CDC Wonder searches for excessive heat as an underlying cause of death.

(4) For coverage of children dying in cars due to excessive heat exposure we rely on Jan Null and KidsAndCars.org).

(5) OSHA provides more comprehensive coverage of worker heat-related fatalities

(6) Newspaper archives, particularly when looking for end-of-heat-season statements by State Offices of Chief Medical Examiners. Frequently their numbers differ markedly (upward) from CDC, NCDC or NWS figures.

(7) State, County or local Public Heath or Vital Statistic entities (again higher numbers generally noted than can be found in CDC Wonder).

Note on ICDC Codes used in CDC Wonder Online Database above and below: We use the T67 and X30 codes described below. We use them independently in the “Census Region,” “HHS Region” and “State” locations in the search page. There are two “boxes” to search – ?Underlying Cause of Death” and “Multiple Causes of Death” – the higher numbers are to be found when using the Multiple Causes of Death option for “Census Region.”)

T67 Effects of heat and light

T67.0 (Heatstroke and sunstroke);

T67.1 (Heat syncope); heat syncope [fainting]; factors include dehydration and lack of acclimatization.

T67.2 (Heat cramp);

T67.3 (Heat exhaustion, anhydrotic); [Note: T67 codes are in the class of “multiple

T67.4 (Heat exhaustion due to salt depletion); cause of death,” meaning, usually, that heat

T67.5 (Heat exhaustion, unspecified); contributed to or combined with another

T67.6 (Heat fatigue, transient); cause of death – such as a heart condition.]

T67.7 (Heat oedema);

T67.8 (Other effects of heat and light);

T67.9 (Effect of heat and light, unspecified)

X30 Exposure to excessive natural heat; hyperthermia. [Underlying (or primary) cause of death.]

Note further that we show nine CDC Wonder searches above, out of many which could have been done. From the CDC Wonder homepage one can choose on the left side of the page from “Underlying Cause of Death,” “Multiple Cause of Death,” or “Compressed Mortality.” Within these three categories one can search for T67 (heat and light) and/or X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat), or both. These two codes in each category can be further broken out by “Census Region,” “Census Division,” “HHS Region,” “State,” and “County.” Thus one can “run” 15 searches for T67 and another 15 for X30, and another 15 for X30 and T67 combined. Generally, the largest loss of life will be identified using Multiple Cause of Death, Census Region and T67.

Summary of 1999 Heat and Heat-Related Fatalities by State

Alabama 15 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Arizona 58 AZ DHS. Deaths from Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…1992-2009.

Arkansas 21 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

California 33 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Delaware 4 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

DC 3 NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, DC, July 4-7, 1999 (all in homes).

Florida 15 Lushine. “Underreporting of Heat…Related Deaths in [FL].” NWS, 1-6-2009.

Georgia 27 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Illinois 153 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Indiana 20 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Iowa 10 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Kansas 2 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

Kentucky 15 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Louisiana 22 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Maryland 24 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Massachusetts 2 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

Michigan 13 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Minnesota 2 NSW. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

Mississippi 14 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Missouri 92 Missouri DHSS. Heat Related Illnesses/Deaths (Hyperthermia).

Nebraska 3 NWS. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

Nevada 12 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

New Jersey 38 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

New York 56 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

No. Carolina 13 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Ohio 38 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Oklahoma 20 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Pennsylvania 97 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

So. Carolina 43 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

South Dakota 1 Salt Lake Tribune. “Utah wilderness therapy deaths.” 10-11-2007.

Tennessee 30 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Texas 63 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

West Virginia 1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Virginia 11 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Wisconsin 19 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

Total 990

Breakout of Heat and Heat-Related Fatalities by State and Locality (where noted):

Alabama (15)

–15 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–11 AL DPH. “Health precautions urged during periods of prolonged heat.” 11-7-2006 mod.[4]

–11 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, States X30, exposure to excessive natural heat.

— 3 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

— 1 Autauga County, Marbury, July 30. Male paraplegic; wheelchair broke down outdoors.[5]

— 1 Chambers County, Lafayette, July 30. Female, 84, in her home; AC not turned on.[6]

— 1 Escambia Co., Brewton, Aug 1-2. Female, 73, in her home; AC off, windows shut. NCDC.

— 1 Mobile Co., Mobile, Aug 1-2. Female, 71, in her home; AC off and windows shut. NCDC.

Arizona (58)

— 58 Blanchard, using AZ DHS for all counties except Maricopa where we use CDC Wonder.

— 57 AZ DHS. Deaths from Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…in Arizona 1992-2009. p. 17.[7]

— 28 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

— 25 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, natural heat.

— 0 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

Breakout of 1999 AZ Heat-Related Deaths by State or Country of Residence:[8]

— 30 Arizona

— 4 Other U.S. State or Canada

— 23 Mexico or other Central or South American Country

Breakout of 1999 AZ Heat-Related Deaths by Geographic Region or Occurrence:[9]

— 28 Border Counties

— 25 Central Arizona Counties

— 4 Northern Arizona Counties

Breakout of 1999 AZ Heat-Related Deaths by Gender:[10]

— 38 Male

— 19 Female

Breakout of 1999 AZ Heat-Related Deaths by Race/Ethnicity:[11]

— 23 White, non-Hispanic

— 23 Hispanic or Latino

— 1 Black or African American

— 5 American Indian or Alaska Native

— 5 Unknown

Breakout of 1999 AZ Heat-Related Deaths by Age Group:[12]

— 0 0-4

— 0 5-9

— 0 10-14

— 2 15-19

— 1 20-24

— 5 25-29

— 6 30-34

— 4 35-39

— 4 40-44

— 4 45-49

— 6 50-54

— 1 55-59

— 3 60-64

— 1 65-69

— 1 70-74

— 8 75-79

— 4 80-84

— 2 85+

— 5 Unknown

Breakout of 1999 AZ Heat-Related Deaths by County of Occurrence:[13]

— 2 Coconino

— 1 La Paz

–23 Maricopa[14] (–24 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, County, T67.)

— 2 Navajo

–11 Pima

— 1 Yavapai

–17 Yuma

Breakout of 1999 AZ Heat-Related Deaths by Month of Death:[15]

— 1 March

— 1 May

–17 June

–18 July

–10 August

— 5 September

— 4 October

— 1 December

Arkansas (21)

–21 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–20 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

–12 NCDC, NOAA. Query Results, Arkansas, Excessive Heat, 1950-2008.

–12 NWS, NOAA. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 1 Bradley Co., Warren, July 30. Female, 95, in her apartment; no AC, windows shut. NCDC.

— 1 Clark County, Gurdon, July 30. Male, 84, excessive heat, in his mobile home; AC not on.[16]

— 1 Jefferson County, Pine Bluff, July 23. Male, 31, found dead from excessive heat in home.[17]

— 1 Lonoke Co., England area, July 28. Female, 77, found in her home; excessive heat. NCDC.

— 2 Mississippi area, Blytheville, July 26. Females, 73 and 75 in their homes. NCDC. SED.

— 2 Mississippi area, Aug 1. Female (age not noted); male, 52, in their homes. NCDC. SED.

— 1 Mississippi area, Aug 7 (found dead). Female, 75, in her home. NCDC Storm Events Data.

— 1 Pulaski County, North Little Rock, July 26. Male, 39, found dead on a local street. NCDC.

— 1 Pulaski Co., Little Rock, July 31. Male, 24, found on city street; died in hospital. NCDC.

— 1 White County, Searcy area, July 9-11. Female, 73; in mobile home with no air-cond.[18]

California (33)

–33 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–22 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

— 2 Los Angeles County. CDC. “Heat-Related Deaths…[LA County, CA] 1999-2000…”[19]

–1 June. Hyperthermia; boy, 4-months, left in parents’ car 6 hrs., windows closed.[20]

–1 July. Hyperthermia; female, 81, with dementia; found on roof of nursing home.[21]

— 1 El Centro, Sep 20. Heatstroke; male temp. laborer feeding cardboard machine; 90s.[22]

— 1 Santa Barbara area, Aug 28. Firefighter supporting Camuesa Plains Wildland fire.[23]

Delaware ( 4)

— 4 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

–2 New Castle Co. (Townsend and Wilmington), July 4-6. Male, 52; female 79, in homes.[24]

–2 Sussex County, July 4-6. Females, 50 and 89 in permanent homes.[25]

— 0 CDC WONDER Online Database, 2014, ICD-10 Code X30, exposure to excessive natural heat.

District of Col. ( 3)

— 3 NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, District of Columbia, July 4-7, 1999 (all in homes).

— 3 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 0 CDC WONDER Online Database, 2014, ICD-10 Code X30, exposure to excessive natural heat.

Florida (15)

–15 Lushine. “Underreporting of Heat and Cold Related Deaths in Florida.” NWS, 1-6-2009.[26]

–13 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–10 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat

— 0 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

Georgia (27)

–27 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–26 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat

— 5 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

— 1 Barrow County, July 20-31. Female, 79, permanent home without AC. Storm Events Data.

— 1 Cobb County, Marietta, Wheeler High School, July 28 (collapse). Marcus Ellison, 15.[27]

— 1 Coweta County, July 20-31. Male, 77, permanent home without AC. Storm Events Data.

— 1 Coweta Co., Newnan,[28] Aug 1. Quadriplegic boy, 14, heatstroke. Home electricity disconnected.[29]

— 1 Elbert County, Aug 1. Female, 73, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat.

— 1 Fulton Co., Atlanta, Aug 14. Hezekiah Welch, 2; left in car by grandmother at her work.[30]

— 1 Sumter Co., Aug 8. Female, 75; heatstroke, in bed in home, AC and fans turned off. NCDC.

Illinois (153)

— 153 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

— 141 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 138 NWS, NOAA. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 127 Associated Press, as noted in Palecki, Changnon and Kunkel, 1999.

— 120 From mid-July to early August. Orange Leader, TX, “Global…” 8-8-1999, p. 4A.

— 74 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat

Breakout of Illinois heat and related falitities by location, where noted:

— 117 Cook County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

–<110 Cook Co., Chicago. Klinenberg. “Dead Heat. Why don’t Americans sweat over heat…deaths?”[31]

— 103 Cook Co., CDC. “Heat-Related Deaths – Chicago…1996-2001…” MMWR, 7-4-2003.[32]

— < 80 Cook County. Naughton, et al. “Heat-related mortality…1999 heat wave in Chicago.”[33]

— 46 Cook County. CDC WONDER. ICD-10/X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat) search.

–24 Females –22 Males

Breakout of 1999 Illinois Heat-Related Deaths by Locality (where noted):

— 4 Cook County, June 3-11. Males, 35, 48, 53, Female 29, all in homes.[34]

— 13 “ July 21-25. NCDC. Event Record Details, Excessive Heat, IL.[35]

— 12 “ July 21-25. NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, IL Cook, July 21-25.

–2 Males, 56 and 56 in vehicles.

–3 Males, 60 and 64, and female, 73, outdoors.

–7 Female, 55, 67, 79, 91, 91; males 47, and 77; all in permanent homes.

— 2 Cook County, Chicago, July 26. Anna Adams, 91, and Patricia Hall, 55, in their homes.[36]

— 93 Cook County, July 28-31. NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, IL, Cook, July 28-31.

Females 41, 42, 49, 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 60, 64, 67, 68, 70, 70, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 77, 77, 79, 80, 80, 81, 81, 81, 82, 82, 82, 85, 86, 86, 86, 86, 87, 88, 92.

Males 40, 41, 42, 46, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 51, 51, 51, 52, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 57, 59, 60, 60, 63, 64, 64, 65, 68, 70, 70, 71, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 73, 75, 77, 79, 79, 80, 80, 81, 82, 84, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92. All noted deaths were listed as in permanent homes.[37]

— 1 Cook County, Chicago metro area, Aug 16-17. Male, 55, permanent home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Gallatin County, near Shawneetown, July 25. Juan Valdez, 53; migrant farm laborer.[38]

— 1 Henry County, Kewanee, July 28. Male, 74, permanent home. Storm Events Database.

— 1 Kane County, July 21-25. Male, 39, at business.

— 3 Lake County, July 28-31. Females, 30 and 71; male, 90; all in permanent homes. NCDC.

— 2 Logan County, Atlanta, July 20. Boys, ~18-months and 30-months, got into parents car.[39]

— 1 Macon Co., Decatur, June 8. Cardiac arrest from heatstroke. Male sanitary facility worker.[40]

— 1 Madison County, July 18-31. Female, 86, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Data.

— 1 Massac County, Metropolis, July 18-31. Female, 82, found dead in her bathroom.[41]

— 1 Peoria Co., West Peoria, July 24. Female, 82, in her apartment; AC broken, windows shut.[42]

— 1 Sangamon Co., Springfield, July 25 (found). Female, 62, at home, no AC, windows shut.[43]

— 7 St. Clair County, especially East St. Louis, July 18-31. Storm Events Database. Heat, IL.

–Males 68, 74, 76 (mobile home) and 80; females, 52, 72, and 88; in permanent homes.

— 1 Vermilion County, Danville, July 30. Female, 50, in her apartment. Storm Events Data.

— 2 Wayne County, July 18-31

–1 Fairfield area, July 18-31. Male, 78, outside, near rocks he was moving, 95°.[44]

–1 Mount Erie area, July 23-26. Male (Marshall Allison), 85, found dead in his home.[45]

— 3 Will County, July 28-31. Males, 55 and 82; female, 66; all in permanent homes. NCDC.

— 1 Will County, Chicago metro area. Aug 16-17. Male, 53, permanent home. Storm Events.

— 2 Winnebago Co., Rockford, June 5. Boys, 2 and 3, found in closed car; high temp. 89°.[46]

Indiana (20)

–20 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light)

–15 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat

— 8 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 7 As of Aug 7. Associated Press, as noted in Palecki, Changnon and Kunkel, 1999.

— 0 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

Breakout of 1999 Indiana Heat-Related Fatalities (where available):

— 2 Elkhart, July 30. Heatstroke. AP. “Several deaths…” Kokomo Tribune, IN, 8-4-1999, p. 5.

— 1 Fort Wayne, July 23. Mya Clawson, 3-months, extreme heat suspected by county coroner.[47]

— 1 Indianapolis, July 31 (found). Heatstroke; Maurice Williamson, 29; home, no AC, windows shut.[48]

— 2 Indianapolis, July 31-Aug 1. Merle Jordan, 78; Elizabeth, 98. AP. “Several…” 8-4-1999, 5.

— 1 New Albany, July 30 (found dead). Male, 71; heat as a contributing factor.[49]

— 1 New Albany, Aug 2 (found dead). Richard Gohagon, 75, in his apartment.[50]

Iowa (10)

–10 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light)

— 0 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 0 CDC WONDER Online Database, 2014, ICD-10 Code X30, exposure to excessive natural heat.

— 1 Chariton, July 8. Heat stress/heat exhaustion. Construction employee. OSHA. Morton Bldg.

Kansas ( 2)

— 2 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 0 CDC WONDER Online Database, 2014, ICD-10 Code X30, exposure to excessive natural heat.

— 1 Lyon County, July 15-30. Male, 25, dehydration leading to heatstroke. Storm Events Data.

— 1 Miami County, Paola, July 18-31. Female, 86, permanent home. Storm Events Database.

Kentucky ( 15)

–15 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light)

— 8 As of Aug 7. Associated Press, as noted in Palecki, Changnon and Kunkel, 1999.

