2011 — Sep 2-10, Tropical Storm Lee, AL GA LA MS TX TN VA MD PA NJ NY –21-22

lornajarrettblanchard September 2, 2011

— 22 Blanchard tally based on State and locality breakouts below.

— 21 NCDC, Asheville. Billion Dollar U.S. Weather/Climate Disasters, 1980-2011. 1-15-2012.

— 16 NWS, NOAA. United States Flood Loss Report – Water Year 2011. 3-16-2012, p. 6.

— >15 Brown. Tropical Cyclone Report/Tropical Storm Lee, 2-5 Sept. 2011. 12-15-2011, 5.

Alabama ( 1)

— 1 Off Fort Morgan, Sep 4. Drowning, rough surf; male, 16.[1] Brown. Tropical Storm Lee, 5.

Georgia ( 1)

— 1 Indirect. Brown. Tropical Cyclone Report/Tropical Storm Lee, 2-5 Sep. 2011. 12-15-2011, 5

— 1 Gwinnett County near Norcross, body found Sep 6. Drowning in rain-swollen creek., male.[2]

Maryland ( 1)

— 1 Indirect. Brown. Tropical Cyclone Report/Tropical Storm Lee, 2-5 Sep. 2011. 12-15-2011, 5

— 1 Anne Arundel County, Pasadena, Sep 8. Apparent drowning; male, 49.[3]

Mississippi ( 1)

— 1 Tishomingo County. Freshwater drowning, vehicular, crossing swollen creek; male, 57.[4]

Pennsylvania (12)

–13 AP (Scolforo). “Northeast turns to flood recovery.” Indiana Gazette, PA. 9-13-2011, 3.[5]

–12. Blanchard tally based on county breakouts below.[6]

–11 Huffington Post. “Tropical Storm Lee: Northeast Turns to Flood Recovery.” 9-12-2011.

–10 NWS. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and the Susquehanna River Basin… 2012, C1.

–10 NWS, NOAA. United States Flood Loss Report – Water Year 2011. 3-16-2012, p. 7.

— 7 Indirect. Brown. Tropical Cyclone…Tropical Storm Lee, 2-5 Sep. 2011. 12-15-2011, 5.

Breakout by Pennsylvania County:

–1 Bradford Co., Towanda, Sep 10. Hypothermia, water exp., female, 92, refused to evacuate.[7]

–1 Dauphin Co., Derry Twp., Sep 7. Basement walls collapse on male, 70, bailing water.[8]

–1 Dauphin Co., Middle Paxton Twp., Clarks Creek, Sep 9. Drowning in vehicle; male, 81.[9]

–1 Dauphin County, Swatara Township, Rt. 72. Drowning; male, 55 fell into moving water.[10]

–1 Dauphin County, Swatara Creek, body found Jan 3. Presumed drowning, female, 54.[11]

–1 Dauphin Co., Swatara Twp., Swatara Creek, found Sep 13. Drowning in vehicle, male, 87.[12]

–1 Lancaster Co., Chiques Creek, Sep 8. Drowning, walked through flood waters, male, 40-50.[13]

–1 Lancaster Co., East Cocalico Twp., Sep 8. Drowning, pulled into stormwater drain; boy, 8.[14]

–1 Lancaster Co., Hammer Creek, Elizabeth Twp., Sep 8. Drowning in vehicle; female, 62.[15]

–1 Lebanon County, North Lebanon Township. Pedestrian hit by vehicle; male (Canon), 55.[16]

–1 Luzerne County, West Pittston. Asphyxiation/flood and fume-related; female, 62.[17]

–1 Philadelphia, East Germantown, Sep 7. Drowning in vehicle; female, 27.[18]

Tennessee ( 1)

— 1 Chattanooga, Sep 6. Tree fall, soggy ground and wind; female.[19]

Texas ( 1)

— 1 Off Galveston, Sep 3. Drowning, rough surf, high wind; male, 35.[20] Brown. TS Lee, p.5.

Virginia ( 4)

— 4 Indirect. Brown. Tropical Cyclone Rpt., Tropical Storm Lee, 2-5 Sep. 2011. 12-15-2011, 5.

