— 435 Blanchard tally based on State breakouts below.

— 375 CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

–>200 Allaby (ed.). Weather and Climate: An Illustrated Guide to Science. 2006, 82.

— 200 Lott/Ross. “Tracking…U.S. Billion Dollar Weather Disasters, 1980-2005.” 10-27-05.

— 173 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

— 39 Young children in vehicles. Jan Null. U.S. Child Vehicular Heatstroke Deaths.

— 21 OSHA noted deaths of workers on the job.

Summary of State Heat-Related Fatalities

Alabama 7

Arizona 74

Arkansas 2

California 32

Delaware 1

Florida 18

Georgia 10

Illinois 18

Kansas 3

Kentucky 1

Louisiana 45

Maryland 2

Mississippi 12

Missouri 11

New Hamp. 1

New Mexico 4

No. Carolina 9

Oklahoma 32

Oregon 1

Pennsylvania 17

So. Carolina 13

Tennessee 2

Texas 120

Breakout of 1998 Heat-Related Fatalities by State

Alabama ( 7)

— 7 AL DPH. “Health precautions urged during periods of prolonged heat.” 11-7-2006 mod.[1]

— 3 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 2 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

Breakout of fatalities by locality:

— 1 Chunchula, Mobile County, July 1. Heatstroke. Male welding and cutting worker. OSHA.

— 1 Escambia County, Atmore, June 29. Female, 68, in closed up house with no AC. NCDC.[2]

— 1 Mobile, June 22. Boy, 3, heatstroke; left in day care center all day; heat index of ~105°.[3]

Arizona (74)

–30 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

–74 AZ DHS. Deaths from Exposure to Excessive Natural Heat…in Arizona…. 2010, p. 17.[4]

Breakout of AZ Heat Deaths by State or Country of Residence (from AZ DHS Table 1, p. 15):

–49 Arizona

–12 Other U.S. States or Canada

–13 Mexico or other Central or South American country

Breakout of AZ Heat Deaths by Geographic Region of Occurrence (from AZ DHS Table 1, p15):

–24 Border counties

–40 Central Arizona counties

–10 Northern Arizona counties

Breakout of AZ Heat Deaths by Gender (from AZ DHS Table 1, p. 15):

–62 Male

–12 Female

Breakout of AZ Heat Deaths by Race/Ethnicity (from AZ DHS Table 1, p. 15):

–40 White non-Hispanic

–29 Hispanic or Latino

— 2 Black or African American

— 2 American Indian or Alaska Native

— 1 Unknown

Breakout of AZ Heat Deaths by Age Group (from AZ DHS Table 1, p. 15):

— 1 0-4

— 0 5-9

— 0 10-14

— 8 15-19

— 5 20-24

— 5 25-29

— 1 30-34

— 9 35-39

— 6 40-44

— 7 45-49

— 4 50-54

— 4 55-59

— 2 60-64

— 4 65-69

— 5 70-74

— 4 75-79

— 1 80-84

— 4 85+

— 4 Unknown

Breakout of AZ Heat Deaths by County of Occurrence (from AZ DHS Table 1, p. 16):

— 1 Cochise

— 3 La Paz

–37 Maricopa[5]

–10 Mohave

–11 Pima

— 1 Santa Cruz

–11 Yuma

Breakout of AZ Heat Deaths by Month of Occurrence (from AZ DHS Table 1, p. 16):

— 7 June

–33 July

–26 August

— 8 September

Arkansas ( 2)

— 2 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.”

— 2 Little Flock area, April 25. Vicky Crisp/Fraley, 16-mo. and Sydney Pippen, 4-mo., in car.[6]

California (32)

–32 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

— 7 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

— 3 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

Breakout of fatalities by locality:

— 1 Calexico, Imperial County, July 18. Heatstroke; male irrigation pipe layer. OSHA.

— 1 Central San Joaquin Valley, July 28. Male 16, HS football practice. NCDC SED.

— 1 Kerman, Sep 5. Heatstroke; male vineyard worker; weather “extremely hot.” OSHA.

— 1 Kern Deserts; body found on July 24 (earlier death). Male, 86, permanent home.[7]

— 1 Kern Deserts, Inyokern/Ridgecrest area, Aug 4. Male, 47, outdoors. NCDC SED.

— 1 Salinas, Monterey County, July 16. Heat exhaustion; male farm worker. OSHA.

— 1 Wasco, Kern Co., June 19. Heat exhaustion (autopsy suggestion); male farm laborer.[8]

Delaware ( 1)

— 1 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.”

— 1 New Castle County, Wilmington, June 25-26. Female, 84, location noted as “Other.”[9]

Florida (18)

–18 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

–15 Lushine (NWS). “Underreporting of Heat and Cold Related Deaths in Florida.” 2009.[10]

— 9 Blanchard tally of locality breakouts below.

— 4 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.”

Breakouts by Locality:

— 1 Fort Lauderdale, June. Heatstroke, male, after being found unconscious in lawn chair.[11]

— 1 Hollywood, June. Male, 85, after turning off AC; doors and windows closed.[12]

— 1 Lee County, Ft. Myers, June 3. Girl, 11-months; left unattended; unventilated room, no AC.[13]

— 1 Lee County, North Ft. Myers, June 13. Male, 46, in back of closed van. NCDC.[14]

— 1 Lee County, North Ft. Myers, June 24. Male, 44, in enclosed parked van in No. Ft. Myers.[15]

— 1 Orange Co., Apopka, June 18. Disposal “Employee Is Killed From Heat Stress.” OSHA.

— 1 Pembroke Pines, South Florida State Hospital, June. Male, 50, in car on hosp. grounds.[16]

— 1 Sarasota County, Sarasota, July 25. Heatstroke; male migrant field worker. OSHA.

— 1 Volusia Co., June 24. Male, 38, found unconscious next to bike; body temp of 111° at hosp.[17]

Georgia (10)

–10 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

— 1 Norristown, May 23 (died 28^th). Heatstroke; laborer unloading I-beams from truck. OSHA.

Illinois (18)

–18 State. National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

–10 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

–10 Cook Co., June 26-29. NCDC. Event Record Details, Excessive Heat, Illinois, 24 Jun 1998.

–Females, 56, 68, 72, 74, 80, 93; males 57, 77, 87; all at home; male, 39, at a business.

— 2 Cook County, July 1-2. Males, 55 and 75, permanent homes. NCDC Storm Events Data.

— 3 Cook Co., July 14-15. Female, 40; males, 55 and 75, all in permanent homes. NCDC SED.

— 1 Peoria County, Peoria, June 27. Female, 82, in her home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 St. Clair County, East St. Louis, June 23-30. Male, 71, permanent home.[18]

— 1 Williamson County, Johnston City, June 22-29. Male, 83, in his apt., body temp. of 110°.[19]

Kansas ( 3)

— 3 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

— 2 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

— 1 Butler County, Towanda, Aug 17 (died 18^th). Male, 15, football practice. NCDC SED.

— 1 Sedgwick Co., Wichita, July 17. Male residential construction worker, digging footings.[20]

— 1 Sedgwick County, Wichita SE HS, Aug 17. Male, 17, football practice. NCDC SED.

Kentucky ( 1)

— 1 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

— 1 Daviess County, June 22-29. Male, 47, while mowing his lawn during late afternoon.[21]

Louisiana (45)

–45 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

–41 NYT. “41 Heat-Related Deaths in Louisiana Nearly Double Old Record.” 8-18-1998.[22]

–27 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

–26 Morning Call, Allentown, PA. “Death Toll Stands at 132 as Heat Parboils Nation.” 7-23-1998.