— 7 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 2 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— ? CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat

Breakout of 1999 Kentucky Heat-Related Fatalities by Locality (where available):

— 1 Boone County, July 20-31. Female, 71, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Christian County, Hopkinsville, July 29.[51] Male, 75, in home with no AC; 120° inside.[52]

— 1 Fayette County, Lexington, July 13. Male baby, left in car, windows up, by relative.[53]

— 1 Jefferson County, Louisville, July 29. Heatstroke; Mozelle Whitaker, in her home; no AC.[54]

— 1 Jefferson Co., Louisville, July 31. Dorothy Nourse, 60, of Indianapolis, IN at Six Flags.[55]

— 1 Jefferson Co., Louisville, Aug 1. Dawn Payton, 21, home without AC; heat-related.[56]

— 1 Lexington, July. Bryan Puckett, 11-months; baby-sitter left him in car while shopping.[57]

Louisiana (22)

–22 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–22 Louisiana DHH. Heat Stress: Hospital Admissions…and Deaths in Louisiana. 2012, p. 9.[58]

–19 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

— 2 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

— 1 Caddo Parish, July 27. Male, 52, heatstroke; apparently while fishing along Red River.[59]

— 1 DeSoto Parish, Aug 7. Male, 81, heatstroke; outside in swampy area near home. NCDC.

Maryland ( 24)

–24 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light)

–15 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

–15 Baltimore, July 4-7. All in permanent homes. NCDC. Storm Events Database, MD.[60]

–12 Baltimore. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

Massachusetts ( 2)

— 2 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 2 Boston, July 5. Females, 64 and 86, heat exhaustion, private nursing homes.[61]

— ? No number noted. CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30.

Michigan ( 13)

–13 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

— 1 As of Aug 7. Associated Press, as noted in Palecki, Changnon and Kunkel, 1999.

— ? None noted. CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, natural heat.

Minnesota ( 2)

— 2 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 1 As of Aug 7. Associated Press, as noted in Palecki, Changnon and Kunkel, 1999.

— ? None noted. CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive heat

— 1 Kandiyohi County, Willmar, July 25. Male, 43, after falling asleep inside closed vehicle.[62]

— 1 Olmsted Co., July 28-30. Female, 65, heatstroke in her mobile home; inside temp. 130°.[63]

Mississippi (28)

–28 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–10 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

— 0 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 1 Hollandale, Aug 8. Heatstroke; male (James Jones), 48; home, no AC or fans; 108 temp.[64]

Missouri ( 92)

— 92 Joplin Globe (W. Kennedy). “Prolonged heat wave creating health issue.” 8-30-2000, 1.

–~90 Missouri Dept. of Health and Senior Ser. Heat Related Illnesses/Deaths (Hyperthermia).

— 79 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 77 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 61 As of Aug 7. Associated Press, as noted in Palecki, Changnon and Kunkel, 1999.

— 61 Mid-July to early August. Orange Leader, TX, “Global…” 8-8-1999, p. 4A.

— 54 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

— 42 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

Breakout of 1999 Missouri Heat-Related Fatalities by Locality:

— 1 Bates County, July 18-31. Male, 62, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 2 Boone County, July 18-31. Male, 47 and female, 43, outdoors. Storm Events Database.

— 1 Buchanan County, July 18-31. Male, 74, outdoors. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Callaway County, July 16. Male, 67, outdoors. NCDC Storm Events Database, Heat, MO.

— 1 Cape Girardeau County, Gordonville, July 18-31. Male, 69, outdoors. Storm Events Data.[65]

— 2 Cass County, July 18-31. Male, 37, in mobile home; male, 54, in permanent home.[66]

— 1 Greene County, July 23-31. Female, 94, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Harrison County, July 18-31. Male, 73, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

–19 Jackson County:

— 1 Kansas City, July 8-9. Male, 65, permanent home. Storm Events Database.

— 1 Lees Summit, July 8-9. Female, 81, permanent home. Storm Events Database.

–17 Jackson Co. (16 in Kansas City urban core), July 18-31, 1999. Storm Events Database.

Males, 40, 56, 69, 71, 75, 75, 78, 81, 81, and 83; all in permanent homes.[67]

Females, 70, 72, 74, 75, 79, 79, and 82; all in permanent homes.

–18 Jackson County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

–18 Jackson County. CDC WONDER. ICD-10/X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat) search.

— 9 Females.

–11 Males.

— 1 Jackson County, Kansas City, Aug 6. Male, 59, outside; temps. in 90s, heat index >100.[68]

— 3 Jasper County, July 31.[69] Male, 64, home;[70] male 46,[71] outside; female, 49, “other.”[72]

— 1 Jasper County, Joplin, July 30. Heatstroke; Joe Woodward, 52 (of Galena, KS), in hosp.[73]

— 1 McDonald County, July 23-31. Female, 76, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Data.

— 2 Ozark County, Aug 4 and 10. Male, 62, and female 92, in permanent homes. Storm Events.

— 1 Pettis County, Sedalia, Aug 16. Male wastewater treatment plant construction worker.[74]

–36 St. Louis City. St. Louis City Health Dept. “Heat wave review,” City Health, 1999, 1 & 3.

–35 St. Louis City, July 18-31. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat, MO, St. Louis (C).[75]

Males, 43, 48, 51, 54, 56, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76. 80, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86 in homes.

Females, 66, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 77, 82, 85, 86, 87, 87, 88, 89, 92, in homes.

–17 St. Louis city. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

–15 St. Louis city. CDC WONDER. ICD-10/X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat) search.

— 5 St. Louis County, July 18-31. Males 69, 70, 73, 74; female, 75; locations noted “other.”[76]

— 1 Vernon County, July 23-31. Male, 41, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

Nebraska ( 3)

— 3 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— ? None noted. CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive heat.

— 1 Dakota Co., South Sioux City, July 28-29. Female, 68, in uncooled apt., heat index <120°.[77]

— 1 Wayne County, near Macy, July 27. Male, 34, while jogging. NCDC. Storm Events Data.

— 1 Wayne Co., July 28. Male, 75, mobile home after AC broke; inside temp. over 110. NCDC.

Nevada ( 12) CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–10 Clark County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

New Jersey ( 38)

–38 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat

–30 NJ DHSS. “DHSS Cautions New Jerseyans to Protect…From Summer Heat.” 6-8-2005.

–30 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

–28 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

–13 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

Breakout of 1999 New Jersey Heat-Related Fatalities by Location:

— 2 Camden County, July 4-6. Male, 70, permanent home; female 72, permanent home. NCDC.

— 1 Cumberland County, Bridgeton, July 6. Heat exhaustion; farm worker picking peaches.[78]

— 3 Essex County, July 4-6. Females, 38 and 85; male, 68; locations noted as “other.” NCDC.

— 1 Gloucester County, Swedesboro, July 5. Heat exhaustion; male, farmer, harvesting.[79]

— 3 Hudson County, July 4-6. Females, 44, 52, 76; locations noted as “other.” NCDC SED.

— 3 Mercer County, July 4-6. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat, NJ, Mercer, July 4-6.

–1 July 6. Male, 61, in fan-less apartment after all-day landscaping job.

–2 Mercer County, July 4-6. Male, 41, outdoors; male, 48, permanent home.

— 5 Middlesex County

–4 Middlesex, July 4-6. Males 72, 87, in homes; male, 51, “other,” female, 47, other.[80]

–1 July 16-19. Male, 79, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat, NJ.

— 4 Monmouth County, July 4-6. Males, 47, 54, 61 (permanent home); female, 75, home.[81]

— 3 Ocean County (2 in Long Beach), July 4-6. Female, 64; males, 72 and 85; all in homes.[82]

— 1 Passaic Co., July 4-6. Female, 88, location noted as “other.” NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Somerset County, July 4-6. Female, 66, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 3 Union County, July 4-6. Males, 78 and 79; female, 80, locations noted as “other.” NCDC.

New York ( 56)

–56 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–33 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

–33 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

–32 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

Breakout of 1999 New York Heat-Related Fatalities by Locality (where data is available):

— 1 Bronx, July 4-6. Male, 49. NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, NY, Bronx, July 4-6, 1999.

–18 Kings County (CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

–13 Kings County (Brooklyn). CDC WONDER. ICD-10/X30 (excessive natural heat) search.

–14 Kings County (Brooklyn), July 4-6. NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, NY, Brooklyn.

Females, 33, 34, 47, 68, 76, 82; Males, 27, 56, 65, 71, 72, 79, 82, 83; all in “other.”

–40 NYC. New York Times. “19 Have Died of Heat This Summer, City Says.” 9-1-2011.[83]

–27 NYC, July 3-10. NYT. “Heat Wave Toll Climbs to 27 Dead in New York City.” 7-10-1999.

–18 New York County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

–13 New York Co., Manhattan, July 4-6. NCDC. Storm Events Database. Manhattan, July 4-6.

Females, 37, 38, 76 79, 89 , 90, 102; males, 45, 48, 53, 59, 60, 68; locations “other.”

–12 New York County [Manhattan]. CDC Wonder. ICD-10/X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

— 3 Queens, July 4-6. Males, 33 and 63; female, 77; locations all noted as “other.”[84]

— 2 Westchester County, Pelham, July 4-6. Male, 82; female 82; both in permanent homes.[85]

North Carolina (13)

–13 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–13 Mirabelli and Richardson. “Heat-Related Fatalities in North Carolina.” Apr 2005.[86]

— 6 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 4 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

— ? CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

Breakout of 1999 North Carolina Heat-Related Fatalities by Locality (where noted):

— 1 Brunswick Co., Winnabow, July 21. Heatstroke; male concrete finisher; body temp. 105°.[87]

— 1 Columbus County, July 20-31. Male farm worker; heatstroke. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Edgecombe Co., Rocky Mount, Aug 1-2. Female, 77, in her home; heat exposure. NCDC.

— 1 Johnson County, July 23. Male farm worker, 39, outside; temp. measured 108° at hosp.[88]

— 1 Saratoga County, Clifton Park, Denny’s Restaurant. Heatstroke; kitchen worker, hot day.[89]

— 1 Scotland County, July 25. Boy, 3, got into parents car and could not get back out.[90]

Ohio (38)

— 38 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

— 28 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

— 28 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 20 CDC WONDER. Compressed Mortality. ICD-10/X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

–12 Males — 8 Females

— 14 As of Aug 7. Associated Press, as noted in Palecki, Changnon and Kunkel, 1999.

— 13 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

Breakout of 1999 Ohio Heat-Related fatalities by locality (where noted):

— 22 Cincinnati (Hamilton Co.) and Dayton (Montgomery Co.) only, July 12-Aug 1.

(CDC. MMWR 49/21, 6-2-2000, 470-473.[91])

— 23 Hamilton County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

— 18 Hamilton Co. (Coroner report). Kaiser, et al. “Heat-Related Death and Mental Illness…”[92]

–10 Hamilton Co., Cincinnati metro area, July 20-31. NCDC Storm Events Database.

Males 46, 47, 50, 64, 69, 83, 85; females, 34,[93] 70, 75,[94] 88, 91, 98; in homes.[95]

— 2 Cincinnati area, Aug 1. Edna Miller, 104; Horace Langton, 54.[96]

— 1 Cincinnati, July 12-Aug 1. Male, 65, found in his residence, unresponsive, seizing.[97]

— 4 Montgomery Co, Dayton, July 12-Aug 1. CDC. “Heat Related…Deaths…” MMWR 49/2.[98]

–3 Dayton metro area, July 20-31. Male, 24. NCDC Storm Events Database.

–1 Dayton, July 31. Male, heatstroke. Reuters. “Death toll from U.S…” 8-1-1999, p.1.[99]

–1 Dayton, Aug (found). Male, 24, found in his apartment in early stage of decomposition.[100]

— 1 Wayne County, Kidron, July 27. Male poultry worker (Gerber); heat exhaustion. OSHA.

Oklahoma (20)

–20 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–20 Garwe (OK Dept Health). “Heat-Related Deaths, [OK], 1990-2001,” 5-31-2002, p.1.[101]

–18 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

–13 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

–10 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 1 Canadian Co., El Reno, Aug 17. Female, 83, excessive heat exposure in home; AC broken.[102]

— 1 Carter County, Healdton, July 27. Heatstroke; male oil & gas worker; outdoor temp. 105.[103]

— 1 Cleveland County, Norman, July 27. Male, 57, found dead in his home; excessive heat.[104]

— 1? Delaware Co., Grove, July 29. Girl, 6, mobile home with no AC, nor fan or ventilation.[105]

— 1 Jackson Co., Altus, July 28. Female, 73, found dead from heat in her front yard. NCDC.[106]

— 1 Kay County, Ponca City, July 30. Male, 73, found dead from heat in his home. NCDC.

— 1 Marshall, Kingston, Aug 17. Female, 75, excessive heat exposure in home; AC broken.[107]

— 2 Oklahoma County, Oklahoma City, July 30. Females, 84 and 85, in separate homes. NCDC

— 2 Oklahoma Co., Oklahoma City, July 31. Female, 86, male, 82, found dead in homes. NCDC.

— 1 Seminole County, Shawnee, July 28. Female, 65, found dead from heat in her home. NCDC

— 1 Tulsa Co., Broken Arrow, Aug 15. Hyperthermia, baby, 6-weeks, left in car.[108]

Pennsylvania (97)

–97 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–94 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

–88 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

–28 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat

Breakout of Pennsylvania heat and heat-related deaths by locality, where noted:

— 1 Bucks County, Chalfont. July 5. Heatstroke; Harvey Benson, 75; body temp 107 at hosp.[109]

— 1 Bucks County, July 4-6. Female, 79, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 4 Chester Co., July 4-6. Males, 55, 56, homes; female, 69, mobile home; male, 56, vehicle.[110]

— 7 Delaware County, July 4-6. NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, PA, Delaware, July 4-6.

–1 Male migrant worker, 30, after day picking cucumbers in Swedesboro, NJ.

–6 Males, 46, 61, 62, 68 and 91 in permanent homes; female, 88, permanent homes.

— 1 Delaware County, July 24. Male, 59, found in home with no AC and windows shut.[111]

— 1 Lehigh County, July 4-6. Female, 84, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database, PA

— 4 Montgomery County.

— 1 Pottstown, June 7-8. Male, 62, found dead 3^rd floor of apartment.[112]

— 1 Royersford, June 7-8. Male, 85, collapsed in his garage.[113]

— 1 Norristown, June 27. Male, 73, in apartment with temp. over 90°.[114]

— 1 in county, July 4-6. Female, 87, permanent home. NCDC. Storm Events Database.

— 1 Northampton County, July 4-6. Female, 79, outside, after working in her garden.[115]

— 2 Perry County, Oliver Township near Newport, July 5. Female, 80, daughter, 54, at home.[116]

–72 Philadelphia County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat, light).

–58 Philadelphia, July 4-6. NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, PA, Philadelphia.[117]

Female, 85, home. Male, 60, home. Male, 75, home. Female, 77, home.

Female, 79, home. Female, 87, home. Male, 49, home. Female, 91, home.

Male, 54, home. Male, 72, home. Female, 44, outside. Female, 87, home.

Male, 69, home. Female, 71, home. Male, 59, vehicle. Female, 60, home.

Male, 86, home. Male, 40, home. Female, 75, home. Male, 69, home.

Female, 74, home. Female, 92, home. Male, 73, home. Female, 63, home.

