18 — 555

lornajarrettblanchard January 9, 2009

Compiled by Wayne Blanchard; last edit 2-24-2024 for upload to: http://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

–555 Hurt, Alyson (NPR), citing National Center for Health Statistics, in Huang, 8-26-2023.

–553 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Census Regions, T67 (heat and light).

— 21 Northeast –241 South

— 79 Midwest –212 West

–532 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, HHS Regions, T67 (heat and light).

— ? HHS Region #1 CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT [not shown if less than ten]

— ? HHS Region #2 NJ, NY [not shown if less than ten]

— 21 HHS Region #3 DE, DC, MD, PA, VA, WV

–113 HHS Region #4 AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN

— 49 HHS Region #5 IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI

–119 HHS Region #6 AR, LA, NM, OK, TX

— 29 HHS Region #7 IA, KS, MO, NE

— ? HHS Region #8 CO, MT, ND, SD, UT [not shown if less than ten]

–176 HHS Region #9 AZ, CA, HI, NV

— 10 HHS Region #10 AK, IS, OR, WA

–530 Blanchard tally based on State and locality breakouts below. (*See note below.)

–492 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Census Regions, X30 (excessive natural heat).

— 19 Northeast –214 South

— 72 Midwest –187 West

–490 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, Census Regions, T67 and X30 codes search.

— 19 Northeast –212 South

— 72 Midwest –187 West

–473 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, HHS Regions, X30 (excessive natural heat)

— ? HHS Region #1 CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT [not shown if less than ten]

— ? HHS Region #2 NJ, NY [not shown if less than ten]

— 17 HHS Region #3 DE, DC, MD, PA, VA, WV

— 97 HHS Region #4 AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN

— 43 HHS Region #5 IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI

–110 HHS Region #6 AR, LA, NM, OK, TX

— 28 HHS Region #7 IA, KS, MO, NE

— ? HHS Region #8 CO, MT, ND, SD, UT [not shown if less than ten]

–155 HHS Region #9 AZ, CA, HI, NV

— 23 HHS Region #10 AK, IS, OR, WA

–441 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

(Our number, states less than ten not shown and no total shown, thus 441 represents only

our tally of state totals where ten or more died.)

–384 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–352 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).[1]

— 45 National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.

–30 Heat. NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database.

–15 Excessive Heat. NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database.

— 33 Hot vehicle child deaths. Null, 2009 Hyperthermia Deaths of Children in Vehicles.

— 15 Excessive Heat. NCDC. Storm Events Database.

— 7 Workers on the job. OSHA. Heat Fatalities (Text Version). 8-4-2014 update.

*Blanchard note on sources: Ours, by necessity, is a compilation from several sources. (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database underlying and multiple cause of death searches for T67 and X30. (2) The National Climatic Data Center, NOAA which allows internet searches via the Storm Events Database. For “heat,” one has to do two searches – one for “excessive heat” and one for “heat.” Frequently the entries in one seem similar to ones in the other. The NCDC also publishes Storm Data, a monthly, electronically accessible. (3) The National Weather Service, another NOAA entity, publishes tables on heat fatalities. Their figures differ from NCDC figures. None of the NOAA sources is comprehensive for two subsets – children in vehicles and workers, though one can find references to each. (4) For more comprehensive coverage of children dying in cars due to heat one must go to one of the several websites devoted to young child heat deaths in vehicles for child deaths (such as Jan Null and KidsAndCars.org). (5) OSHA provides more comprehensive coverage of worker heat-related fatalities. (6) There is also newspaper coverage, particularly when looking for end-of-heat-season statements by State Offices of Chief Medical Examiners. Frequently their numbers differ markedly (upward) from CDC, NCDC or NWS figures. (7) State and local Public Heath or Vital Statistic entities.

Note on ICDC Codes used in CDC Wonder Online Database above and below: We use the T67 and X30 codes described below. We use them independently in the “Census Region,” “HHS Region” and “State” locations in the search page. There are two “boxes” to search – ?Underlying Cause of Death” and “Multiple Causes of Death” – the higher numbers are to be found when using the Multiple Causes of Death option for “Census Region.”)

T67 Effects of heat and light

T67.0 (Heatstroke and sunstroke);

T67.1 (Heat syncope); heat syncope [fainting]; factors include dehydration and lack of acclimatization.

T67.2 (Heat cramp);

T67.3 (Heat exhaustion, anhydrotic); [Note: T67 codes are in the class of “multiple

T67.4 (Heat exhaustion due to salt depletion); cause of death,” meaning, usually, that heat

T67.5 (Heat exhaustion, unspecified); contributed to or combined with another

T67.6 (Heat fatigue, transient); cause of death – such as a heart condition.]

T67.7 (Heat oedema);

T67.8 (Other effects of heat and light);

T67.9 (Effect of heat and light, unspecified)

X30 Exposure to excessive natural heat; hyperthermia. [Underlying (or primary) cause of death.]

[See State Breakout Summary Below]

Summary of Fatalities by States and Mortality:

Arizona 156 KJZZ 91.5. “Big Drop in Arizona Heat-Related Deaths in 2014.” 5-8-2015.[2]

Arkansas >5

California 63 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Florida 39 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Georgia 18 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Hawaii 1

Illinois 21 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Kansas 11 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Kentucky 1

Louisiana 11 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Maryland 6

Mississippi 13 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Missouri 15 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Nevada 17 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

North Carolina 10 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Oklahoma 18 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Pennsylvania 3

Rhode Island 1

South Carolina 1

Tennessee 16 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

Texas 79

Virginia 1

Washington 15 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

West Virginia 1

Wisconsin 8

Total 530

Alphabetical Breakout by States

Arizona (156)

–156 KJZZ 91.5, AZ (Jung). “Big Drop in Arizona Heat-Related Deaths in 2014.” 5-8-2015.[3]

–154 AZ DHS. Heat-Caused & Heat-Associated Deaths in Arizona by Year (2008-2018).

–120 Heat Caused Deaths

— 34 Heat Associated Deaths

–147 Blanchard tally using AZ DHS for all counties except Maricopa, where Maricopa DPH is used.

–110 AZ DHS. Deaths…Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…in Arizona 1992-2009.[4]

–37 AZ residents.

— 7 Other U.S. State or Canada residents/

–46 Mexico/Other Central or South American country.

–20 Unknown.

— 95 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

— 86 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

— 60 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

Breakout by localities in which deaths occurred:

— 3 Cochise Co. AZ DHS. Deaths…Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…in Arizona…2009.