–20 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

— 1 Bossier Parish, Bossier City, May 18, 15:00. Female, 36, working as seamstress in her apt.[23]

— 1 Bossier Parish, May 18, 16:00. Male, 68, heatstroke, cutting hay / fertilizing in his field.[24]

— 3 Bossier Parish, June 1-30. Males, 70, 79, 85, in permanent homes. NCDC Storm Events.

— 2 Bossier Parish, July 1-31. Females, 87 and 95, both in permanent homes. Storm Events.

— 1 Bossier Parish, Bossier City, July 29 (body found). Prince Batton, 65, home with no AC.[25]

–15 Caddo Parish. CDC Wonder ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

— 6 Caddo Parish, June 1-30. Females, 55, 84, 89; males 84, 86; all in homes; male, 56, outside.[26]

— 6 Caddo Parish, July 1-30. Females, 72, 84, 84; male, 84, in homes; males, 58, 60, outside.[27]

— 1 Jefferson Parish, Avondale, July 29. Male shipbuilding and repair worker. Heat-related.[28]

— 1 Sabine Parish, Florien, ~July 7 (body found July 28). Mary Faye Eason, 63, home, no AC.[29]

–28 Shreveport area. NYT. “41 Heat-Related Deaths in Louisiana…Double…” 8-18-1998.[30]

— 1 Terrebonne Parish, June 19. Male shrimper, 69, heat exhaustion sorting his catch at dock.[31]

— 1 Webster Parish, Springhill, May 30. Heat stress; male construction laborer. OSHA.[32]

Maryland ( 2) NWS, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

— 1 Baltimore, July 21. Heat exposure; male, 47, working at steel plant near shipyards.[33]

— 1 Baltimore, July 20-23. Heat exposure; male, 51, in his home, no AC. NCDC SED.

Mississippi (12)

–12 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

— 1 Columbia, June 24. Heat exhaustion; paving company worker sealing a parking lot. OSHA.

Missouri ( 11)

–11 MO Dept. of Health and Senior Services. “Hyperthermia Mortality, Missouri, 1980-2013.”

— 5 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

Breakout of Missouri Heat-Related Fatalities by Locality:

— 1 Greene Co., Springfield, July 21. Excessive heat, female, 70, permanent home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Jackson County, Kansas City, July 16-21. Female, 89, permanent home.[34]

— 3 St. Louis County, June 23-30. Males, 87 and 92; female, 90; all in permanent homes.[35]

— 1 Locality and date not noted. Heatstroke; girl, 4, got into vehicle while playing.[36]

New Hampshire (1)

— 1 Nashua, June 24 (died June 26). Heat stress; male, 19, 1^st day landscaping worker. OSHA.

New Mexico ( 4)

— 4 Gallup, July 13. Children aged 2-5 found inside closed trunk of car, outdoor temp. 90° F.[37]

North Carolina ( 9)

— 9 Mirabelli/Richardson. “Heat-Related Fatalities in North Carolina,” AJPH, 4-2005, Figure 1.

— 2 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

Breakout of fatalities by locality below (where noted):

— 1 Autryville, Triton High School, Aug 8 (died Aug 9). Max Draughon, 17, football practice.[38]

— 2 Mecklenburg County, Charlotte, June 29. Male, 71, wife, 90, home; home AC failed.[39]

Oklahoma ( 32)

–32 Garwe (OK Dept Health). “Heat-Related Deaths, Oklahoma, 1990-2001,” 5-31-2002, p.1.[40]

–24 State. National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

–16 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

— 1 Canadian Co., Del City, June 21. Male, 76, in his home (found on June 29). NCDC SED.

— 1 Carter County, Gene Autry, Aug 5. Male, 76 found dead in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Choctaw Co., Hugo, July 15. Male, 86, dehydration and heat. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Jackson County, Altus, July 17. Excessive heat, male, 79, in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Logan County, Mulhall, July 10. Male, 79, found dead in his mobile home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Logan County, Guthrie, July 19. Excessive heat; female, 55, in her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Logan County, Guthrie, July 21. Excessive heat; female, 78, home with no AC.[41]

— 1 Oklahoma Co., Oklahoma City, June 21 (body found). Female, 81, her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Oklahoma County, Del City, June 29 (found dead). Male, 76, in his home. NCDC. SED.

— 1 Oklahoma County, Oklahoma City, July 9. Male, 46, found dead in hotel room, no AC.[42]

— 1 Oklahoma County, Oklahoma City, July 9. Male, 73, found dead in his home. NCDC SED,

— 1 Oklahoma Co., Oklahoma City, July 19. Excessive heat, male, in his vehicle. NCDC SED.

— 1 Oklahoma Co., Oklahoma City, July 19. Excessive heat; female, 78; her apt. NCDC SED.

— 1 Oklahoma Co., Oklahoma City, July 27. Excessive heat; male, 61, in home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Oklahoma County, Oklahoma City, July 30. Female, 62, in her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Oklahoma County, Oklahoma City, Aug 2. Male, 53, found dead in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Oklahoma County, Oklahoma City, Aug 3. Male, 82, found dead in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Oklahoma County, Oklahoma City, Sep 4. Male, 76, outside retirement home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Okmulgee County, Henryetta, July 30. Hyperthermia; female, 39. Storm Events Database.[43]

— 1 Seminole County, Wewoka, July 11. Female, 51, found dead in her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Seminole County, Cromwell, July 27. Excessive heat; male, 67, in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Stephens County, Duncan, July 20. Excessive heat; female, 78, in her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Tulsa Co., Broken Arrow, July 6-20. Heatstroke, male, 63. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Tulsa Co., Tulsa, June 26 (heatstroke collapse, died July 13). Male, 40. NCDC SED.

— 1 Tulsa County, Tulsa, July 10. Male, 40; heatstroke near 800 S. Boulder Ave, downtown.[44]

— 1 Tulsa County, Tulsa, July 6-20. Heatstroke, male, 40. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Wichita County, Wichita Falls, July 3. Male, 75, found dead in his home. NCDC SED.

Oregon ( 1) NWS, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

— 1 Portland, July 28. Heat exhaustion; female, 64, at hospital. NCDC Storm Events Database.

Pennsylvania (17)

–17 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

–15 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

— 2 Greene County, Aug 2. Brothers, 2 and 5, found dead in trunk of parents’ car at home.[45]

— 1 Montgomery Co., Pennsburg, June 25-26. Male, 75, found dead in motel room, no AC.[46]

— 1 Montgomery County, July 21-23. Female, 21-months, inadvertently left in car overnight.[47]

— 2 Montgomery Co., July 21-23. Male, 88, in a home; no data for other death. NCDC SED.

— 1 Philadelphia, June 20-21. Male, 73, in home with no AC and windows shut. NCDC SED.

— 2 Philadelphia, June 25-26. Female, 65, permanent home; female, 80, “other.” NCDC SED.

— 8 Philadelphia, July 20-23. Female, 61, at home; females 53, 76, 84; males 46, 50, 77, 79.[48]

So. Carolina (13)

–13 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

— 3 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

— 2 Elgin, Kershaw County, July 2. Heat stress; male, 84, female, 63, mobile home, no AC.[49]

— 1 North Charleston, June 1-30. Female, 83, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Data.

Tennessee ( 2)

— 2 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

–1 Knox County, June 27 (body found). Male, 78, permanent home. NCDC.[50]

–1 Knox County, June 28 (body found). Female, 88, permanent home. NCDC.[51]

Texas ( 120)

— 120 NOAA. “Summer Forecast – Hot! NOAA, CDC Work to Save Lives from…Heat.”

— 110 Allaby, Michael (ed.). Weather and Climate: An Illustrated Guide to Science. 2006, 82.

–>100 NYT. “41 Heat-Related Deaths in Louisiana Nearly Double Old Record.” 8-18-1998.