Male, 69, home. Female, 88, home. Female, 70, home. Male 71, home.

Male, 78, home. Female, 49, home. Male, 66, home. Male, 83, home.

Male, 68, home. Male, 52, home. Female, 77, home. Male, 64, home.

Male, 77, home. Male, 57, home. Female, 75, home. Male, 73, home.

Female, 87, home. Female, 80, home. Male, 69, home. Male, 82, home.

Male, 62, home. Female, 73, home. Male, 55, home. Male, 60, home.

Male, 63, home. Female, 77, home. Female, 93, home. Female, 80, home.

Female, 62, home. Male, 65, home. Male, 80, home. Male, 81, home.

Male, 72, home. One not noted.

–59 Philadelphia, by July 12. Philadelphia Inquirer. “Three More Heat…Deaths…” 7-12-1999.

— 3 Philadelphia, July 23-31. Males, 56, 67, and 90, all in permanent homes. Storm Events Data.

— 5 Philadelphia Aug 1. Males 47, 60, 80 and 82; female, 75, all in permanent homes. NCDC.

–11 Philadelphia County. CDC Wonder. ICD-10/X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

South Carolina (43)

–43 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–25 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

–21 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

Breakout of South Carolina heat and heat-related deaths by locality, where noted:

— 1 Abbeville County, July 27. Male, 46, outdoors. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Anderson County, July 28, 11:00. Male, 42, outdoors. NCDC Storm Events Database.[118]

— 1 Anderson County, July 28, 23:00. Male, 59, home. NCDC Storm Events Database. SC.

— 1 Anderson County, July 31. Female, 81, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Beaufort County, Aug 1-31. Female, 76, mobile home. NCDC Storm Events Database. SC.

— 2 Berkeley Co., Aug 1-31. Female 80, mobile home; female, 89, permanent home. NCDC.

— 6 Charleston, Aug 1-31. Females 81 and 93; males 73, 84, 86, and 93; permanent homes.[119]

— 1 Clarendon Co., Aug 1. Mary Jane Pearson, 86, excessive heat, in her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Clarendon County, Aug 1. Robert John King, 89, excessive heat, in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Greenville County, July 31. Male, 60, outdoors. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat, SC.

— 1 Greenwood County, July 30. Male, 44, outdoors. NCDC Storm Events Database. SC.

— 1 Laurens County, July 26. Male, 51, attempting to perform intensive work outdoors. NCDC.

— 1 Oconee County, Aug 1. Male, 46, while mowing grass at home. Storm Events Database.

— 1 Union County, July 23. Female, 72, while waling outside her home. Storm Events Data.

— 1 York County, Rock Hill, Aug 2. Female, 67, in her home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

South Dakota ( 1)

— 0 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

— ? None noted. CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, natural heat.

— 1 Plankinton, South Dakota State Training School, July 21. Heatstroke; Gina Score, 14.[120]

Tennessee (30)

–30 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–19 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

— 0 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

— 2 Memphis, July 21. Darnecia Slater, 22-mo.; Brandon Mann, 2; left in separate daycare vans.[121]

— 1 Nashville, July 30-Aug 1. Gertrude Williams, 95; found dead in 95° home by police.[122]

–10 Shelby County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

Texas (63)

–63 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–42 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

–30 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

–22 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

Breakout of Texas heat and heat-related deaths by locality, where noted.

— 1 Bexar Co., San Antonio, Lackland AFB, Sep 12. Heatstroke; Airman Micah J. Schindler, 18.[123]

— 1 Comal County, New Braunfels, Aug 4 (body found). Female, 45, permanent home. NCDC.

— 3 Dallas County, Aug 1-31. Male, 55; females, 73 and 83; locations noted as “other.” NCDC.

–16 Harris County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat and light).

— 1 Harris County, June 7. Male, 56, “died of heat exposure in a baseball field.” Storm Events.

— 3 Harris Co., June 26-28. Male, 36, outside; Male 49, vehicle; male, 42, permanent home.[124]

— 1 Harris County, July 10. Male, 52, heat exposure at home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 6 Harris County, Aug 1-31. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat, TX, Harris, Aug 1-31.

–Females, 90 and 91. –Males, 43, 75, 77, and 79; all in permanent homes.

— 1 Harris County, Houston, Aug 1. Senon Arteaga Jr., 8-months. Forgotten in vehicle.[125]

— 1 Harris County, Houston, Bush IAP. Heatstroke; United baggage handler while in plane.[126]

— 1 Hidalgo County, Mission, ~June 14-15. Heatstroke, Alejandro Villarreal, 75.[127]

— 1 Hidalgo County, McAllen, Aug 24. Female, young child, left in vehicle.[128]

— 1 Travis Co., Austin, July 29. Male, 40, found wandering; died after taken to hosp. NCDC.

— 1 Travis County, Aug 14 (body found 16^th). Female, 76, in her home, AC not in use. NCDC.

— 1 Travis County, Aug 16 (body found). Male, 77, heat exhaustion, in his home. Storm Events

— 1 Uvalde County, near Garner Park, Aug 1 (found). Male, 27, from Mexico, outside. NCDC.

— 1 Uvalde County, near Sabinal, Aug 1 (body found). Male, 45, (Mexican), outside. NCDC.

— 1 Wichita County, Wichita Falls, Aug 10. Male, 55, excessive heat; in his home. NCDC.[129]

— 1 Wilbarger County, Vernon hospital, Aug 12. Female, 80. NCDC Storm Events Database.

Virginia (11)

–11 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

— 1 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 1 Hampton, May 18. Ben Shelton, 9-months, forgotten by father in car while at work.[130]

— 1 Rockingham Co., Shenandoah National Park, July 3. Male, 58, after 2-hour hike.[131]

— 1 Wight County, Smithfield, July 7. Heat stress, pork slaughterhouse employee.[132]

West Virginia ( 1)

— 0 CDC WONDER Online Database, 2014, ICD-10 Code X30, exposure to excessive natural heat.

— 0 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011 mod.

— 1 Greenwood, May 17. Heatstroke; male worker, 1^st day on job; bldg. roof, new tar surfacing.[133]

Wisconsin (19)

–19 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 (heat and light).

–18 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

–13 As of Aug 7. Associated Press, as noted in Palecki, Changnon and Kunkel, 1999.

–12 CDC Wonder. Compressed Mortality, Underlying Cause, States, X30, excessive natural heat.

–12 National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. Weather Fatalities. 8-13-2011.

Breakout of 1999 Wisconsin Heat-Related Fatalities by Locality:

— 1 Calumet County, Stockbridge, July 23-31. Male, 72, in his home. Storm Events Database.

— 1 Crawford County, July 28-30. Male, 80, heatstroke; location noted as “other”.[134]

— 1 Dane County, Madison, July 29-31. Male, 53, in his home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Fond Du Lac City. July 29-31. Male, 65, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Manitowoc County, Manitowoc, July 23-31. Male, 61, in his home. Storm Events Database.

–11 Milwaukee County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Counties, T67 (heat & light).

–11 Milwaukee County. Weisskoph, et al. “Heat Wave…Mortality, Milwaukee, Wis., 1999…”

–10 Milwaukee Co., July 29-31 (4 direct; 6 with heat as a contributing factor). Storm Events.[135]

–Direct heat deaths: Males 45, 54 and 66; female, 73; all in permanent homes.

— 1 Racine County, Racine, July 29-31. Male, 59, in his home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Waukesha County, July 20-31. Female, 79, in her home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Winnebago County, Oshkosh, July 23-31. Male, 48, in prison. Storm Events Database.

Narrative Information

Xu/CDC: “From 1999 to 2010, a total of 7,415 deaths in the United States, an average of 618 per year,[136] were associated with exposure to excessive natural heat. The highest yearly total of heat-related deaths (1,050) was in 1999 and the lowest (295) in 2004. Approximately 68% of heat-related deaths were among males.” (Xu, J., MD. “QuickStats: Number of Heat-Related Deaths, [137] by Sex – NVSS…1999-2010.”)

Delaware

NCDC, July 4-6: “A very strong and oppressive high pressure system that extended from the surface to aloft gave Delaware a brutal heat wave that included the entire Independence Day weekend. There were four heat related deaths, two in New Castle County, two in Sussex County. There were also about 10 heat related injuries reported. High temperatures reached the 90s for the first time on the 3rd, but sweltering humidity and record breaking maximum temperatures of around 100 degrees occurred from Independence Day through the 6th. The combination of the temperature and humidity produced heat indices of around 110 degrees during the afternoon of each day. A cold front moved through the region early in the morning on the 7th. While high temperatures continued to reach the 90s from the 7th through the 9th, humidity levels were lower. A stronger cold front moved through the region during the morning and afternoon of the 10th and brought in an even cooler and drier air mass. So after some places in central and southern Delaware had high temperatures in the 90s on the 10th, the run of 90 degree highs ended everywhere on the 11th.

“The heat related deaths occurred in Laurel (2) (Sussex County), Townsend (New Castle County) and Wilmington (New Castle County). In all instances the persons were found indoors without any air conditioning. One person’s internal body temperature reached 108 degrees. About half of the reported heat related injuries occurred along the shore in Bethany Beach and Rehoboth Beach. Offshore winds kept the beaches as hot as inland locations. Several heat related injuries also occurred to the workers of the annual Wilmington fireworks display at Rockford Park. It was postponed after they became ill. The heat killed tens of thousands of chickens throughout the Delmarva Peninsula. One company alone lost 33,000 chickens. About twenty sections of highway in Kent and Sussex Counties experienced heat related buckling. Hardest hit was U.S. Route 113 with buckling in around a dozen places. The city of Wilmington distributed fans to the elderly to help them combat the heat. All summer school classes on the 6th were cancelled.

“The record heat led to record demand for electricity. Every local utility broke records. Conectiv Energy reported a record power usage of 3,418 megawatts within an hour on the 5th. The PJM Interconnection, a power pool that links electric utilities throughout the area churned out a record 52,000 megawatt hours of power on the 6th. The excessive demand for electricity strained electrical systems. Conectiv Energy instituted rolling blackouts to 40 percent of its 1.1 million customers in Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey at 1040 a.m. EDT on the 6th. A generator at Conectiv’s Indian River Power Station failed. The blackouts affected 20,000 customers for 20 minutes at a time and included the city of Wilmington during the afternoon of the 6th. The Delaware Electric Co-Op also cycled off 15,000 air conditioning and water heater units to lighten the electrical load. Area wide, PJM reduced voltage by 5 percent at 2 p.m. EDT on the 6th to deal with the huge demand that was straining the electrical system.

“The highest temperatures during this hot spell occurred mainly on the 5th. They included 100 degrees in Georgetown (Sussex County), Milford (Kent County) and Salisbury (Wicomico County) MD, and 99 degrees at the New Castle County Airport. Many daily record high temperature records were either tied or set on the 5th and the 6th.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Delaware, New Castle County, July 4-6, 1999.)

District of Columbia

“High pressure sat off the Mid-Atlantic coast from the 4th through the 7th, acting like a heat pump drawing extremely warm and humid air into the region. Temperatures on the 4th through early on the 7th were oppressively hot, and extremely humid conditions added to the misery. These conditions continued until a cold front swept through the area during the afternoon of the 7th, ushering in cooler and much less humid air. The mercury soared into the upper 90s to lower 100s during the period. Dew points were in the lower to middle 70s and heat index values ranged from 85 to 90 degrees. New record highs were recorded at Washington National Airport on the 5th and 6th. The high temperature at National Airport was 99 degrees on the 4th, 102 degrees on the 5th, and 103 degrees on the 6th. As DuPont Circle in Northwest the mercury rose to 100 degrees on the 4th, 103 degrees on the 5th, and 104 degrees on the 6th.

“Because of the 4th of July holiday weekend, many people were inconvenienced by the oppressive conditions. Those who spent considerable time outdoors or in non-air-conditioned buildings were subject to heat related illnesses. Over 525 people, including many tourists in Washington for the Independence Day festivities, were treated for mild heat related illnesses. One hundred forty people had to be taken to area hospitals suffering from more serious complications. District officials set up free water stations and first aid stations on the Mall to assist visitors and participants. During the late evening fireworks displays, spectators had to brave temperatures in the upper 80s and heat index values in the middle 90s. City officials also opened 5 cooling centers and offered 13 fire hydrants with sprinkler heads for permanent city residents without air conditioning. Over 700 district residents took advantage of the shelters. Even with the available resources, three people succumbed to heat related illnesses. The heat forced the city to cancel summer school classes on the 6th. PEPCO reported record high energy consumption during the late afternoon of the 5th and 6th. The high demand for electrical power blew old transformers, leading to power outages for 1,900 district customers.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, District of Columbia, July 4-4, 1999.)

Georgia

NCDC, July 20-31: “High temperatures in the 90s to low 100s combined with high relative humidities to produce heat indices of 100 to 110 degrees over north and central Georgia the last 10 days or so of July. Only on the 24th was there any significant rainfall during this stretch. There were 2 deaths attributed to the heat. Both were elderly persons who did not have air conditioning in their homes. One was in Coweta county and the other was in Barrow county.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Georgia, Coweta County, July 20-31, 1999.)

Illinois

NCDC, July 18-31: “A heat wave gripped the region the last 2 weeks of July. Temperatures remained in the middle to upper 90s with a few days topping 100 degrees. The Heat Index ranged from 105 to near 115 degrees. Most of the deaths and injuries occurred in the Metro East area of St. Louis, primarily Madison and St. Clair counties.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, St. Clair County, July 18-31, 1999.)

NCDC, July 18-31: “Prolonged heat and humidity during the latter half of July took its toll on the unprepared. Four fatalities were blamed on the heat, including two in Wayne County. Near Fairfield, a 78-year-old man died after driving his riding lawn mower to a trucking firm to gather landscape rocks. The man was found near a pile of rocks he had been gathering in 95-degree heat. Near Mount Erie, an 85-year-old man was found dead in his home. The windows were closed, and there was no air conditioning. Elsewhere in southern Illinois, a 53-year-old migrant worker died while laboring in a field near Shawneetown in Gallatin County. The man died at an Evansville hospital after suffering a heat stroke. The fourth death occurred in the Ohio River city of Metropolis, where an 82-year-old woman was found dead in her bathroom. This was the first time in his tenure as Massac County coroner that the cause of death was ruled as heat exhaustion. The woman did not use a fan in the house, and the indoor temperature was measured at 98 degrees. Daily highs were near 100 degrees on the 29th and 30th, with afternoon heat indices from 110 to 115 degrees. At Paducah, Kentucky, across the Ohio River from Metropolis, this was the fifth warmest July on record.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Massac, July 18-31, 1999.)

NCDC, July 28-31: “An intense heat wave began in the Chicago metropolitan area July 28th and continued through the morning of July 31st. High temperatures on the 28th were in the lower to middle 90s with heat indices 100 to 105. On the 29th the temperatures soared to the middle and upper 90s with heat indices 110 to 120. The heat peaked on the 30th with high temperatures over 100 and heat indices around 115 to 120. Chicago set an all-time dew point record of 82 at Midway airport on the morning of the 30th. The minimum heat index in downtown Chicago was 100. Of the 99 fatalities, 93 were in Cook County, 3 were in Will County and 3 were in Lake County.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Will County, July 28-31, 1999.)

