1881 — Smallpox, esp. Philly/1336, Chicago/1180, NYC/503, Pittsburgh/448, Honolulu/282 — ~5,275
Document created by Wayne Blanchard Dec 2012; revised Feb 2015; Dec 2019 for website: Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-Of-Life Events. https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/
–5,274-5,277. Blanchard tally based on State and locality breakouts below. (Approx. 5,275.)
–4,016 Sixty-six cities and towns in the U.S. providing reports to National Board of Health.[1]
Summary of State Breakout
California ( 48) San Francisco
Colorado ( 1)
Connecticut ( 8)
Delaware ( 118) Wilmington
Georgia ( 1)
Hawaii ( 282) Honolulu especially
Illinois (1,350) Chicago especially (1,180)
Indiana (10-11)
Iowa ( 14)
Kentucky ( 89) Covington (69), Louisville (20)
Louisiana ( 5) New Orleans
Massachusetts ( 47)
Michigan ( 82)
Minnesota ( 44)
Mississippi ( 1)
Missouri ( 8)
Nebraska ( 6)
New Jersey ( 254) Hudson County especially (202)
New York ( 567) New York City (503), Brooklyn (44) especially
North Dakota Terr. ( 25) Wahpeton area
Ohio (61-63) Cincinnati (59-61) especially
Pennsylvania (1,962) Philly (1,336), Pittsburgh (448), Allegheny (108) esp.
South Dakota Terr. ( 32)
Tennessee ( 6)
Texas ( 67) Brownsville especially (65)
Utah ( 1)
Virginia ( 148) Richmond
Washington, DC ( 2)
Washington State ( 21) Dayton and Columbia County
West Virginia ( >2)
Wisconsin ( 12)
Totals:
Breakout of Fatalities by State and Locality (where noted):
Arkansas ( ?)[2]
California ( 48) San Francisco
— 1 Oakland, May National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–64 San Francisco. (1880-1881) Shah 2001, p. 62.[3]
–47 San Francisco, year. National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 2 “ Jan 9-15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 5 “ Jan 17-22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Feb 6-12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 2 “ Feb 13-19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Feb 20-26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 2 “ Mar 27-Apr 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 3 “ Apr 3-9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 6 “ Apr 10-16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 2 “ Apr 17-23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 2 “ Apr 24-30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 2 “ May 1-7. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 2 “ May 8-14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ May 15-21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ May 22-28. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 2 “ May 29-Jun 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 2 “ June 12-18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Jul 31-Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 3 “ Aug 14-20. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Aug 21-27. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Sep 18-24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Oct 16-22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882,110.
— 1 “ Oct 30-Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 1 “ Nov 13-19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 1 “ Nov 27-Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
Colorado ( 1)
— 1 Boulder, July National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
Connecticut ( 8)
— 2 Hartford[4] Week ending Jan 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 3 Meriden. March. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p.270.[5]
— 1 New Britain Week ending Feb 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 New Haven Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
Delaware ( 118) Wilmington
–118 Wilmington, year. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 2 “ Week ending Jan 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Jan 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Feb 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Apr 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 3 “ Week ending Apr 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 9 “ Week ending Apr 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 8 “ Week ending May 7. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 12 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 7 “ Week ending May 21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 5 “ Week ending June 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 4 “ Week ending Jun 11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 3 “ Week ending Jun 18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 3 “ Week ending Jun 25. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 6 “ Week ending Jul 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Jul 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 8 “ Week ending Jul 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 5 “ Week ending Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 4 “ Week ending Aug 20. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 1 “ Week ending Sep 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Week ending Sep 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Oct 8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 5 “ Week ending Oct 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 1 “ Week ending Oct 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 1 “ Week ending Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 2 “ Week ending Nov 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 11-28-1882, 11
— 2 “ Week ending Dec 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
Georgia ( 1)
— 1 Brunswick, May. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
Hawaii ( 282) (Especially Honolulu, primarily Jan-May)
— 282 Thrum, Thos. G. Hawaiian Annual. “The Quinta Experience…” Honolulu, 1896. 99-100.
Illinois (1,350) Chicago especially (1,180)
— 170 State, other than Chicago for the year. IL State Board of Health 1883, 212.
— 1 Bartlett, Cook County Jan 15-Feb 24. IL State Board of Health 1883, 232.
— 16 Beardstown, Cass County Mar 1-Apr 15 IL State Board of Health 1883, 231.
— 1 Bluff City, Schuyler County Mar-May IL State Board of Health. 1883, 238.
— 2 Braidwood, Will County Oct-Jan 5, 1882 IL State Board of Health. 1883, 238.
— 1 Cerro Gordo, Platt County Dec-Feb 1882 IL State Board of Health. 1883, 237.
— 3 Chatsworth, Livingston Ct. Feb 14-May 20 IL State Board of Health 1883, 235.
–1180 Chicago, late. Nugent. “Epidemics.” Encyclopedia of Chicago.” 2005.