— 4 NWS, NOAA. United States Flood Loss Report – Water Year 2011. 3-16-2012, p. 7.

Breakout by Virginia County:

— 1 Fairfax Co., Great Falls, Sep 8. Drowning; male, 67, swept away by swiftly rising water.[21]

— 1 Fairfax Co., Lorton/Fort Belvoir area, Sep 8. Drowning after leaving car; male, 25.[22]

— 1 Fairfax Co., Vienna, Piney Branch Creek, Sep 8. Drowning, swept away; boy, 12.[23]

— 1 Southampton Co., State Route 35, Sep 9. Drowning in car; female (Paula Horner), 48.[24]

Breakout of Fatalities by Cause of Death (Direct — 4)

Drowning, freshwater:[25] (1)

–1 MS. Tishomingo County. Freshwater drowning, vehicular, crossing swollen creek; male, 57.

Drowning, seawater: (2)

–1 AL, off Fort Morgan, Sep 4. Drowning, rough surf; male, 16.

–1 TX, off Galveston, Sep 3. Drowning, rough surf and wind; male, 35.

Tree Fall: (1)

–1 TN. Chattanooga, Sep 6. Tree fall, soggy ground and wind; female.[26]

Breakout of Fatalities by Cause of Death (Indirect — 18)

Asphyxiation: ( 1)

–1 Luzerne County, West Pittston. Asphyxiation/flood and fume-related; female, 62.

Drowning, freshwater: (14)

–1 GA. Gwinnett Co. near Norcross, body found Sep 6. Drowning in rain-swollen creek., male.

–1 MD. Anne Arundel County, Pasadena, Sep 8. Apparent drowning; male, 49.

–1 PA. Dauphin Co., Middle Paxton Twp., Clarks Creek, Sep 9. Drowning in vehicle; male, 81.

–1 PA. Dauphin County, Swatara Township, Rt. 72. Drowning; male, 55 fell into moving water.

–1 PA. Dauphin County, Swatara Creek, body found Jan 3. Presumed drowning, female, 54.

–1 PA. Dauphin Co., Swatara Twp., Swatara Creek, found Sep 13. Vehicle drowning, male, 87.

–1 PA. Lancaster Co., Chiques Crk., Sep 8. Drowned walked through flood waters, male, 40-50.

–1 PA. Lancaster Co., East Cocalico Twp., Sep 8. Drowning, in stormwater drain; boy, 8.

–1 PA. Lancaster Co., Hammer Creek, Elizabeth Twp., Sep 8. Drowning in vehicle; female, 62.

–1 PA. Philadelphia, East Germantown, Sep 7. Drowning in vehicle; female, 27.

–1 VA. Fairfax Co., Great Falls, Sep 8. Drowning; male, 67, swept away, swiftly rising water.

–1 VA. Fairfax Co., Lorton/Fort Belvoir area, Sep 8. Drowning after leaving car; male, 25.

–1 VA. Fairfax Co., Vienna, Piney Branch Creek, Sep 8. Drowning, swept away; boy, 12.

–1 VA. Southampton Co., State Route 35, Sep 9. Drowning in car; female (Paula Horner), 48.

Hypothermia: ( 1)

–1 PA. Bradford Co., Towanda, Sep 10. Hypothermia, water exp., female, 92, refused to evac.

Trauma/Drowning?: ( 1)

–1 PA. Dauphin Co., Derry Twp., Sep 7. Basement walls collapse on male, 70, bailing water.

Vehicular Accident: ( 1)

–1 PA. Lebanon Co., North Lebanon Township. Pedestrian hit by vehicle; male (Canon), 55.

Gender of Fatalities

Males (15) Females (7)

Age Range of Fatalities

——- (1)

10-19 ——- (2)

20-29 ——- (2)

30-39 ——- (1)

40-49 ——- (3)

50-59 ——- (4)

60-69 ——- (3)

70-79 ——- (1)

80-89 ——- (2)

90-99 ——- (1)

Not noted — (2)

