298, MS, Memphis TN — ~520

lornajarrettblanchard September 1, 1897

–520-522 Blanchard tally based upon State and locality breakouts below.

— 484 Sternberg 1908, p. 721.[1]

— 454 Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, 215-216. (In forty-one localities in the South.)

Summary of State Breakouts Below

Alabama ( 90) Sep-Nov Especially Mobile (48), Montgomery (11), Whistler (8)

Florida ( 3) Nov (mid) Fort Barrancas, Key West, Pensacola

Illinois ( 1) Sep 20 Cairo (a refugee)

Kentucky ( 1) Sep 23 Louisville (a refugee)

Louisiana ( 301) Sep 4-Dec 25 Essentially New Orleans (298)

Mississippi ( 110) Aug-Nov Especially Biloxi (28), Edwards (30), Scranton (13)

Tennessee (14-16) Oct 22-Nov 7 Memphis

Breakout of 1897 Yellow Fever Deaths by State and Locality

Alabama ( 90) Sep-Nov

–90 Statewide Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

–57 Statewide Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 442-46.

Breakout of Alabama 1897 yellow fever deaths by locality.

— 0 Alco case[2] Oct 8 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 615.

— 1 Bay Minette Oct 14[3] Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 442.

— 5 Flomaton (>65 cases by Nov 4).[4] Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 442.

–0 “ 4 cases by Oct 14 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 1 Greensboro, Hale Co. Nov 2 (66 cases) US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 1 Magazine Point, Mobile Co., by Oct 26. US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 615.

–48 Mobile (>291 cases by Nov 4)[5] Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 445.

–2 “ Sep 17 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 591.

–3 “ Sep 24 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

–1 “ Sep 25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

–1 “ Sep 27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

–1 “ Sep 28 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

–1 “ Sep 29 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

–1 “ Sep 30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 600.

–1 “ Oct 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 600.

–1 “ Oct 2 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 600.

–2 “ Oct 5 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 600.

–2 “ Oct 9 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–2 “ Oct 10 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–1 “ Oct 14 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

–1 “ Oct 18 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

–2 “ Oct 19-20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–3 “ Oct 21 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–2 “ Oct 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–1 “ Oct 23 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–1 “ Oct 27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–1 “ Oct 28 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–3 “ Oct 29 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–2 “ Oct 30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ Nov 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ Nov 4 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 615.

–1 “ Nov 5 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 615.

–1 “ Nov 6 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 615.

–2 “ Nov 9 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 615.

–2 “ Nov 10 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 615.

–1 “ Nov 12 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 617.

–1 “ Nov 19 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

–1 “ Nov 20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

–1 “ Nov 21 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

–11 Montgomery Oct 18-Nov 7 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613-15.

–10 “ from 122 cases by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

— 5 “ Oct 18-27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 1 “ Oct 29 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 1 “ Oct 30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 1 “ Oct 31 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 1 “ Nov 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 1 “ Nov 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 1 “ Nov 7 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 615.

— 0 Notasulga (case) Oct 25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 0 Sandy Ridge (case) Oct 25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 2 Selma, Dallas Co., 10 cases by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

–0 “ 7 cases by Oct 23 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

–1 “ Oct 24-27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ Nov 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 3 Wagar, from 40 cases by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

–3 “ 45 cases Oct 11-Nov 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 8 Whistler, Mobile County[6] US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

–2 “ Oct 29 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ (22 cases) Oct 30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ Nov 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ (106 cases) Nov 2-3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ Nov 6 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

–1 “ Nov 7 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 617.

–1 “ Nov 12 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

Florida ( 3) Nov (mid)

— 1 Fort Barrancas Nov 18[7] Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 454.

— 1 Key West, Tortugas Quarantine station. US Marine-Hosp. Svc. An. Rpt. 1897, p. 494.

— 1 Pensacola, at quarantine station Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 458.

–1 “ Nov 15 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

Illinois ( 1)

–0 Cairo (two suspicious cases reported at marine hospital, admitted from government dredge.[8]

–1 Cairo (a refugee) Sep 20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 589.

Kentucky ( 1)

–1 Louisville (a refugee) Sep 23 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

Louisiana (301) Sep 4-Dec 25

–308 approximately statewide Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, p. 216.

–301 State Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

— 0 Algiers, case reported. Sep 21 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 599.