–1180 “ year. IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
–1180 “ National Board of Health. Annual Report…1883, p. 134.[6]
–1180 “ Nugent. “Epidemics.” Encyclopedia of Chicago.
— 822 “ National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 13 “ Week ending Jan 22. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 106.
— 4 “ Week ending Jan 29. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 106.
— 29 “ Month of Jan IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 6 “ Week ending Feb 5. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 106.
— 9 “ Week ending Feb 12. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 106.
— 9 “ Week ending Feb 19. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 106.
— 8 “ Week ending Feb 26. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 106.
— 34 “ Month of Feb IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 3 “ Week ending Mar 5. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107.
— 8 “ Week ending Mar 12. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107
— 12 “ Week ending Mar 19. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107
— 4 “ Week ending Mar 26. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107
— 31 “ Month of Mar IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 4 “ Week ending Apr 2. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107
— 3 “ Week ending Apr 9. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107
— 9 “ Week ending Apr 16. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107
— 11 “ Week ending Apr 23. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107
— 8 “ Week ending Apr 30. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107
— 39 “ Month of Apr IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 12 “ Week ending May 7. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 108
— 11 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 108
— 7 “ Week ending May 21. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 108
— 13 “ Week ending May 28. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 108
— 57 “ Month of May IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 8 “ Week ending June 4. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 108.
— 4 “ Week ending Jun 11. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 108.
— 4 “ Week ending Jun 18. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 108.
— 15 “ Week ending Jun 25. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 108.
— 66 “ Month of Jun IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 10 “ Week ending Jul 9. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 15 “ Week ending Jul 16. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 8 “ Week ending Jul 16. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 12 “ Week ending Jul 30. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 72 “ Month of Jul IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 25 “ Week ending Aug 6. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 23 “ Week ending Aug 13. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 20 “ Week ending Aug 20. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 28 “ Week ending Aug 27. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 68 “ Month of Aug IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 14 “ Week ending Sep 10. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 35 “ Week ending Sep 17. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 26 “ Week ending Sep 24. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 109.
— 26 “ Week ending Oct 1. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 116 “ Month of Sep IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 41 “ Week ending Oct 8. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 35 “ Week ending Oct 15. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 41 “ Week ending Oct 22. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 49 “ Week ending Oct 29. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 188 “ Month of Oct IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 8 “ Week ending Nov 5. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 25 “ Week ending Nov 12. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 20 “ Week ending Nov 19. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 28 “ Week ending Nov 26. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 206 “ Month of Nov IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 31 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 111.
— 33 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 111.
— 25 “ Week ending Dec 17. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 111.
— 27 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 111.
— 25 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 111.
— 274 “ Month of Dec IL State Board of Health 1883, 250.
— 1 Clayton, Adams County Dec 18-Jan 1, 1882 IL State Board of Health. 1883, 231.
— 11 Cuba, Fulton Ct. Jan-March IL State Board of Health 1883, 233.
— 8 East Lincoln Tp. Logan Ct. Oct-Nov IL State Board of Health 1883, 235.
— 1 East St. Louis, St. Clair Ct. Dec 4-Jan 5, 1882 IL State Board of Health. 1883, 238.
— 1 Elgin, Kane County Week ending Nov 5. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 110.
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 111.
— 2 Elsah, Jersey County Dec 1881-Jan 1882 IL State Board of Health. 1883, 234.
— 2 Evanston Tp., Cook County Dec 1880-Jul 1881. IL State Board of Health 1883, 232.
— 5 Floyd Tp., Warren County Mar-May 25 IL State Board of Health 1883, 238.
— 1 Galesburg, Knox County Jun 17-July IL State Board of Health 1883, 233.
— 1 Grafton, McHenry County Nov IL State Board of Health 1883, 235.
— 4 Griggsville Twp., Pike County Feb-Apr 15 IL State Board of Health 1883, 237.
— 1 Hinsdale, DuPage County Dec 1-9. IL State Board of Health 1883, 232.
— 2 Kankakee, Kankakee County May-June IL State Board of Health 1883, 234.
— 9 Kinderhook Tp., Pike Co. May 20-July IL State Board of Health 1883, 237.
— 2 Kirkwood, Warren County Feb 1-Mar IL State Board of Health 1883, 238.
— 9-10 Lake. Blanchard tally showing NBHB and Minor.
–9 “ National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, 270.
–2[7] Week ending Jan 29. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 106.
–2 “ Week ending Mar 26. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 107.
–1 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. 28 Jan 1882, 108.
–1 “ Week ending May 28. Minor Jan 28, 1882, 108.
–1 “ Week ending Jun 4. Minor Jan 28, 1882, 108.
–1 “ Week ending Dec 17. Minor Jan 28, 1882, 111.
–1 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor Jan 28, 1882, 108.
–1 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor Jan 28, 1882, 108.
— 4 Money Creek Tp., McLean Ct. Mar 5-Apr 11 IL State Board of Health. 1883, 235.
— 6 Mount Carmel, Wabash Ct. Nov 21-Dec IL State Board of Health. 1883, 238.