Narrative Information

Brown/NWS: “….this system became a tropical depression around 0000 UTC 2 September, centered about 190 n mi southwest of the mouth of the Mississippi River. After development, the depression moved slowly northward and strengthened into a tropical storm 12 h later…. Lee turned northwestward and reached an estimated maximum intensity of 50 kt at 1200 UTC 3 September about 60 n mi southwest of Morgan City, Louisiana. After that time, Lee slowed down and meandered just off the south-central coast of Louisiana during the next 12-18 h. Dry mid-level air began wrapping around the southern and eastern portions of the circulation, which caused the convection near the center to gradually decrease. Early on 4 September, Lee turned east-northeastward and accelerated, making landfall around 1030 UTC along the coast of southern Louisiana, about 10 n mi south-southeast of Intracoastal City. Although the central pressure of Lee continued to slowly fall, reaching 986 mb at the time of landfall, the weakening gradient caused the maximum winds to decrease to 40 kt by the time the center crossed the coast. At the time of landfall, the maximum winds were occurring over water well to the south and east of the center.

“After landfall, Lee moved north-northeastward and then became nearly stationary over south-central Louisiana late on 4 September. During this time, the cyclone weakened slightly but maintained subtropical storm strength, as 35-kt winds continued over the northern Gulf of Mexico. Early on 5 September, Lee merged with an unusually strong cold front that was moving southward over the south-central United States, and it became extratropical by 0600 UTC. Soon thereafter, the cyclone began to accelerate east-northeastward. The system’s strongest winds increased again, this time near the frontal boundary over the Gulf waters, even as the low center moved across southern Mississippi and southern Alabama on 5 September. By 0000 UTC 6 September, winds associated with the low dropped below gale force and the extratropical low moved into northwestern Georgia shortly thereafter. After that, the low continued to weaken as it turned northward. It dissipated by 0000 UTC 7 September over extreme northwestern Georgia.” (pp. 1-2.)

“Lee produced heavy rainfall along the northern Gulf Coast and along its path across the southeastern United States…Rainfall amounts of 10-15 inches were reported over a large area along the northern Gulf Coast from southeastern Louisiana eastward across southern Mississippi and southern Alabama. The highest storm total rainfall in this area was 15.48 inches at Holden, Louisiana, with 12.62 inches observed at both New Orleans Lakefront Airport and near Mobile, Alabama. A large swath of 7-10-inch rains with isolated maximum amounts of 10 to 14 inches also occurred north of the cyclone’s center path across south-central Mississippi, northern Alabama, extreme northwestern Georgia, and eastern Tennessee. Moisture from Lee and its remnants spread northeastward along a frontal boundary that became stationary across the Mid-Atlantic States and southern New York. This produced a second area of extremely heavy rainfall from eastern Virginia northward across Maryland, eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, southern New York, and portions of southern New England from 5 through 10 September…The highest rainfall totals from states in this area include: 20.96 inches at Colonial Beach, Virginia; 18.88 inches at Elkton, Maryland; 15.22 inches at Pine Grove, Pennsylvania; 11.47 inches at Stockton, New Jersey; and 10.08 inches at Binghamton, New York.

“The rain over the Mid-Atlantic States fell over areas that had experienced a wet summer, including significant rains from Hurricane Irene less than two weeks before. This led to major flooding along the Susquehanna River, which in some areas broke high-water records that were set nearly 40 years earlier in the aftermath of Hurricane Agnes (1972). In Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, the river crested at 42.66 ft, which broke the previous record of 40.9 ft set in June 1972. Along the Swatara Creek in Hershey, Pennsylvania, the previous record flood mark set after Agnes was bested by 10 ft during this event.

“Preliminary data from the NOAA Storm Prediction Center indicate that Lee and its remnants produced 46 tornadoes, mainly across the southeastern United States. Tornadoes on 3 and 4 September occurred primarily along the northern Gulf Coast from southern Louisiana eastward to the Florida Panhandle. These tornadoes were generally short-lived and rated either EF-0 or EF-1 on the enhanced-Fujita tornado scale. On 5 September, several tornadoes and damaging thunderstorm wind gusts were reported across Georgia, North and South Carolina, and portions of north Florida….” (p. 4.)