— 98 State. CDC WONDER ICD-9/E900 (Excessive heat-hyperthermia) search 8-30-2016.

— 87 Morning Call, Allentown, PA. “Death Toll Stands at 132 as Heat Parboils Nation.” 7-23-1998.

— 73 Blanchard tally of 1998 Texas heat fatalities by locality as noted below:

— 66 National Weather Service, NOAA. “1998 Heat Related Fatalities.” 3-18-1999 update.

— 47 Immigrants entering TX from Mexico. Heat-related Illnesses.[52]

Breakout of 1998 Texas Heat-Related Fatalities by Locality:

— 1 Angelina County, June 1-30. Female, 82, permanent home. Storm Events Database.[53]

— 5 Angelina Co., July 1-31. Males 75, 76, 80; female, 74, homes; male, 46, outside. NCDC SED.

— 1 Bexar County, San Antonio, July 17. Heatstroke; male temporary laborer, “very hot day.”[54]

— 1 Dallas County, Cedar Hill State Park, June 1. Male, 23; hyperthermia. Storm Events Data.

— 1 Dallas Co., June 17. Girl, 2, “after being accidently left in a closed vehicle.” NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., east Dallas, July 3. Female, 85, hyperthermia/hypertension, at home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas County, NW Dallas, July 5. Male, 70, hyperthermia, in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas County, east Dallas, July 8. Female, 63, hyperthermia, in her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., Lancaster, July 9. Female, 80, hyperthermia; heart disease contributing. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., Irving, July 10. Male, 83, hyperthermia; Parkinson’s contributing factor. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas County, east Dallas, July 12. Hyperthermia; male, 59, in boarding house. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., SE Dallas, July 12, Hyperthermia/heart disease contributing; male, 37, in home.[55]

— 1 Dallas Co., Dallas, Oak Lawn neighborhood, July 12. Hyperthermia; female, 82. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., Dallas, Pleasant Grove neighborhood, July 12. Male, 58, in home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., Dallas, Pleasant Grove neighborhood, July 12. Hyperthermia, female, 64. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., Dallas, Pleasant Grove neighborhood, July 12. Hyperthermia, male, 83. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., east Dallas, July 13. Hyperthermia, heart disease contributing; female, 85, home.[56]

— 1 Dallas County, Dallas, Oak Lawn neighborhood, July 13. Hyperthermia; male, 62, in field.[57]

— 1 Dallas County, south Dallas, July 15. Hyperthermia; female, 80, in her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas County, Garland, July 16. Hyperthermia; male, 64, in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas County, Lancaster, July 16. Hyperthermia; female, 90, in her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas County, Irving, July 17. Hyperthermia; male, 75, in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., Dallas, Knox-Henderson area; July 19. Hyperthermia; female, 83. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Co., Dallas, Fair Park, July 19. Hyperthermia; female, 67, in her home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas County, south Dallas, July 20. Hyperthermia; male, 76, in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas Count, Pleasant Grove area, July 28. Hyperthermia; female, 98, in her home. SED.

— 1 Dallas County, east Dallas, July 29. Hyperthermia; male 48, found in home, died in hosp.[58]

— 1 Dallas Co., Aug 3. Hyperthermia and high blood pressure; female, 67, in her home. SED.

— 1 Dallas County, Dallas, Aug 4. Hyperthermia; male, 44, found on street, died in hospital.[59]

— 1 Dallas County golf course, Aug 4. Hyperthermia and heart disease; male, 77. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas County, Aug 7. Hyperthermia and cirrhosis; male, age unknown. NCDC SED.

— 1 Dallas County, Aug 13. Hyperthermia, heart disease, high blood pressure; male, 86, home.[60]

— 1 Denton County, Denton, July 3. Male, 34, hyperthermia; collapsed while working on roof.[61]

— 2 Denton County, Sanger, July 12. Male, 85, wife, 80, in their home. NCDC Storm Events Data.

— 1 Denton Co., July 14. Hyperthermia contributing factor; male, 76, in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Harris Co., May 9. Male, 47, heat exposure, doing construction work in warehouse. NCDC SED.

— 1 Harris Co., June 9. Male, 17. Excessive heat from playing basketball outdoors. NCDC SED.

— 1 Harris County, Houston, July 11. Heat exhaustion; male landscaping employee. OSHA.

— 1 Harris County, July 13. Male, 76, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat.

— 1 Harris County, July 14. Male, 56, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat.

— 1 Harris County, July 15. Male, 36, “deceased lived in a metal shed.” Storm Events Database.

— 1 Harris County, July 21. Male, 47, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat.

— 1 Harris County, July 26. Male, 70, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat.

— 1 Harris County, July 27. Male, 74, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat.

— 2 Harris County, July 29. Females, 39 and 76, permanent homes. NCDC Storm Events Data.

— 1 Harris County, Aug 2. Female, 37, outdoors. NCDC Storm Events Data. Heat, TX, Harris.

— 1 Harris County, Aug 2, 20:30. Female, 90, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database.

— 1 Harris County, Aug 3, 02:31. Male, 43, outdoors. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat, TX.

— 1 Harris Co., Aug 3, 08:15. Male, 78, permanent home. NCDC Storm Events Database. Heat.

— 1 Harris County, Aug 3, 18:30. Male, 78, permanent home, AC didn’t work. NCDC SED.

— 3 Harris Co., Aug 5. Females, 63 and 64; male, 72, permanent homes. NCDC Storm Events.

— 1 Harris County, Aug 6. Male, 64, permanent home without air conditioning. Storm Events.

— 1 Hill County, June 19. Girl, 2, left in vehicle. NCDC Storm Events Database, Heat, TX.[62]

— 1 Jefferson County, Port Neches, June 17. Heat exhaustion; construction worker. OSHA.

— 1 Jim Wells Co., Alice, June 18. Masonry worker falls from scaffold “due to heat-related causes.”[63]

— 1 Kaufman Co., July 14. Hyperthermia contributing factor; male, 75, at home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Starr County, Falcon Heights, May 7. Heatstroke; male oil rig worker. OSHA.

— 1 Starr Co., Rio Grande City, May 7. Heatstroke; male farm worker harvesting melons. OSHA.

— 1 Tarrant Co., Fort Worth, July 15. Hyperthermia contributing factor; male, 81. NCDC SED.

— 1 Tarrant County, Fort Worth, July 16. Male, 39, outside, working on his car. NCDC SED.

— 1 Tarrant Co., Fort Worth, July 26. Hyperthermia contributing factor; female, 87, in home.[64]

— 1 Tarrant Co., Fort Worth, July 28. Hyperthermia contributing factor; female, 80, in home.[65]

— 1 Wichita County, Wichita Falls, July 3. Male, 75, in his house. NCDC Storm Events Data.

— 1 Wichita County, Wichita Falls, July 14. Male, 74, found dead in his home. NCDC SED.

— 1 Williamson County, Round Rock, Sep 3. Heatstroke; male construction worker. OSHA.

Utah ( 5)

— 5 West Valley City, Aug 8. Girls, aged 2-6, found dead inside trunk of car of one of parents.[66]

Narrative Information:

Overall:

NCDC: “In 1998, heat was the #1 killer with 173 fatalities, more than twice the number (81) reported in 1997. Most of these deaths occurred in Texas (66), Oklahoma, (24), Louisiana (20) Illinois (18) and Pennsylvania (15) in June and July. In 1998, heat related injuries totaled 633, up nearly 20% from 1997. Seniors are most at risk, with those between 60 and 90 years old accounting for 63% of the year’s fatalities. Males accounted for 58% of the fatalities and females 40%. As in the past, most related deaths (118) occurred in homes without air conditioning or adequate ventilation. Those most at risk had a contributing health ailment aggravated by the heat.” (NCDC, NOAA. 1998 Heat Related Fatalities.)