— 5 Coconino County “ “

— 1 La Paz County. “ “

–74 Maricopa Co. Berisha, Maricopa Co. DPH. Impact of Extreme Heat on Human Mortality…[5]

–69 AZ DHS. Heat-Associated Deaths Summary 2008-2018. Occurrence County.

–61 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, County, T67 code search.

–37 AZ DHS. Deaths…Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…2009.[6]

–32 CDC WONDER. ICD-10, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat) search.

— 1 Mohave Co. AZ DHS. Deaths…Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…in Arizona…2009.

–54 Pima County. AZ DHS. Heat-Associated Deaths Summary 2008-2018. Occurrence County.

–20 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, County, T67 code search.

–16 CDC WONDER. ICD-10, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat) search.

— 8 Pinal County. Arizona DHS. Heat-Associated Deaths Summary 2008-2018.

–4 AZ DHS. Deaths…Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…in Arizona…2009.

— 9 Santa Cruz County. AZ DHS. Heat-Associated Deaths Summary 2008-2018. Occurrence Co.

–6 AZ DHS. Deaths…Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…in Arizona…2009.

— 2 Yavapai County “

— 3 Yuma County “

Arkansas ( >5)

— >5 State. AR Department of Health. “ADH Warns of Heat Related Illness,” Aug 2011, p. 2.[7]

— 3 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

— 1 National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.

— 1 Pulaski County, June 24. Male construction worker, 44, on the job outdoors.[8]

— 2 Springdale, June 15. Heatstroke; Virginia, 4, and Curtis Markley, 5; got into mothers car trunk.[9]

California (63)

–63 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–55 CA Dept. of Public Health. “Table 5. Heat-related deaths, 2000-2011 (Crude Rates).”

–54 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–40 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death. X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

–17 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

— 4 National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.

Breakout of California Heat-Related Fatalities by Locality (where noted):

— 1 Death Valley National Park, May 19. Heat-related disorder, male, 69, outside.[10]

— 1 Death Valley National Park, July 26. Female, 52. In a group of 7 tourists in dunes area.[11]

— 1 Death Valley National Park, Aug 5. Boy, 6,[12] outdoors; stranded with mother 4 days.[13]

— 1 East Bay Interior Valley, June 27. Male, 49, hiking; heat exhaustion and dehydration.[14]

— 1 El Cerrito, Contra Costa Co., June 8. Everett Carey, 4 mo. Left by father in car all day.[15]

— 1 Los Angeles, Sep 24. Male carpenter at work’ coroner: “probable heat stroke.”[16]

–10 Los Angeles County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, County, T67 code search.

–11 Riverside Co. CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death. X30 (excessive natural heat).

–11 “ “ CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, County, T67 code search.

Florida (39)

–39 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–35 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–24 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

–10 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

— 2 National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.

Breakout of Florida Fatalities by Locality:

— 1 Cape Coral, Lee County, June 23. Male, 25, playing basketball outside.[17]

— 1 Davenport, Polk Co., Oct 9. Heatstroke; male, 32, outside. Heat indices were 100-110.[18]

— 1 Fellsmere, June 13. Aiden Alvarado, 1. Left in SUV by mother ~4 hrs. at work; 90° temp.[19]

— 1 Jacksonville, June 24. Bernard Davis Jr., 20 months. Left in truck, unlicensed day-care.[20]

— 1 Miami, Dec 10. Girl (Wilyariz Steffans), 3-months; grandmother leaves in van; 87°.[21]

— 1 St. Augustine, June 14. Arianna Long, 23 months. Left in car seat by father at home.[22]

— 1 Sweetwater, May 21. Diego Vega Cuesta, 18-months. Left strapped in car seat by mother.[23]

— 2 Valrico, Aug 13. Dionna Ervin, 17-mo. and brother Kaden Warren, 5-mo., apparently left in car.[24]

— 1 Vero Beach, July 23. Gannon Werking, 5 months; forgotten by mother, left in SUV all day.[25]

— 1 West Palm Beach, June 20. John Gavin McDonald, 3 months. Parents left in SUV at home.[26]

Georgia (18)

–18 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–14 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–12 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

— 1 Lawrenceville, Aug 13. Masonry worker on job; med. rpt.: delayed effects of heat stroke.[27]

Hawaii ( 1)

–1 Ewa Beach, July 18. Brayden Mara-Villegas, 4, apparently got into car truck at home, couldn’t get out.[28]

Illinois (21)

–21 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–20 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–16 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

–11 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

— 9 National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.

— 1 Belleville, Aug 5. Giselle Gomez, 1; left in car by mother about 90 minutes, 90° outside.[29]

— 1 Chicago, June 25. Heatstroke; female, 11, outside.[30]

— 1 Chicago, June 26. Heat stress; female, 59, in home.[31]

— 1 Chicago, Aug 9-10. Heatstroke, male, 54. NCDC. Storm Events Database, Excessive Heat, IL.

— 1 Crete, Will Co., June 25. Heatstroke (23^rd); male, 32, appeared to have been working outside.[32]

— 1 Glen Carbon, June 23 (found). Female, 61; mobile home; air conditioner not working.[33]

— 1 Grundy Co., Old Pine Bluff Road, June 22-25. Male, 78, mowing grass with a tractor.[34]

— 1 Hickory Hills, Cook County, June 23. Heat stress; male, 39.[35]

— 1 Union County, June 22-23. Blind male, 92, with Alzheimer’s, wandered from home.[36]

— 1 Valley City, June 19. Heat exposure/heat exhaustion; concrete pouring worker; 94-100°.[37]

— 1 Yorkville, June 23. Heat exhaustion; male construction laborer with road patch crew.[38]

Kansas (11)

–11 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–10 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

— 1 Hays, July 9. Elle Runnion, 3 months. Father forget to drop girl at daycare, left in car 8 hrs.[39]

Kentucky ( 1)

–1 Lexington, June 20. April Knight, 2, left in car by paternal grandparents at home ~2 hrs.[40]

Louisiana (11)

–11 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–11 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–10 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

–10 Louisiana DHH. Heat Stress: Hospital Admissions…and Deaths in Louisiana. 2012, p. 9.[41]

— 1 Baton Rouge, July 1. Damiyn McElveen, 3. Left inside day-care van for hours, 98° temp.[42]

— 1 Jennings, July 16. Hayden Blueitt. Heat stroke; wandered off from napping mother, into car.[43]

— 1 St. Martinville, June 11. Keiland Paul Revert, 5 months. Left in car seat >7 hrs. by mother.[44]

Maryland ( 1)

— 6 MD StateStat. “Heat-Related Deaths.” From MD DPSCS / DLLR meeting, 11-22-2011.[45]

— 5 Baltimore Sun. “15 Md. heat-related deaths tallied this summer, lowest since 2009.” 9-17-2013.