“Lee was responsible for three direct deaths during its time as a (sub)tropical cyclone: two from rough surf and one from inland flooding. The deaths from surf occurred when a Texas man drowned off Galveston beach on 3 September and a juvenile died in rough seas east of Fort Morgan, Alabama, on 4 September. The freshwater flooding death occurred in Tishomingo County, Mississippi, when three people attempted to cross a swollen creek in a car. Two of the car’s passengers were rescued while the third, a 57-year old man, was swept away during the rescue attempt.

“Media reports indicate that flooding largely related to the remnants of Lee was responsible for at least 12 additional deaths in the eastern United States; seven people in Pennsylvania, four in Virginia, one in Maryland, and one in Georgia. Nearly all of these deaths occurred when individuals tried to cross flooded roadways in vehicles or were swept away in flood waters.

“Most of the damage from Lee was the result of storm surge or freshwater flooding. Storm surge flooding from Lake Pontchartrain inundated more than 150 houses in Jefferson and St. Tammany Parishes in Louisiana. Minor storm surge flooding was also reported outside the hurricane protection levees in St. Bernard and Orleans Parishes. Freshwater flooding was reported in low-lying areas of southeastern Louisiana and southern and central Mississippi. Several roads were inundated by floodwaters in Hancock, Jackson, and Harrison Counties Mississippi, while in Neshoba County in the central portion of the state, 35 roads were damaged with 5 of those completely washed out.

“The rain from Lee’s remnants exacerbated the flood situation in the Mid-Atlantic and caused some of the most severe flooding in this region’s history. The worst flooding occurred along the Susquehanna River and its tributaries in western New York and Pennsylvania. In western New York, water levels topped levees along the river, which inundated several cities including Waverly, Owego, Vestal, Endicott, Johnson City, and downtown Binghamton. In some of these areas water levels broke previous record heights that were set in the Mid-Atlantic Floods of 2006. Numerous roads were closed in the area and 20,000 people were ordered to evacuate Binghamton. In Pennsylvania, the forecast of flooding led to the evacuation of about 100,000 people, including 10,000 people and the Governor’s residence in the downtown Harrisburg area. The most significant flooding occurred in towns along the Susquehanna River, including Tunkhannock, Pittston, Edwardsville, Nanticoke, Wilkes-Barre, and Harrisburg. In Dauphin and Lebanon Counties in the greater Harrisburg area, nearly 5,000 homes were damaged or destroyed. Numerous roads and 18 bridges were also damaged in Pennsylvania….” (p. 5.) (Brown, Daniel P. (NWS). Tropical Cyclone Report/Tropical Storm Lee, 2-5 September 2011.

NCDC: “Tropical Storm Lee early September. Wind and flood damage across the southeast (LA, MS, AL, GA, TN) but considerably more damage from record flooding across the northeast (PA, NY, NJ, CT, VA, MD). Pennsylvania and New York were most affected. Total losses exceed $1.0 billion; 21 deaths.” (NCDC, NOAA. Billion Dollar U.S. Weather/Climate Disasters, 1980-2011. Asheville, NC: NCDC, NOAA, 1-15-2012., p. 1.)

NWS: “Tropical Storm Lee September 1-5, 2011 (16 fatalities, $1.6 Billion).

Tropical Storm Lee formed over the Gulf of Mexico on September 1 and produced of 10-15 inches of rain in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. As Lee’s remnants continued north over the Mid-Atlantic region, its interaction with continental weather systems produced 10-20 inches of rainfall over densely populated areas from eastern Virginia to southern New England. Over the Mid-Atlantic States, record rainfall fell over areas that had already experienced a wet summer, including significant rains from Hurricane Irene less than two weeks prior.

“This led to major flooding along the Susquehanna River and its tributaries, which in some areas broke high-water records set nearly 40 years earlier in the aftermath of Hurricane Agnes (1972). In western New York, water levels topped levees along the river, which inundated several cities including Waverly, Owego, Vestal, Endicott, Johnson City, and downtown Binghamton. Numerous roads were closed in the area and 20,000 people were ordered to evacuate Binghamton. In Pennsylvania, the forecast of flooding led to the evacuation of about 100,000 people, including 10,000 people and the Governor’s residence in the downtown Harrisburg area. The most significant flooding occurred in towns along the Susquehanna River. In Dauphin and Lebanon Counties in the greater Harrisburg area, nearly 5,000 homes were damaged or destroyed. Numerous roads and 18 bridges were also damaged in Pennsylvania.