Southwest Border States

Branigin: “…By most accounts, the trek [across Mexican border into U.S.] has grown more treacherous in recent years, with rising death tolls along certain stretches of border. The danger attracted national attention last summer [1998]. Scores of undocumented immigrants died of heat stroke in deserts on the U.S. side as temperatures soared above 100 degrees day after day. But an equal number of people drowned in the waterways that separate the United States from Mexico, the Immigration and Naturalization Service said. The deaths stem in part from a U.S. border strategy aimed at pushing illegal crossers away from urban centers, where they can blend in with the local populace, and toward more remote areas where they risk prolonged exposure to the elements in much rougher terrain….

“…U.S. officials and Illegal immigrants also blame many deaths on professional alien smugglers, who have assumed a growing role in the cross-border traffic because of the increased

difficulty of evading the Border Patrol’s beefed-up forces and high-tech detection equipment. Smugglers have been accused of guiding people into hazardous areas and abandoning them, or overloading makeshift rafts for the short but often risky trip across the Rio Grande.

“According to the INS, 254 people died trying to cross the 2,000-mile U.S.-Mexican border in fiscal 1998, the first year in which the agency systematically compiled such statistics. Of the total, a third drowned, while another third died from heat exposure. The highest number of fatalities was recorded in California’s El Centre Border Patrol sector, where 83 illegal immigrants perished in the desert or drowned in the deceptively swift-flowing All American Canal, which runs along 82 miles of border in Imperial Valley. The five sectors that span the Texas border along the Rio Grande from El Paso to McAllen accounted for 100 deaths, 43 percent of the total. More than 40 percent of the victims were never identified, U.S. officials said….

“The Mexican Embassy in Washington says 368 migrants died trying to cross the border last year, 78 of them on the Mexican side. In a recent study, ‘Death at the Border,’ the University of Houston’s Center for Immigration Research documented more than 1,600 ‘possible immigrant fatalities’ along the Southwestern border from 1993 to 1997. Nearly 600 of them were ‘Rio Grande drowning deaths’ that were reported by Mexican sources but not tallied in the United States, the report said….” (Branigin, William, Washington Post. “Death at the border.” Hutchinson News, KS. 2-21-1999, C7.)

Delaware:

NCDC, June 25-26: “A two day hot spell brought some of the highest temperatures of the summer to the Delmarva Peninsula and ended abruptly with severe thunderstorms during the late afternoon and early evening of the 26th. The excessive heat caused the death of an 84-year-old Wilmington woman. The highest temperatures occurred on the 26th and included 95 degrees in Greenwood and Georgetown (both Sussex County), 94 degrees in Bridgeville (Sussex County) and Wilmington (New Castle County) and 93 degrees at the New Castle County Airport.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Delaware, New Castle, June 25-26, 1998.)

Florida:

NCDC: “A deep high pressure ridge persisted across the Gulf of Mexico and Florida throughout most of the June and into early July. It resulted in several long stretches of record breaking high temperatures. Melbourne had 22 days, Orlando had 12 days and Daytona Beach had 13 days where high temperature records were either tied or broken. Melbourne had four 100 degree or greater days. Orlando had three and Daytona Beach had nine. It was also very dry during this period. Melbourne received only 3 percent of its normal rainfall. Orlando received 22 percent and Daytona received 14 percent. On June 24th a 38 year old Orlando man was found unconscious on the ground next to his bicycle. He was taken to an emergency room where his body temperature was measured at 111 degrees. He died at 2:58 pm.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Volusia, June 1-30, 1998.)

Illinois:

NCDC, June 24-29, Cook County: “Daytime temperatures were in the lower to middle 90s with dewpoints in the 70s on the 24th and 25th, producing heat indices of 102 to 107. Thunderstorms brought some relief from the heat on the 26th, though humidity was still high. The heat returned on the 27th with a peak heat index of 107. The 28th was a little cooler with the heat index in the middle to upper 90s. Ten heat-related deaths were reported in Cook County as a result of the heat. The deaths occurred from the 26th to the 29th. Two more deaths occurred in early July as a result of this heat wave.” (NCDC/NOAA. Event Record Details, Excessive Heat, Illinois, 24 June 1998.)

NCDC, June 26-28, Central IL: “A hot and humid airmass built in across Central Illinois late in June. High temperatures on June 26th and 27th climbed into the middle and upper 90s. This combined with the high humidity values produced heat indices of 105 to 110 degrees at times. Several heat related illnesses were reported in area hospitals due to the heat. One death was reported in Peoria and was confirmed to be heat related as a woman died in her home on June 27th. Also, several highways in the area had sections of roadway buckle due to the excessive heat.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Peoria, June 26-28, 1998.)

Louisiana:

NCDC: “June 1998 suffered prolonged and excessively high temperatures throughout the month making it the 3rd hottest on record. The average monthly temperature was 84.9 degrees Fahrenheit (F) which was 5.5 degrees above normal. This was beat only by 85.8 degrees F. in 1881 and 85.4 degrees F in 1875. The average maximum temperature was 96.0 degrees F. (normal is 89.7) and the average minimum was 73.7 degrees F. (normal is 69.0 degrees). The highest was 102 degrees F. on the 1st and 14th. Record high temperatures were set on the 1st, 13th, and 14th with record high minimum temperatures tied or broken on the 3rd, 14th, 18th, and 19th.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Bossier, June 1-30, 1998.)

Maryland

NCDC, July 20-23: “After an unusually pleasant start to the month, a singular heat wave affected much of Maryland west of the Chesapeake Bay during the climatological peak of highest annual temperatures. The heat wave, caused by the combination of hot and humid air associated with “Bermuda” high pressure and increasingly dry ground, caused temperatures to soar into the mid and upper 90s. The heat index, however, equalled or exceeded 100 each afternoon. Highest temperatures were recorded in the Baltimore metropolitan region, with 99 degrees on the 22nd at Baltimore/Washington International Airport. This heat wave was less tolerable than those in recent years since much of the summer had been cooler and less humid than normal.

“Two deaths were reported by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner – both in Baltimore City. One of the fatalities, a 47 year-old male, resulted from exposure (likely heat stroke) while working at the Bethlehem Steel plant near the shipyards. A 51 year-old male was found dead in his un-air conditioned home on South Parish Street.

“There were numerous cases of heat exhaustion, some requiring a brief hospital stay for observation. At least 12 persons checked into medical facilities in Anne Arundel Co (MDZ014) with heat exhaustion. A bigger outbreak of heat-related sickness occurred during the evening of the 20th, when 16 teenagers were treated after attending a scouting convention at the University of Maryland’s Cole Field House in College Park (MDZ013). Four of the teens were hospitalized; two of them suffered heat stroke. The event was attended by 4,000 persons at the un-air conditioned hall on one of the hottest days of the summer. The problems were noted roughly between 1945EST and 2015EST.

“During the three-day episode, another 30 to 44 persons were treated for heat exhaustion in the county, and there were perhaps a dozen incidents of heart attacks which may have been heat-related.

“In Bethesda (MDZ009), a 37 year-old male perished after sustaining cardiac arrest (1420EST) following a 213-ft. climb up an inoperable escalator at a subway station. The heat may have been a contributing factor, though the escalators are partially enclosed in air-conditioned tunnels.

“The heat wave and attendant power usage allowed daily wattage to surpass previous records in the Baltimore Gas and Electric service area; an all-time record of 6,016 megawatts was used on the 22nd.” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Maryland, St. Mary’s, July 20-23, 1998.)