— 1 Ellicott City, June 25. Hyperthermia; girl, 23 months, left in car 9 hours by mother.[46]

Minnesota ( 0)

— 0 Minnesota Department of Health. Heat-related Deaths: Facts & Figures. 2015.[47]

Mississippi (13)

–13 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–10 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

Missouri (15)

–15 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–15 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–11 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death. X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

— 2 National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.

— 1 St. Louis Co., Hillsdale, June 17-27. Female, 62, in home; no air conditioning; windows closed.[48]

— 1 St. Louis Co., Maplewood, June 17-27. Male, 75, in home; 3 fans but air conditioner off.[49]

Nevada (17)

–17 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–14 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

— 6 National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.

— 1 Las Vegas, July 13. Male, 82, permanent home.[50]

— 1 Las Vegas, July 14. Male, 83, permanent home.[51]

— 1 Las Vegas, July 15. Male, 78, mobile/trailer home.[52]

— 1 Las Vegas, July 18. Female, 95, permanent home. Outside highs at or over 103°.[53]

— 1 Las Vegas, July 29. Female, 82, permanent home. Outside highs at or over 107°.[54]

— 1 Las Vegas, July 31. Male, 58, outside.[55]

–16 Clark County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, County, T67 code search.

North Carolina (10)

–10 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

— 1 Haw River, March 9. Hyperthermia; Jackson Edmonds, 17-mo.; left in car seat by daycare owner.[56]

Oklahoma (18)

–18 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–17 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–12 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat).

— 1 Tulsa, July 11-15. Excessive heat exp.; male, 53, found unconscious near construction site.[57]

Pennsylvania ( 3)

— 3 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

— 2 National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.

— 1 Manheim, Sep 2. Grounds man pruning trees collapsed; hospitalized for heat stroke; died.[58]

— 1 Penndel, July 1. Daniel Slutsky, 2. Forgotten and left in day-care van for 7 hours.[59]

— 1 Philadelphia (West), Aug 17. Female, 83, home; no bedroom air conditioner; windows closed.[60]

Rhode Island ( 1)

— 1 Warwick, June 7. James A. Lymburner, 3. Climbed into car at home while mother napped.[61]

South Carolina (1)

— 1 Ft. Jackson military base, Richland County, Oct 7. Heatstroke; Pvt. Jamal Britt, 19.[62]

Tennessee (16)

–16 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States and T67 search.

–16 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–11 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death, States, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat)

— 2 Carroll County, June 17-28. NCDC. Storm Events Database, Heat, TN, Carroll, TN.

–1 Male, 56, mobile/trailer home.

–1 Male, 67, permanent home.

— 7 Shelby County, June 17-28. NCDC. Storm Events Database, Heat, TN, Shelby, TN.

–1 Female, 73, permanent structure.

–1 Female, 75, permanent home.

–1 Female, 76, permanent home.

–1 Female, 89, permanent home.

–1 Male, 53, permanent home.

–1 Male, 62, permanent home.

–1 Male, 63, permanent home.

Texas (79)

–79 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–69 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

–47 CDC Wonder. Underlying Cause of Death. States, X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat)

–24 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 6 National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.

–Texas Fatality Breakout by Locality:

— 1 Arlington, Sep 3. Heatstroke. Darrell Singleton III, 17-mo. Left in SUV 7 hrs. by mother.[63]

— 1 Austin, July 15. Well drilling worker “died from heat exhaustion.”[64]

— 1 Austin, Aug 12. Daniel Hu, 18-months. Forgot in fan at work over 6 hrs., 102° outside.[65]

— 1 Brownsville, Aug 2. Felicitas Alexandra Cordova, 4; inside mother’s truck at flea-market.[66]

— 1 Corsicana, Aug 28. Addeleena Sanchez, 7 months; left by mother in car 5 hours.[67]

— 1 Garland, Dallas Co., June 23. Heat exposure; male, 53; fell asleep in enclosed car.[68]

— 1 Harlingen, Cameron County, June 12. Homeless male, 49, outside; high heat index.[69]

–13 Harris County. CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, County, T67 code search.

–1 Tomball, Sep 28. Environmental heat exposure; boy, 9 months; left in van.[70]

— 1 Pearland, Aug 14. Heat exhaustion at work; male construction laborer shoveling soil.[71]

— 2 San Antonio, July 2. Heatstroke. Female twins, 82, at home; not using air conditioner.[72]

— 1 Troup, Smith County, June 24. Heat-related illness; male, 37, working outdoors.[73]

Virginia ( 1)

— 1 Richmond, July 6. Andrew Johnson, 13 mo. Left in day-care van, sleeping driver.[74]

Washington (15)

–15 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, State and T67 search.

–13 CDC Wonder. Multiple Cause of Death, States, T67 and X30 codes search.

— 1 Lynnwood, April 7. Joshua Dela Cruz, 13-months. Left by mother 7 hrs. in car at work.[75]

— 1 Seattle, July 27-30. Male, 66. Warmest July on record at Seattle-Tacoma airport.[76]

— 1 Tacoma, July 27-30. Male, 50s. NCDC. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, WA. Tacoma.

West Virginia ( 1)

— 1 Buckhannon, May 28. Elijah Linger, 3½. Mother left buckled in car seat, closed car, hot day.[77]

Wisconsin ( 8)

— 8 WI DEM. “Wisconsin Heat Awareness Day June 12, 2014” (Press Release). 6-4-2014.

— 1 Milwaukee, Apr 9. Hyperthermia. Jalen Knox-Perkins, 4-mo. Left in day-care van by driver.[78]

Narrative Information:

NWS: “In 2009, 45 people died as a result of extreme heat, down from 71 fatalities in 2008. This number is well below the 10 -year average for heat related fatalities of 170. In 2009, the most dangerous place to be was in a permanent home with little or no air conditioning, where a reported 19 deaths (42%) occurred. The next most dangerous location was outside/open areas, where 17 people (38%) succumbed to heat. Illinois and Tennessee numbered the most heat victims, 9 each, followed by Nevada and Texas with 6 each. Extreme heat most strongly affected adults aged 50-59 (18%). As in most weather fatality categories, many more males 30 (67%) were killed than females 15 (33%).” (NWS. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011.)