“In total, freshwater flooding related to the remnants of Lee were responsible for $1.4 billion in direct damages and 16 deaths; 10 in Pennsylvania, 4 in Virginia, one in Maryland, and one in Georgia. Nearly all of these deaths occurred when individuals tried to cross flooded roadways in vehicles or were swept away in flood waters.” (NWS. United States Flood Loss Report – Water Year 2011. 3-16-2012, pp. 6-7.)

Sources

Associated Press (Mark Scolforo and Michael Rubinkam). “Death toll at 14 from remnants of Tropical Storm Lee.” 9-9-2011. At: http://www.houmatoday.com/article/20110909/wire/110909551

Associated Press. “Heavy rain moves northeast with Lee’s remnants.” USA Today, 9-7-2011. Accessed 5-20-2014 at: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/storms/story/2011-09-06/Heavy-rain-moves-northeast-with-Lees-remnants/50274130/1

Associated Press (Mark Scolforo). “Northeast turns to flood recovery.” Indiana Gazette, Indiana, PA. 9-13-2011, p. 3. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=197417768&sterm

Associated Press, Harrisburg, Pa. “Susquehanna River recedes from Lee.” CBS News, 9-11-2011. Accessed 5-20-2014: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/susquehanna-river-recedes-from-lee/

Associated Press (Genaro C. Armas). “Two die in central Pa. flooding.” Indiana Gazette, Indiana, PA. 9-8-2011, 3. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=197417075&sterm

Brown, Daniel P. (NHC/NWS). Tropical Cyclone Report/Tropical Storm Lee, 2-5 September 2011. National Hurricane Center, National Weather Service, NOAA, Department of Commerce. 12-15-2011. Accessed 5-19-2014 at: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL132011_Lee.pdf

CNN. “Tropical Storm Lee remnants drench East Coast,” 9-7-2011. Accessed 5-19-2014 at: http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/09/07/weather.lee/

Huffington Post (Mark Scolforo and Michael Rubinkam). “Tropical Storm Lee: Northeast Turns to Flood Recovery.” 9-12-2011. Accessed 5-19-2014 at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/12/northeast-flood-recovery-after-lee_n_958640.html

Kemeny, Matthew and Monica Von Dobeneck. “Floodwaters recede, but death toll continues to rise.” Patriot-News, Harrisburg, PA. 9-14-2011. Accessed 5-19-2014 at: http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/09/flood_waters_recede_but_death.html

KHOU.com. “Authorities: Offshore winds may have led to man’s drowning in Galveston.” 9-3-2011. Accessed 5-20-2014 at: http://www.khou.com/news/local/Man-drowns-while-swimming-at-Galveston-beach-129189258.html

National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. Billion Dollar U.S. Weather/Climate Disasters, 1980-2011. 1-15-2012, p. 1. Accessed 5-20-2014 at: http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/fall12/atmo336/lectures/sec2/billionz_2011.pdf

National Weather Service. Regional Service Assessment. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and the Susquehanna River Basin Flooding of September 6-10, 2011. Bohemia, NY: Eastern Region Headquarters, NWS, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, May 2012. Accessed 5-19-2014 at: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/assessments/pdfs/LeeSusquehanna12.pdf

National Weather Service, NOAA. United States Flood Loss Report – Water Year 2011. 3-16-2012. Accessed 5-20-2014 at: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/hic/summaries/WY2011.pdf

Times-Dispatch, Richmond, VA. “Storm death toll rises to 4.” 9-10-2011. Accessed 5-20-2012 at: http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/storm-death-toll-rises-to/article_425adc48-1062-5333-860b-ab7177f262a5.html?mode=jqm

Times Leader, Wilkes-Barre, PA. “Coroner: Death from gas odor,” 9-10-2013. Accessed 5-20-2014 at: http://timesleader.com/news/Coroner__Death_from_gas_odor_09-11-2011.html?category_id=4&list_type=most_viewed&town_id=1&sub_type=stories&t=f

Times-Tribune (McConnell), Scranton, PA. “Flood’s toxic threat looms.” 9-13-2011. Accessed 5-19-2014 at: http://m.thetimes-tribune.com/flood-s-toxic-threat-looms-1.1202313