AP, Aug 2, Chicago: “Although temperatures began to drop Sunday [Aug 1] across the Midwest, the death toll from last week’s record-breakout heat rose even higher, with another 30 deaths here blamed on the heat and humidity….50 more bodies were brought to the Cook County morgue from Friday [July 30] to Sunday, said city Health Commissioner john Wilhelm, and officials expected the death toll to rise. A refrigerated trailer was brought in to store bodies until autopsies could be done. The new deaths added Sunday brought the Illinois total to 80 and the nationwide number to at least 185 since July 19….” (AP, Chicago. “Death count continues to rise as heat wave begins to subside.” The New Mexican, Santa Fe, 8-2-1999, p. A3.)

Kansas

NCDC, July 15-30: “Excessive heat occurred over the area throughout the month. But an approximate 2 week string of days during the last half of the month seemed to be the worst. Temperatures during this two week period exceeded 100 degrees in many areas on many days. The excessive heat was also accompanied by very high heat indices that exceeded 110 degrees at times. A Lyon county man in his 20’s suffered dehydration and died from heat stroke.” (NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat, Kansas, Lyon County, July 15-30, 1999.)

Kentucky

NCDC, July 18-31: “Excessive heat and humidity during the latter half of July took a toll on the unprepared. In Hopkinsville, a 75-year-old man died in his home as a result of hyperthermia. The single window air conditioner in the house was inoperative, allowing the indoor temperature to reach 120 degrees. All of the windows were closed, and some were boarded up. The unrelenting heat triggered all-time peak-usage records at several Kentucky utilities, including the Paducah and Owensboro power systems. Some minor related outages were reported. The weather increased heat-related hospital visits, primarily for heat exhaustion. Shelters were opened at a few locations, and charities distributed free fans to the needy. Western Kentucky was under a Heat Advisory for over a week. High temperatures reached 100 degrees at Paducah on the 29th and 30th, with afternoon heat indices commonly from 110 to 115 degrees. This was the fifth warmest July on record at Paducah.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Kentucky, Christian County, July 18-31, 1999.)

Maryland

NCDC, July 4-7: “High pressure sat off the Mid-Atlantic coast from the 4th through the 7th, acting like a heat pump drawing in extremely warm and humid air. Temperatures on the 4th through early on the 7th were oppressively hot, and extremely humid conditions added to the misery. These conditions continued until a cold front swept through the area during the afternoon of the 7th, ushering cooler and much less humid air. The mercury soared into the upper 90s to lower 100s during the period. Dew points were in the lower to middle 70s, creating heat indices between 100 and 115 degrees. Nighttime lows only dipped into the 70s and heat index values remained in the upper 70s to middle 80s. Heat index values only dropped to between 85 to 90 degrees in downtown Baltimore. Record high temperatures were recorded at Baltimore/Washington International Airport (BWI) on the 5th and 6th. At BWI the mercury soared to 98 degrees on the 4th, 102 degrees on the 5th and 101 degrees on the 6th. Afternoon highs at the Maryland Science Center at Inner Harbor Baltimore rose to 99 degrees on the 4th, 101 degrees on the 5th, and 102 degrees on the 6th. The heat index only dropped to 90 degrees at Inner Harbor on the morning of the 6th. Other high temperatures from the 4th included 101 degrees at Bryans Road, 100 degrees at Ridge, 99 degrees at Williamsport, Smithsburg, and Oxon Hill; and 98 degrees at Cumberland, Hagerstown, and Olney. On the 5th, temperatures soared to 102 degrees at Oxon Hill and Ridge, 101 degrees at Smithsburg, 100 degrees at Cumberland, South Bowie, and Millersville, 99 degrees at Laurel, Hollywood, and Glenmont; and 98 degrees at Gaithersburg, Rockville, Sharpsburg, and Hagerstown. Highs on the 6th included 103 degrees at Ridge, 102 degrees at Lothian, 101 degrees at Olney, Rockville, and Glenmont, 100 degrees at Forest Glen and Hagerstown, and 99 degrees at Millersville, Laurel, Gaithersburg, and California.

“Because of the 4th of July holiday weekend, many people were inconvenienced by the oppressive conditions. Many holiday events had low attendance, with the exception of the late evening fireworks displays which occurred after the temperatures fell below 90 degrees. Those who spent considerable time outdoors or in non-air conditioned buildings were subject to heat related illnesses. The heat wave tragically killed 15 people in the city of Baltimore. The number of people treated for heat related illnesses included 21 in Anne Arundel County, 200 or more in the city of Baltimore, 6 in Montgomery County, 5 in Prince Georges County and Calvert County, 2 in Washington County, and 1 in Allegany and Frederick Counties. Road surfaces and cars also fell victim to the heat. A huge buckle on Columbia Pike in Howard County between Johns Hopkins Road and Route 216 forced the road to be closed. Interstate 70 in Western Maryland was littered with tractor-trailer tire caps as the heat caused the rubber to fly off the tire casings. State police reported 20 vehicles were disabled by the heat, and AAA responded to 600 heat related service calls across the state. Power companies reported record high energy consumption during the late afternoon of the 5th and 6th. High demand for electrical power blew transformers, leading to power outages for 17,000 customers. The city of Baltimore cancelled summer school classes on the 6th because many schools had no air conditioning. Washington County closed summer day camps on the 6th after several campers reported problems dealing with the heat. Baltimore County reported thousands of yellow perch were killed in the Middle River watershed by the extreme rise in water temperature that occurred during the heat wave.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Maryland, Southern Baltimore, July 4-7, 1999.)

Minnesota

NCDC, July 23-25: “A massive upper ridge over the central and eastern U.S. enabled heat to build into Minnesota. Heat indices ranged from 95 to 110 the afternoon of the 23rd, 90 to 105 on the 24th, and climaxed at 95 to 116 on the 25th before a cold front moved in. Indices only dropped into the 70s the mornings of the 24th and 25th. Dewpoints in the middle and upper 70s were common, along with temperatures topping out in the lower and middle 90s. The highest indices noted, all on the 25th, were 116 in Lakeville, 113 in Appleton, and 110 in Faribault, Redwood Falls and Benson. A 43 year old man died in Willmar after falling asleep inside a closed vehicle on the 25th.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Minnesota, Kandiyohi County, July 23-25, 1999.)

Missouri

NCDC, July 18-31: “Northwest Missouri suffered through two weeks of oppressive heat and humidity in late July as temperatures topped the 90 degree mark for 14 consecutive days. Dew points in the lower to middle 70s pushed afternoon heat indices above 100 degrees each day. The heat wave was most intense from July 23rd through the 30th, as temperatures reached the upper 90s or topped 100 degrees for 8 consecutive days, with afternoon heat indices between 110 and 115 degrees. Kansas City’s downtown airport recorded 7 straight 100 degree days, peaking at 106 on July 29. Adding to the deadly effects of the heat was the lack of nighttime cooling, especially in the urban areas. Overnight temperatures in downtown Kansas City did not drop below 78 degrees for a 13-day period, and nighttime heat indices remained in the 80s.

“The heat wave claimed a total of 22 lives in northwest Missouri. Most of the victims were elderly, and 16 of the fatalities occurred in the urban core of Kansas City. The other heat-related deaths occurred outside Kansas City in Jackson County (one death), and in Cass (2 deaths), Bates (1), Buchanan (1), and Harrison (1) Counties.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, MO, Bates Co., July 18-31, 1999.)

Nebraska

NCDC, July 19-30: “From July 19th through the 30th high temperatures over eastern Nebraska and southwest Iowa reached 90 degrees or better all but a day or two, and even then highs were well into the 80s. In addition, overnight lows stayed mostly above 70 degrees. The high temperatures were accompanied by high humidities which caused afternoon heat indices to reach between 105 and 120 degrees. The highest temperatures in this period were observed on the 29th and 30th with highs both days in the upper 90s to low 100s across the region. Lincoln recorded 104 degrees on the 29th while Omaha Eppley reached 100. Two deaths were determined to be caused from the heat. A 34 year old male died while jogging or walking near Macy on 7/27/99 and a 75 year old man died in his mobile home on 7/28/99 after his air-conditioner broke and temperatures inside the trailer reached over 110 degrees. The heat was directly responsible for also killing at least 5000 head of cattle worth an estimated 3.3 million dollars.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nebraska, Wayne County, July 19-30, 1999.)

New Jersey

NCDC, July 4-6: “A very strong and oppressive high pressure system that extended from the surface to aloft gave New Jersey a brutal heat wave that included the entire Independence Day weekend. There were seventeen heat related deaths and around 100 reported heat related injuries. High temperatures reached the 90s for the first time on the 3rd, but sweltering humidity and record breaking maximum temperatures of around 100 degrees occurred from Independence Day through the 6th. Even shore areas baked as a strong west to southwest wind prevented cooler air from coming in from the ocean. The combination of the temperature and humidity produced heat indices of around 110 degrees during the afternoon of each day. A cold front moved through the region early in the morning on the 7th. High temperatures reached the 90s from the 7th through the 9th in the southern half of the state, but humidity levels were lower. A stronger cold front moved through during the morning and early afternoon of the 10th and brought in a cooler and drier air mass. So, after some places in extreme southeast New Jersey had high temperatures in the 90s on the 10th, the run of 90 degree highs ended everywhere on the 11th.

“…heat related deaths occurred in Camden (2), Mercer (3), Middlesex (4), Monmouth (4), Ocean (3) and Somerset (1) Counties. Most of the deaths occurred to elderly persons in poor health, with no air-conditioning and inadequate ventilation. A 61-year-old man was found dead in his Mercer County fan-less apartment on the 6th after he worked all day on a landscaping job. Two persons on Long Beach Island (Ocean County) also died of heat related problems. Most of the heat related injuries were reported in Monmouth and Ocean Counties as the shore offered no relief during this hot spell. Paramedics reported a doubling of responses in those two counties. Eight very serious cases of heat exhaustion were reported in Ocean County. In Camden County, a person was treated for heat exhaustion after he spent the 6th painting the exterior of a house. Homebound senior citizens were offered fans by the city of Camden. In Gloucester County, air-conditioned public buildings were opened to residents. Parades scheduled to commemorate Independence Day were cancelled.

“The record heat led to record demand for electricity. Every local utility broke records. The strain overwhelmed the utilities. Starting on Sunday July 4th Conectiv Energy reported serious outages because of extraordinary demand for electricity during the holiday weekend. Hardest hit was Long Beach Island. Conectiv service personnel needed police escorts as people were getting upset as sporadic blackouts lasted into the 6th. Red Cross shelters were opened in Ocean County in Dover, Long Beach and Stafford Townships. A generator failure at Conectiv Energy’s Indian River power plant contributed to the problems. GPU Energy also suffered equipment failures. Power usage peaked on the 6th as people returned to work. Utilities issued power alerts requested customers reduce consumption. Conectiv Energy instituted rolling blackouts to 40 percent of its 1.1 million customers in Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey at 1040 a.m. EDT on the 6th. GPU energy also implemented rolling blackouts. The blackouts affected 20,000 customers for 20 minutes at a time. Over 110,000 homes and businesses lost power in the state by either intentional or unintentional blackouts. Great Adventure (Ocean County) had to shut down one third of their rides for the day after the rolling blackouts affected them. Area wide, the PJM reduced voltage by 5 percent at 2 p.m. EDT on the 6th to deal with the huge demand that was straining the electrical system. Non-essential New Jersey state workers were sent home early on the 6th to reduce power consumption. Nevertheless, GPU Energy (10,063 megawatts), PSE&G (9,650 megawatts), Conectiv Energy (3,418 megawatts) and the whole The PJM Interconnection, a power pool that links electric utilities throughout the area churned out a record 52,000 megawatt hours of power on the 6th. Problems were not confined to coastal areas. In Sussex County, numerous parks periodically closed over the holiday weekend due to lack of parking and crowded swimming areas.

“The highest temperatures during this hot spell occurred mainly on the 5th. They included 106 degrees in New Lisbon (Burlington County). The National Weather Service investigated the thermometer and deemed it was reading correctly. Other high temperatures included 103 degrees in Pennsauken (Camden County) and New Brunswick (Middlesex County), 102 degrees in Trenton (Mercer County), Flemington (Hunterdon County), Somerville (Somerset County), Margate (Atlantic County) and Lumberton (Burlington County), 101 degrees in Belvidere (Warren County), Wertsville (Hunterdon County), Mount Holly (Burlington County) and the Atlantic City Marina, 100 degrees in Freehold (Monmouth County), Beach Haven (Ocean County) and Boonton (Morris County), 99 degrees at the Atlantic City International Airport, Belmar (Monmouth County), Wantage (Sussex County) and Wildwood (Cape May County), 98 degrees in Andover (Sussex County) and Seabrook (Cumberland County) and 97 degrees in Millville (Cumberland County). Many daily record high temperature records were either tied or set on the 5th and the 6th. Also, for many places July 5th was the hottest day in the state since July 15, 1995.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Middlesex County, July 4-6, 1999.)

NCDC, July 16-19: “Another strong and oppressive ridge of high pressure gave New Jersey four days of oppressive heat and humidity and five straight days with high temperatures in the 90s. There were two heat related deaths, one in Middlesex County and one in Essex County. Unlike the previous hot spell, onshore winds prevented most shore areas from ever reaching 90 degrees. High temperatures reached the 90s again on the 15th. The air mass though was still relatively dry. Southwest winds continued to increase humidity levels. The combination of the temperature and humidity produced heat indices of around 100 degrees during the afternoon of the 16th and around 105 degrees during each afternoon from the 17th through the 19th. The hottest part of this air mass passed over northern parts of the Middle Atlantic States. Thus equally oppressive conditions occurred inland throughout the state. A weak backdoor cold front moved south through the region during the evening of the 19th. While the air mass was not considerably drier on the 20th, skies were cloudy as the front stalled near the area. Drier air slowly worked its way south during the afternoon and evening of the 20th. As a high pressure system built into New England on the 21st, dry air briefly covered the whole area.

“A 79-year-old Middlesex County man died from the heat on July 19th. The excessive heat and the lack of rain continued to decimate non-irrigated farms across the state. The high temperatures again put a strain on electrical utilities. For the second time this month, on Monday, July 19th the PJM Interconnection Association called for a 5 percent reduction in voltage from 115 p.m. EDT through 210 p.m. EDT.

“The highest temperatures during this hot spell were scattered from the 17th through the 19th. They included 102 degrees in Wertsville (Hunterdon County) and New Lisbon (Burlington County), 101 degrees in Pennsauken (Camden County), 100 degrees in Freehold (Monmouth County), Mount Holly (Burlington County), Somerville (Somerset County) and White House Station (Hunterdon County), 99 degrees in New Brunswick (Middlesex County), 98 degrees in Boonton (Morris County), Somerdale (Camden County) and Trenton (Mercer County), 97 degrees in Belvidere (Warren County), 96 degrees in Cherry Hill (Camden County), Estell Manor (Atlantic County), Seabrook (Cumberland County) and the Atlantic City International Airport in Pomona and 90 degrees in Wildwood (Cape May County). Due to higher historical daily maximum temperature records, fewer daily high temperature records were set.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, New Jersey, Middlesex County, July 16-19, 1999.)