(On Heat)

CDC. “Heat-Related Deaths – [U.S.], 1999-2003,” MMWR, V55, N29, 7-28-2006, 796-798:

“Heat-related illnesses (e.g., heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, or heatstroke) can occur when high ambient temperatures overcome the body’s natural ability to dissipate heat. Older adults, young children, and persons with chronic medical conditions are particularly susceptible to these illnesses and are at high risk for heat-related mortality. Previous analyses of the risk factors associated with heat-related deaths have been based on the underlying cause entered on the death certificate. The analysis revealed that including these deaths increased the number of heat-related deaths by 54% and suggested that the number of heat-related deaths is underestimated.

“CDC uses information from death certificates categorized by codes from the International Classification of Diseases to estimate national mortality trends. These data, collected and submitted by states, were used to determine the number of deaths in the United States during 1999–2003 that had exposure to excessive natural heat^§ recorded as the underlying cause (code X30 from ICD, tenth revision [ICD-10]), hyperthermia recorded as a contributing factor (ICD-10 code T67) (6), or both….

“Editorial Note: In this analysis, the inclusion of hyperthermia as a contributing cause of death increased by 54% the total number of heat-related deaths during 1999–2003 that would have been counted through inclusion of a heat-related underlying cause alone. Because heat-related illnesses can exacerbate existing medical conditions and death from heat exposure can be preceded by various symptoms, heat-related deaths can be difficult to identify when illness onset or death is not witnessed by a clinician. In addition, the criteria used to determine heat-related causes of death vary among states. This can lead to underreporting heat-related deaths or to reporting heat as a factor contributing to death rather than the underlying cause.

“Continued exposure to excessive heat can lead to hyperthermia or death. Of the heat-related illnesses, heat exhaustion and heatstroke are the most serious. Heat exhaustion is characterized by muscle cramps, fatigue, headache, nausea or vomiting, and dizziness or fainting. The skin is often cool and moist, indicating that the body’s mechanism for cooling itself (i.e., sweating) is still functioning. The pulse rate is typically fast and weak, and breathing is rapid and shallow. If untreated, heat exhaustion can progress to heatstroke. Heatstroke is a serious, life-threatening condition characterized by a high body temperature (>103^ºF [>39.4^ºC]); red, hot, and dry skin (no sweating); rapid, strong pulse; throbbing headache; dizziness; nausea; confusion; and unconsciousness. Symptoms can progress to encephalopathy, liver and kidney failure, coagulopathy, and multiple organ system dysfunction. Prompt treatment of heat-related illnesses with aggressive fluid replacement and cooling of core body temperature is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality.

“Many heat-related deaths, regardless of whether they are associated with chronic medical conditions, are preventable. During periods of extreme heat, heat-related illnesses can be prevented by avoiding strenuous outdoor activities, drinking adequate amounts of fluid, avoiding alcohol consumption, wearing lightweight clothing, and using air-conditioning. Groups at high risk include young children, persons aged >65 years, persons who do strenuous activities outdoors, and persons with chronic (particularly cardiovascular) medical conditions.”

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) on Heat-Related Deaths (11-21-2023):

“When people are exposed to extreme heat, they can suffer from potentially deadly illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Hot temperatures can also contribute to deaths from heart attacks, strokes, and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Heat is the leading weather-related killer in the United States, even though most heat-related deaths are preventable through outreach and intervention (see EPA’s Excessive Heat Events Guidebook at: www.epa.gov/heat-islands/excessive-heat-events-guidebook).

Unusually hot summer temperatures have become more common across the contiguous 48 states in recent decades…extreme heat events (heat waves) have become more frequent and intense… and these trends are expected to continue. As a result, the risk of heat-related deaths and illness is also expected to increase.^[79] The “urban heat island” effect accentuates the problem by causing even higher temperatures in densely developed urban areas. Reductions in cold-related deaths are projected to be smaller than increases in heat-related deaths in most regions. Death rates can also change, however, as people acclimate to higher temperatures and as communities strengthen their heat response plans and take other steps to continue to adapt.

“Certain population groups already face higher risks of heat-related death, and increases in summertime temperature variability will increase that risk. The population of adults aged 65 and older, which is expected to continue to grow, has a higher-than-average risk of heat-related death. Children are particularly vulnerable to heat-related illness and death, as their bodies are less able to adapt to heat than adults, and they must rely on others to help keep them safe. People with certain diseases, such as cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, are especially vulnerable to excessive heat exposure, as are the economically disadvantaged. Data also suggest a higher risk among non-Hispanic Blacks.”

Trent, CA Dept. of Health Services on Heat-Related (HR) Illness: “HR illness is described according to three stages of increasing severity:

Heat cramps. Mild and easy to treat, this level involves fevers generally under 102 degrees Fahrenheit.
Heat exhaustion: Involves fevers over 102 degrees Fahrenheit, often with vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue.
Heat stroke: A severe and life-threatening failure of body’s ability to cool (e.g., sweating ceases), with fevers over 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat stroke can result in organ and neurologic damage and lead quickly to death.” (p. 3)

“Exertional heat stroke tends to occur among younger (under 50 years old), healthier persons who develop heat stroke after strenuous activity and inadequate hydration. The result is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Exposures may involve work or recreational activities outdoors.

“Classic heat stroke tends to occur among persons who are older (over 50 years old), frail, and with chronic diseases. They may take medications, have psychological or cognitive problems, and live alone. They are assumed to have a compromised thermoregulatory response due to their age, illnesses, and medications. They generally are not in an air conditioned space when discovered with heat stroke symptoms or deceased.” (p. 5)

(Trent, Roger B., Ph.D. (CA Dept. of Health Services). Review of July 2006 Heat Wave Related Fatalities in California. Sacramento, CA: Epidemiology and Prevention for Injury Control Branch, California Department of Health Services, May 2007.)

Associated Press (Anita Snow and Kendria Lafleur), Mishmash of how US heat deaths are counted complicates efforts to keep people safe as Earth warms.” 8-13-2023:

“….Even when it seems obvious that extreme heat was a factor, death certificates don’t always reflect the role it played. Experts say a mishmash of ways more than 3,000 counties calculate heat deaths means we don’t really know how many people die in the U.S. each year because of high temperatures in an ever warming world.