— 2 Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge Par. Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 475.

–1 “ Oct 21 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–1 “ Oct 31 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 1 Franklin, St. Mary Parish Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 478.

–1 “ Oct 14 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–300 New Orleans (approximately) Duffy. “Yellow Fever in the Continental [US], 694.[9]

–298 New Orleans (out of 1,908 cases) Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, p. 216.

–297 New Orleans New Orleans Public Library. Yellow Fever Deaths...

–218 “ Sep 4-Dec 25 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 493.

–212 “ out of 1,675 cases. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

— ? “ Sep 6, 1^st case. Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, p. 192.[10]

— 1 “ Sep 17 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 591.

— 1 “ Sep 18 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

— 2 “ Sep 19 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

— 2 “ Sep 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

— 3 “ Sep 23 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

— 4 “ Sep 24 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

— 2 “ Sep 25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

— 2 “ Sep 27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

— 2 “ Sep 28 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

— 4 “ Sep 29 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

— 3 “ Sep 30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

— 2 “ Oct 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

— 4 “ Oct 2 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

— 3 “ Oct 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

— 2 “ Oct 5 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

— 5 “ Oct 6 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

— 2 “ Oct 7 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

— 5 “ Oct 8 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

— 6 “ Oct 9 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

— 5 “ Oct 10 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

— 4 “ Oct 11 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

— 3 “ Oct 12 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

— 9 “ Oct 13 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

— 4 “ Oct 14 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

— 3 “ Oct 15 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

— 4 “ Oct 16 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

— 5 “ Oct 17 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

— 7 “ Oct 18 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

— 4 “ Oct 19 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

— 3 “ Oct 20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

— 2 “ Oct 21 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

— 5 “ Oct 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

— 7 “ Oct 23 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

— 3 “ Oct 24 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

— 11 “ Oct 25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

— 7 “ Oct 26 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

— 11 “ Oct 27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

— 8 “ Oct 28 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 5 “ Oct 29 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 9 “ Oct 30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 5 “ Oct 31 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 12 “ Nov 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 6 “ Nov 2 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 3 “ Nov 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

— 7 “ Nov 4 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 10 “ Nov 5 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 5 “ Nov 6 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 8 “ Nov 7 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 7 “ Nov 8 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 4 “ Nov 9 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 4 “ Nov 10 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 6 “ Nov 11 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 2 “ Nov 12 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 2 “ Nov 13 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 3 “ Nov 14 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 2 “ Nov 15 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 2 “ Nov 16 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 3 “ Nov 17 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 2 “ Nov 18 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

— 4 “ Nov 20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

— 3 “ Nov 21 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

— 1 “ Nov 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

— 1 “ Nov 24 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

— 11 “ Nov 25-Dec 4 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 621.

— 5 “ Dec 5-25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 621.

— 0 Patterson, St. Mary Parish (case) Oct 21. US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

Mississippi (110-112) Aug-Nov[11]

–111 Statewide Blanchard tally based on sources below.

— 0 Alco, 1st case Oct 8 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–4-5 Barkley Blanchard range from sources below.

–0 “ 1^st four cases reported, Sep 11. US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 589.

–5 “ (out of 15 cases) by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

–4 “ (10 cases) Sep 13-18 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–4-5 Bay St. Louis Blanchard range from sources below.

–5 “ from 259 cases by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p8.

–4 “ US Marine-Hosp. Svc. An. Rpt. 1897, p. 605, 608.

–1 “ Oct 19 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

–1 “ Oct 24 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–2 “ (40 cases) Oct 25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–28 Biloxi (606 cases) Sep-Nov 4 Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

–1 “ Harrison County Sep 19 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

–1 “ Sep 20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

–1 “ Sep 21 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

–1 “ Sep 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

–1 “ Sep 27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

–1 “ Sep 28 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

–1 “ Sep 30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

–2 “ Oct 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

–1 “ Oct 6 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

–1 “ Oct 7 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–1 “ Oct 8 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–1 “ Oct 10 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–1 “ Oct 19 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

–3 “ Oct 20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

–1 “ Oct 21 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–1 “ Oct 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–1 “ Oct 25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 608.

–4 “ Oct 28 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ Nov 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ Nov 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–1 “ Nov 14 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 1 Cayuga, Hinds Co., 35 cases by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

–1 “ (25 cases) Oct 18 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

— 2 Clinton, Hinds Co., from 34 cases by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, 8.