New York

NCDC, July 4-6: “An extremely hot and humid airmass covered the region from July 4th through July 6th. On Sunday July 4th, temperatures soared into the mid and upper 90s. The combination of high temperatures and moderate humidity caused most heat indices to range from 100 to 105 degrees. However, at Central Park, the Heat Index peaked at 110 degrees around 4 pm. On Monday July 5th, many new maximum temperature records were set. At Islip McArthur Airport, the temperature reached 102 degrees, which set an all-time record high. At Central Park, the temperature reached 101 degrees, which set a record high for July 5th. High temperatures ranged from 96 degrees at Montauk Point to 102 degrees at Islip, Farmingdale, and JFK Airport. Heat indices peaked from 110 to 115 degrees. “Rolling” electrical blackouts occurred across the Metropolitan Region. On July 6th, new record high temperatures were set again. At Central Park, the temperature reached 101 degrees for the second consecutive day, which set another new record. At LaGuardia Airport, the temperature reached 101 degrees, which was the second consecutive day the temperature reached at least 100 degrees. Heat indices peaked around 110 degrees. Widespread blackouts occurred across the Metro area, including Westchester County’s sound shore from Pelham Manor to Port Chester. This heat wave was directly responsible for killing 33 people in the NY Metro area:

14 from Brooklyn (Kings County)

13 from Manhattan (New Your County)

3 from Queens County

2 from Pelham (Southern Westchester County).

1 from Bronx County.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, NY, July 4-6, 1999.

Pennsylvania

NCDC, June 7-8: “A large high pressure system over the southeastern United States pumped in a hot and humid air mass across most of Eastern Pennsylvania for three days. The hottest day was the 8th. A weak trough brought in slightly cooler and considerably drier air on the 9th, although high temperatures still reached around 90 degrees. A stronger backdoor cold front (it moved from north to south) brought in considerably cooler air into the region the evening of the 9th. There were two heat related deaths in Montgomery County. The high temperature of 95 degrees on the 8th at the Philadelphia International Airport established a new record high for the day and already matched the hottest day in the city for all of 1998.

“Two heat related deaths and at least one heat related injury occurred in Montgomery County. A 62-year-old man was found dead on the third floor of his apartment in Pottstown. An 85-year-old man collapsed in his garage in Royersford. In and around Philadelphia, many school districts that did not have air conditioning dismissed their children early or rotated classes through air conditioned sections of the school. Area health departments issued hot weather health warnings called “code red” to alert and assist the elderly. In Philadelphia search teams went looking for the homeless. In Delaware County fans were distributed to the elderly. PECO Energy reported the highest power usage of the year, about 40 percent above normal. The strain on electrical systems caused about 20,000 homes and businesses to lose power, more than half in Montgomery County after a power substation failed.

“Highest temperatures during this hot spell included 98 degrees at the Franklin Institute within Philadelphia, Springfield (Delaware County) and Green Lane (Montgomery County), 97 degrees in Hamburg (Berks County) and Easton (Northampton County), 96 degrees in Reading (Berks County) and Neshaminy Falls (Bucks County), 95 degrees at the Philadelphia International Airport, Pottstown (Montgomery County) and Doylestown (Bucks County), 94 degrees at the Lehigh Valley International Airport, the Willow Grove NAS (Montgomery County), Perkasie (Bucks County) and East Stroudsburg (Monroe County), 93 degrees at the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport (Luzerne County) and 91 degrees at both Mount Pocono (Monroe County) and the F. E. Walter Dam (Carbon County).” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, PA, Montgomery County, June 7-8, 1999.)

NCDC, July 4-6: “A very strong and oppressive high pressure system that extended from the surface to aloft gave Eastern Pennsylvania a brutal heat wave that included the entire Independence Day weekend. There were 74 heat related deaths and over 100 reported heat related injuries. High temperatures reached the 90s for the first time on the 3rd, but sweltering humidity and record breaking maximum temperatures of around 100 degrees occurred from Independence Day through the 6th. The combination of the temperature and humidity produced heat indices of around 110 degrees during the afternoon of each day. A cold front moved through the region early in the morning on the 7th. While high temperatures continued to reach the 90s on the 8th and 9th in the southern half of the state, humidity levels were lower. A stronger cold front moved through during the morning and early afternoon of the 10th and brought in a cooler and drier air mass. The run of 90 degree highs ended everywhere on the 10th.

“The heat related deaths occurred in Philadelphia (58), Delaware (7), Chester (4), Bucks (2), Montgomery (1), Northampton (1) and Lehigh (1) Counties. Most of the deaths occurred under similar circumstances. They were elderly people with underlying health problems. Most had no air conditioning and were found in houses or apartments with little or no adequate ventilation. Room temperatures in many cases were over 90 degrees. Four of the Delaware County heat related deaths were persons who were taking anti-psychotic medication. This medication automatically raises body temperatures and make them more susceptible to the heat. Two persons (Chester and Philadelphia Counties) died in vehicles. A 49-year-old Philadelphia man died in an office supply building.. A 30-year-old migrant worker died in Delaware County after spending the day picking cucumbers in Swedesboro, New Jersey. A 79-year-old Slatington (Northampton County) woman died after tending her flower garden for three hours in the afternoon of the 5th. Over 100 persons suffered heat related illnesses. In an effort to help the elderly, many of the counties declared Code Reds, had Aging Services open hotlines and distributed fans. In Lehigh County five heat relief sites were opened for the elderly. The Philadelphia Heat Line was swamped with over 700 calls. The city also gave water bottles and rides to shelters to homeless people. Over 100 persons were treated for heat related illnesses. Philadelphia’s hospitals called the emergency room visits a steady stream with a surprising number of younger people seeking help. On the 6th around Philadelphia students were dismissed early from summer school classes.

“The excessive heat led to the drowning of two men trying to beat the heat. A 22-year-old Catasaqua (Lehigh County) man drowned while swimming in the Lehigh River on the 6th. A 30-year-old man drowned on Independence Day while trying to swim across the Delaware River near Depue Island (Monroe County) in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreational Area. The heat also caused buckling of major roadways around Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PENNDOT ) reported 15 roadways buckled, several had to be closed. The worst buckling occurred on both sides of Interstate 95 on successive days near Street Road in Bucks County. Other major roadway bucklings affected the Schuylkill Expressway (Montgomery County) near U.S. Route 202, the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Montgomery County, U.S. Route 1 and the U.S. Route 30 Bypass in Chester County and Pennsylvania State Route 309 in Montgomery County. The heat dropped milk production on area farms. For the whole month of July production was down 20 percent. Thousands of chickens died in Berks County. In Carbon County, trout died in Lizard Creek as the creek temperature hit 80 degrees for the first time ever.

“The record heat led to record demand for electricity. Many utilities broke records. The strain led to outages to 12,000 PECO customers in Chester, Delaware and Philadelphia Counties; half were in Chester County. Area wide, the PJM reduced voltage by 5 percent at 2 p.m. EDT on the 6th to deal with the huge demand that was straining the electrical system. PECO Energy, GPU Energy and Pennsylvania Power and Light (PPL) curtailed electrical delivery to about 80 large industrial customers. GPU Energy (10,063 megawatts) and PECO Energy (7,800 megawatts), and the whole The PJM Interconnection, a power pool that links electric utilities throughout the area churned out a record 52,000 megawatt hours of power on the 6th. The PECO peak usage was 35 percent above July 1998’s average. Water usage also set an all-time record for the Philadelphia Suburban Company on the 5th. Usage averaged an extra 37 gallons per person.

“The highest temperatures during this hot spell occurred mainly on the 5th. They included 104 degrees at the Franklin Institute within Philadelphia, 102 degrees in Crum Creek (Delaware County), 101 degrees in Hamburg (Berks County), Neshaminy Falls (Bucks County) and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport, 100 degrees at the Philadelphia International Airport, the Lehigh Valley International Airport, East Stroudsburg (Monroe County), Easton (Northampton County), Reading (Berks County), Pottstown (Montgomery County), Valley Forge (Chester County) and Doylestown (Bucks County), 99 degrees in Perkasie (Bucks County), 96 degrees in Avoca (Luzerne County) and West Chester (Chester County), 93 degrees in Tobyhanna (Monroe County) and 92 degrees at the F. E. Walter Dam (Carbon County). Many daily record high temperature records were either tied or set on the 5th and the 6th. The high temperature of 100 degrees at Philadelphia International Airport on the 5th was the first time the temperature reached 100 degrees at the airport since July 15, 1995.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database, Heat, PA, Philadelphia, July 4-6, 1999.)

NCDC, July 23-31: “A protracted run of days with consecutive high temperatures of 90 degrees or higher began on July 23rd in Southeast Pennsylvania. It lasted as long as 16 days near the Maryland border through August 7th. Dispersed within this run were two periods of both excessive heat and humidity: from July 23rd through July 25th and again from July 29th through August 1st. There were nine heat related deaths during this hot spell, four in July and five in early August. A cold front moved through the area on the 25th and brought in drier air. High temperatures still reached into the 90s from the 26th through the 28th. The humidity and higher temperatures returned on the 29th. A strong cold front moved through the region the afternoon and evening of August 1st. This brought in considerably drier air, the driest air since mid-July. Because of the extremely dry ground conditions, high temperatures kept on reaching around 90 degrees through the 7th. That day a stronger cold front brought in a cooler air mass from Canada into the northeastern United States. The string of 12 consecutive days with high temps. of 90 degrees or higher at Philadelphia International AP was the longest since the summer of 1995.

“There were nine heat related deaths during this run of oppressive weather, four occurred in July, five in August. One death occurred in Delaware County and the other three were in Philadelphia. In Delaware County a 59-year-old male was discovered dead in his house on the 24th. All the windows in the house were shut and there was no air conditioning. Similar circumstances occurred with the three heat related deaths within Philadelphia. The continued excessive heat and lack of rain parched non-irrigated farms across the state.

“For most places the highest temperatures during this hot spell occurred on the 28th and 31st. They included 102 degrees in Valley Forge (Chester County), 101 degrees in Hamburg (Berks County), Sellersville (Bucks County), and Easton (Northampton County), 100 degrees in Pottstown (Montgomery County), Reading (Berks County) and in the Franklin Institute within Philadelphia, 99 degrees at the Philadelphia and Lehigh Valley International Airports, Bath (Northampton County) and Morgantown (Berks County), 98 degrees at the Northeast Philadelphia Airport and Doylestown (Bucks County), 97 degrees at the Willow Grove NAS (Montgomery County) and East Stroudsburg (Monroe County) and 96 degrees in West Chester (Chester County). The Poconos offered some relief from the heat has high temperatures occasionally failed to reach 90 degrees during this 16 day period, especially in the higher terrain. New daily record high temperature records were set on the 24th at the Lehigh Valley International Airport (95 degrees) and the Philadelphia International Airport (96 degrees) on the 26th.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, PA, Delaware County, July 23-31, 1999.)

South Carolina

NCDC July 23-26: “Beginning on the 23rd of July, high temperatures eacy day reached between 95 and 105 degrees. These hot temperatures combined with high humidity contributed to the deaths of a few people during this period. A couple were found inside un-air-conditioned homes where the air temperature had reach 108 degrees. Others suffered fatal heat strokes after attempting to perform intensive work outdoors.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Laurens County, July 26, 1999.)

Texas

NCDC, June 26-28: “Excessive heat occurred across southeast Texas. High temperatures were in the mid 90s with lows around 80 degrees. Record high minimum temperatures were reported at Houston Intercontinental Airport on the 27th and 28^th…three fatalities occurred in Harris County.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, June 7, 1999.)

NCDC: Aug 1-31: “A blocking weather pattern set in that brought a late summer heat wave to North Central Texas. August started off with a high of 101 degrees at the D/FW airport. Afternoon highs got even higher toward the middle of the month. On August 9th and 10th, the highs reached 105 and 107 degrees respectively. The excessive heat took its toll on North Central Texans, with some heat related fatalities reported in Dallas County. August 1999 was the 3rd hottest August ever for D/FW and the 5th hottest for Waco. There were 26 days with 100 degrees or higher temperatures across the metroplex in August 1999.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, Aug 1-31, 1999.)

Wisconsin

NCDC, July 29-31: “The most intense heat wave since the killer heat wave of July 13-14, 1995, struck southcentral and southeast Wisconsin at the end of July, 1999. This most recent heat wave was responsible for directly killing 8 people (heat was the major cause of death), and indirectly killing (heat was a contributing factor) an additional 6 people. Most of these deaths occurred in or near the city of Milwaukee (Milwaukee Co.), possibly due to the fact that Milwaukee registered a minimum air temperatures of 70 degree or higher for the last 11 days of July. In addition, at least 150 people were treated at local hospitals for heat-related exhaustion or dehydration.

“Meteorologically, high pressure over the southeast U.S. pushed hot, muggy air into southern Wisconsin. Additional moisture was added to the atmosphere by evaporation of moisture from the Mid West corn belt. In fact, the dewpoint at Milwaukee Mitchell Field reached 82 degrees at 1200CST on the 30th, tying the record high dewpoint set back on July 4, 1977. Kenosha (Kenosha Co.) also hit 82 for a maximum dewpoint reading, while Madison (Dane Co.) came in with 79. On July 29th, maximum air temperatures ranged from 93 at the Wisconsin Dells (Columbia Co.) to 99 at Mt. Mary College in Milwaukee County. Minimum air temperatures for the morning of July 30th ranged from 68 in Juneau (Dodge Co.) to 76 at the Charmany Farm in Madison. Maximum air temperatures for July 30th ranged from 95 in Juneau to 104 in Kenosha. The 104 degrees in Kenosha established a new all-time record for that location! Milwaukee topped out at 95 and 99 for the 29th and 30th, respectively, while Madison topped out at 93 and 97. Minimum air temperatures for the morning on the 31st were in the lower 70s.

“Thanks to the high dewpoint levels, heat index values during the afternoon hours on the 29th and 30th ranged from 110 to 115. However, on the 30th, the city of Fond du Lac (Fond du Lac Co.) had heat indices of 116 to 119 for 3 hours, the city of Racine (Racine Co.) had heat indices of 115 to 119 for 2 hours, and the city of Kenosha had readings of 115 to 125 for 6 hours. Minimum heat indices during the nighttime hours were around 80.

“In Milwaukee County, the 4 direct heat deaths were: male 45, male 54, male 66, and female 73, all in their home or apartment. There were 6 other indirect heat-related deaths in Milwaukee County; again, all in their home. Other direct heat-related deaths were: in the city of Fond du Lac /male 65/, in Madison /male 53/, in the city of Racine /male 59/, and in the city of Waukesha (Waukesha Co.) /female 79/, all in their home. (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Fond Du Lac County, July 29-31, 1999.)

On Heat:

CDC. “Heat-Related Deaths – [U.S.], 1999-2003,” MMWR, V55, N29, 7-28-2006, 796-798:

“Heat-related illnesses (e.g., heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, or heatstroke) can occur when high ambient temperatures overcome the body’s natural ability to dissipate heat. Older adults, young children, and persons with chronic medical conditions are particularly susceptible to these illnesses and are at high risk for heat-related mortality. Previous analyses of the risk factors associated with heat-related deaths have been based on the underlying cause entered on the death certificate. The analysis revealed that including these deaths increased the number of heat-related deaths by 54% and suggested that the number of heat-related deaths is underestimated.

“CDC uses information from death certificates categorized by codes from the International Classification of Diseases to estimate national mortality trends. These data, collected and submitted by states, were used to determine the number of deaths in the United States during 1999–2003 that had exposure to excessive natural heat^§ recorded as the underlying cause (code X30 from ICD, tenth revision [ICD-10]), hyperthermia recorded as a contributing factor (ICD-10 code T67) (6), or both….