“That imprecision harms efforts to better protect people from extreme heat because officials who set policies and fund programs can’t get the financial and other support needed to make a difference….Currently, about the only consistency in counting heat deaths in the U.S. is that officials and climate specialists acknowledge fatalities are grossly undercounted…

“ ‘It’s frustrating that for 90 years public health officials in the United States have not had a good picture of heat-related mortality because we have such a bad data system,’ said Dr. David Jones, a Harvard Medical School professor who also teaches in the epidemiology department at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

“There is no uniformity among who does the counting across U.S. jurisdictions. Death investigations in some places might be carried out by a medical examiner, typically a physician trained in forensic pathology. In other locales, the coroner could be an elected sheriff, such as the one in Orange County, California. In some small counties in Texas, a justice of peace might determine cause of death. Utah and Massachusetts are among states that do not track heat-related deaths where exposure to extreme heat was a secondary factor.

“The CDC, which is often several years behind in reporting, draws information on heat deaths from death certificate information included in local, state, tribal and territorial databases. The CDC said in a statement that coroners and others who fill out death certificates ‘are encouraged to report all causes of death,’ but they may not always associate those contributing causes to an extreme heat exposure death and include the diagnostic codes for heat illnesses.

“Hess, the Arizona coroner [Pima County medical examiner], said determining environmental heat was a factor in someone’s death is difficult and can take weeks or even months of investigation including toxicological tests. ‘If someone was shot in the head, it’s pretty obvious what happened there,’ Hess said. ‘But when you find a body in a hot apartment 48 hours after they died, there is a lot of ambiguity.’ Hess noted that Pima County this year began including heat-related deaths in its tally of environmental heat fatalities….”

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Associated Press. “Keishawn Whitfield convictions upheld in Richmond day-care death.” Richmond Times-Dispatch, 12-28-2010. Accessed 8-6-2015 at: http://www.richmond.com/news/article_e4a58929-b1b4-50ed-bbb3-75dbfb97ba36.html

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Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Division of Disease Control, Office of Epidemiology (Vjollca Berisha). Impact of Extreme Heat on Human Mortality and Morbidity: Surveillance Systems in Maricopa County. 7-29-2013. Accessed 2-24-2024 at: https://www.azdhs.gov/documents/preparedness/epidemiology-disease-control/infectious-diseases-training/2013/VjollaBersha.pdf

Maryland StateStat. “Heat-Related Deaths.” From MD DPSCS (Dept. Public Safety and Correctional Services) and DLLR (Dept. Labor, Licensing and Regulations) meeting, 11-22-2011. Accessed 9-26-2015: http://www.statestat.maryland.gov/reports/20111122_DHMH_Meeting_Summary.pdf

Minnesota Department of Health. Heat-related Deaths: Facts & Figures. 2015. Accessed 11-7-2015 at: https://apps.health.state.mn.us/mndata/heat_deaths

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Cook, June 22-25, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=185464

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Cook, Aug 9-10, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=193834

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Grundy, June 22-25, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=185676

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Madison, June 17-27, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=185174

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Pike, June 19, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=185199

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Will, June 22-25, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=185463

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Missouri, St. Louis, June 17-27, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=185214

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Oklahoma, Tulsa, July 11-15, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=191700

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, South Carolina, Richland, Oct 7, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=192888

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Texas, Smith, June 24, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=183137

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Washington, Seattle/Bremerton Area, July 27-30-2009. Accessed 8-7-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=187203

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Washington, Tacoma, July 27-30, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=187204

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Pulaski, June 24, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=181369

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Death Valley National Park, May 19, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=164727

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Death Valley National Park, July 26, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=178566

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, East Bay Interior Valleys, June 27, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2009 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=182325

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Western Mojave Desert, Aug 5, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=178498

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Lee, June 23, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=185308

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Polk, Oct 8-11, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=194950

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA, Storm Events Database, Heat, Illinois, Union, June 22-23, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=174771

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 13, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=181230

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 14, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=181231

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 15, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=181232

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 18, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=181233

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 29, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=181234

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 31, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=181235

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Bucks, July 1, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=185036

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Aug 16-21, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=194155

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Tennessee, Carroll, June 17-28, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=184953

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database, Heat, Tennessee, Shelby, June 17-28, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=184931

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Bexar County, July 2, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=170467

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Cameron, June 12, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=186478

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas, June 23, 2009. Accessed 8-7-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=178464

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Navarro, Aug 28, 2009. Accessed 8-8-2015 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=193148

National Weather Service, NOAA. 2009 Heat Related Fatalities. 7-13-2011. Accessed 6-28-2015 at: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats/heat09.pdf

Null, Jan (Dept. of Geosciences, San Francisco State Univ.). 2009 Hyperthermia Deaths of Children in Vehicles. Golden Gate Weather Services, 2009. Accessed 8-5-2015 at: http://ggweather.com/heat/hyperthermia2009.htm

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Philadelphia Inquirer (Larry King). “Trial to start in death of boy, 2, left in van. A neighbor who drove him to her Bucks County day-care center admitted she forgot him for 7 hours.” 3-16-2010. Accessed 8-6-2015 at: http://articles.philly.com/2010-03-16/news/25214494_1_day-care-provider-day-care-owner-jury-selection

San Francisco Chronicle (Kelly Zito). “Father won’t be charged in infant’s car death.” 6-16-2009. Accessed 8-7-2015 at: http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Father-won-t-be-charged-in-infant-s-car-death-3228737.php

Star-Telegram, Fort Worth (Mitch Mitchell). “Jury recommends 25-year sentence for Arlington mom in toddler’s death.” 2-17-2011. Accessed 8-5-2015 at: http://www.star-telegram.com/living/family/moms/article3827287.html

State Journal-Register, Springfield, IL. “Collinsville woman gets probation in infant’s heat-related death.” 1-3-2010. Accessed 8-6-2015: http://www.sj-r.com/article/20100103/News/301039974

State of West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. “Memorandum Decision.” 4-12-2013. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.courtswv.gov/supreme-court/memo-decisions/spring2013/11-1686memo.pdf

State of Wisconsin Division of Emergency Management, Department of Military Affairs. 9-2-2015 at: http://readywisconsin.wi.gov/heat/docs/HeatAwarenessDay2014Release.pdf

Tampa Tribune, FL. “Valrico man gets 10 years in kids’ death,” 10-23-2012; updated 3-18-2013. Accessed 8-6-2015 at: http://tbo.com/news/valrico-man-gets–years-in-kids-death-541229