–1 “ Oct 7 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–1 “ (42 cases) Oct 14 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

— 0 Country Farm (case) Oct 25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

— 1 Durant, Homes County Nov 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 613.

–30 Edwards, from 533 cases by Nov 4 Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

–0 “ 1^st case, Aug 8, Mrs. Anderson, on arrival back from Ocean Springs.[12]

–1 “ Sep 5 Delphi Weekly Times, IN. 9-7-1897.[13]

–1 “ Sep 15 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

–2 “ Sep 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

–2 “ Sep 25 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

–1 “ Sep 28 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

–1 “ Oct 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

–1 “ Oct 2 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

–1 “ Oct 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

–2 “ Oct 4 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

–1 “ Oct 5 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

–1 “ Oct 6 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 601.

–4 “ Oct 8 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–1 “ Oct 9 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–1 “ Oct 10 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–2 “ Oct 11 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

–1 “ Oct 12-15 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

–1 “ Oct 16 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

–1 “ Oct 17 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

–3 “ Oct 18 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

–1 “ Oct 23 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

–1 “ (455 cases) Nov 15 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 2 Greensboro, Webster Co. (20 cases). Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

— 0 Henderson’s Point, 3 cases, Oct 7-20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

— 0 Hinds Co., Convict Camp, near Raymond (6 cases, Oct 23-27). US MHS An Rpt. 609.

— 1 McHenry (out of 41 cases) Oct 13 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

— 2 Nitta Yuma, Sharkey Co., 48 cases. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

–1 “ Oct 11 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

— 6 Ocean Springs (797 cases)[14] Sep 8-30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

–2 “ Sep 8 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

–3 “ Sep 18 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

–1 “ (23 cases) Sep 26 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 597.

— 3 Pascagoula, Jackson Co., by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

–0 “ 1^st case Sep 10 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 589.

–1 “ Oct 20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 606.

–1 “ (35 cases) Nov 8 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 0 Perkinston, Stone Co., 1^st case, Sep 10. US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 589.

–18 Scranton, Jackson Co., by Nov 13[15] US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

–15 “ by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

— 0 “ 1^st case Sep 9 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 589.

— 1 “ Sep 26 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 598.

— 1 “ Sep 27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 598.

— 1 “ Sep 29 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 598.

— 2 “ Sep 30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 602.

— 5 “ Oct 1-20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

“ –1 Oct 13 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 603.

“ –1 Oct 20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 606.

— 1 “ Oct 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

— 3 “ Oct 26 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

— 1 “ Oct 27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

— 1 “ Nov 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 614.

— 1 “ Nov 2 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 614.

— 1 “ Nov 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 614.

— 1 “ Nov 8 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 1 “ Nov 13 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 618.

— 0 Waveland, Hancock County (5 cases) Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

— 0 “ “ 4 cases by Oct 20 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

— 9 West Pascagoula Oct-Nov US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 620.[16]

Ohio ( 0)

–0 Cincinnati, Montgomery AL refugee gravely ill, Oct 27 report to US Marine-Hospital, 615.

Tennessee (14-16) Oct 22-Nov 7

–16 Memphis, from 52 cases by Nov 4. Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

–14 “ US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609-16

— 0 “ 1^st case report Oct 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

— 1 “ Oct 27 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 609.

— 2 “ Oct 28 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 614.

— 1 “ Oct 30 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 614.

— 1 “ Oct 31 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 614.

— 1 “ Nov 1 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 614.

— 2 “ Nov 2 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 614.

— 3 “ Nov 3 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 614.

— 1 “ Nov 4 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 1 “ Nov 5 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

— 1 “ Nov 7 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 616.

Texas ( 0)

–0 Beaumont, 1^st case Sep 22 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 592.

–0 Galveston, 12 cases as of Oct 12 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 604.

–0 Houston, 3 cases as of Oct 11 US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 604.

–14 Miscellaneous (from 107 cases) Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.[17]

Narrative Information

U.S. Marine-Hospital Service: “Yellow Fever…this disease [appeared] within the limits of the United States during the summer and fall of 1897. Its continued appearance elsewhere on the Western Hemisphere, where alone it is allowed to have its habitat, requires a rehearsal of the same story from year to year with but few changes.