Oklahoma

NCDC: “Excessive heat and drought conditions affected western and central Oklahoma as well as western portions of north Texas from May through early October with the most intense heat and severe drought conditions occurring from mid-June through early September across central and southern Oklahoma and western portions of north Texas. The heat and drought was less severe across northwest and north central Oklahoma. In total, there were 21 fatalities and at least 5 injuries directly related to the heat. Agricultural losses are estimated at nearly 2 billion dollars for Oklahoma and 2.1 billion dollars for Texas. Sixty of Oklahoma’s 77 counties and all of Texas’s counties were declared federal disaster areas.

“Excessive heat and drought began in May, intensified in July and August, and diminished in September and early October. Oklahoma City experienced it’s 6th warmest and 16th driest May on record, while Wichita Falls experienced it’s 3rd warmest and 3rd driest May on record. Heat and drought conditions escalated after June 11th, which was the last day of widespread rainfall across western and central Oklahoma and western portions of north Texas until early September. The heat and drought then ended in early October when widespread rain and cooler temperatures returned to the southern plains.

“The first fatality directly related to the heat occurred on June 21st , when an 81 year-old woman was found dead in her house in Oklahoma City (Canadian County). A 76 year-old man was then found dead in his Del City home on June 29th. The heat claimed 17 lives in July. The first occurred in Wichita Falls (Wichita County) on July 3rd, when a 75 year-old man was found dead in his home. Four heat related fatalities occurred between the 9th and the 11th. Two persons died on the 9th. A 46 year-old man was found dead in a hotel room in Oklahoma City with no air conditioning. The temperature in the room was 115 degrees. A 73 year-old man was then found dead in his Oklahoma City home. On July 10th , a 79 year-old man was found dead in his mobile home in Mulhall (Logan County). Another heat related fatality occurred on the 11th, when a 51 year-old woman was found dead in her home in Wewoka (Seminole County). The second and last report of a heat related fatality in western portions of north Texas occurred on the 14th, when a 74 year-old man was found dead in his Wichita Falls home.

“On July 17th, in Altus (Jackson County, Oklahoma), a 79 year-old man was found dead in his home, while on the 19th, there were 3 heat related deaths reported. The first fatality occurred to a man of unknown age. He was found dead in his vehicle in Oklahoma City. The second fatality occurred in Guthrie (Logan County) when a 55 year-old man was found dead in his house, while the 3rd fatality occurred to a 78 year-old woman when she was found dead in her Oklahoma City apartment. On July 20th, a 78 year-old woman was found dead in her Duncan (Stephens County) home, while on the 21st, another 78 year-old woman was found dead in her home, this time in Guthrie (Logan County). Two persons died in their homes from the heat on the 27th, the first, a 61 year-old man from Oklahoma City, the second, a 67 year-old man found from Cromwell (Seminole County). The last heat related fatality occurred on the 30th, when a 62 year-old woman was found dead in her Oklahoma City home.

“Three heat related fatalities were reported in August. The first occurred on the 2nd when a 53 year-old man was found dead inside his Oklahoma City home. The second heat related fatality occurred on the 3rd, when an 82 year-old man was found dead inside his Oklahoma City home. The last heat related fatality in August occurred on the 5th in Gene Autry (Carter County) when a 76 year-old man was found dead inside his home. Only one heat related fatality was reported in September, and occurred on the 4th. A 76 year-old man was found dead outside of a retirement home in Oklahoma City. He was found after he went for a walk and did not return.

“Only 5 heat related injuries were reported during the 5 month-long heat and drought. Two persons from Wichita Falls were treated for heat related injuries on June 2nd at United Regional Health Care. Three troop members from Fort Sill (Comanche County) were rushed to a local hospital on July 22nd and treated for heat related injuries as well.

“Statistics provided by the Oklahoma State Department of Agriculture indicate economic losses of approximately 2 billion dollars to the state’s agriculture business. Figures were not available for individual counties. Hay and cotton crops were particularly hard hit. Hay producers harvested only 30 to 80 percent of the normal yield, a loss of perhaps 80 million dollars. Cotton production was reduced by about 70 percent, a loss of 38 million dollars. Other crops such as grain sorghum, peanuts and soybeans also suffered major losses. In total, crop losses across Oklahoma were near 500 million dollars, but because of the multiplying effect on the overall economy, this figure is more like 2 billion dollars when considering the effect on the state’s economy. Agricultural losses across Texas total about 2.1 billion dollars with no specific statistics available on a county-by-county basis, however cotton losses are expected to contribute significantly to the total loss.

“The summer of 1998 (June-August) was the 4th hottest and 5th driest in Oklahoma City on record, and the 2nd hottest and 7th driest in Wichita Falls. The drought ended gradually in September and early October, but record warm temperatures continued through September. Oklahoma City recorded an average temperature of 81.2 degrees in September, 2nd hottest September on record. The summer of 1980, considered to be the last major period of heat and drought to affect Oklahoma and western portions of north Texas, still ranks as the hottest summer ever for both Oklahoma City and Wichita Falls, however Oklahoma City did experience a drier summer in 1998 than in 1980.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Oklahoma, June 29, 1998.)

NCDC, Tulsa, June 26: “A 40-year old man in Tulsa collapsed from heat stroke on June 26 and later died on July 13. After a morning low in Tulsa of 80 degrees Fahrenheit, the high temperature reached 96 degrees with a heat index was around 105 degrees. Similar conditions prevailed across much of eastern Oklahoma from June 22-29 with lows running in the upper 70s and highs from 96-98. Heat indices usually peaked out each day from 105 to 110.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Tulsa, June 26, 1998.)

Pennsylvania

NCDC, June 25-26, Southeast PA: “Excessive heat for two days brought some of the highest temperatures of the summer and caused three heat related deaths in Southeast Pennsylvania. The hot weather ended abruptly with severe thunderstorms during the late afternoon of the 26th. In Philadelphia, two women died from the heat (a 65-year-old and an 80-year-old). In Montgomery County, a 75-year-old man was found dead in the room of a Pennsburg motel. There was no air conditioning in the room and the room temperature at the time of discovery was 110 degrees. The highest temperatures mainly occurred on the 26th and included 97 degrees in Crum Creek (Delaware County), 95 degrees in Neshaminy Falls (Bucks County) and at the Philadelphia International Airport (The highest temperature of the year.), 94 degrees in Valley Forge (Montgomery County), 93 degrees at the Northeast Philadelphia Airport and 92 degrees in Perkasie (Bucks County).” (NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, PA, Philadelphia, June 25-26, 1998.)

NCDC, July 20-23 Southeast PA: “A heat wave affected Southeast Pennsylvania from July 20th through the 23rd. Eleven persons died (Eight in Philadelphia and three in Montgomery County.) from the heat. They were usually discovered in homes with closed windows and inadequate ventilation. A 21-month-old Philadelphia baby was inadvertently left in a car overnight and died the next day. When the child was discovered in the car that next day, her body temperature had risen to 109 degrees. There were at least around 75 dispatches for heat related emergencies within the city of Philadelphia. Two firefighters also suffered heat exhaustion after fighting a blaze the afternoon of the 20th. The city of Allentown also issued a hot weather advisory for the 21st and 22nd. While no new energy usage records were set, PECO Energy reported energy usage was 20 percent above normal for July. The hottest days of the heat wave were the 21st and 22nd. Cloudiness on the 22nd prevented temperatures from rising even higher as the center of the hot air mass was over the Middle Atlantic States. A weak trough brought in slightly cooler air on the 23rd. A stronger cold front moved through the region late in the day on the 23rd and brought in a much drier and cooler air mass through the upcoming weekend (July 25th and 26th). The highest temperatures included 95 degrees at the Franklin Institute within Philadelphia, 94 degrees in Crum Creek (Delaware County) and at the Philadelphia International Airport and 93 degrees in Neshaminy Falls (Bucks County) and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport.” (NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Montgomery, July 21-23, 1998.)

