NYC–2871-3019

lornajarrettblanchard January 1, 1819

–2,871-3,019 Blanchard range (using Keating for low-end and our tally of states for high end).

–1,157-3,019 Blanchard tally based on locality breakouts below.

— 2,871 Keating 1879, pp. 83-84.

Summary of State Breakouts Below

Alabama Mobile ( 274)

Georgia Savannah ( ?)

Louisiana New Orleans (425-2,190)

Maryland Baltimore ( >47)

Massachusetts Boston ( >18)

Mississippi Natchez ( 180-250)

New York NY City ( 23-50)

Pennsylvania Philadelphia ( 13)

South Carolina Charleston ( 177)

Breakout of Fatalities by State and Locality

Alabama ( 274) (Aug 15-Nov 30). (Toner 1873, 16)

–274 Mobile. Keating 1879, 83-84; Sternberg 1908, 719; Toner 1873, 16;[1] USMHS 1896, 434.

–274 “ Alabama Genealogy Trails. Alabama Epidemic History. Submitted by K. Torp.[2]

District of Columbia ( ?)

–? Georgetown. La Roche cites a Dr. Blair to the effect that yellow fever was present in 1819.[3]

Georgia ( ?)

–? Savannah. Sternberg. Report on the Etiology and Prevention of Yellow Fever. 1908, p. 719.[4]

–? Savannah. “Reviewed Works…The late fever in Boston.” The NAR, 10/27, Apr 1820, 407.[5]

Louisiana (425-2,190) (mid-Aug-Jan 1820)

–425-2,190 New Orleans. Blanchard.[6]

–2,190 New Orleans. Augustine, History of Yellow Fever. 1909.

–2,190 “ Keating. A History of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878… 1879, p. 84.

–2,190 “ New York Times. “Yellow Fever Retrospect.” 10-7-1888.[7]

–2,190 “ Sternberg. Report on the Etiology and Prevention of Yellow Fever. P. 44.

–2,190 “ US Marine Hosp. Svc. (Treasury). An. Rpt. for FY 1895. 1896, p. 434.

–1,200 “ Childs 1886, p. 80.[8]

–1,138 “ Total mortality. Sanitary Commission. Report of… 1855.[9]

— 425 (2,138 total deaths). Barton. The Cause…Prevention…Yellow Fever…New Orleans. 1857.[10]

Maryland ( >47)

—>47 Fell’s Point, Baltimore, July 1-Oct 20. Quinan. Medical Annals of Baltimore… 1884, 29.[11]

Massachusetts ( >18)

—>10 Boston. Blanchard estimate based on “The late fever in Boston.” New Eng. Med. Jour.[12]

— ? Boston. La Roche (p.269) notes yellow fever was present in Boston in 1798 and 1819.[13]

Breakout of Boston (and area) fatalities:

— >3 “ Late June. The first cases in late June “were very speedily fatal.”[14]

— >5 “ July. Notes late June deaths were “not…so great as it was about a month later.”[15]

— 3 “ Aug. Crewmembers of the Ten Brothers after getting sick in Boston.[16]

— 1 “ Aug. Mr. Daniel Badger, after going aboard Ten Brothers at Boston.[17]

— 1 “ Fort Hill, Aug 2, Mr. Wilds.[18]

— 1 “ Fort Hill case, Aug 7, grandchild of Mr. Wilds (taken to Acton and died).[19]

— 1 “ Fort Hill case, wife of Mr. Wilds “sickened on the seventh…died” in Acton.[20]

— 1 “ Fort Hill case, daughter of Mr. Wilds, about same time as mother.[21]

— 1 “ Aug 10. Brother of Harriet Bryant, who had worked several days on the ship.[22]

— 1 “ Aug 15. Harriet Bryant, who had nursed her older brother.[23]

Mississippi (180-250) (Sep 4-Dec 1, Monette 1842, p. 64)

— 250 Natchez. Macomber. “My Worst Fears…Yellow Fever…” Civil War Interactive.

— 200 “ Monette. Observations…Epidemic Yellow Fever of Natchez…1842, p.64.

— 180 “ Keating 1879, 84; Sternberg 1908, 719; US Marine Hosp. Ser. 1896, 434.