“The island of Cuba…still remains the constant menace to the health of our Southern States. The normal state of unhealthiness of ants principal seaport, Havana, is of course augmented at present by the presence of so many unacclimated troops from abroad who are engaged in suppressing the rebellion. The sickness and mortality among these soldiers can not be accurately ascertained, as their statistical reports are not obtainable. There have been (November 1, 1896, to November 1, 1897) 1,605 deaths in Havana alone, more than the entire number of cases which occurred during the present epidemic in the city of New Orleans, and upon a basis of mortality of 12 per cent, which is a very low one, this would represent about 12,000 cases. In two months (November 1-December 32, 1896) there were 1,472 cases reported. In Santiago there have been 385 deaths; in Matanzas 175 deaths; in Cienfuegos 129 deaths, and in Regla 130 deaths. In other places there have been reported to the Bureau a total of 232 deaths, making a grand total of 2,656 deaths in the island of Cuba, which based upon the mortality rate above mentioned gives a probable minimum of 20,000 cases; and this, it is to be remembered, is only from those points where our consuls reside, and where communication with the world is possible at the present time.

“In Brazil the epidemic reported during the last year appears to be abating. In the city of Rio de Janeiro only 158 deaths have been reported, as against 3,107 the year previous; but it has appeared in Para, a point not noted the previous year, and 125 deaths have occurred in that city…

“In Mexico there have been only 4 deaths reported from Vera Cruz and 9 from Mazatlan, certainly a good record from places heretofore unpleasantly associated with large statistics in respect to yellow fever.

“On the Isthmus of Panama the city of that name has been visited by an epidemic this spring and summer, and 110 deaths have been reported.

“Other countries in South America or the West Indies [Caribbean] where cases or deaths have been reported are Ecuador, Haiti, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Peru, Nicaragua, and Salvador…” (pp. 427-428.)

U.S. Marine-Hospital Service: “The Yellow-Fever Epidemic in the South During the Fall of 1897.

“The epidemic of yellow fever which occurred shortly after the close of the last fiscal year has its official beginning from the 4^th of September, when an officer of this service proved by post-mortem examination the existence of the disease in Ocean Springs, Miss. This, however, is not the actual beginning of the epidemic, for it had been in existence, though undiscovered, for many weeks before its formal announcement. In another place I have discussed the charge made by others that it originated from contact with persons either residing at or passing through Ship Island quarantine to Ocean Springs. Subsequent information has shown satisfactorily that the first victim of the disease was a person who came from a Central American port, through a local quarantine, in April, prior to the beginning of the quarantine closed season. The mildness of the epidemic prevented it becoming a matter of public concern, and this, coupled with the hesitation which men naturally exhibit in admitting the existence of yellow fever, kept accurate knowledge from the hands of the authorities. The experience at Ocean Springs is evidence of the benignity of the disease, where there were 400 cases of this unrecognized mild type of yellow fever with extremely slight mortality. Indeed, throughout the entire experience of the fall the mortality did not reach as high as 11 per cent. This mild type led to general denial of the first cases appearing in communities, and occasioned widespread discussion as to the correctness of the expressed opinions of acknowledged experts. Controversies proceeded with more or less acrimony in several localities, but the correctness of the opinion of the officers employed by the Government as to th existence of yellow fever was promptly confirmed by local physicians nd health authorities.

Fever at Ocean Springs, Miss.

“Owing to reported information of an epidemic of fever at Ocean Springs, Miss., about the 20^th of August, 1897, members of the State board of health of Louisiana determined to visit Ocean Springs and investigate the disease in conjunction with a member of the Mississippi State board of health. After a thorough investigation, there having been reported some 400 cases….” [pp. 580-581.]

“To meet the necessities caused by restrictions upon travel from Ocean Springs and the other infected localities, the first essential was the establishment of a detention camp, where people seeking to leave the infected localities could be taken as guests and held a period of time sufficient to demonstrate their freedom from the disease, when with a certificate to this effect they could be passed to localities which would otherwise bar them out.

The speedy establishment of this camp was made possible by the preparations which had been made two years previously in anticipation of an emergency like the present. A portable detention camp, including tents, cots, bedding, laundry machinery, cooking and dining utensils, etc., had been prepared, ready for immediate shipment at the old detention camp near Waynesville, Ga., established during the yellow fever epidemic in Brunswick in 1893. A full description of this portable probation camp may be found in the annual report of the Marine-Hospital Service for 1895, pages 379-384.