Washington Post (Andrew Freedman). “Historic flooding recedes in Pennsylvania, New York; at least 15 dead.” 9-12-2011. Accessed 5-19-2014 at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/historic-flooding-recedes-in-pennsylvania-new-york-at-least-15-dead/2011/09/11/gIQABL67MK_blog.html

Washington Post (Allison Klein, Frederick Kunkle, Tim Craig). “Torrential rains inundate D.C. region: 3 killed, roads and schools closed.” 9-8-2011. Accessed 5-19-2014 at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/tropical-storm-lee-inundates-dc-region/2011/09/08/gIQA7OHIDK_story.html

[1] Age and gender is from: CNN. “Tropical Storm Lee remnants drench East Coast,” 9-7-2011.

[2] CNN. “Tropical Storm Lee remnants…East Coast,” 9-7-2011; “In suburban Atlanta a man died after trying to cross a swollen creek near a dam.” (AP. “Heavy rain moves northeast with Lee’s remnants.” USA Today, 9-7-2011.)

[3] “…Daniel Lambert apparently drowned near his home, police said. Lambert lived in the 400 block of Riverside Drive, alongside a tributary from the Chesapeake Bay. Police said he was pulled from the water and taken to Baltimore Washington Medical Center, but attempts to revive him were unsuccessful.” (Washington Post. “Torrential rains inundate D.C. region: 3 killed…” 9-8-2011.)

[4] Brown, Daniel P. (NHC/NWS). Tropical Cyclone Report/Tropical Storm Lee, 2-5 Sep 2011. 12-15-2011, 5.

[5] “The unconfirmed death toll stood at 13, a figure that could change as death certificates are issued.” [Not used as estimate; our tally of individualized fatalities totals 11-12, depending on whether fumes fatality was flood-related.]

[6] PA Gov. Tom Corbett is reported to have said on Sep 10 that there had been seven confirmed storm-related deaths. This media report goes on to note that “state officials had received reports of five additional deaths from the storm, but that the circumstances of those deaths had not been confirmed.” (Associated Press, Harrisburg, Pa. “Susquehanna River recedes from Lee.” CBS News, 9-11-2011.)

[7] Was exposed to flood waters. NWS. Regional Service Assessment. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and the Susquehanna River Basin Flooding of September 6-10, 2011. Bohemia, NY: Eastern Region HQ, NWS, 2012, C1.

[8] At home. AP (Genaro C. Armas). “Two die in central Pa. flooding.” Indiana Gazette, Indiana, PA. 9-8-2011, 3; NWS. Regional Service Assessment. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee… Eastern Region HQ, NWS, 2012, C1.

[9] Drove car into standing flood water and was swept into the creek. NWS. Regional Service Assessment. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee… Eastern Region HQ, NWS, 2012, C1.

[10] “Rising water from the Swatara Creek left Hamdy M. Mohamed [of Lebanon Co.] stranded in his minivan. When two people tried to rescue him, he got out of the van, fell and went under.” (Matthew Kemeny and Monica Von Dobeneck. “Floodwaters recede, but death toll continues to rise.” Patriot-News, Harrisburg, PA. 9-14-2011.)

[11] NWS. Regional Service Assessment. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and the Susquehanna River… 2012, C1. “A woman was presumed swept away in flood waters along Swatara Creek while walking.”

[12] NWS. Regional Service Assessment. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and the Susquehanna River… 2012, C1.

[13] “Authorities pulled the body of a Manheim man from Chiques Creek in Lancaster County on Sunday evening, the Intelligencer Journal/Lancaster New Era reported. The man was walking through flood waters Thursday when the current knocked him over, and he was swept away after holding on to a utility pole for about 20 minutes, the newspaper said.” (Huffington Post. “Tropical Storm Lee: Northeast Turns to Flood Recovery.” 9-12-2011.) NWS Regional Assessment gives the approximate age range.

[14] NWS. Regional Service Assessment. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and the Susquehanna River… 2012, C1.