“Editorial Note: In this analysis, the inclusion of hyperthermia as a contributing cause of death increased by 54% the total number of heat-related deaths during 1999–2003 that would have been counted through inclusion of a heat-related underlying cause alone. Because heat-related illnesses can exacerbate existing medical conditions and death from heat exposure can be preceded by various symptoms, heat-related deaths can be difficult to identify when illness onset or death is not witnessed by a clinician. In addition, the criteria used to determine heat-related causes of death vary among states. This can lead to underreporting heat-related deaths or to reporting heat as a factor contributing to death rather than the underlying cause.

“Continued exposure to excessive heat can lead to hyperthermia or death. Of the heat-related illnesses, heat exhaustion and heatstroke are the most serious. Heat exhaustion is characterized by muscle cramps, fatigue, headache, nausea or vomiting, and dizziness or fainting. The skin is often cool and moist, indicating that the body’s mechanism for cooling itself (i.e., sweating) is still functioning. The pulse rate is typically fast and weak, and breathing is rapid and shallow. If untreated, heat exhaustion can progress to heatstroke. Heatstroke is a serious, life-threatening condition characterized by a high body temperature (>103^ºF [>39.4^ºC]); red, hot, and dry skin (no sweating); rapid, strong pulse; throbbing headache; dizziness; nausea; confusion; and unconsciousness. Symptoms can progress to encephalopathy, liver and kidney failure, coagulopathy, and multiple organ system dysfunction. Prompt treatment of heat-related illnesses with aggressive fluid replacement and cooling of core body temperature is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality.

“Many heat-related deaths, regardless of whether they are associated with chronic medical conditions, are preventable. During periods of extreme heat, heat-related illnesses can be prevented by avoiding strenuous outdoor activities, drinking adequate amounts of fluid, avoiding alcohol consumption, wearing lightweight clothing, and using air-conditioning. Groups at high risk include young children, persons aged >65 years, persons who do strenuous activities outdoors, and persons with chronic (particularly cardiovascular) medical conditions.”

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) on Heat-Related Deaths (11-21-2023):

“When people are exposed to extreme heat, they can suffer from potentially deadly illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Hot temperatures can also contribute to deaths from heart attacks, strokes, and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Heat is the leading weather-related killer in the United States, even though most heat-related deaths are preventable through outreach and intervention (see EPA’s Excessive Heat Events Guidebook at: www.epa.gov/heat-islands/excessive-heat-events-guidebook).

Unusually hot summer temperatures have become more common across the contiguous 48 states in recent decades…extreme heat events (heat waves) have become more frequent and intense… and these trends are expected to continue. As a result, the risk of heat-related deaths and illness is also expected to increase.^[138] The “urban heat island” effect accentuates the problem by causing even higher temperatures in densely developed urban areas. Reductions in cold-related deaths are projected to be smaller than increases in heat-related deaths in most regions. Death rates can also change, however, as people acclimate to higher temperatures and as communities strengthen their heat response plans and take other steps to continue to adapt.

“Certain population groups already face higher risks of heat-related death, and increases in summertime temperature variability will increase that risk. The population of adults aged 65 and older, which is expected to continue to grow, has a higher-than-average risk of heat-related death. Children are particularly vulnerable to heat-related illness and death, as their bodies are less able to adapt to heat than adults, and they must rely on others to help keep them safe. People with certain diseases, such as cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, are especially vulnerable to excessive heat exposure, as are the economically disadvantaged. Data also suggest a higher risk among non-Hispanic Blacks.”

Trent, CA Dept. of Health Services on Heat-Related (HR) Illness: “HR illness is described according to three stages of increasing severity:

Heat cramps. Mild and easy to treat, this level involves fevers generally under 102 degrees Fahrenheit.
Heat exhaustion: Involves fevers over 102 degrees Fahrenheit, often with vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue.
Heat stroke: A severe and life-threatening failure of body’s ability to cool (e.g., sweating ceases), with fevers over 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat stroke can result in organ and neurologic damage and lead quickly to death.” (p. 3)

“Exertional heat stroke tends to occur among younger (under 50 years old), healthier persons who develop heat stroke after strenuous activity and inadequate hydration. The result is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Exposures may involve work or recreational activities outdoors.

“Classic heat stroke tends to occur among persons who are older (over 50 years old), frail, and with chronic diseases. They may take medications, have psychological or cognitive problems, and live alone. They are assumed to have a compromised thermoregulatory response due to their age, illnesses, and medications. They generally are not in an air conditioned space when discovered with heat stroke symptoms or deceased.” (p. 5)

(Trent, Roger B., Ph.D. (CA Dept. of Health Services). Review of July 2006 Heat Wave Related Fatalities in California. Sacramento, CA: Epidemiology and Prevention for Injury Control Branch, California Department of Health Services, May 2007.)

Associated Press (Anita Snow and Kendria Lafleur), Mishmash of how US heat deaths are counted complicates efforts to keep people safe as Earth warms.” 8-13-2023:

“….Even when it seems obvious that extreme heat was a factor, death certificates don’t always reflect the role it played. Experts say a mishmash of ways more than 3,000 counties calculate heat deaths means we don’t really know how many people die in the U.S. each year because of high temperatures in an ever warming world.

“That imprecision harms efforts to better protect people from extreme heat because officials who set policies and fund programs can’t get the financial and other support needed to make a difference….Currently, about the only consistency in counting heat deaths in the U.S. is that officials and climate specialists acknowledge fatalities are grossly undercounted…

“ ‘It’s frustrating that for 90 years public health officials in the United States have not had a good picture of heat-related mortality because we have such a bad data system,’ said Dr. David Jones, a Harvard Medical School professor who also teaches in the epidemiology department at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

“There is no uniformity among who does the counting across U.S. jurisdictions. Death investigations in some places might be carried out by a medical examiner, typically a physician trained in forensic pathology. In other locales, the coroner could be an elected sheriff, such as the one in Orange County, California. In some small counties in Texas, a justice of peace might determine cause of death. Utah and Massachusetts are among states that do not track heat-related deaths where exposure to extreme heat was a secondary factor.

“The CDC, which is often several years behind in reporting, draws information on heat deaths from death certificate information included in local, state, tribal and territorial databases. The CDC said in a statement that coroners and others who fill out death certificates ‘are encouraged to report all causes of death,’ but they may not always associate those contributing causes to an extreme heat exposure death and include the diagnostic codes for heat illnesses.

“Hess, the Arizona coroner [Pima County medical examiner], said determining environmental heat was a factor in someone’s death is difficult and can take weeks or even months of investigation including toxicological tests. ‘If someone was shot in the head, it’s pretty obvious what happened there,’ Hess said. ‘But when you find a body in a hot apartment 48 hours after they died, there is a lot of ambiguity.’ Hess noted that Pima County this year began including heat-related deaths in its tally of environmental heat fatalities….”

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National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Alabama, Lower Mobile County, Aug 1-2, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714105

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National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Bradley County, July 30, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714537

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Clark County, July 30, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714538

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Jefferson County, July 23, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710842

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Lonoke County, July 28, 1999. Accessed 11-29-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710843

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Mississippi Area, July 26, 1999. Accessed 11-29-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5711031

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Mississippi Area, Aug 7, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5719000

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Pulaski County, July 26, 1999. Accessed 11-29-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710841

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Pulaski County, July 31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710844

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, White County, July 9-11, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714536

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Delaware, Inland Sussex County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715363

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Delaware, New Castle County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715365

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, District of Columbia, July 4-7, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710604

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Georgia, Coweta County, July 20-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5708264

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Georgia, Coweta County, Aug 1, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714348

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Georgia, Elbert County, Aug 1, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714063

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Georgia, Sumter County, Aug 8, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714351

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Cook County, June 3-11, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5708329

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Cook County, July 28-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710162

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Cook County, Aug 16-17, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714288

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Gallatin County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5709432

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Henry County, July 19-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5719652

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Lake County, July 28-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710166

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Logan County, July 20-26, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5708032

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Madison County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710105

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Massac, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5709438

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Peoria, July 20-25, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5707034

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Sangamon, July 20-26, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5707037

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, St. Clair County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710202

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Vermilion County, July 28-31, 1999. Accessed 11-29-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5707164

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Wayne County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5709445

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Will County, July 28-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710168

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Will County, Aug 16-17, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714289

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Winnebago County, June 5, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5708328

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Kansas, Lyon County, July 15-30, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701152

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Kentucky, Boone County, July 20-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5707219

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Kentucky, Christian County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5709411

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Caddo Parish, July 27, 1999. Accessed 11-29-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5707410

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, DeSoto Parish, Aug 7, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714903

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Maryland, Southern Baltimore, July 4-7, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710710

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Massachusetts, Suffolk / Also Part of Norfolk, July 5, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710648

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Minnesota, Kandiyohi County, July 23-25, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715647

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Minnesota, Olmsted County, July 28-30, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5707594

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Missouri, Bates County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5706659

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Boone County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710205

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Missouri, Buchanan County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5706655

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Callaway County, July 16, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5718823

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Cape Girardeau County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5709536

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Cass County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5706657

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Greene County, July 23-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5712106

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Missouri, Harrison County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5706655

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Jackson County, July 8, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5706775

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Jackson County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5706658

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Jackson County, Aug 6-7-1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5716327

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Jasper County, July 23-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5712109

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, McDonald County, July 23-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5712113

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Miami County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5706782

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Ozark County, Aug 1-18, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5716720

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, St. Louis City, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710228

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, St. Louis County, July 18-31, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710227

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Vernon County, July 23-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5712127

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Nebraska, Dakota County, July 28-29, 1999. Accessed 11-29-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5712303

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nebraska, Wayne County, July 19-30, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710887

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Camden County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715367

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Essex County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701103

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Hudson County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701105

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Mercer County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715375

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Middlesex County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715376

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, New Jersey, Middlesex County, July 16-19, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715498

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Monmouth (Western), July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715384

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Ocean (Eastern) County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715372

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Passaic (Eastern). July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701107

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Somerset County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715379

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Union County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701104

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, New York, Bronx, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701091

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, New York, Brooklyn, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701089

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, New York, Manhattan, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701088

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New York, Queens, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701090

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New York, Westchester (Southern), July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5701093

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, North Carolina, Columbus County, July 20-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5712049

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, North Carolina, Edgecombe County, Aug 2, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5718276

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, North Carolina, Johnston County, July 23, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5719281

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, North Carolina, Scotland County, July 23, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5719280

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Ohio, Adams, July 20-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5707187

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Oklahoma, Canadian County, Aug 17, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715058

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Cleveland County, July 27, 1999. Accessed 11-29-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715131

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Marshall County, Aug 17, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715059

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Bucks County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715463

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Chester County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715465

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Delaware, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715466

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Delaware County, July 23-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715611

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Lehigh County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715467

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Penn., Montgomery County, June 7-8, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5703510

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Penn., Montgomery County, June 27, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715132

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Penn., Montgomery County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715469

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Penn., Northampton County, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715470

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Perry County, July 5, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710475

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Penn., Philadelphia, July 4-6, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715471

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Penn., Philadelphia, July 23-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715615

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Penn., Philadelphia, Aug 1, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5719344

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Abbeville County, July 27, 1999. Accessed 11-29-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5713099

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Anderson County, July 28, 1999, 11:00. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5713100

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Anderson County, July 28, 1999, 23:00. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5713101

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Anderson County, July 31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5713104

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Beaufort County, Aug 1-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5711276

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Berkeley County, Aug 1-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5711277

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, South Carolina, Charleston, Aug 1-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5711278

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Clarendon, Aug 1, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5711191

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Greenville (Southern), July 31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5713103

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Greenwood County, July 30, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5713102

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Laurens County, July 26, 1999. Accessed 11-29-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5713105

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Southern Oconee County, Aug 1, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714272

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, Union County, July 23, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5713083

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, South Carolina, York County, Aug 2, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714273

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Comal County, Aug 4, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714132

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, Aug 1-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5719505

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, June 7, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5724766

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, June 26-28, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5724717

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, July 10, 1999. Accessed 11-27-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5724574

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 1-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5718366

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Travis County, July 29, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714130

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Travis County, Aug 14, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714213

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Travis County, Aug 16, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714214

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Uvalde County, Aug 1, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5714131

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Wichita County, Aug 10, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715056

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Wilbarger County, Aug 12, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5715057

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Virginia, Rockingham / Harrisonburg, July 4-7, 1999. Accessed 11-25-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710341

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Calumet County, July 23-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5711314

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Crawford County, July 28-30, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5707580

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Dane County, July 28-30, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710000

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Fond Du Lac County, July 29-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710862

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Manitowoc County, July 23-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5711315

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, July 29-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710003

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Racine County, July 29-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710008

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Waukesha County, July 29-31, 1999. Accessed 11-30-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5710002

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Winnebago County, July 23-31, 1999. Accessed 11-28-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5711316

National Weather Service. Natural Hazard Statistics. “Weather Fatalities.” Silver Spring, MD: NOAA, NWS, Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services. July 13, 2011 update. Accessed at: http://www.weather.gov/om/hazstats.shtml

Naughton, Mary P., et al. “Heat-related mortality during a 1999 heat wave in Chicago.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 221-227, May 2002. Accessed 11-24-2015 at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988377

New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Center for Health Statistics. “Beat the Heat! Avoid Heat-Related Illnesses.” Monthly Health Data Fact Sheet, June 2003, 2 pages. Accessed 11-13-2015 at: http://www.state.nj.us/health/chs/monthlyfactsheets/june03heat.pdf

New Jersey Department of Health. “DHSS Cautions New Jerseyans to Protect…From Summer Heat (Press Release).” Trenton, NJ: State of NJ Dept. of Health, 6-8-2005. Accessed 11-1-2015 at: http://www.nj.gov/health/news/2005/view_article5c34.html?id=2572

New York Times (Andrew C. Revkin). “Heat Wave Toll Climbs to 27 Dead in New York City.” 7-10-1999. Accessed 12-16-2015: http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/nyregion/heat-wave-toll-climbs-to-27-dead-in-new-york-city.html

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 116521154 – Paul T. Smith Roofing.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Dept. of Labor. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=116521154

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 122294358 – Maton’s Business Adventures, Inc.” Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=122294358

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 126002427 – Manpower.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=126002427

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 126142264 – Santa Barbara City Fire Department.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed 12-1-2015 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=126142264

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 300373875 – Morton Buildings, Inc.” Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=300373875

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 300609856 – Pat Scates and Sons.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=300609856

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 301806337 – Smithfield Foods North.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=301806337

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 302249081 – Huffman, Inc.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302249081

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 302383260 – Citation Oil & Gas Corp.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302383260

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 302508452 – Gerber Poultry Co.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302508452

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 302551270 – Denny’s Restaurant.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302551270

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 302569702 – United Airlines Inc.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302569702

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 302710884 – Fralingers Farm.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302710884

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 302710918 – Casella Brothers, Inc.” 1999 Heat fatalities search. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302710918

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. “Inspection: 302869243 – Sherman Herring dba Herring Concrete.” 1999 Heat Fatality search. Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed 12-1-2015: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302869243

Orange Leader, TX, “Global warming increases heat-related deaths.” 8-8-1999, p. 4A. Accessed 12-2-2015: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=127398681&sterm=heat