— 1 New Salem Tp., Pike Ct. Mar 7-April 18 IL State Board of Health. 1883, 237.
— 1 New Trier Tp., Cook Ct. Jan IL State Board of Health. 1883, 232.
— 1 Niles Tp. Cook Ct. Mar-Apr IL State Board of Health. 1883, 232.
— 2 Norway Tp. LaSalle Ct. Nov-Dec IL State Board of Health. 1883, 235.
— 1 Norwood Park, Cook Ct. Aug-Oct. IL State Board of Health. 1883, 232.
— 1 Peoria, Peoria Ct. Week ending May 14. Minor Jan 28, 1882, 108.
Indiana (10-11)
— 1 Evansville, May 15-21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
–5-6 Madison Blanchard tally based on conflicting reporting noted below.[8]
–5 Oct-Nov National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, 270.
–1 Oct National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, 270.
–1 Oct 16-22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
–4 Nov National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, 270.
–1 Dec 18-24 National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, 1-7-1882, 235.
— 3 South Bend, Nov. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, 270.
— 1 Vincennes, Dec 4-10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
Iowa ( 14)
— 1 Bellevue. Mid Dec. Waterloo Courier, IA. 12-21-1881, p. 1, col. 1.[9]
— 1 Davenport, Feb 6-12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 9 Keokuk, late Dec. Iowa Public Television. “Battling Smallpox.” Iowa Pathways.[10]
— 3 Muscatine. National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–2 Jan National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p. 270. –1 Jan 16-22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
–1 April National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
Fort Madison, State Penitentiary. Outbreak reported. NYT. “Small-Pox in the West.” 1-27-1881, 1.
Kentucky ( 89) Covington (69), Louisville (20)
–69 Covington. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 28, 1-7-1882, p. 229.
— Jan “
— Feb “
— March “
— April “
— May “
— June “
— July “
8 Aug “
13 Sep “
33 Oct “
10 Nov “
5 to Dec 15 “
–20 Louisville
— 3 Week ending Apr 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 107.
— 2 Week ending May 21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 108
— 2 June. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–1 May 29-June 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 108.
— 1 Week ending July 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 109.
— 3 Week ending July 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 109.
— 1 Week ending July 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 109.
— 1 Week ending July 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 109.
— 2 Week ending July 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 109.
— 1 Week ending Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 109.
— 4 Nov. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
Louisiana ( 5)
— 1 New Orleans. Apr 25-30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ May 8-14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Dec 4-10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 1 “ Dec 18-24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 1 “ Dec 25-31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
Massachusetts ( 47)
–47 State. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. Vol. CIX, July-December 1883, p. 499.[11]
–30 State. National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, 270.[12]
–30 State. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, pp. 107-111.
Locality Breakouts.
–1 Boston June 12-18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 108.
–3 “ Oct 23-29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 110.
–2 “ Nov 6-12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 110.
–2 “ Dec 11-17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 111.
–1 Fall River Jan. National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, 270.
–1 “ May 28-June 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 108.
–1 Gloucester Oct 29-Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 110.
–1 Holyoke Nov 13-19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 110.
–3 “ Nov 27-Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 110.
–4 “ Dec 4-10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 111.
–5 “ Dec 11-17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 111.
–1 “ Dec 18-24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 111.
–1 “ Dec 25-31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 111.
–1 New Bedford. Dec 11-17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 111.
–1 North Adams. Mar 6-12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 107.
–2 Westfield July 3-9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 109.
–1 “ July 10-16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 109.
Michigan ( 82)
–82 State. MI Sec. State. Sixteenth Annual Report…1882. 1884, p269.
— 1 Albion, Nov National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–18 Bingham Township, Nov National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 9 Detroit National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–2 “ April National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, p. 270. –4 “ May National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, p. 270. –3 “ June National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 1 Grand Rapids, late Dec. National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/28, 1-7-1882, p.243.[13]
— 1 Hartford, Nov National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 1 Kasson Township, Nov National Board of Health Bulletin, 3/30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 1 Port Huron, Aug 14-20. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
Minnesota ( 44)
–44 State. MN State Board of Health. “Report…Small Pox.” 1883, p. 5.[14]
— 3 Minneapolis, June-July National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–1 “ June 5-11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
–1 “ June 26-July 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
–1 “ July 10- 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 Verona, June 26-July 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
Mississippi ( 1)
— 1 Vicksburg Week ending Mar 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
Missouri ( 8)
— 1 Kansas City[15] Week ending May 7. Minor. “Smallpox,” Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
— 1 St. Louis Week ending Sep 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 1 “ Week ending Oct 8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
— 2 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
Nebraska ( 6)
— 1 Omaha, week ending Jun 18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 108.
— 5 Ponca, Dixon County. Hewitson. “1881 Smallpox Epidemic.” Genealogy.com., 8-8-2003.
New Jersey (254) Hudson County especially (202)
–254 State NJ Board of Health. Thirty-First Annual Report…Board of Health… 1908, 44.[16]
–240 State Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.