TCPalm (Lamatur Stancil). “Fellsmere mom charged with manslaughter in death of son, 1, left in SUV, 7-6-2009. Accessed 8-6-2015 at: http://www.tcpalm.com/news/fellsmere-mom-charged-with-manslaughter-in-heat

TCPalm, Vero Beach (Keona Gardner). “Sebastian mom who left son in hot SUV all day gets 5 years’ probation in plea deal.” 11-6-2009. Accessed 8-6-2015 at: http://www.tcpalm.com/news/sebastian-mom-who-left-son-in-hot-suv-all-day-5

Techetoday.com (New Iberia). “District Attorney Haney: No Charges in Death of Infant Left in Car Seat.” 8-17-2009. Accessed 8-7-2015: http://www.techetoday.com/district-attorney-haney-no-charges-death-infant-left-car-seat

The Herald, Everett, WA (Jackson Holtz). “Toddler’s car death devastates his family.” 4-9-2009. Accessed 8-7-2015 at: http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20090409/NEWS01/704099850

The Potpourri, Houston (Jennifer Bell). “Prosecutors charge Tomball mother with baby’s 2009 death.” 8-27-2011. Accessed 8-5-2015 at: http://www.yourhoustonnews.com/magnolia/news/prosecutors-charge-tomball-mother-with-baby-s-death/article_36e3a053-77f8-5d95-9ff9-fb625f4e1e0e.html

Trent, Roger B., Ph.D. (CA Dept. of Health Services). Review of July 2006 Heat Wave Related Fatalities in California. Sacramento, CA: Epidemiology and Prevention for Injury Control Branch, California Department of Health Services, May 2007. Accessed 8-31-2015 at: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/injviosaf/Documents/HeatPlanAssessment-EPIC.pdf

Turnto10.com (Mia Dibenedetto). “Police: RI boy found dead in car hoped for ride.” 6-10-2009. Accessed 8-7-2015 at: http://www.turnto10.com/story/21118267/police-ri-boy-found-dead-in-car-hoped-for-ride

Valley Morning Star, Harlingen, TX (Madeline Buckley). “Mom sentenced to one year for child’s death.” 10-28-2011. Accessed 8-6-2015 at: http://www.valleymorningstar.com/news/local_news/article_d7debdb2-4cf7-5010-b044-e393d8606d5c.html

VeroNews.com (Debbie Carson). “Fellsmere mom who left son in hot car gets probation.” 11-6-2009. Accessed 8-6-2015 at: http://www.tcpalm.com/news/fellsmere-mom-charged-with-manslaughter-in-heat

WAFB (Josh Auzenne). “Daycare workers appear for hearing in girl’s death.” WLOX.com, 10-27-2011, updated 11-3-2011. Accessed 8-6-2015 at: http://www.wlox.com/story/15888537/hearing-scheduled-for-daycare-workers-accused-in-girls-death

WAFB. “Negligent homicide charges dropped against daycare owner.” Kpho.com, 10-15-2012. Accessed 8-6-2015: http://www.kpho.com/story/19827319/negligent-homicide-charges-dropped-against-daycare-owner

WFLX, West Palm Beach (Rachel Leigh). “Miami grandmother charged in baby’s death.” 12-11-2009. Accessed 8-5-2015: http://www.wflx.com/story/11661987/miami-grandmother-charged-in-babys-death

WFMY News2, Greensboro. “Daycare owner Pleads Guilty in Death of Child Left in Hot Car.” 6-8-2010. Accessed 8-7-2015 at: http://archive.wfmynews2.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=143421

[1] This results relate only to cases where heat was coded X30 as the underlying (primary or direct) cause of death by a medical examiner on a death certificate. “Heat-related” deaths are not included in this search result.

[2] From table “Arizona Deaths From Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat,” citing Arizona Dept. of Health Services.

[3] From table “Arizona Deaths From Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat,” based on data from the Arizona Department of Health Services.

[4] Table 1: “Characteristics of deaths from exposure to excessive natural heat occurring in Arizona by year, 1992-2009,” pp. 15-16, and Table 2: “Characteristics of Arizona Deaths from Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat by Residence Status, Eighteen-year Summary for 1992-2009,” pp. 17-18. Tables provide demographic/other details.

[5] Page 13 table: “Total Cases Reported by Case Type in Maricopa County for 2006-2012” notes 114 reported “heat-associated” deaths, of which 74 (65%) were confirmed as heat-associated.

[6] Highlighted in yellow in that we do not use in tally. Use, instead, Maricopa County Dept. Public Health figures.

[7] “There have been between five and twenty-three deaths attributed to heat in Arkansas in every year since 2001.”

[8] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Arkansas, Pulaski, June 24, 2009.

[9] Null; AP. “Arkansas mom pleads guilty in trunk deaths of children,” AZcentral.com, 7-28-2010. AP article writes the 25-year-old mother “admitted she was on the computer most of the day when her children locked themselves in the trunk of a car…and died of heat stroke.” She was “sentenced to six moths of work release and fined $2,000…” The work release entailed “supervised community service work during the day and nights spent in a barracks-style building at the county jail.”

[10] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Death Valley National Park, May 19, 2009.

[11] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Death Valley National Park, July 26, 2009. Notes “three others were treated for heat-related illnesses.”

[12] Press account has age as 11. AP. “Heat kills boy, 11, lost with his mother in Death Valley.” LA Times, 8-8-2009.

[13] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Western Mojave Desert, Aug 5, 2009.

[14] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, East Bay Interior Valleys, June 27, 2009.

[15] Null; San Francisco Chronicle (Kelly Zito). “Father won’t be charged in infant’s car death.” 6-16-2009. Chronicle writes the father drove to a BART station for a train, forgetting to take son to day-care, “for two reasons: He did not put him in the car that morning, and the boy was in a rear-facing car seat, as is required for infants.”

[16] OSHA. Heat Fatalities (Text Version). Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 8-4-2014 update.

[17] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Lee, June 23, 2009.

[18] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Polk, Oct 8-11, 2009.

[19] Null; TCPalm (Lamatur Stancil). “Fellsmere mom charged with manslaughter in death of son, 1, left in SUV, 7-6-2009. Another article writes that the mother was charged with aggravated manslaughter and leaving a child unattended in a motor vehicle resulting in death, but entered a plea agreement resulting in five years probation. (VeroNews.com (Debbie Carson). “Fellsmere mom who left son in hot car gets probation.” 11-6-2009.