New York (23-50)

–50 New York City. La Roche. Yellow Fever, Considered in its Historical… 1855, p. 750.[24]

–37 “ Keating 1879, 84; US MHS 1896, 434.

–23 “ Putnam. The World’s Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. 1851, 605.

Specific Deaths.

— 1 New York City Aug 13. Passenger from brig Eliza from Charleston, dying day of arrival.[25]

— 1 “ Sep 5. “Reviewed Works, The North-American Review…, 10/27, Apr 1820, 402.[26]

— 6 “ Poor removed by Board of Health to Fort Richmond, Staten Island.[27]

— 1 “ Sep 22. Capt. Cary of sloop Union at the Marine Hospital.[28]

— 1 “ Oct 6. Capt. of brig Eliza.[29]

Pennsylvania ( 13)

— 13 Philadelphia Keating 1879, 84; US MHS 1896, 434.

South Carolina ( 177)

–177 Charleston Keating 1879, 84; Sternberg 1908, 719; US MHS 1896, 434.

Narrative Information

Alabama (Mobile)

“Reviewed Works…Contagion and the fever of the last season,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, 1820: “At Mobile the yellow fever was more destructive in its ravages, in proportion to the population, than perhaps it has ever been in any other place in the country. The committee appointed after its termination to investigate the causes and extent of the sickness, confidently referred it to the contamination of the atmosphere by the putrefaction of vegetable substances, abundant sources of which they pointed out. The fever was also severely felt at New Orleans. But the opposite opinion has been adopted respecting its origin…. [p. 408.]

Louisiana (New Orleans)

Carrigan: “Although the records of yellow fever’s visits in the early 1800’s are rather sketchy and sometimes contradictory, during the first two decades of the century New Orleans experienced at least five major outbreaks of the disease: 1804, 1809, 1811, 1817, and 1819.” [P. 40.]

Monette: “In 1819, the yellow fever raged with great violence in New Orleans, from and after the middle of August. Cases had occurred occasionally on board the shipping and about the wharves as early as June. Toward the middle of August it raged severely among the shipping and

spread to the adjacent streets, and also to the boats which had descended the river. Not a ship escaped without the loss of one or two hands, and some lost their whole crews; many steamboats became infected, and lost, many of their passengers and crews. It was not entirely destroyed until January following.”[30] (Monette 1842, p. 64.)

Massachusetts (Boston)

New England Medical Journal: “The cities of the United States have exhibited a curious spectacle during the last year. In most of our principal towns, a malignant and fatal disease, long known as the yellow fever, has prevailed to a greater or less extent; at the same time that in the greatest part of them a rigid system of quarantine has been put in execution in each, to prevent [end of p.386] the importation of the same disease from the others. Philadelphia, forgetful of her reputation for kindness and hospitality, with a few cases within her own borders, carried the system of exclusion so far, as to prohibit all intercourse with her neighbour, Baltimore, refused a shelter to those who were seeking a refuge from the disease, and denied admittance, or even liberty to pass through, to all who had visited any part of that city….

“At the same time Boston was equally engaged in enforcing the same precautions towards her sister cities. Her health officers were not prevented, by the prevalence of the fever in its most fatal forms, in a small part of the town, and occasional cases of it in almost all the other parts, from yielding to the dread of importing it from abroad [e.g. England], but applied to the southern cities the same system of quarantine, which some of them had enforced against us…. [p. 387]

“In Boston this fever has appeared in three different years. Each time of its appearance, the summers have been unusually hot; and the fever has been principally confined to a small section of the town…. [p. 395]

“In the year 1802, the same disease appeared within much narrower limits [than 1798]. It was confined to the neighbourhood of Fort-hill; that is, it appeared in its mildest form in Liberty square, which is on the north side of the hill, and in a more severe form in Purchase street, the lower part of Summer street, and a little in Sea street and High street….