— 7 Camden, Camden Co., Jan 2-8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 2 “ Week ending Jan 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Feb 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 3 “ Week ending Feb 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 2 “ Week ending Apr 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 1 “ Week ending Apr 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 1 “ Week ending Apr 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 1 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Week ending June 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Jun 11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Jun 25. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Jul 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
–202 Hudson Co. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 2 “ Week ending Jan 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Jan 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 3 “ Week ending Feb 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 2 “ Week ending Feb 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Feb 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 4 “ Week ending Mar 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 8 “ Week ending Apr 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 6 “ Week ending Apr 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 4 “ Week ending Apr 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 2 “ Week ending Apr 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 8 “ Week ending Apr 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 3 “ Week ending May 7 . Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 6 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 2 “ Week ending May 21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Week ending June 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 2 “ Week ending Jun 11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Jun 18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Jun 25. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending July 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Jul 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 5 “ Week ending Jul 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 8 “ Week ending Jul 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 3 “ Week ending Aug 13. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 2 “ Week ending Aug 20. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 2 “ Week ending Aug 27. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 5 “ Week ending Sep 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 4 “ Week ending Sep 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Sep 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 3 “ Week ending Oct 1. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 4 “ Week ending Oct 8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 4 “ Week ending Oct 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 2 “ Week ending Oct 22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 8 “ Week ending Oct 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 24 Hudson County, Oct. New York Times. “New Jersey.” 1-1-1882, p. 12.
— 10 “ Week ending Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 4 “ Week ending Nov 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 15 “ Week ending Nov 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 11 “ Week ending Nov 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 40 “ Nov. New York Times. “New Jersey.” 1-1-1882, p. 12.
— 12 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 10 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
— 5 “ Week ending Dec 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 17 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 11 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 44 “ Dec. New York Times. “New Jersey.” 1-1-1882, p. 12.
— ? Jersey City.[17] Cases reported Feb 11. NYT. “Small-Pox in Jersey City,” 2-11-1881, p. 8.[18]
— 1 Newark, Essex Co., Feb 13-19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 1 “ Week ending Jun 11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
— 2 Orange, Essex Co., Jan.
— 1 Plainfield, Union Co., Mar 20-26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— ? Red Bank. Case reported Feb 14. NY Times. “Prevalence of Small-Pox.” 2-15-1881, p. 5.
— ? Trenton. Case reported Feb 14. NY Times. “Prevalence of Small-Pox.” 2-15-1881, p. 5.
New York ( 567) New York City (503), Brooklyn (44) especially
— 6 Amsterdam. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–3 Jan. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–2 Feb. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–1 March. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 1 Binghamton, Apr 24-30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 Black Rock, Dec 17. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 28, 1-7-1882, p. 239.
— 44 Brooklyn, Jan 30-Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106-111.
— 2 “ Jan 30-Feb 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 2 “ Week ending Feb 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 2 “ Week ending May 21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 2 “ Week ending May 28. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Week ending June 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 2 “ Week ending Jun 11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Jun 18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Jun 25. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Week ending Jul 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 2 “ Week ending Jul 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Week ending Jul 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Jul 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Jul 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 1 “ Week ending Aug 20. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 1 “ Week ending Sep 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 1 “ Week ending Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 2 “ Week ending Nov 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 9 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 1 Buffalo Week ending May 28. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ Nov 13-19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 4 Hudson Jan 31-Mar 29. National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p270.
–503 NY City NYC Dept. of Health. Summary of Vital Statistics 2009. Dec 2010.[19]
–453 “ Year. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–451 “ Board of Health. Annual Rpt. Of…City of [NY]…1911-1912., p. 227.
–450 “ New York Times. “Vital Statistics for 1881.” 1-1-1882, p. 5.
— 7 “ Week ending Jan 8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 7 “ Week ending Jan 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 9 “ Week ending Jan 22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 5 “ Week ending Jan 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 4 “ Week ending Feb 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 6 “ Week ending Feb 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 5 “ Week ending Feb 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 7 “ Week ending Feb 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 8 “ Week ending Mar 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 12 “ Week ending Mar 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 10 “ Week ending Mar 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 13 “ Week ending Apr 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 9 “ Week ending Apr 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 11 “ Week ending Apr 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 9 “ Week ending Apr 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 17 “ Week ending Apr 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 12 “ Week ending May 7. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 19 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 20 “ Week ending May 21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 15 “ Week ending May 28. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 20 “ Week ending June 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 15 “ Week ending June 11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 23 “ Week ending June 18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 10 “ Week ending June 25. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 16 “ Week ending July 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 7 “ Week ending July 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 6 “ Week ending July 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 8 “ Week ending July 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 8 “ Week ending July 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 12 “ Week ending Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 7 “ Week ending Aug 13. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 6 “ Week ending Aug 20. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 6 “ Week ending Aug 27. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 3 “ Week ending Sep 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 4 “ Week ending Sep 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Sep 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Week ending Sep 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 3 “ Week ending Oct 1. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 2 “ Week ending Oct 8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 4 “ Week ending Oct 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 1 “ Week ending Oct 22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 7 “ Week ending Oct 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 7 “ Week ending Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 2 “ Week ending Nov 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 7 “ Week ending Nov 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 8 “ Week ending Nov 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 4 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 12 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 12 “ Week ending Dec 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 11 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 9 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 1 Newburgh Week ending Apr 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 2 Orange Week ending Feb 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 Poughkeepsie. March 13-19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
North Dakota ( 25) Wahpeton area
–25 Wahpeton area, Richland Co. Chester Daily Times, PA. “Latest News,” 12-29-1881, p1, c4.