“This camp was immediately transferred to a point 20 miles east of Ocean Springs and later to Fontainebleau, Miss., requiring a train of 40 cars. Fontainebleau is but 4 or 5 miles east of Ocean Springs, and although after the arrival of the camp at its destination some delay was caused by difficulty in obtaining lumber for the large kitchen and dining rooms, etc., and by hevy showers of rain, the camp was ready for occupancy on September 19, nine days after it had been started from Waynesville.

“The total number of guests admitted to this camp was 1,174, among whom there were discovered in the course of detention 20 cases of yellow fever, each of which was promptly removed to a safe distance as soon as discovered and no new cases developed therefrom; in other words, the camp, by reason of good management, did not itself become infected. It was in operation abut one month, at the end of which time its maintenance was no longer required, and its equipment, or a large portion thereof, was shipped to Avondale, La., for the establishment of another detention camp at that point.

“This cap at Avondale was named ‘Camp Hutton,’ in honor of the memory of Surg. W. H. H. Hutton, whose services in the yellow-fever epidemic of 1893 and at various other critical times had been of so marked a value to the Bureau, the Treasury Department, and the country.

“Camp Hutton was established to protect particularly the sugar districts of Louisiana, and received over 1,000 guests, from among whom two cases of yellow fever were strained out, who would otherwise have gone into the sugar districts and infected the localities visited. It also was maintained about one month, being closed on November 10.

“A third detention camp was established at Mount Vernon Barracks, Ala., an abandoned military reservation, which had been made over by the military authorities to the governor of Alabama, the latter willingly surrendering it to the Marine-Hospital Service for detention-camp purposes.

“This camp was intended particularly for refugees from Mobile, a large number of whom availed themselves of the privileges thereof….

“In addition to these three camps, the Bureau prepared and shipped to the vicinity of Edwards, Miss., the full equipment of another camp, with a view to establishing the same for the purpose of permitting egress from the infected territory I middle Mississippi….” [pp. 583-584.]

“In addition to the regularly commissioned officers of the Service, there were employed 107 physicians as acting assistant surgeons of the Marine-Hospital Service at various places in the South. Of these it may be mentioned that 29 were employed in New Orleans, 44 were employed by the officer of the Service at Memphis who had charge of steamboat and train inspection service, and 11 were employed in Mobile and vicinity….” [p. 585.]

Sep 18: “…at a called meeting of the Tennessee board of health on the 18^th quarantine was ordered against the entire State of Mississippi, including all persons and baggage, to go into effect on the 20^th; also that inspectors had been appointed at Memphis, Grand Junction, Raymer, Stateline, Chattanooga, Cleveland, and Ducktown, and that they had been ordered to cooperate with the Marine-Hospital Service….” (US Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897, p. 594.)

Nov 9: “The disinfection of mails for points not quarantined against freights from New Orleans and Mobile is discontinued, and the discontinuance of train inspectors out of Mobile authorized.

Nov 10: “Refugees remaining in Camp Hutton at this date discharged, and camp closed. Camp equipage stored and left in charge of custodian….During the continuance of Camp Hutton over 1,000 guests were received and detained ten days, all their baggage and personal effects being disinfected, and several hundred freight and passenger cars disinfected….” (US Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897, p. 617.)

Nov 12: “All quarantine restrictions removed by the Memphis (Tenn.) board of health…. Inspection or river vessels at Vicksburg, Miss., discontinued.

Nov 13: “Mount Vernon Barracks Detention Camp closed, and the camp equipage stored….

Nov 17: “All disinfection (mails, baggage, etc.) at Atlanta, Ga., discontinued….” (US Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897, p. 619.)

Nov 18: “A fatal case of yellow fever reported at Fort Barrancas, Fla., 8 miles from Pensacola.

Nov 21: “State Health Officer Sanders, of Alabama, wires that all quarantines are removed.

Nov 22: “No further manifestation disease at Pensacola, and nine days since Goldberg died; 14 since first taken sick; none who were exposed during sickness have been or are now sick from any cause; house-to-house inspection completed Saturday noon; shows no suspicious fever here. Barrancas has now 3 cases; advised moving entire command into camp 2 miles from post, which has been done. Jos. Y. Porter, State Health Officer….