Texas:

Allaby: “In the summer of 1998 severe drought and a heat wave gripped the southern United States from Texas through Oklahoma to the Carolinas. One hundred and ten Texans died from the heat in June and July. The total death toll exceeded 200. Farmers and ranchers were badly hit. The cost of failed crops and livestock deaths amounted to $6-9 billion.” (Allaby, Michael, Martyn Bramwell, and Jamie Stokes (eds., The Diagram Group.). Weather and Climate: An Illustrated Guide to Science. NY: Chelsea House, 2006.)

June 3: “Triple-digit heat gripped Texas again on Tuesday…Although temperatures in the Rio Grande Valley Tuesday were close to or past the triple digit mark, the weather was closer to normal than in North and West Texas where folks sweated through the fourth day of a pre-summer heat wave.

“The high in Dallas was expected to reach 103, one degree shy of the record, as the heat wave’s first fatality — a bicyclist found dead at a state park — was confirmed. An autopsy by the Dallas County medical examiner’s office showed that Jason Bradley Stogsdill, 23, of Arlington, died Monday [June 1] of hyperthermia combined with clogged arteries. His body was found along a bicycle trail. Stogsdill was wearing clothes considered inappropriate for biking and did not carry sufficient water, said Cedar Hill police Sgt. Aaron Leutwyler.” (The Facts, Brazoria County, TX. “Heat wave claims first victim.” 6-3-1998, p. 1.)

June 19: “The Associated Press. With two deaths and several blazes already blamed on rising temperatures, the stage is set for a long, hot Texas summer. A warning is posted through Monday for residents of North Texas, where moisture in the air is expected to push heat-humidity values to between 105 and 115 degrees. The only good news in the midst of the heat wave is that the haze plaguing Texas for the past several weeks has dissipated — at least for now.

“A 2-year-old Hillsboro girl who was left inside a car for more than an hour was the latest to die of heat-related causes. Sheena K. Dunbar died Friday morning at Cook Children’s Medical Center in Fort Worth of hyperthermia. Sheena’s mother had taken the girl with her to run an errand Wednesday afternoon, but left the child inside the car when she returned to the family’s residence, said Hillsboro Police Chief Richard White. “When the mother went back out, she had succumbed to the heat,” White told the Fort Worth Star-Telegram….

“Wednesday’s temperature reached 99 degrees. Many Texas cities Saturday were in the triple digits, with readings from 100 to 113. It was 107 at Cotulla and 113 at Childress. Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport had 102 degrees in the second straight day over the century mark. Temperatures Sunday, the first day of summer, peaked in the 80s in the Panhandle while readings elsewhere reached into the upper 90s. Houston’s Bush Intercontinental Airport reached 100 degrees, breaking the 1936 record.

“The other heat-related fatality occurred June 1 when 23-year-old Jason Bradley Stogsdill of Arlington died while bicycling near Joe Pool Reservoir. The high temperature that day was 101. His death was caused by overheating combined with a pre-existing heart disease….” (Orange Leader, TX. “Heat linked to two deaths, blazes as summer starts.” 6-22-1998, p. 5.)

NCDC, July: “A prolonged excessive heat event continued across north Texas in July. This heat wave was the result of existing drought conditions combined with a persistent upper level ridge of high pressure. For the month of July, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) recorded an average high of 102.4 degrees, which was the second warmest for the month on record and the fourth warmest ever. The average low of 80.8 degrees was the warmest average low for any month. The monthly average temperature of 91.6 degrees was the second warmest month on record, second only to the 92.0 degrees recorded during the heat wave in July of 1980. DFW reported 28 days with high temperatures at or above 100 degrees and 26 days with low temperatures at or above 80 degrees. The high temperature of 110 degrees reported at DFW on July 12th was the warmest high temperature recorded since July 18, 1980. In Waco, the average temperature of 90.4 degrees was the third warmest on record, with highs averaging 102.4 degrees and lows averaging 78.3 degrees. Waco also reported 26 days with highs at or above 100 degrees. The warmest high temperature for the month for north Texas was reported in Fort Worth on July 13th, when the mercury topped out at 112 degrees.

“During July, the heat wave claimed at least 32 lives in north Texas, with most of the fatalities occurring in the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex. Most of the fatalities were elderly, and many fatalities listed other complicating factors, such as heart disease and hypertension. Below are the dates and listings of each fatality.” (NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, July 1-31, 1998.)

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National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Central San Joaquin Valley, Aug 27, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5655669

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Kern Deserts, July 24, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5649112

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Kern Deserts, Aug 4-6, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5649113

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Delaware, New Castle, June 25-26, 1998. Accessed 12-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665647

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Lee County, June 3, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5658517

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Lee County, June 13, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5658817

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Lee County, June 24, 1998. Accessed 12-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5658814

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Volusia, June 1-30, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5662563

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Cook, June 24-28, 1998. Accessed 12-24-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5655706

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Cook, July 1-2, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5654528

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Cook, July 14-15, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5654529

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Peoria, June 26-28, 1998. Accessed 12-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5655417

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, St. Clair County, June 23-30, 1998. Accessed 12-24-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5663264

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Williamson County, June 22-29, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5659446

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Kansas, Butler County, Aug 17, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5657838

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Kansas, Sedgwick County, Aug 17, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5657837

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Kentucky, Daviess County, June 22-29, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5659424

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Bossier, May 18, 1998, 15:00. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5640396

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Bossier, May 18, 1998, 16:00. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5640397

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National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Bossier, July 1-30, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5657882

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Caddo, June 1-30, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5653644

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Caddo, July 1-30, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5657881

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Lower Terrebonne Parish, June 19, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5666251

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Maryland, St. Mary’s, July 20-23, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5663051

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Missouri, Greene County, July 21, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5662771

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Missouri, Jackson County, July 16-21, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5656086

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Missouri, St. Louis, June 23-30, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5663140

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, North Carolina, Mecklenburg, June 29, 1998. Accessed 12-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5651904

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Choctaw, July 6-31, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5657670

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Jackson County, July 17, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5672589

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Logan, July 21, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5672594

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Oklahoma County, June 21, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5668058

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Oklahoma, June 29, 1998. Accessed 26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5668059

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Oklahoma County, July 19, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5672590

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Oklahoma County, July 27, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5672596

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Oklahoma County, July 30, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5672598

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Oklahoma County, Aug 2, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5672714

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Oklahoma County, Sep 4, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5671004

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Stephens County, July 20, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5672593

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Tulsa, June 26, 1998. Accessed 12-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5645012

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oregon, Columbia/C & W Multnomah/Washington/NW Clackamas, July 26-28, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016 at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5661837

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Montgomery, July 21-23, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5664687

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, June 20-21, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665648

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, June 25-26, 1998. Accessed 12-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665822

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, July 20-23, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5664688

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, South Carolina, Charleston, June 1-30, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5650131

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, South Carolina, Kershaw County, July 2, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5649921

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Tennessee, Knox, June 27, 1998. Accessed 12-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5660026

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Tennessee, Knox, June 28, 1998. Accessed 12-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5660027

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Angelina County, June 1-30, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5653665

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Angelina County, July 1-30, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5657883

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, June 1, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5655633

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, July 1-31, 1998. Accessed 12-26-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5660937

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, Aug 3-13, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5664460

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, May 9, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5661708

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, June 9, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5661618

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, July 13, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665596

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, July 14, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665600

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, July 15, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665703

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, July 21, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665794

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, July 26, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665795

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, July 27, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665796

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, July 29, 1998, 09:00. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665797

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, July 29, 1998, 13:30. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5665798

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 2, 1998, 17:30. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5669514

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 2, 1998, 20:30. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5669515

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 3, 1998, 02:31. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5669517

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 3, 1998, 08:15. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5669518