Ohio (61-63) Cincinnati (59-61) especially
–61 Cincinnati. Twitchell. “The Prevention of Smallpox.” Pp. 693-696 in The Lancet-Clinic.
–60 “ Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, pp. 107-111.
–59 “ Year. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 1 “ Week ending April 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 1 “ Week ending Apr 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 2 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Week ending May 21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Week ending July 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Week ending Sep 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 1 “ Week ending Oct 8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 2 “ Week ending Oct 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 2 “ Week ending Oct 22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 3 “ Week ending Oct 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 1 “ Week ending Nov 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 3 “ Week ending Nov 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 5 “ Week ending Nov 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 2 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
— 7 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
— 2 “ Week ending Dec 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
–14 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
–10 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111
— 1 Cleveland Week ending July 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 1 “ Week ending Dec 31. National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, 1-7-1882, 239.
Pennsylvania (1,962) Philly (1,336), Pittsburgh (448), Allegheny (108) especially
— 108 Allegheny, year. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 2 “ Week ending July 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Week ending Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Week ending Aug 27. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Week ending Sep 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Sep 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Week ending Oct 1. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 5 “ Week ending Oct 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 5 “ Week ending Oct 22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 5 “ Week ending Oct 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 6 “ Week ending Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 4 “ Week ending Nov 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 6 “ Week ending Nov 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 9 “ Week ending Nov 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 11 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 9 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 14 “ Week ending Dec 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 16 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
–1336 Philadelphia. City of Philadelphia. Annual Report (Vol. III), 1907, p. 100.[20]
–1319 “ Year. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 112.
–1219 “ Year. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 55 “ Week ending Jan 8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 40 “ Week ending Jan 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 47 “ Week ending Jan 22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 54 “ Week ending Jan 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 61 “ Week ending Feb 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 49 “ Week ending Feb 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106
— 49 “ Week ending Feb 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 44 “ Week ending Feb 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 49 “ Week ending Mar 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 45 “ Week ending Mar 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 37 “ Week ending Mar 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 43 “ Week ending Mar 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107/
— 41 “ Week ending Apr 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 36 “ Week ending Apr 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 37 “ Week ending Apr 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 33 “ Week ending Apr 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 42 “ Week ending Apr 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 35 “ Week ending May 7 . Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 35 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 23 “ Week ending May 21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 29 “ Week ending May 28. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 27 “ Week ending June 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 29 “ Week ending June 11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 20 “ Week ending June 18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 18 “ Week ending July 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 16 “ Week ending July 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 14 “ Week ending July 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 10 “ Week ending July 23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 12 “ Week ending July 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 11 “ Week ending Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 12 “ Week ending Aug 13. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 10 “ Week ending Aug 20. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 10 “ Week ending Aug 27. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 9 “ Week ending Sep 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 25 “ Week ending Sep 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 10 “ Week ending Sep 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 12 “ Week ending Sep 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109
— 11 “ Week ending Oct 1. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 7 “ Week ending Oct 8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 11 “ Week ending Oct 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 9 “ Week ending Oct 22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 6 “ Week ending Oct 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 13 “ Week ending Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 11 “ Week ending Nov 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 18 “ Week ending Nov 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 16 “ Week ending Nov 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 14 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 20 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 16 “ Week ending Dec 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 11 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 29 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 448 Pittsburgh, year. City of Pittsburgh Bureau of Health. Annual Report…1873-95.[21]
— 444 “ Year. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 400 “ Feb 13-Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, p. 106-111
— 2 “ Week ending Feb 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 4 “ Week ending Feb 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ Week ending Mar 26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ Week ending Apr 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ Week ending Apr 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 3 “ Week ending May 7 . Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Week ending May 14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Week ending May 21. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 2 “ Week ending May 28. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Week ending June 11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 2 “ Week ending June 18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 4 “ Week ending June 25. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 2 “ Week ending July 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 3 “ Week ending July 9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 10 “ Week ending July 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 12 “ Week ending July 16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 3 “ Week ending July 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 7 “ Week ending Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 12 “ Week ending Aug 13. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 17 “ Week ending Aug 27. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 11 “ Week ending Sep 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 11 “ Week ending Sep 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 19 “ Week ending Sep 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 16 “ Week ending Sep 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 12 “ Week ending Oct 1. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 18 “ Week ending Oct 8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 22 “ Week ending Oct 15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 11 “ Week ending Oct 22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 21 “ Week ending Oct 29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 24 “ Week ending Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 22 “ Week ending Nov 19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 28 “ Week ending Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 15 “ Week ending Dec 10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 30 “ Week ending Dec 17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 25 “ Week ending Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 27 “ Week ending Dec 31. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 1 Reading Week ending June 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
South Dakota (Terr.) ( 32)
–32 Jefferson. Boston Globe. “Black Small-Pox Epidemic in Small Dakota Town.” 2-3-1881, 8.