“ ‘The fever, which has appeared this year [1819] has been confined to limits still more narrow than those in 1802. It has been around Fort-hill, but mostly within one small square on the south-eastern side of the hill. The longest side of this square is about twenty five rods in length. This square is bounded by Purchase street, High street, Griffin street, and Gibb’s lane. The disease did not even extend over the whole of this square; but has been almost confined to the half nearest Purchase street. There have, however, been a few cases in the vicinity of this square, and perhaps two or three on the other borders of the hill. It has likewise happened now, as in 1802, that persons who have contracted the disease on the ground above described, have sickened elsewhere; but the disease has not in this way been extended to other persons. Since the above statement was drawn up, scattered cases of the disease have appeared over a larger extent, but still in a circle around Fort-hill. These cases have been somewhat milder than those which occurred in July and August. The fatal ones have not terminated so early, as happened in most of the other cases. The most strict investigation in respect to some of these later cases, has shown that the disease had not been derived from those previously sick.’ N. E. Med. Journ. Vol. viii, p. 380.

“The first cases of the disease occurred about the last of June, and were very speedily fatal. The number was not, however, so great as it was about a month later, after a longer period of very warm weather. In the mean time a new source of the disease appeared. On the 26^th of July the ship Ten Brothers arrived at quarantine ground in the harbour, and on the first of August came up t the town. This ship had been absent nearly a year on a voyage to the coast of Africa. The captain and a boy had died of fever on board at Prince’s Island in February and March; and a man in July of some other disease. On her return she had taken in a quantity of Indian corn, which was discharged at [end of p. 396] Martinico [sic], and she brought home only a small part of a cargo of any sort….

“…. ‘The ship remained on quarantine ground as long as the law, and the regulations of the board of health, require vessels to remain similarly situated. Said ship was washed with vinegar, and every night fumigated in her cabin, and between decks, while on quarantine, and every cleansing and purification of said ship and articles on board, was used, in the most faithful manner that has ever been thought to be necessary of proper, with vessels arriving at quarantine, similarly situated.’

“All this, as we have seen, must have been done between the twenty sixth of July and the first of August. It does not appear that any examination was made of the state of the lower hold of the ship; and no part of the cargo was removed. Yet this cargo was in a state very far from healthful; and it is matter of common remark that no ship has arrived in our harbour for many hears in so foul a state as the Ten Brothers. The interstices between her timbers were filled with corn and coffee, in the most putrid state; and the gunny bags and the coffee of her cargo were filled with insects. We are told by the author of ‘the late fever,’ that ‘it has been stated by people of veracity that the ship was extremely foul, so as to be offensive to the senses, even when coming up the harbour, and of course before her cargo was started.’

“After some remarks, the board proceed:

When Capt. Cobb left quarantine ground, with the ship, his wife, two of his sons, and a nephew went in the ship with him up to Boston; the ship laboured much, and the crew were wet and much fatigued, after leaving quarantine, and before they arrived at the wharf in Boston. On arriving at the wharf, Capt. Cobb, [end of p.397] under the inspection of the late Mr. Eaton, one of the officers of the customs, delivered from said ship some articles of clothing…belonging to Capt. Mayo, late master of said ship; and on Tuesday, {the 3d} the day before the said ship was unladed at the wharf, the late Mr. Daniel Badger received from said ship a box containing brushes, and a handkerchief containing common slop clothes…and returned in said ship. The crew of the said ship did not assist in unlading her at the wharf, but they all slept on board her, on Sunday night, when she first arrived at the wharf, and on that Sunday and Monday following, they were all taken sick and left the ship; three of them died, during the week, after leaving Boston, and two recovered. On Wednesday, {the 4^th} after the said ship arrived at the wharf, and when unlading, a white scum was discovered on the bilge water in her lower hold, and an unusual stench from the water pumped out of her; putrid corn was also discovered to be scattered in her timbers under her ceiling.’ [p. 398]

“….From these two sources arose the disease which occasioned a considerable number of deaths, and gave so much alarm in Boston the last summer. Many persons were on board the Ten Brothers soon after her arrival; and within a few days, several of them were attacked with violent symptoms of fever, which to most of them, in a short time, proved fatal. These persons, as well as some of those who received the disease on Fort-hill, were sick in various parts of the town and in other towns, but they did not communicate the disease to others….