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 3, 1998, 18:30. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5669518

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 5, 1998, 04:09. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5669521

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 5, 1998, 06:25. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5669519

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 5, 1998, 08:05. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5669520

National Climatic Data Center, NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Harris County, Aug 6, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5669522

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Hill, June 19, 1998. Accessed 12-23-2015: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5655634

National Climatic Data Center, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Wichita County, July 3, 1998. Accessed 1-1-2016: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5672584

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Summer Forecast – Hot! NOAA, CDC Work to Save Lives from…Heat.” NOAA News, 6-21-2000. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s445.htm

National Weather Service, NOAA. 1998 Heat Related Fatalities. Accessed 12-22-2015 at: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/hazstats/heat98.pdf

New York Times, New Orleans. “41 Heat-Related Deaths in Louisiana Nearly Double Old Record.” 8-18-1998. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: http://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/18/us/41-heat-related-deaths-in-louisiana-nearly-double-old-record.html

Null, Jan. Heatstroke Deaths of Children in Vehicles. Chart: “U.S. Child Vehicular Heatstroke Deaths (1998-2015). Golden Gate Weather Services. Accessed 1-3-2016: http://noheatstroke.org/

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 109208058 – Dimare Ruskin, Inc., DBA Millcreek Farm.” July 25, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=109208058

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 123467862 – F. W. Mechanical.” May 30, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=123467862

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 125573410 – L. C. Packing.” July 16, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=125573410

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 126011030 – Veg Packer.” July 18, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=126011030

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 126213222 – Ag West Labor.” June 19, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=126213222

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 18284463 – G. A. Hysong Paving Co.” June 24, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=18284463

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 300333416 – Cardinal Contracting, Inc.” July 1, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=300333416

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 300438074 – North American Precast Company.” July 17, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=300438074

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 300438744 – Rudd & Adams Masonry, Inc.” 9-3-1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=300438744

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 300446630 – CLM Landscaping.” June 24, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=300446630

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 300648193 – Gregory Bridge Company.” May 28, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=300648193

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 300796299 – Anthony F. Cubre Jr.” Sep 5, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=300796299

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 301013769 – Top Concrete.” July 17, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=301013769

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 301312930 – Saint Clair and Sons, Inc.” July 11, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=301312930

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 301402970 – Houston Hot Top Roofing.” June 17, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=301402970

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 301464855 – Baltimore Marine Industries.” July 21, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=301464855

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 301970364 – Disposall Inc. of Orlando.” June 18, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=301970364

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 301991741 – Avondale Shipyard.” July 29, 1998. Accessed 1-2-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=301991741

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 302097779 – Nabors Drilling USA, Inc., Rig #322.” May 7, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302097779

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 302097795 – S.S. Smith & Sons Masonry Inc.” June 18, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302097795

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998]. “Inspection: 302097902 – B & L Farm, Inc.” May 7, 1998. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=302097902

Orange Leader, Orange, TX. “Heat linked to two deaths, blazes as summer starts.” 6-22-1998, p. 5. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=128147548&sterm

Orlando Sentinel, FL. “Heat of Battle. Keeping Cool is 1^st Priority for Prep Teams After North Carolina Tragedy.” 8-11-1998. Accessed 1-3-2016 at: http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1998-08-11/sports/9808110374_1_heat-exhaustion-heat-wave-heat-of-battle

Sun Sentinel (Ken Kaye), FL. “Cold Leads Heat as Killer in Florida.” 9-10-2000. Accessed 12-22-2015 at: http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-09-10/news/0009100021_1_heat-exhaustion-deaths-temperature-extremes

The Facts, Brazoria County, TX. “Heat wave claims first victim.” 6-3-1998, p. 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=111111831&sterm=heat+wave+death+dead+die+kill

[1] Credits the Health Department’s Center for Health Statistics.

[2] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Alabama, Escambia, June 29, 1998.

[3] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Alabama, Upper Mobile, June 22, 1998.

[4] “Data on the number and characteristics of deaths from heat due to weather conditions were obtained from the mortality database containing information from the death certificates filed with the Arizona Department of Health Services….Exposure to excessive natural heat as the underlying cause of death is identified by a three-character category X30 in the Tenth Revision and corresponding to it code E900.0 in the Ninth Revision [International Classification of Diseases]….In addition to death certificates where exposure to excessive natural heat was indicated as the underlying cause of death, heatstroke or sunstroke may be reported on death certificates as contributing factors that had a bearing on the death, but were not its underlying cause. For example, heatstroke and sunstroke were mentioned in 2003-2009 on 103 Arizona death certificates where atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (I25.0), respiratory disease (J449), diabetes (E149), or drug overdose/alcohol intoxication (X41-X44) were reported as the underlying cause of death. Those heat related deaths are beyond the scope of this report.”

[5] CDC WONDER shows 17 Maricopa Co. deaths for code ICD-9/E900 (exposure to heat/hyperthermia).

[6] Left by father eight hours “in a hot, unventilated car while he and a friend searched for arrowheads and mushrooms.” Chicago Tribune. “Father Convicted in Heat Deaths of 2 Kids.” 3-26-1999. The article cites prosecutors for the statement that the heat reached 130 degrees in the car and that the pain was so severe, Vicky pulled out her hair.” Date of deaths from: Chicago Tribune. “Murder Charged in Deaths of 2 Baby Girls Left in Car.” 4-28-1998.

[7] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, California, Kern Deserts, July 24, 1998.

[8] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 126213222 – Ag West Labor.” Notes “The high temperature that day was 93 degrees Fahrenheit.”

[9] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Delaware, New Castle, June 25-26, 1998.

[10] Figure 3, “Annual Temperature Deaths, Florida, 1979-1999.” Note: Figure 3 is a chart which shows heat deaths in one color and cold deaths in another on the same horizontal bar for each year. The fatality range shown on the left of the chart is in increments of five, going up to thirty. The bars for each year are shown diagonally and do not show any numbers. This does not make them readily readable. Thus one has to measure with a ruler the bar showing the lowest combined deaths (1979), which appears to show one cold death and one heat death. With the unit of measurement of one death then measured against the heat portion of all the other bars, one can get an approximation of the heat deaths for each year. I say “approximate” in that by this method we counted 133 heat deaths over the 21-year period included in the graph, whereas the text of the article notes that there were 125. Repetitious measurement attempts gave us the same result. The article notes that the data came from death certificates collected by the Public Health Statistics Section, Office of Vital Statistics, Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services.

[11] Sun Sentinel (Ken Kaye). “Cold Leads Heat as Killer in Florida.” 9-10-2000.

[12] Sun Sentinel (Ken Kaye). “Cold Leads Heat as Killer in Florida.” 9-10-2000.

[13] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Lee County, June 3, 1998.

[14] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Lee County, June 13, 1998.

[15] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Lee County, June 24, 1998.

[16] Sun Sentinel (Ken Kaye). “Cold Leads Heat as Killer in Florida.” 9-10-2000.

[17] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Florida, Volusia, June 1-30, 1998. Notes he was from Orlando.

[18] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, St. Clair County, June 23-30, 1998.

[19] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Illinois, Williamson County, June 22-29, 1998.

[20] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 301013769 – Top Concrete.”

[21] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Kentucky, Daviess County, June 22-29, 1998.

[22] “New Orleans, Aug. 17 – The hot weather that has scorched Louisiana since May has caused a record number of deaths from heat exhaustion. At least 41 people, most of them elderly, died of heat-related causes, according to dozens of parish coroners surveyed recently by The Associated Press….Officials suspect this year’s number of heat-related deaths will go higher, even without any new cases of heat-exhaustion deaths. One reason is that the parish coroners have reported they suspect hot weather as the cause in 18 more deaths, but have not yet classified them as heat-related because tests have not been completed. Even then the overall count will probably end up underestimated, said Dr. James Falterman Sr., president of the Louisiana State Coroners Association. That is because some doctors have failed to report to coroners deaths in which heat was a contributing factor…Although many parishes reported only one heat-related death this year, northwest Louisiana was hit particularly hard. Twenty-eight of the 41 heat-related deaths happened in the Shreveport area alone.”