Tennessee ( 6)
— 6 Milan vicinity. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 28, 1-7-1882, p. 239.
Texas ( 67) Brownsville especially (65)
— 2 Austin Dec 18-24. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, 1-7-1882, 238.
–65 Brownsville, Year. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–33 “ Jan. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 2 “ Feb. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 9 Feb 6-12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 5 Feb 13-19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 7 Feb 20-26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 106.
— 4 Feb 27-March 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 7 “ March. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
— 4 “ April. National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
Utah ( 1)
— 1 Boulder Week ending July 30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
Virginia ( 148) Richmond
–148 Richmond. Hoffman. Race, Class and Power in…Richmond, 1870-1920. 2004, p. 82.[22]
–144 “ Mar-Dec. National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p.270.
–129 “ Mar 27-Dec 4. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107-111.
— 1 “ Mar 27-Apr 2. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107.
— 1 “ Apr 3-9. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 1 “ Apr 17-23. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 1 “ Apr 24-30. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 107
— 1 “ May 1-7. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ May 22-28. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ June 5-11. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 1 “ June 12-18. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 6 “ June 19-25. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108.
— 3 “ July 10-16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ July 31-Aug 6. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Aug 7-13. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Aug 21-27. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 2 “ Aug 28-Sep 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Sep 18-24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 1 “ Sep 25-Oct 1. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 2 “ Oct 2-8. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 8 “ Oct 9-15. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 2 “ Oct 16-22. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 4 “ Oct 23-29. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 9 “ Oct 30-Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 9 “ Nov 6-12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 6 “ Nov 13-19. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
— 12 “ Nov 20-26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
— 13 “ Nov 27-Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 8 “ Dec 4-10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 15 “ Dec 11-17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 16 “ Dec 18-24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 1 Winchester, Nov 27-Dec 3. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
Washington, DC ( 2)
— 1 “ May 8-14. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 108
— 1 “ Sep 25-Oct 1. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
Washington State ( 21) Dayton and Columbia County
–21 Columbia Co., Oct-Dec. Dougherty. “Smallpox strikes Columbia County…fall…1881.”[23]
–21 Columbia Co., Nov-Dec. Stucke. “Dr. Marcel M. Pietrzyski settles in Dayton in 1880.”[24]
— 6 “ Nov 13-19. Dougherty. “Smallpox…Columbia …1881.”
— 1 “ area. Dougherty. “Smallpox strikes Columbia County in the fall of 1881.”
–11 Dayton, Columbia Co. Dougherty. “Smallpox…Columbia County…1881.”[25]
— 3 Dayton, by Nov 5. Dougherty. “Smallpox…Columbia Co. …1881.”
— 3 “ by Nov 12. Dougherty. “Smallpox…Columbia Co. …1881.”
West Virginia ( >2)
—>2 Glover’s Gap, Marion Co. Med. & Surgical Reporter. “The Smallpox.” 4-23-1881, 475.[26]
Wisconsin ( 12)
— 2 Kenosha, Aug-Sep. National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–1 “ Aug 21-27. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
— 8 Madison, Oct 30-Dec 24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110-111.
–1 “ Oct 30-Nov 5. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
–3 “ Nov 6-12. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110.
–1 “ Nov 21-26. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 110
–2 “ Dec 12-17. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
–1 “ Dec 18-24. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
— 2 Milwaukee, July, Dec National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, p. 270.
–1 “ July 10-16. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 109.
–1 “ Dec 4-10. Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 1-28-1882, 111.
Narrative Information — General
Minor: “In the United States whose National Board of Health has no power, except on the call of local and State Boards, the disease up to the 1st of January, 1882, had appeared in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, Arkansas, Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado and California. The doctrine of State Rights was never more plainly asserted than in the bill organizing the National Board of Health. Under this bill the Board has had neither the opportunity nor the power to prevent the disease becoming so wide spread. With our Atlantic city quarantines carelessly managed in the East and the San Francisco quarantine little better managed in the West, the United States must continue to expect the importation of all the epidemic diseases of other climes until such a time as the people are wise enough to perceive the advantages of a National Board of Health and National Sanitary Laws. Had compulsory vaccination been enforced by the United States Government, the 15,000 cases of smallpox occurring in 1881 might have been prevented.