“Mr. Badger, who has been mentioned, sickened and died at Portsmouth….” [p. 399]

[Blanchard: Goes on to note, after describing the deaths of several of his family, that there were some other “fifty or sixty cases that occurred in the town.” A “case” however, does not mean a death.]

“We are obliged to speak thus loosely of the number of cases, because we have no means of knowing the exact number. So defective is our system of public health, that there are no records to show the extent to which the disease prevailed. No returns of diseases are ever made until after death has taken place; and then only such as the sexton can collect [end of p. 399] from the friends of those whom he goes to bury. Even this system, bad as it is, does not include those who die at the Almshouse, or at the quarantine ground on Hospital Island.

“From all these circumstances, it is evident that the disease which arose from the ship Ten Brothers was as purely local in its origin, as that upon Fort-hill….

“As to what is said of the nature of the disease [omitted here], we beg, for the credit of the physicians on Boston, that it may be distinctly remembered, that there is no physician in the board of health. If the board or their committee were unable to obtain any definite and satisfactory [end of p. 400] information, it is because they did not seek it from that class of men who are generally supposed to be the best acquainted with the characteristics of diseases….

Mississippi (Natchez)

La Roche: “Quarantine was established at Natchez in 1819, as soon as it was heard that the fever prevailed at New Orleans. It was rigidly enforced. Notwithstanding this, the epidemic began on the 1^st day of September with several cases at the upper end of Maine Street. No boat, with fever from New Orleans, had arrived. The Alabama, with cases on board, stopped at Vidalia, opposite Natchez, but no one crossed over.”[31] (La Roche. Yellow Fever, Considered in its Historical… 1855, p. 542.)

Macomber: “In 1819, in the town of Natchez, Mississippi, the yellow fever was so deadly that the general population fled in a panic and only nine hundred and ten stayed behind to take their chances. Of those, two hundred and fifty died.” (Macomber. “My Worst Fears…”)

New York City

“Reviewed Works, Art. XX.–1 The late fever in Boston.”: “It does not appear that the number of cases, or the degree of fatality, was much greater in New York than it was in Boston. But perhaps from its being more in the centre of population and business, or from some other cause, the alarm which it produced was much more extensive. By the middle of September most of the inhabitants had removed, not only from the sickly district as defined by the Board of Health, but also from the immediate vicinity; and before the end of the month about four hundred removals of places of business of various kinds were advertised. Some of these persons carried the seeds of the disease with them, and were sick after their removal. We have no means of ascertaining how [end of p.402] many instances there were of this kind. Of an hundred and fifty of the poor who were removed by order of the Board, to Fort Richmond on Staten Island, six sickened and died there….” (New England Medical Journal. “The late fever in Boston,” Oct, 1819. In: “Reviewed Works, The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, April 1820, pp. 386-418.)

Sources

Alabama Genealogy Trails. Alabama Epidemic History (citing Time Magazine, 7-6-1925 as source). Submitted by K. Torp. 2013. Accessed 8-25-2013: http://genealogytrails.com/ala/epidemics.html

Augustin, George. History of Yellow Fever. New Orleans: 1909; General Books reprint, Memphis, TN, 2010.

Barton, Edward H., MD, Chair, Sanitary Commission of New Orleans. Report of the Sanitary Commission to His Honor J. L. Lewis, Mayor of the City of New Orleans. New Orleans: By Authority of the City Council of New Orleans, 1854. Google preview accessed 3-5-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=_EQJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Barton, Edward H., MD. The Cause and Prevention of Yellow Fever at New Orleans and other Cities in America (Third Edition, with a Supplement). New York: H. Bailliere; London and Paris, 1857. Google preview accessed 3-14-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=yEJZDrCO-ZkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Carrigan, Jo Ann. The Saffron Scourge: A History of Yellow Fever in Louisiana, 1796-1905 (Doctoral Dissertation). Louisiana State University, LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses, 1961. Accessed 3-11-2018 at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=gradschool_disstheses

Childs, Emery E. A History of the United States In Chronological Order From the Discovery of America in 1492 to the Year 1885. NY: Baker & Taylor, 1886. Digitized by Google. At: http://books.google.com/books?id=XLYbAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Keating, J. M. A History of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878 in Memphis, Tenn. Memphis, TN: Howard Association, 1879. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=WEIJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