[15] Assoc. Press (Genaro C. Armas). “Two die in central Pa. flooding.” Indiana Gazette, Indiana, PA. 9-8-2011, 3; NWS. Regional Service Assessment. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and the Susquehanna River… 2012, C1. (NWS report notes that this was at the intersection of US 322 and Pumping Station Road near Brickersville.)

[16] “William L. Canon…, 55, was attempting to warn motorists of the potential danger of high water when he was struck by a vehicle on West Cumberland Street in North Lebanon Township. The driver…was charged with accidents involving death or personal injury, failure to give information and render aid, and careless driving.” (Kemeny. “Floodwaters recede, but death toll continues to rise.” Patriot-News, Harrisburg, PA. 9-14-2011.)

[17] ‘An autopsy on a woman found dead inside a house on Thursday determined she died from an unknown type of gas pushed into the house by the rising Susquehanna River.” (Times Leader, Wilkes-Barre, PA. “Coroner: Death from gas odor,” 9-10-2013.) Also: “Toxic pollution remains among key post-flood health and environmental concerns throughout the region, while officials continue to probe the fume-related death of a Luzerne County woman. In flood-ravaged West Pittston, an elderly woman was found dead in her sister’s basement on Friday after apparently inhaling an unknown gas that is believed to have been spawned because of the “high water event” in the Wyoming Valley, Luzerne County Chief Deputy Coroner Bill Lisman said Monday…. Federal and state environmental officials are sampling the air in the basement and upstairs in the home after preliminary tests revealed there was very little oxygen, far less than needed to sustain life, in the basement of the River Shores Court home where Carol Mikols, 62, of Exeter, died. There was nearly three feet of groundwater in the home’s basement, although none of it was floodwater from the Susquehanna River, Mr. Lisman said…. though they do not know what it is, candidates include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen sulfide…” (Times-Tribune, Scranton, PA. “Flood’s toxic threat looms.” 9-13-2011.)

[18] NWS. Regional Service Assessment. Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and the Susquehanna River… 2012, C1.

[19] “In Chattanooga, a 24-hour record for rainfall was set with 9.69 inches, eclipsing the previous record of 7.61 inches in March of 1886. By Tuesday, more than 10 inches of rain had fallen in the state’s fourth-largest city….The soggy ground meant even modest winds were toppling trees onto homes and cars. A tree fell on a Chattanooga woman while she was moving her car, killer her, said police…” (AP. “Heavy rain moves northeast with Lee’s remnants.” USA Today, 9-7-2011.) Also: CNN. “Tropical Storm Lee remnants drench East Coast,” 9-7-2011.

[20] Age and identity (B.J. Petty of Lubbock) is from: KHOU.com. “Authorities: Offshore winds may have led to man’s drowning in Galveston.” 9-3-2011. “Authorities said the man was on a boogie board near 47th Street and Seawall around 11 a.m. when he lost the board due to strong, offshore winds and went under water.”

[21] “About 7 p.m…Arsalan Hakiri either stepped away from his stranded vehicle or was swept away by swiftly rising waters at Carrwood and Beach Mills roads…said…a spokeswoman for Fairfax police.” (Washington Post. “Torrential rains inundate D.C. region: 3 killed…” 9-8-2011.)

[22] “Galo Sebastian Salvador Vinueza…of Lorton died after he abandoned his car and tried to cross a flooded bridge…police said. The road was in the area of some of the region’s worst flooding. Military personnel found his body Friday on nearby Fort Belvoir.” (Richmond Times-Dispatch. “Storm death toll rises to 4.” 9-10-2011.)

[23] Jake Donaldson was playing with friends in his back yard when he was “swept away by flood waters…” (Washington Post. “Torrential rains inundate D.C. region: 3 killed…” 9-8-2011.)

[24] “…state police said Paul Horner…was driving on state Route 35 about 2:30 a.m. Friday when her car hit standing water and veered into a swamp. A passenger escaped, but Horner was trapped and drowned in the submerged car.” (Times-Dispatch, Richmond, VA. “Storm death toll rises to 4.” 9-10-2011.)

[25] I do not know why this freshwater drowning is categorized as a direct death by Brown, whereas similar freshwater drowning deaths are not. Perhaps thinking was that the others were due to “remnants” of TS Lee.

[26] Brown does not note this as a fatality. Perhaps it was not considered storm related.