[23] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Bossier, May 18, 1998.

[24] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Bossier, May 18, 1998. Notes “At the time of his death his body temperature had elevated to 101 degrees.”

[25] New York Times. “41 Heat-Related Deaths in Louisiana Nearly Double Old Record.” 8-18-1998. Notes that victim lived alone and was discovered by neighbors who had not seen him for several days.

[26] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Caddo, June 1-30, 1998.

[27] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Caddo, July 1-30, 1998.

[28] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 301991741 – Avondale Shipyard.” Notes “Employee dies of heat-related heart attack.”

[29] New York Times. “41 Heat-Related Deaths in Louisiana Nearly Double Old Record.” 8-18-1998. AC was broken.

[30] While mostly in Caddo Parish, Shreveport extends into Bossier Parish.

[31] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Louisiana, Lower Terrebonne Parish, June 19, 1998.

[32] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 123467862 – F. W. Mechanical.” Notes the worker “died of heat stress complicated by coronary artery disease.”

[33] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries [1998], “Inspection: 301464855 – Baltimore Marine Industries.” NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, Maryland, St. Mary’s, July 20-23. Cites Chief Med. Examiner.

[34] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Missouri, Jackson Co., July 16-21, 1998. Notes: “Temperatures climbed into the 90s for six straight days from July 16-21. Numerous hospitals in Kansas City reported treating heat related illnesses during this period. The temperature at the Downtown Kansas City airport reached 100, 102 and 101 degrees on July 19, 20 and 21 respectively with afternoon heat indices between 110 and 115 degrees.”

[35] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Missouri, St. Louis, June 23-30,1998. Notes this was the first heat wave of the summer in the area with high temps in the mid 90s with a heat index of from 105-110.° Also notes that besides the three deaths “at least 143 heat related injuries” were reported.

[36] KY3, Springfield, MO. “Parents are charged for baby’s death in hot car in Hickory County.” 8-5-2015. From sidebar entitled: “Here’s a summary of previous child heat stroke deaths in Missouri, as provided by KidsAndCars.org.”

[37] CDC. “Fatal Car Trunk Entrapment Involving Children – United States, 1987-1998.” MMWR, 12-4-1998, 1019. Table 1 shows the ages of the children as 2, 3, 5 and 5.

[38] Orlando Sentinel, FL. “Heat of Battle. Keeping Cool is 1^st Priority for Prep Teams After North Carolina Tragedy.” 8-11-1998.

[39] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, North Carolina, Mecklenburg, June 29, 1998.

[40] From Figure 1. “Heat-Related Deaths by Year, Oklahoma, 1990-2001.” Deaths in Figure 1 are denoted by a horizontal bar, against backdrop of horizontal lines in increments of five. The precise number of deaths is not given, thus one has to make an educated guess in looking at the Figure and contrasting one bar against others.

[41] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Logan, July 21, 1998. Notes: “Reports indicated she rejected numerous offers of an air conditioner.”

[42] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Oklahoma, June 29, 1998. Notes the temperature in the room was measured at 115 degrees.

[43] Notes the heat that day rose to 106 in Tulsa and 105 in McAlester.

[44] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Oklahoma, Choctaw, July 6-31, 1998. Notes temp. reached 99° after a morning low of 80 and afternoon heat indices near 110 degrees.

[45] CDC. “Fatal Car Trunk Entrapment Involving Children – United States, 1987-1998.” MMWR, 12-4-1998. Notes “The boys had found the car keys, opened the trunk, and climbed inside. They were missing for several hours during the morning and early afternoon. The outside ambient temperature that afternoon was approximately 85 F (29.5 C). The autopsy report cited hyperthermia and asphyxia as the causes of death.”

[46] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Montgomery, June 25-26, 1998. Notes that after the victim was discovered the room temperature was measured at 110 degrees.

[47] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Montgomery, July 21-23, 1998. Notes that when the girl was found the next day “her body temperature had risen to 109 degrees.”

[48] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, July 20-23. “Other” as location. A news article writes that “Doris Levy-Lifschutz, 61, was found dead in her Philadelphia home Monday [July 20], said Jeff Moran, spokesman for the city’s Health Department. The cause of her death was heat stress and heart disease, he said. The Philadelphia Fire Department reported 28 heat-related emergencies on Monday, including two firefighters who had heat exhaustion while on the job, said Executive Chief Henry Dolberry.” (The Morning Call, Allentown, PA. “Death Toll Stands at 132 as Heat Parboils Nation.” 7-23-1998.)

[49] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, South Carolina, Kershaw County, July 2, 1998. Notes there was “no ventilation” and that “the temperature inside reached to at least 100 degrees.”

[50] NCDC. Storm Events Database. Heat, TN, Knox, June 27, 1998. Notes victim “had been deceased for a day or two [when found by neighbors]…He lived in a low-income, high crime area and lived on a fixed income. He was afraid he could not pay his electric bill, so did not turn on his air conditioning. Because of the neighborhood, he was afraid to open the windows. When found, all the windows in his home were shut with only a small fan blowing.”

[51] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Tennessee, Knox, June 28, 1998. Notes she had been deceased for a day or two before being found by neighbors. Also notes “She lived in a low-income, high crime area and lived on a fixed income. She was afraid she could not pay her electric bill, and because of the neighborhood she lived in, did not turn on her air conditioning and kept all windows closed.”

[52] Associated Press. “Heat Deaths Rise; No Quick End Seen.” Titusville Herald, PA. 7-22-1998, p. 1.

[53] Notes that across northeast Texas the month of June was the hottest since 1980.

[54] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries. “Inspection: 300438074 – North American Precast.”

[55] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, July 1-31, 1998.

[56] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, July 1-31, 1998

[57] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, July 1-31, 1998.

[58] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, July 1-31, 1998.

[59] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, Aug 3-13, 1998.

[60] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, Aug 3-13, 1998.

[61] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, July 1-31, 1998.

[62] This may well be the heat-related death reported in Hillsboro on June 19 by The Orange Leader, Hillsboro, TX. “Heat linked to two deaths…” 6-22-1998, p. 5.

[63] OSHA. Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries. “Inspection – 302097795 – S.S. Smith & Sons Masonry Inc.” June 18, 1998. Notes: “He fell due to heat-related causes, but died of head injuries sustained in the fall. The ambient temperature was over 100 degrees F…”

[64] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, July 1-31, 1998.

[65] NCDC, NOAA. Storm Events Database. Heat, Texas, Dallas County, July 1-31, 1998.

[66] CDC. “Fatal Car Trunk Entrapment Involving Children – United States, 1987-1998.” MMWR, 12-4-1998. Notes the car was parked in front of one of the girl’s homes. “The outside ambient temperature was 100 F (37.8 C). The vehicle’s trunk-release lever was adjacent to the driver’s seat, and at least one of the two 6-year-old girls reportedly knew how to operate the release lever. The children had not been seen for approximately 20 minutes before a search began and were found approximately 1½ hours after the search began. Liver temperatures taken at the death scent 1½ to 2 hours after the children were found ranged from 99 F to 117 F (37.2 C to 47.2C). The autopsy report cited the cause of death as hyperthermia.” Table 1 notes the ages of the girls as 2, 3, 5, 6, and 6.

1998 — June-Aug, Heat, esp. July, esp. TX/120 AZ/74 LA/45 CA/32 OK/32 FL/18 IL/18–435