“During the year 1881, over 4,000 deaths were reported….The epidemic tendency will undoubtedly become wide spread throughout the West and South, before the winter of 1883…” (Minor. “Smallpox,” Cincinnati Lancet. 28 Jan 1882, 111-112)
US National Board of Health: “The constantly recurring outbreaks of small-pox in various parts of the United States during the past few months and the widespread and fatal prevalence of that disease in many localities demand the most serious consideration of the health authorities of this country. In our opinion this conference should use its utmost power to unite all of the health authorities of the United States in a well-organized plan, not only of stamping out small-pox where it at present exists, but of preventing its farther introduction into the United States and its spread from one State into another. For two or three years prior to 1879 small-pox was almost unknown in the United States; certainly, scarcely a death was reported.
“The result of a long-continued immunity from this disease is great laxity in regard to vaccination. Large numbers of children born during such periods are allowed to remain unvaccinated in every community. Hence, when small-pox appears after such intervals of immunity from the disease, it spreads with far greater virulence than when vaccination is enforced by the fear which the presence or small-pox creates. In 1879 there were a few deaths by that disease in New York (25) and in San Antonio, Tex. (125), but the country at large enjoyed a remarkable immunity from that affection. The cases in 1879 in New York occurred among unprotected foreigners, and those in San Antonio were unprotected New Mexicans. But during 1879 small-pox began to be more than usually prevalent in European seaports and in Canada. Much uneasiness was felt by many of the most vigilant sanitary officers in different parts of the country lest the infection should be brought to this country, especially from the neighboring Province of Canada, particularly at Montreal. In several instances local outbreaks of the disease occurred along the Canada frontier, owing to the importation of the infection through immigrants. Towards the close of the year 1879 there were evidences of a wider distribution of small-pox than could be accounted for by importation from Canada. It appeared in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, the District of Columbia, and other cities.
“During the year 1880 these outbreaks became more general, and were most marked in the Western and Northwestern States, while in the larger Eastern cities it prevailed with a constantly increasing tendency to become epidemic. The present year, 1881, opened with a wide distribution of the disease, and frequent local epidemics of great severity.
“From reliable sources it is known that small-pox prevails to an unusual extent in many of the large cities of the North and West, and that violent and fatal epidemics of this disease are of frequent occurrence in small towns and in small communities of many States.
“If, now, we inquire into the cause of this diffusion of small-pox throughout the country, we shall find that immigration is at least an important factor.
“First.—It must be remembered that small-pox became epidemic or certainly unusually prevalent in foreign seaport towns and in Canada in 1878,1879, and 1880, and is at present the prevailing epidemic disease in these towns. From the following table it appears that the tide of immigration to this country from Europe began to rise in 1879 and in 1880 reached proportions hitherto unprecedented in the history of immigration to this country. And still the tide is rising, as appears from the following late reports of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics at Washington, viz: for nine months ended March 31,1880, 214,596; for the same period in 1881, 357,396. The total increase in the number of immigrants during the last nine months is 142,800. From still later reports we learn that the arrival of immigrants at the principal ports of the United States is yet on the increase. Indeed, it is 110 unusual occurrence to witness the arrival of from 6,000 to 8,000 immigrants at the port of New York in a single day.
“Second.—It must be noticed that the immigrants are largely from Germany, England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and the Dominion of Canada, countries in which small-pox has been, and still is, unusually prevalent. The number of immigrants arrived during the eleven months ended May 31,1881, was as follows: From Germany, 175,306; Dominion of Canada, 110,611; England and Wales, 57,861; Ireland, 61,796; Scotland, 12,628; China, 7,443; and from all other countries, 138,649. Total, 564,294.
“Third.—The number of cases of small-pox arriving on immigrant ships at the ports of the United States is unusually large, as reported by the health officers of the several ports of arrival. With rare exceptions the sick immigrant is not effectually isolated from the steerage passengers. The hospital quarters are usually amidships, with no adequate means of seclusion nor independent ventilation. As a consequence 1,000 to 1,600 persons are more or less directly exposed to the contagion and infection; nor is vaccination of the passengers practiced or even attempted at sea, so that when the ship reaches its destination it may have on board many persons who are thoroughly inoculated with the contagion, though as yet apparently perfectly well.
“Fourth.—Another important fact is the rapidity of ocean transit, which must be taken into consideration in estimating the influences of immigration on the importation and dissemination of small-pox. While the incubation period of small-pox is fourteen days, eight to twelve days is the average period of the voyage of the immigrant vessel arriving at New York, where the greater number of immigrants land. Now, it is a well ascertained fact that the emigrants reach the ports of embarkation commonly several days before the sailing of the ship. During this interval the emigrant families take quarters in the low lodging houses about the docks and wharves in which small-pox is now very prevalent. The result is that the unprotected emigrants become infected, and if they immediately embark they may not only roach the port of destination before the incubation period has passed, but may pass the quarantine in apparently perfect health. And, what is still more important, if such infected immigrants immediately on landing take passage on board the immigrant trains, as vast numbers do, they may reach the most distant settlements before the disease finally develops. It is quite plain that under these circumstances no amount of vigilance in merely searching for the sick can prevent the introduction and wide dissemination of small-pox in this country. And this conclusion has tenfold force when applied to the introduction of small-pox from the Dominion of Canada by means of immigrants.