[20] Null; Florida Times-Union (James Cannon). “Unlicensed Jacksonville day-care operator sentenced to 3 years in baby’s death,” jacksonville.com, 7-13-2010. Article writes that the operator lied to Jacksonville police several times. In the commotion of transporting eight children “in the city’s sweltering heat” she forgot the victim. “Tuesday, a judge sentenced Wilcher to three years in prison after she pleaded guilty to manslaughter last month.”

[21] Null, Jan 2009 Hyperthermia Deaths of Children in Vehicles. Golden Gate Weather Services, 2009. A WFLX.com report notes that grandmother drove daughter to work about 8:30 a.m., with granddaughter in back seat, and didn’t remember the baby had been left in vehicle until about 12:40. “Readings conducted at the scene showed that temperatures inside the vehicle reached more than 100 degrees.” Grandmother charged with aggravated manslaughter of a child. (WFLX, Palm Beach (Leigh). “Miami grandmother charged in baby’s death.” 12-11-2009.)

[22] Null; HistoricCity News, St. Augustine. “Long gets 12 years for death of two-year-old girl.” 2-4-2010. Father was found guilty of manslaughter and violation of probation (for aggravated battery on a law enforcement officer). HistoricCity News writes that the father had taken the child’s mother to work that morning at 6 and forgot to take the child out upon returning home. When a family member got up around noon and did not hear the toddler she woke the napping father who found the child still in the vehicle in the driveway. The District Medical Examiner’s office performed an autopsy and preliminary results were that “the cause of death was exposure due to heat, or hyperthermia.” Article writes that “Based on multiple violations of probation, the 12 year prison term was the minimum sentence Long qualified for.”

[23] Null; CBS Miami. “No Jail For Mom Accused in Son’s Death.” 1-4-2011. CBS Miami piece writes that the “mother…was charged with aggravated manslaughter on a child for leaving her 18-month-old son strapped to the car seat of a sweltering pick up truck…” Writes she plead guilty and received sentence of five years probation with early termination in 2½ years “if she follows the rules.” Article notes the outside temperature that day reached 88° and that “experts estimate the temperature hit upwards of 130 degrees inside the truck.”

[24] Null, who notes the locality as Brandon, which is the location of the Brandon Regional Hospital where the lifeless children were taken by their father. The Tampa Tribune notes (“Valrico man gets 10 years in kids’ death,” 10-23-2012; updated 3-18-2013) that the father, living in Valrico, was sentenced to 10 years in state prison after pleading guilty to two counts of aggravated manslaughter. Writes “The medical examiner’s office has said Ervin’s children died of environmental hyperthermia. Authorities said Zionna’s body temperature was 109 degrees and Kaden’s was 105…Investigators got a warrant to search a car but did not confirm whether the children died from being left in a hot vehicle.”

[25] Null; TCPalm, Vero Beach (Keona Gardner). “Sebastian mom who left son in hot SUV all day gets 5 years’ probation in plea deal.” 11-6-2009. Mother forgot to drop child off at day care before going to work. Judge dropped charge of aggravated manslaughter when she pled no contest to leaving a child unattended.

[26] Null; PalmBeachPost.com. “West Palm Beach couple gets probation in death of child left in hot car.” 4-25-2011. Article writes that each parent thought the other took the baby from the car.

[27] OSHA. Heat Fatalities (Text Version). Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 8-4-2014 update.

[28] Null, Jan 2009 Hyperthermia Deaths of Children in Vehicles. Golden Gate Weather Services, 2009

[29] Null. KSDK5, St. Louis. “Belleville mother pleads not guilty in heat death.” 8-10-2009. Mother was charged with endangering the life of a child. Another sources notes 22-year-old mother pled guilty to felony child endangerment and was given 2½ years probation. Notes the baby was “covered with heat blisters” when found. (State Journal-Register, Springfield, IL. “Collinsville woman gets probation in infant’s heat…death.” 1-3-2010.)

[30] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Cook, June 22-25, 2009.

[31] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Cook, June 22-25, 2009.

[32] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Will, June 22-25, 2009.

[33] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Madison, June 17-27, 2009 (Heatwave).

[34] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Grundy, June 22-25, 2009.

[35] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Cook, June 22-25, 2009.

[36] Died of heat exhaustion in open field. NCDC, Storm Events Database, Heat, IL, Union, June 22-23, 2009.

[37] OSHA. Heat Fatalities (Text Version). Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 8-4-2014 update; also, NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Illinois, Pike, June 19, 2009. NCDC notes “High temperatures in the area were in the middle 90s with the Heat Index from 100-105.”

[38] OSHA. Heat Fatalities (Text Version). Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 8-4-2014 update.

[39] Null; AP. “Infant’s death called accidental.” Topeka Capital-Journal., 1-22-2010. AP article notes outdoor temperatures “topped 90 degrees.

[40] Null; Lexington Herald-Leader, KY. “Mother, grandmother speak…2-year-old’s death in hot car.” 6-23-2009.

[41] From Table: “Heat Stress: Deaths, Louisiana, 1999-2010.” Following pages break fatalities out by 9 LA Regions.

[42] Null; WAFB. “Daycare workers appear for hearing in girl’s death.” WLOX.com, 10-27-2011, updated 11-3-2011. Also notes that two day-care workers were sentenced to five years probation and 10,000 hours community service after pleading guilty. Charges against the day-care owner were dropped after the parents “received a considerable settlement.” (WAFB. “Negligent homicide charges dropped against daycare owner.” Kpho.com, 10-15-2012.)

[43] Null; KPLC 7, Lake Charles, LA (Kris Perez). “Jennings Mother Will Not Face Charges.” 8-27-2009. KPLC piece notes the mother had worked a night shift and when she took a nap two of her children and a nephew went out to play. At least two of the children got into the car – “when the other child got out of the car, the electric door lock was accidentally engaged, and Hayden was locked inside…Due to the extreme heat, he suffered a…heat stroke.”

[44] Null; Techetoday.com (New Iberia). “District Attorney Haney: No Charges in Death of Infant Left in Car Seat.” 8-17-2009. According to Techetoday, “The child suffered a heat stroke, or hyperthermia, after being left in the back seat of his mother’s car at her place of employment from around 8 a.m. to about 3:30 p.m.” The mother only discovered she had forgotten to drop her child off at day-care when she went to pick the child up.

[45] Notes two “Hyperthermia Only” and four “Complications” for total of six in table “Hyperthermia-Related Deaths, 2005-2010. Cites MD Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for data. MD DPSCS is Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services. MD DLLR is Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulations.