La Roche, Rene, M.D. Yellow Fever, Considered in its Historical, Pathological, Etiological, and Therapeutical Relations, Including A Sketch of the Disease as it has Occurred in Philadelphia from 1699-1854… (Vol. 1 of 2). Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea, 1855. Google preview accessed 3-15-2018 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=Fsg1AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Macomber, Robert. “My Worst Fears Have Been More Than Realized: Yellow Fever Hits The Union.” Huntingdon, TN: Civil War Interactive (website). Accessed 8-15-2013 at:

http://www.civilwarinteractive.com/ArticleYellowFeverMacomber.htm

Monette, John W. Observations on the Epidemic Yellow Fever of Natchez and of the South-West. Louisville, KY: Prentice and Weissinger, 1842. Digitized by U.S. National Library of Medicine. Accessed 8-15-2013 at: http://archive.org/details/65030290R.nlm.nih.gov

New York Times. “Yellow Fever Retrospect.” October 7, 1888. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D03EFD81F38E033A25754C0A9669D94699FD7CF&oref=slogin

Putnam, G. P. (Ed.). The World’s Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. NY: G. P. Putnam, 1851. Digitized by Google: http://books.google.com/books?id=qz9HAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Quinan, John R., M.D. Medical Annals of Baltimore From 1608-1880, Including Events, Men and Literature, to Which is Added A Subject Index and Record of Public Services. Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald, 1884. Google digitized. Accessed 1-14-2015 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=xNcRAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Sternberg, George M. (US Public Health Service, US Marine Hospital Service). Report on the Etiology and Prevention of Yellow Fever. Washington: GPO, United States Marine Hospital Service, Treasury Dept., 1890. Google preview accessed 3-15-2018 at:

https://books.google.com/books?id=LpYaAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Sternberg, George M. “Yellow Fever: History and Geographic Distribution,” pp. 715-722. Appendix to the Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences by Various Writers, Thomas L. Stedman, (ed.). New York: William Wood and Company, 1908. Google preview accessed 3-15-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=3ezqX415M5wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal (University of Northern Iowa), Vol. 10, No. 27, April 1820, pp. 386-418. “Reviewed Works: The Late Fever in Boston ; Case of the Ship Ten Brothers; Being the Report of a Committee of the Board of Health, Unanimously Accepted, and Published by Order of the Board ; A Statement of the Occurrences during a Malignant Yellow Fever in the City of New York, in the Summer and Autumnal Months of 1819 ; Observations on the Epidemic of 1819, as It Prevailed in a Part of the City of Baltimore by David M. Reese.” Accessed 3-15-2018 at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25121454?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Toner, Joseph M. (M.D., President, American Medical Association). “The Distribution and Natural History of Yellow Fever as it has Occurred at Different Times in the United States” (Paper read before the American Public Health Association, November 12, 1873). Washington, DC: 1873, 33 pages. Accessed 8-23-2013 at: http://cdm16313.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/LSUBK01/id/10240/rec/19

United States Marine Hospital Service, Treasury Department. Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1895 (Document No. 1811). Washington: GPO, 1896. Digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=aTnxAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

[1] Cites: P. H. Lewis, N.O.M.J., vol. 1, No. 4, 1845, p. 284.

[2] Notes that the yellow fever was also at Fort St. Stephens, July 4-Dec 1, and at Fort Claiborne, July 4-Dec 1.

[3] “Dr. Blair remarks that, although some of the inhabitants of Georgetown, who passed through the epidemics he describes, had resided there during the fever of 1819, there was no instance of a sufferer from the latter being attacked in 1837 and following years.” [Blanchard: In that yellow fever was present in nearby Baltimore, it should be no surprise that there were cases and possibly deaths in Georgetown, DC.]

[4] No note on deaths. Writes “Georgia.–At Savannah epidemics are recorded in the years 1800, 1807, 1808, 1817, 1819, 1820….”