Nov 24: “The Florida State health authorities still requiring disinfection of merchandise from Mobile and New Orleans….

Nov 25: “The issuance of public bulletins by the Louisiana State board of health discontinued and all house quarantines in New Orleans removed.” (US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 620.)

Sources

Augustin, George. History of Yellow Fever. New Orleans: Published for the Author by Search & Pfaff Ltd., 1909; General Books reprint, Memphis, TN, 2010. 1909 copy digitized at: http://archive.org/stream/historyofyellowf00auguuoft#page/n4/mode/1up

Bellande, Ray L. “Yellow Fever & Hurricanes.” Ocean Springs Archives. Accessed 5-11-2018 at: https://oceanspringsarchives.net/yellow-fever-hurricanes

Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8. Accessed 5-12-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/biloxi-herald-nov-06-1897-p-8/

Carrigan, Jo Ann. The Saffron Scourge: A History of Yellow Fever in Louisiana, 1796-1905 (Doctoral Dissertation). Louisiana State University, LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses, 1961. Accessed 3-11-2018 at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=gradschool_disstheses

Delphi Weekly Times, IN. “Yellow Fever at Edwards Miss.” 9-7-1897, p. 5, col. 3. Accessed 5-11-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/delphi-weekly-times-sep-03-1897-p-5/

Duffy, John. “Yellow Fever in the Continental United States During the Nineteenth Century.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 6, June 1968, pp. 687-701.

New Orleans Public Library, Louisiana Division. Yellow Fever Deaths in New Orleans, 1817-1905. Accessed 3-7-2010 at: http://nutrias.org/facts/feverdeaths.htm

Sternberg, George M. (US Public Health Service, US Marine Hospital Service). “Yellow Fever: History and Geographic Distribution.” Pages 715-722 in Stedman, Thomas L., M.D. (Ed.) Appendix to the Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. NY: William Wood & Co., 1908. Google preview accessed 3-18-2018 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=3ezqX415M5wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

United States Marine-Hospital Service, Treasury Department. Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1897. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1899. Google preview accessed 5-12-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=ih84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

[1] Sternberg writes that “The epidemic had its origin at Ocean Springs, Miss. Cases occurred in 42 localities, the total number reported having been 4,325, with a mortality of 484. In Mississippi the largest number of cases occurred at Biloxi, Edwards, Scranton, and Ocean Springs; in Alabama the principal centres of the infection were Mobile, Montgomery, Whistler, and Flouraton; in Louisiana New Orleans furnished by far the greater number of cases (mortality 275).” (p. 721)

[2] Elsewhere the Marine Hospital Service shows Alco in Mississippi reporting.

[3] US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 605.

[4] Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

[5] Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8. US MHS also shows 48 deaths (p. 621.)

[6] Incorporated into Pritchard in the 1950s. (Wikipedia) Augustin (History of Yellow Fever, p. 446) notes 3 deaths.

[7] Date is from: US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 619.

[8] US Marine-Hosp. Svc. Annual Rpt. 1897, p. 593.

[9] Highlighted to denote not used in tally — using, instead, the 297-298 range of the N.O. Public Lib. And Carrigan.

[10] Writes it was “a boy who had returned…from Ocean Springs, Mississippi” [by rail]. (Cites in footnote 45: New Orleans Picayune, Sept. 7, 1897.

[11] See Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service on recognition that a mild form of yellow fever had become recognized as of an epidemic character in August.

[12] US Marine-Hospital Service Annual Report for 1897, p. 591. On page 616 US MHS notes 229 cases in Oct.

[13] Writes: “A family of nine persons, named Anderson, living near Edwards, had been sojourning at Ocean Springs. After their return seven of the family were taken sick, and Mr. Champion visited the family to inquire after their health. Two or three days afterwards, Mr. Champion was taken sick and died Sunday. The attending physician pronounced the case one of yellow fever.”

[14] Biloxi Herald, MS. “The Fever.” 11-6-1897, p. 8.

[15] Reports by dates total 20 deaths not 18. Biloxi Herald notes 15 by Nov 4 and US MHS shows another death on Nov 8 as well as one on Nov 13, which would have brought their tally to 17.

[16] The US MHS separately shows deaths for Pascagoula.

[17] Not used in our tally in that Augustin shows about the same number of deaths in places not noted by Biloxi Herald.