Palecki, M.A., Stanley A. Changnon, K.E. Kunkel. “The Nature and Impacts of the July 1999 Heat Wave in the Midwestern United States: Learning the Lessons on 1995.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 82, pp. 1353-1367, 2001. Accessed 11-24-2015 at: http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/living_wx/heatwaves/heatwave1999.html

Philadelphia Inquirer (Kristin Holmes). “Three More Heat-Related Deaths in Region.” 7-12-1999. Accessed 11-20-2015 at: http://articles.philly.com/keyword/heat-related-deaths

Philadelphia Inquirer (Maria Panaritis). “Officials Brace for Deaths from Second Heat Wave. Few People Called A Heat Hotline. Some Feared the Coverage of JFK Jr. Kept Information From People.” 7-19-1999. Accessed 11-20-2015 at: http://articles.philly.com/1999-07-19/news/25522850_1_heat-related-deaths-heat-wave-hotline

Reuters. “Death toll from U.S. heat wave reaches 100.” Daily Herald, Arlington Heights, IL. 8-1-1999, p.1. Accessed 12-3-2015: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=260940603&sterm

Salt Lake Tribune. “Utah wilderness therapy deaths.” 10-11-2007. Accessed 11-13-2015 at: http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_7139316

Sandusky Register, OH. “Heat kills five in Cincinnati.” 7-26-1999, p. 1. Accessed 12-3-2015 at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=229308577&sterm=heat+stroke

Snopes.com. “The Unlovin’ Oven.” Accessed 11-24-2015 at: http://www.snopes.com/horrors/parental/carbaby.asp

St. Louis City Health Department. “Heat wave review,” City Health, 1999. Cited by Michael A. Palecki, Stanley A. Changnon, and Kenneth E. Kunkel, in “The Nature and Impacts of the July 1999 Heat Wave in the Midwestern United States: Learning from the Lessons of 1999,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 82, No. 7, July 2001, p. 1353 of pp. 1353-1367. Accessed 122-4-2015: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0477%282001%29082%3C1353%3ATNAIOT%3E2.3.CO%3B2

TheEagle.com (Jordan Overturf), Bryan TX. “Family using tragedy to raise awareness about child heatstroke deaths.” 7-5-2015. Accessed 11-19-2015 at: http://www.theeagle.com/news/local/family-using-tragedy-to-raise-awareness-about-child-heatstroke-deaths/article_de53415d-9d0a-5eef-b83c-5045d3034948.html

Times-Mail, Bedford and Lawrence County, IN. “IN Hoosier Happenings, AP DataStream.” 7-27-1999. Accessed 12-2-2015: http://ww.tmnews.com/stories/1999/07/27/archive.285973.tms

Trent, Roger B., Ph.D. (CA Dept. of Health Services). Review of July 2006 Heat Wave Related Fatalities in California. Sacramento, CA: Epidemiology and Prevention for Injury Control Branch, California Department of Health Services, May 2007. Accessed 8-31-2015 at: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/injviosaf/Documents/HeatPlanAssessment-EPIC.pdf

Tulsa World (Cary Aspinwall). “Infant left in hot SUV dies.” 8-29-2003, updated 10-4-2013. Accessed 10-21-2015: http://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/infant-left-in-hot-suv-dies/article_3fcd991e-6ce1-510f-9499-0cfefe8fe9b4.html

Weisskoph, Marc G., et al. “Heat Wave Morbidity and Mortality, Milwaukee, Wis., 1999 vs. 1995: An Improved Response?” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 92, No. 5, pp. 830-833, May 2002. Accessed 11-24-2015 at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447169/

Wodika, Alicia B. Prioritizing Preparedness: Extreme Heat and Climate Change Preparation of Midwestern Health Departments (Ph.D. Dissertation). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, June 2013. Accessed 12-4-2015: http://ehs.siu.edu/her/_common/documents/announcements-dissertation/Wodika,A.pdf

Xu, Jiaquan, MD. “QuickStats: Number of Heat-Related Deaths, by Sex – National Vital Statistics System, United States, 1999-2010. MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report), Vol. 61, No. 36, 9-14-2012, p. 729. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed 10-3-2015 at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6136a6.htm

Additional Reading

Barstow, David. “Aftermath of a Heat Wave: The Overview; 18-Hour Blackout Ends as Heat Fades.” New York Times, 7-8-1999. Accessed 12-6-2015 at: http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/08/nyregion/aftermath-of-a-heat-wave-the-overview-18-hour-blackout-ends-as-heat-fades.html?pagewanted=all

[1] Notes “Deaths attributed to exposure to natural heat, as the underlying and contributing causes of death, are coded as X30 and T67, according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10^th Rev. Data for “U.S. residents only.”

[2] “The highest yearly total of heat-related deaths (1,050) was in 1999 and the lowest (294) in 2004. Cites: National Vital Statistics System. Mortality public use data files, 1999-2009. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/vitalstatsonline.htm

[3] Notes this figure is for 20 states, mostly in the urban areas in the Midwest.

[4] Credits the Health Department’s Center for Health Statistics.

[5] Associated Press. “Statewide heat death toll at four.” News-Courier, Athens, AL. 8-6-1999, p. 6A.

[6] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Alabama, Chambers County, July 30, 1999. Notes that “afternoon temperatures were in the upper 90s with heat indices near 110 degrees.”

[7] Notes (p.1) that “Data on the number and characteristics of deaths from heat due to weather conditions were obtained from the mortality database containing information from the death certificates filed with the Arizona Department of Health Services….In addition to death certificates where exposure to excessive natural heat was indicated as the underlying cause of death, heatstroke or sunstroke may be reported on death certificates as contributing factors that had a bearing on the death, but were not its underlying cause. For example, heatstroke and sunstroke were mentioned in 2003-2009 on Arizona death certificates where atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…respiratory disease…diabetes…or drug overdose/alcohol intoxication…were reported as the underlying cause of death. Those heat-related deaths are beyond the scope of this report.”

[8] Table 1: Characteristics of deaths from exposure to excessive natural heat…in Arizona by year, 1992-2009. p. 15.

[9] Table 1: Characteristics of deaths from exposure to excessive natural heat…in Arizona by year, 1992-2009. p. 15.

[10] Table 1: Characteristics of deaths from exposure to excessive natural heat…in Arizona by year, 1992-2009. p. 15.

[11] Table 1: Characteristics of deaths from exposure to excessive natural heat…in Arizona by year, 1992-2009. p. 15.

[12] Table 1: Characteristics of deaths from exposure to excessive natural heat…in Arizona by year, 1992-2009. p. 15.

[13] Table 1: Characteristics of deaths from exposure to excessive natural heat…in Arizona by year, 1992-2009. p. 16.

[14] CDC Wonder Compressed Mortality shows 17 deaths for X30 (excessive natural heat as primary cause of death).

[15] Table 1: Characteristics of deaths from exposure to excessive natural heat…in Arizona by year, 1992-2009. p. 16.

[16] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Clark County, July 30, 1999.

[17] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Jefferson County, July 23, 1999.

[18] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, White County, July 9-11, 1999.

[19] The Case Reports do not purport to represent the totality of heat-related deaths in Los Angeles County in 1999.

[20] Notes the temperature outside the car was 96° F, and inside at 118° F.

[21] Notes “The ambient temperature on the roof was 96.0°F…at the time the decedent was found.”

[22] OSHA. “Inspection: 126002427 – Manpower.” 1999 Heat Fatality Search. Notes the victim’s core body temperature was 108° F when he was taken to a hospital.

[23] OSHA. “Inspection: 126142264 – Santa Barbara City Fire Department.” 1999 Heat Fatality Search. Notes cause of death was extreme heat and dehydration.

[24] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Delaware, New Castle County, July 4-6, 1999.

[25] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Delaware, Inland Sussex County, July 4-6, 1999.

[26] Figure 3, “Annual Temperature Deaths, Florida, 1979-1999.” Figure 3 is a chart which shows heat deaths in one color and cold deaths in another on the same horizontal bar for each year. The fatality range shown on the left of the chart is in increments of five, going up to thirty. The bars for each year are shown diagonally and do not show any numbers. This does not make them readily readable. Thus one has to measure with a ruler the bar showing the lowest combined deaths (1979), which appears to show one cold death and one heat death. With the unit of measurement of one death then measured against the heat portion of all the other bars, one can get an approximation of the heat deaths for each year. I say “approximate” in that by this method we counted 133 heat deaths over the 21-year period included in the graph, whereas the text of the article notes that there were 125. Repetitious measurement attempts gave us the same result. The article notes that the data came from death certificates collected by the Public Health Statistics Section, Office of Vital Statistics, Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services.

[27] AP, Marietta. “Student’s family sues school.” Rome News-Tribune, GA. 4-7-2000, p. 7A. Writes: The family of a high school football player who collapsed after practice last July and later died has filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the Cobb County school district and several employees. Marcus Ellison, 15, was hospitalized July 28 when he collapsed after Wheeler High School’s first football practice of the season. When he was admitted to the hospital, he was diagnosed with a heat stroke and had a temperature of 107.8, the lawsuit said. Ellison died on Aug. 28, a month after he slipped into a coma.” See, also: Shane Hannon. “Dealing with the sultry conditions in Northeast Georgia is a concern for coaches.” Athens Banner-Herald, GA. 8-20-2000.

[28] Identification of town is from: Associated Press, Chicago. “Death count continues to rise as heat wave begins to subside.” The New Mexican, Santa Fe, 8-2-1999, p. A3. Written in this article is that the boy was confined to a bed and required a ventilator to breathe. When the utility company “The teenager’s battery-run ventilator continued to work without electricity, but the home’s central air conditioning shut down. The boy had suffered a gunshot wound three years before. The boy’s body temperature was 107 when he died, the coroner said. Dennis McEntire of Newnan Utilities said the power was turned off as a result of mis-communication among the company, the boy’s mother, Thelma Dennis, and her new landlord.”

[29] NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Georgia, Coweta, Aug 1, 1999. Notes “Electricity had been turned off 2 days earlier to the house his family had just moved into and the utility company was unaware of the move.”

[30] Snopes.com.

[31] “In 1999, over 110 Chicagoans perished in a late-July and early-August heat spell despite an exemplary response from city government that undoubtedly saved lives.”

[32] “During 1999, a heat wave resulted in 103 heat-related deaths; 80 were attributed to extreme heat.”

[33] “During the summer of 1999, Chicago’s second deadliest heat wave of the decade [1995 was deadliest] resulted in at least 80 deaths….A working air conditioner is the strongest protective factor against heat-related death.”

[34] NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, IL, Cook, June 3-11, 1999. Notes “A mild heat wave resulted in 4 deaths in Cook County. High temperatures were around 90 with the maximum heat index around 95 to 100 for about a week.”

[35] Highlighted in yellow to denote that we do not include in tally, using, instead, more detailed Storm Events Database page for this event.

[36] AP. “Heat blamed for five more deaths in Illinois.” Daily Republican Register, Mr. Carmel, IL, 7-28-1999, p. 1. There is a possibility of duplicate counting in that the NCDC notes the death of a 91 year old female and two 55-year-old females during July 28-31 – perhaps they included deaths which immediately preceded this time-frame. We do not know this is the case, and, if so, then they or the paper got the age of Ms. Adams wrong.

[37] One of these deaths was that of Eddie Slautas, who died in an apartment above a Chicago tavern two days before his 75^th birthday. According to a news story, the tavern owners had repeatedly offered to pay the electricity bill and install an air conditioner in his apartment, but he refused, saying ‘Why should I make my electric bill higher. The fan is good enough.” (AP, Chicago. “Weather relief arrives.” Daily Globe, Ironwood, MI, 8-2-1999, p. 5.)

[38] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Gallatin County, July 18-31, 1999; OSHA. Pat Scates. Name of victim from: AP. “Heat blamed for five more deaths in [IL].” Daily Republican Register, 7-28-1999, p. 1.

[39] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Logan County, July 20-26, 1999. Notes that they were in the car about one-hour, and died shortly after discovery.

[40] OSHA. “Inspection: 122294358 – Maton’s Business Adventures, Inc.” Notes victim had been “shoveling abrasive blasting material into a pot inside a primary phase tank….the temperature was approximately 93 degrees F.”

[41] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Massac, July 18-31, 1999. Notes: “This was the first time in his tenure as Massac County coroner that the cause of death was ruled as heat exhaustion. The woman did not use a fan in the house, and the indoor temperature was measured at 98 degrees. Daily highs were near 100 degrees on the 29th and 30th, with afternoon heat indices from 110 to 115 degrees.”

[42] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Peoria, July 20-25, 1999. Newspaper article notes the temperature in her home when she was found was 102 degrees. Associated Press. “Heat blamed for five more deaths in Illinois.” Daily Republican Register, Mt. Carmel, IL, 7-28-1999, p. 1.

[43] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Sangamon, July 20-26, 1999.

[44] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Wayne County, July 18-31, 1999. A newspaper account identifies the victim as Auburn Stull. (Associated Press. “Heat blamed for five more deaths in Illinois.” Daily Republican Register, Mt. Carmel, IL, 7-28-1999, p. 1.)

[45] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Wayne County, July 18-31, 1999. Notes that windows were closed and that there was no air-conditioning. Name of victim is from: Associated Press. “Heat blamed for five more deaths in Illinois.” Daily Republican Register, Mt. Carmel, IL, 7-28-1999, p. 1. While the NCDC note has the time-frame as July 18-31, the AP article writes that the victim’s body was found July 26, and that he “might have died as early as Friday [July 23].” Also notes that while the victim did have a ceiling fan, it was not on.

[46] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Winnebago County, June 5, 1999.

[47] Times-Mail, Bedford and Lawrence County, IN. “IN Hoosier Happenings, AP DataStream.” 7-27-1999. Notes “The baby’s mother reported that the child’s face was purple when she picked her up at the Touch of Joy Learning Center.” The baby later died at the Parkview Hospital. Writes “The temperature inn the center was hotter than outside, police said. On Friday, the National Weather Service reported it was 94 degrees in Fort Wayne with a heat index of 103 degrees.”

[48] Associated Press. “Several deaths from heat wave.” Kokomo Tribune, IN, 8-4-1999, p. 5.

[49] Associated Press. “Several deaths from heat wave.” Kokomo Tribune, IN, 8-4-1999, p. 5.

[50] AP. “Several deaths from heat wave.” Kokomo Tribune, IN, 8-4-1999, p. 5. Cites Floyd County chief deputy coroner to effect that “the heat ‘definitely’ was a factor.”

[51] Date is from: AP. “Kentucky’s heat death toll rises to four.” Times-Tribune, Corbin, KY, 8-2-1999, p. 1. This article identifies the victim as John Dawson

[52] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Kentucky, Christian County, July 18-31, 1999. A newspaper article identifies the victim as John Dawson and cites Christian County Coroner on finding of heatstroke and information that the temperature inside his home was well over 120° when victims body was found at 9 am. Also writes that according to the National Weather Service, the temperature that day reached 100 in Hopkinsville. (AP, Henderson, KY. “Kentucky records its first heat-related death.” Times-Tribune, Corbin, KY, 7-30-1999, p. 2A.)

[53] AP, Lexington. “One child dead, one injured after being left in car.” Times-Tribune, Corbin, KY, 7-14-1999, A2.

[54] AP, Louisville (S. Bailey). “Kentucky’s heat death toll rises to four.” Times-Tribune, Corbin, KY, 8-2-1999, p. 1.