[5] “The late fever in Boston” was in New England Medical Journal, Oct, 1819 and reviewed as “Reviewed Works” in The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal (Univ. Northern IA), V.10/N.27, April 1820, pp. 386-418. While writing of yellow fever in New York and Baltimore, notes “It [yellow fever] also prevailed in Charleston and Savannah, but in a degree much less destructive than in many former years.”

[6] We cannot reconcile large discrepancy between Barton and Sanitary Commission of New Orleans in 1854, and the other sources we cite, including the U.S. Marine Hospital Service, Treasury Dept., which agree on 2,190. Perhaps they all mistook total mortality in New Orleans for yellow fever mortality. Perhaps their numbers are better. Perhaps their numbers included deaths elsewhere in Louisiana, in that yellow fever has a great tendency to spread as infected people leave the area and are then bitten by a mosquito which bites someone else thus spreading the disease.

[7] NYT notes as well that the yellow fever also broke out in Alabama and Louisiana, but noted deaths only for NO.

[8] “…during a period of sixty days…”

[9] “Comparative Table: Estimate of the Salubrity of New Orleans, as affected by her Epidemics. 1^st–of Yellow Fever.”

[10] “Comparative Table [Yellow Fever and Cholera]. Estimate of the Salubrity of New Orleans, as affected by her Epidemics. 1^st — of Yellow Fever.” (p. xlix)

[11] We add the “at least” to the 47 given the description: “July 1. Yellow fever begins, as did the epidemic of 1794 and 1800, at Fell’s Point, in Wolf, Pitt, Ann, George, and Lancaster streets. Oct. 20. Epidemic ceased. Total cases reported by Board of Health only 1005, while Drs. Wm. H. and A. Clendinen alone report 630 cases and 47 deaths in their practice from July 1 to Nov. 1.”

[12] See breakout below and Narrative section on Boston for our estimate of at least ten deaths. The original article “The late fever in Boston” was in New England Medical Journal, Oct, 1819. It was reprinted as “Reviewed Works” in The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal (University of Northern Iowa), Vol. 10, No. 27, April 1820, pp. 386-418. On p. 399 it is written that there was “a considerable number of deaths…”

[13] At page 376 La Roche refers to “The epidemic of 1819” as having broken out “and prevailed in nearly the same localities” [as 1798, viz. “a short distance from the water’s edge…the town dock, Codman’s Stoddart’s and other wharves, as also about State Street, Liberty Square, the market place around Fort Hill, and some similar situations.”

[14] For the purpose of contributing to a tally we convert first very speedily fatal cases into at least three.

[15] No hint as to the extent of mortality is given. Thus, we again, in order to contribute to a tally, speculate on the number. If the mortality in July was greater than it late June (which we put as at least 3) we assume at least 5 in July.

[16] “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 398. On p. 399, it is written that “The sailors, who were taken sick, were carried to Brewster [Barnstable County], where, as we have seen, a part of them died, and some persons were sick at Marblehead.”

[17] It is noted that he “sickened and died at Portsmouth.”

[18] “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 399.

[19] “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 399. It is noted she was taken to Acton, Middlesex County, where she died.

[20] “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 399.

[21] “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 399. Written: “Their daughter was taken about the same time [as mother] and removed to her brother’s in Back street, where she remained three days, and was then removed to Acton, and died there.”

[22] Ten Brothers. “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Jour., 10/27, Apr 1820, 401.

[23] Written that “Previously to his death he vomited upon his pillows a large quantity…dark coloured grumous [?] blood….The day following that event, Harriet took them, ripped them open, and picked over the feathers with her fingers, as they were matted together by the blood and other matters thrown from the stomach….she was attacked on Thursday evening the twelfth and died the Sunday following.” “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 401.

[24] “In New York…in 1819 there were only about one hundred and fifty cases, and fifty deaths.” Notes in “had sickened on Saturday evening, the seventh of August, after having worked several days on board the ship, and died on Tuesday the tenth.”

[25] “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 404.

[26] First NYC resident death.

[27] “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 403.

[28] “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 403.

[29] “Reviewed Works,” The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 10, No. 27, Apr 1820, p. 403.

[30] Cites: Medical Repository, New Series, Vo. Vi, pp. 6-20.

[31] Cites: Barton’s Medical and Physical Journal, ii, 26.