[46] Null; Baltimore Sun (Don Markus and Liz Kay). “Inquiry Continues Into Child’s Death in Car.” 7-2-2009.

[47] There is no date, but the tables in the document are for 2000 to 2014 (May-September). We thus assume 2015.

[48] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Missouri, St. Louis, June 17-27, 2009.

[49] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Missouri, St. Louis, June 17-27, 2009.

[50] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 13, 2009. Notes “afternoon highs had been at or above 103 degrees all but one day since June 27^th.”

[51] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 14, 2009.

[52] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 15, 2009.

[53] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 18, 2009.

[54] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 29, 2009.

[55] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Nevada, Las Vegas Valley, July 31, 2009.

[56] Null; WFMY News2, Greensboro. “Daycare owner Pleads Guilty in Death of Child Left in Hot Car.” 6-8-2010. WFMY notes the owner “received an active sentence of 16-20 months, followed by another 16-20 months that was suspended for 2 years on supervised probation” for felony child abuse and involuntary manslaughter.

[57] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Oklahoma, Tulsa, July 11-15, 2009.

[58] OSHA. Heat Fatalities (Text Version). Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 8-4-2014 update.

[59] Null; Philadelphia Inquirer (Larry King). “Trial to start in death of boy, 2, left in van. A neighbor who drove him to her Bucks County day-care center admitted she forgot him for 7 hours.” 3-16-2010. Another source writes the day-care owner was found not guilty of the charge of involuntary manslaughter and endangering the life of a minor. Bucks Local News (Jeff Werner). “Penndel day care owner found not guilty in death of 2-year-old boy.” 3-30-2010. Also: NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Bucks, July 1, 2009.

[60] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Aug 16-21, 2009.

[61] Null; Turnto10.com (Mia Dibenedetto). “Police: RI boy found dead in car hoped for ride.” 6-10-2009.

[62] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, South Carolina, Richland, Oct 7, 2009.

[63] Null; Star-Telegram, Fort Worth (Mitch Mitchell). “Jury recommends 25-year sentence for Arlington mom in toddler’s death.” 2-17-2011. Paper writes the day’s high temp. was 96. Notes a “Tarrant County jury recommended…[she] go to prison for 25 years…the longest sentence ever returned by a Texas jury in a crime of this type, according to KidsAndCars.org…” After initial charge of murder she pled guilty to charge of injury to a child.

[64] OSHA. Heat Fatalities (Text Version). Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 8-4-2014 update.

[65] Null; Austin American-Statesman (Tony Plohetski). “Austin dad faces jail in death of baby in hot car.” 9-19-2009. Father was charged with endangering a child. “Prosecutors have said that they brought the case against him, in part, to raise public awareness about the dangers of forgetting children in cars..”

[66] Null; Brownsville Herald (Madeline Buckley). “Mother testifies at her trial in death of daughter.” 10-26-2011. Mother charged with child endangerment and criminally negligent homicide. The 39-year-old mother was found guilty and sentenced to one year in jail and three years of probation. The prosecution had sought the maximum sentence of two years in jail for the heatstroke death of her daughter. From: Valley Morning Star (Madeline Buckley). “Mom sentenced to one year for child’s death.” 10-28-2011.

[67] Null; Corsicana Daily Sun (Bob Belcher). “Baby left in car at Bowie School dies: Child discovered after five hours in closed vehicle.” 8-29-2009; modified 8-31-2009. NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Navarro, Aug 28, 2009. Notes the outside temperature was 89 degrees.

[68] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas, June 23, 2009.

[69] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Cameron, June 12, 2009.

[70] Null; The Potpourri, Houston (Jennifer Bell). “Prosecutors charge Tomball mother with baby’s 2009 death.” 8-27-2011. Bell article notes that “The Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office ruled that Nathaniel suffered from blisters and burns, and died as a result of environmental heat exposure. The mother last recalled seeing the infant the night of Sep 28, before starting to drink because she was upset. Did not find the child until the following night (29^th). She then took the child to a hospital where, according to the Harris County Prosecutor, she was still intoxicated. Was charged with injury to a child with serious bodily injury almost two years later.

[71] OSHA. Heat Fatalities (Text Version). Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 8-4-2014 update.

[72] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Bexar County, July 2, 2009. Notes: “The twins did not want to use a fan or air conditioner stating that they were on a fixed income and were trying to save money. High temperatures were at or near 100 degrees in San Antonio that day and previous days as well.”

[73] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Texas, Smith, June 24, 2009.

[74] Null; AP. “Keishawn Whitfield convictions upheld in Richmond day-care death.” Richmond Times-Dispatch, 12-28-2010. AP article notes the driver “was convicted of involuntary manslaughter and child neglect…he was sentenced to six months of home confinement. The appeals court said today that Whitfield ‘displayed an inexcusable pattern of reckless indifference…’ Court records show Whitfield turned off his cell phone and slept for several hours. Andrew died of heat exposure. The convictions prompted a judge to reinstate a cocaine possession charge that had been deferred.”

[75] Null; The Herald, Everett, WA (Jackson Holtz). “Toddler’s car death devastates his family.” 4-9-2009. The Herald article notes that the mother “was arrested and briefly failed for investigation of second-degree manslaughter.” Released “pending further investigation and has not been charged.” Also notes that “The boy died on one of the warmest days of the year so far; the high temperature recorded at Paine Field that day was 69 degrees.” “A search warrant unsealed Wednesday said the child appeared to have been dead for hours when aid crews arrived. He was described as being ‘very warm’…prompting police at the scene to suggest in curt papers that ‘something heat related’ was the most likely cause of death.”

[76] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Excessive Heat, Washington, Seattle/Bremerton Area, July 27-30-2009. Notes temperature reached 103 on July 29 at Sea Tac Airport, and that downtown Bremerton library closed.

[77] Null; State of West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. “Memorandum Decision.” 4-12-2013. The mother was appealing conviction, on count of child neglect creating a risk of serious bodily injury or death, to not less than one year nor more than five years in prison. Appeal was denied.

[78] Null; AP. “Update: Baby Dies After Being Left in Daycare Can.” WMTV 15, Madison, WI, 7-17-2009. AP article writes the driver was sentenced to 15 months in prison and that “Although the temperature outside never rose above 60 degrees, the temperature inside the van, which was parked in direct sunlight, was over 100 degrees.”

[79] Cites IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change). 2014.