[55] Associated Press. “Several deaths from heat wave.” Kokomo Tribune, IN, 8-4-1999, p. 5.

[56] AP, Louisville (Steve Bailey). “Kentucky’s heat death toll rises to four.” Times-Tribune, Corbin, KY, 8-2-1999, p. 1. Cites Jefferson County Deputy Coroner on opinion that the death was “heat related.”

[57] Snopes.com. “The Unlovin’ Oven.” Accessed 11-24-2015.

[58] From Table: “Heat Stress: Deaths, Louisiana, 1999-2010.” Following pages break fatalities out by 9 LA Regions.

[59] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Caddo Parish, July 27, 1999.

[60] Genders and age are listed as “not available.”

[61] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Massachusetts, Suffolk / Also Part of Norfolk, July 5, 1999.

[62] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Minnesota, Kandiyohi County, July 23-25, 1999.

[63] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Minnesota, Olmsted County, July 28-30, 1999. Notes that over three-day period “Excessive heat and humidity affected southeast Minnesota…with afternoon highs reaching the middle 90s to 100. Heat indices ranged from 105 to as high as 120.”

[64] Associated Press, Hollandale. “Man dies after suffering heat stroke.” Leader-Call, Laurel, MS, 8-10-1999, p. 1. Notes that the victim was found at his home with a body temp of 108°; he died after being taken to a hospital.

[65] Notes the victim “died outdoors while spending the entire day outdoors repairing a fence.”

[66] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Cass County, July 18-31, 1999.

[67] One of these deaths, that of one of the 75-year-old men, took place July 25-31 when the victim “mistakenly turned on his heat instead of his air conditioning.” This newspaper story also notes “Temperatures Friday [July 30] in Kansas City rose above 100 degrees for the seventh straight day.” (Reuters. “Death toll from U.S. heat wave reaches 100.” Daily Herald, Arlington Heights, IL. 8-1-1999, p.1.)

[68] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Jackson County, Aug 6-7-1999.

[69] July 31 is date the victim was found and is from: Joplin Globe (John Hacker). “Heat claims 2 lives.” 8-1-1999.

[70] News article notes that the victim had no AC nor an operational fan. (Joplin Globe (John Hacker), MO. “Heat claims 2 lives.” 8-1-1999.)

[71] A newspaper article identified the victim as Robert E. Mathews, whose body was found by two boys Aug 8 in a wooded area near Turkey Creek Boulevard in Joplin. Cites the county coroner for conclusion of death by heatstroke. (Joplin Globe, MO. “An unidentified man.” 9-6-1999, p. 12A.)

[72] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, Jasper County, July 23-31, 1999.

[73] Joplin Globe (John Hacker), MO. “Heat claims 2 lives.” 8-1-1999. Notes victim’s body temp. was 108.7° when he got to St. John’s Regional Medical Center in Joplin.

[74] OSHA. “Inspection: 302249081 – Huffman, Inc.” 1999 Heat Fatality Search. Notes victim “was found suffering from the effects of hyperpyrexia [extremely high temperature]. He was taken to the local emergency room where his core temperature was measured at 106.5 degrees F…he died 2½ days later from a heat-induced stroke. The recorded maximum outside air temperature at eh site that day was 96 degrees F….Employee…was a new hire who may not have been acclimated to outdoor construction activity in temperatures ranging from 90 to 105 degrees F.”

[75] Highlighted in yellow to denote we do not use in our tally, using, instead, St. Louis City Health Dept. figure.

[76] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Missouri, St. Louis County, July 18-31, 1999.

[77] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Nebraska, Dakota County, July 28-29, 1999.

[78] OSHA. “Inspection: 302710884 – Fralingers Farm.” Notes: “Beginning on July 3, 1999, a severe heat wave hit southern New Jersey and continued until July 7, 1999.”

[79] OSHA. “Inspection: 302710918 – Casella Brothers, Inc.” 1999 Heat fatalities search.

[80] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Middlesex County, July 4-6, 1999.

[81] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Western Monmouth County, July 4-6, 1999.

[82] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New Jersey, Eastern Ocean County, July 4-6, 1999.

[83] Cites Ellen Borakove, spokeswoman for the NYC Medical Examiner’s Office: “The deadliest summer in recent memory was 1999, when a blackout compounded the effects of the heat and more than 40 people died over the course of several heat waves, Ms. Borakove said.”

[84] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New York, Queens, July 4-6, 1999.

[85] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, New York, Westchester (Southern), July 4-6, 1999.

[86] Figure 1: “No. Heat-Related Deaths” (1977-2001).

[87] OSHA. “Inspection: 302869243 – Sherman Herring dba Herring Concrete.” 1999 Heat Fatality search.

[88] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, North Carolina, Johnston County, July 23, 1999.

[89] OSHA. “Inspection: 302551270 – Denny’s Restaurant.” Notes “At the time of the accident, the temperature was 93 degrees F, with a relative humidity of 52 percent; employee…internal body temperature was 108.0 degrees F.”

[90] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, North Carolina, Scotland County, July 23, 1999.

[91] Writes: “A CDC survey of 24 U.S. metropolitan areas indicated that Ohio recorded some of the highest rates for heat-related deaths during the 1999 heat wave, with Cincinnati reporting 21 per million and Dayton reporting seven per million (CDC, unpublished data, 1999).”

[92] “During a 1999 heat wave in Cincinnati, Ohio, the Hamilton County Coroner reported 18 heat-related deaths.” Also: CDC. “Heat-Related Illnesses, Deaths, and Risk Factors – Cincinnati and Dayton Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997.” MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report), Vol. 49, No. 21, 6-2-2000, pp. 470-473.

[93] Probably a reference to Pamela Current, 34, who died on July 4 in her Cincinnati home of heat stroke, according to Hamilton County coroner, cited in: Sandusky Register, OH. “Heat kills five in Cincinnati.” 7-26-1999, p. 1. The Sandusky Register article writes that “The group home in which Current lived was not air-conditioned,” again citing the County coroner. A CDC report, which seems to reference the same 34-year-old woman who died in Cincinnati in a group home, writes that she had schizophrenia, that the outdoor temperature was 92.1°F, but that “her liver core temperature was 106.2 F (41.2 C).” Notes Hamilton County Coroner “attributed the death to heatstroke.”

[94] This must be a reference to the death on July 24 of Anna Stacey, 75, in her Cincinnati home. (Sandusky Register, OH. “Heat kills five in Cincinnati.” 7-26-1999, p. 1.) The paper cites the Hamilton County coroner for finding of death by heatstroke and note her home had an AC but it was not in use.

[95] Here are thirteen deaths noted because the NCDC combined, under the heading of “Adams County/Area, 10 deaths from the Cincinnati metro area and three from the Dayton metro area, without distinguishing them.

[96] AP, Cincinnati. “Two more found dead from heat.” Lima News, 8-2-1999, p. B2. Notes victims were found Aug 1 “in their sweltering Cincinnati homes, when the high hit 97 degrees. Neither had air conditioning and both refused help to keep cool from their neighbors who had offered just days before their deaths….Authorities said Langton’s body temperature was 108 degrees and he died of a heat stroke. Miller’s body temperature was 109 degrees. Authorities said when they found her, the house had fans but no air conditioner and the windows were closed.”

[97] CDC. “Heat-Related Illnesses, Deaths, and Risk Factors – Cincinnati and Dayton Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997.” MMWR, Vol. 49, No. 21, 6-2-2000, pp. 470-473. Notes that upon arrival at a hospital “the patient had a rectal temperature of 108 F (42.2 C) and subsequently died….The Hamilton County Coroner’s Office attributed the death to hypoxic encephalopathy following resuscitation for heatstroke.”

[98] While none of the breakouts below provide an age, a CDC report notes that “In July 1999, an 84-year-old man was found dead in his Dayton residence. He lived alone and was fund lying in bed, supine and nude. The doors to his home were locked and all the windows were shut. When the body was discovered, the temperature inside the home was approximately 86 F (30 C). a fan was blowing air toward the ceiling, an air conditioner was present but not running, and the thermostat was set in the heat mode. The temperature in Dayton that day reached >90 F (>32 C) with high humidity….The Montgomery County Coroner’s Office attributed the death to exposure to excessive environmental heat.” (CDC. “Heat-Related Illnesses, Deaths, and Risk Factors – Cincinnati and Dayton Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 49, No. 21, 6-2-2000, pp. 470-473.)

[99] We are not using in tally in that this may well refer to one of the three deaths noted by the NCDC above. We include only because the news report provides a date of death and the gender.

[100] CDC. “Heat-Related Illnesses, Deaths, and Risk Factors – Cincinnati and Dayton Ohio, 1999…” MMWR, 49/21, 6-2-2000, pp. 470-473. Notes: “The room temperature was 99 F (37.2 C), and the apartment had no air conditioning. The decedent lived alone and was last seen alive 3 days earlier at his home by a neighbor. The decedent had a history of mental illness and depression and had been taking benztropine. The Montgomery County Coroner’s report listed the probable cause of death as cardiac arrhythmia caused by hyperthermia resulting from exposure to high environmental temperature.”

[101] From Figure 1. “Heat-Related Deaths by Year, Oklahoma, 1990-2001.” Deaths in Figure 1 are denoted by a horizontal bar, against backdrop of horizontal lines in increments of five.

[102] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Oklahoma, Canadian County, Aug 17, 1999.

[103] OSHA. “Inspection: 302383260 – Citation Oil & Gas Corp.” 1999 Heat Fatality search.

[104] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Cleveland County, July 27, 1999.

[105] Parsons, Andy. “Heat Suspected in Child’s Death.” NewsOK, 7-31-1999. We place a question mark in that this was a suspected heat-related death, which had not yet been confirmed by autopsy.

[106] Notes she collapsed and died while mowing her lawn.

[107] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Marshall County, Aug 17, 1999.

[108] “…a 6-week-old baby who allegedly was left in a hot car for as long as 30 minutes by his Broken Arrow foster mother died of hyperthermia. The temperature in Broken Arrow at that time was 96 degrees. Samuel Dewayne Jackson Jr. died Aug. 15, 1999, at St. Francis Hospital, five days after being left in a vehicle by Darla June Smith, police said. Smith told officers that she unloaded the car after shopping but forgot the infant, according to reports. Smith…was charged with second-degree manslaughter. She received a two-year suspended sentence and a felony conviction.” (Tulsa World (Cary Aspinwall). “Infant left in hot SUV dies.” 8-29-2003, updated 10-4-2013.)

[109] Intelligencer Record, Doylestown, PA. “Heat stroke victim identified.” 7-8-1999, p. A3. Credits Chief Deputy Coroner for info on hyperthermia death. Also NCDC, SED.

[110] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Chester County, July 4-6, 1999.

[111] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Delaware County, July 23-31, 1999.

[112] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Montgomery County, June 7-8, 1999.

[113] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Montgomery County, June 7-8, 1999.

[114] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Montgomery County, June 27, 1999.

[115] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Northampton County, July 4-6, 1999.

[116] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Perry County, July 5, 1999.

[117] Highlighted in yellow to denote that we are not using in tally, using, instead, the figure of 59 deaths by July 59.

[118] Notes: “Beginning on the 23^rd of July, high temperatures each day reached between 95 and 105 degrees.”

[119] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, South Carolina, Charleston, Aug 1-31, 1999. A newspaper article writes that according to the Charleston County Coroner, some of the victims had access to air conditioners but weren’t using them.” (Assoc. Press, Chicago. “Weather relief arrives.” Daily Globe, Ironwood, MI, 8-2-1999, p. 5.)

[120] “…after being forced to run in warm weather.” Salt Lake Tribune. “Utah wilderness therapy deaths.” 10-11-2007. Another news article writes: “Two former employees of a South Dakota boot camp for girls were charged with manslaughter and abuse in the death of a 14-year-old who collapsed from heat stroke. The girl, who begged for help, was left in the sun for hours because drill instructors believed she was faking.” (Associated Press (Seth Hettena), Baltimore. “State Reassessing boot camps in wake of abuses.” The Facts, Brazosport, TX. 12-27-1999, pp. 1 & 5.)

[121] AP, Memphis. “Two die after being left in hot vans.” Iola Register, KS, 7-22-1999, p. 2. Notes the deaths occurred “within an hour of each other after both were left in vans for hours in 90-degree heat.” Darnecia Slater was found dead at the Children’s Palace Learning Center, and Brandon Mann was found still alive at the Pee Wee Wisdom Learning Center, but died about an hour later.

[122] Associated Press, Chicago. “Weather relief arrives.” Daily Globe, Ironwood, MI, 8-2-1999, p. 5. Article notes that “Church members say they wanted to help Ms. Williams get an air conditioner but she refused, saying it would make her sneeze and uncomfortably cold.”

[123] Cincinnati Enquirer (Jim Hannah). “6 Accused in airman’s death. Family dismayed no one faces criminal charges.” 4-15-2000. Writes “Airman Schindler died two days after he collapsed during a midday march at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. The Air Force said he died of heatstroke complicated by a rare medical condition known as water intoxication, caused by drinking too much water.”

[124] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, June 26-28, 1999.

[125] TheEagle.com, Bryan TX. “Family using tragedy to raise awareness about child heatstroke deaths.” 7-5-2015.

[126] OSHA. “Inspection: 302569702 – United Airlines Inc.” Notes victim was temporary employee on job four days.

[127] Brownsville Herald, TX. “Alzheimer’s victim found dead of heat stroke.” 6-19-1999, p. A2. Article notes the victim wandered away from a home on June 14 and than his body was found at a farm on June 17.

[128] TheEagle.com, Bryan TX. “Family using tragedy to raise awareness about child heatstroke deaths.” 7-5-2015. Identified victim as Miah Chevendychenko-Viaz.

[129] Notes that during Aug 10-12, “The average high temperature for the 3 days at Sheppard Air Force Base in Wichita Falls, which is in Wichita County, was 108, while the average low temperature was 80.”

[130] Snopes.com. “The Unlovin’ Oven.” Accessed 11-24-2015.

[131] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Virginia, Rockingham / Harrisonburg, July 4-7, 1999.

[132] OSHA. “Inspection: 301806337 – Smithfield Foods North.” 1999 Heat Fatality search.

[133] OSHA. “Inspection: 116521154 – Paul T. Smith Roofing.” 1999 Heat Fatality search.

[134] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Wisconsin, Crawford County, July 28-30, 1999. Notes “Oppressive heat and humidity affected the area…with highs in the middle 90s to 100. La Crosse (La Crosse County) established new record highs when the temperature reached 98 and 100 on the 29^th and 30^th respectively. Heat indices both days topped out around 120.”

[135] Highlighted in yellow to denote we do not use in fatality tally, using, instead, Weisskoph number of eleven.

[136] Annual average heat-related deaths are all over the place. For example, Tara Bahrampour, in “Most Deadly of the Natural Disasters: The Heat Wave, New York Times, 8-13-2002, citing the Center for Climatic Research at the University of Delaware, writes that the average number of U.S. city dwellers who die “each year because of the heat” is 1,500. Elsewhere the National Center for Weather Statistics (1997) notes 380, and the CDC in 2009, noted 700. (Wodika 2013, p. 4.)

[137] Notes that “Deaths attributed to exposure to natural heat, as the underlying and contributing causes of death, are coded as X30 and T67, according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10^th Revision. Also notes that death data relates to “U.S. residents only.”

[138] Cites IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change). 2014.