“Fifth.—It is a noticeable fact that large numbers of immigrants are found, on inspection, to be unvaccinated. This might be inferred from the fact that such a large proportion of the total number are children. Of the 457,257 immigrants arriving in the year 1880, 87,154, or about one-fifth, were under 15 years of age. It is found also that an intense prejudice exists against vaccination on the part of several nationalities. In several instances compulsory measures have been resorted to at the port of New York to compel the vaccination of unprotected persons who have been exposed to the infection. These immigrants have been known to wash their vaccination wounds immediately after the operation, and in some instances they have been detected having another person, as the mother of a child, suck the wound to remove the virus.
“The measures at present adopted and relied on to prevent the introduction and spread of small-pox in the United States by immigrants are evidently inadequate to meet existing conditions. Our health officials are pursuing the methods of prevention in vogue before the era of steam ocean and land travel. Thus far at the port of arrival the health officer takes cognizance only of vessels having well-marked small-pox cases on board,-either in transit or on arrival. In this case the vessel is subjected to cleansing and disinfection, and the passengers are vaccinated and allowed to depart, no further care being taken to insure successful disinfection of baggage, nor of the vaccination of the unprotected. The immigrant trains proceed to their destination, scattering their occupants along the way without further sanitary care or inspection. Wherever the immigrant stops he seeks the low lodging-house, and there the disease that he has carried in his system from the port of embarkation may first develop itself and establish a focus or infection which may and often has of late involved a whole town in disaster.
“The first knowledge that the local health authorities have of the arrival of the pestilence is its apparently sudden outbreak. It is evident not only from our past experience, but from the nature of the case as developed in the preceding recital of facts, that the methods we are now pursuing will not prevent the introduction of small-pox into the United States, nor control in any proper sense its spread. There is every indication that the amount of immigration will not be diminished, and that small-pox will become more and more prevalent abroad. To meet this emergency it is the duty of this conference to determine upon a practicable plan of concentrated operations adequate to accomplish the purpose in question. In this view the following scheme is proposed for consideration:
“It is evident we can no longer rely simply on quarantine rule, which secures vaccination only of those on board vessels having had small-pox cases during the voyage. The future rule must be that all immigrants shall give satisfactory evidence of being protected against small-pox before being allowed to land. There are two methods of accomplishing this object:
“(1.) The restrictions of quarantine may be so applied as to make obligatory upon steamship owners to cause a medical inspection of all emigrants when they embark, and vaccination of all persons found unprotected. If this plan were carried out in good faith scarcely an immigrant could reach our ports who would develop small-pox. He could only carry the infection in his baggage. But if proper sanitary care of the baggage was required, that also could be relieved of infection on the voyage. It is doubtful, however, if these measures could be fully carried into effect without Congressional legislation, and it should be a part of the action of this conference to secure the insertion of such provisions into the bill pending before Congress regulating immigration as will accomplish the results mentioned.
“(2.) The second method is the establishment of medical inspections of all steerage passengers at the ports of arrival in the United States with power to vaccinate all persons found unprotected. This method can be put into operation at once by adding to the rules regulating quarantine one requiring the inspection and vaccination of all immigrants found unprotected. In localities or ports where local boards make the rules governing quarantine, this rule could be at once adopted. Where State legislation is necessary to make the rule, which cannot be attained, the National Board of Health could make the rule and render it effective, or the National Board of Health could make the rule for the several great immigrant ports, and the local officers could enforce it. From the following table it appears that the number of immigrant ports is very few and can be readily brought under A system of efficient inspection….” (US Nat. Board of Health. “Conference on Small-pox,” Annual Rpt. of…1881. 1882, 345-347)
Newspapers – Chronological
Jan 10, Wilmington, DE: “Wilmington, Del., Jan. 10. – Six cases of small-pox have been officially reported in this city and others are constantly being heard of. One death occurred yesterday.” (New York Times. “Small-Pox in Delaware.” 1-11-1881, p. 3.)
Jan 16, (Pittsburgh): “Pittsburgh, Pa.—Dr. W. Snively, health officer, writes, October 11, 1882: “Smallpox was introduced into this city by immigrants and tramps from the East, via Pennsylvania Railroad, on January 16, 1881.” (Annual Rpt. of the National Board of Health, 1883. 1884, p. 133.)
Jan 26, Fort Madison: “Chicago, Jan. 26….The Journal’s Des Moines special says: ‘Small-pox has broken out in the For Madison Penitentiary, creating great excitement and panic. All the foremen of contract work have fled, and the work is generally abandoned. It is believed the disease will soon be under control.’” (New York Times. “Small-Pox in the West.” 1-27-1881, p. 1.)
Feb 2, Dakota: “Sioux City, Iowa, Feb. 2. – For several weeks small-pox has been raging with great fatality in Jefferson, Union County, Dakota, a settlement about 12 miles distant from this city. A strict quarantine has been enforced against the community and the disease has not spread beyond the settlement, although it has played sad havoc there….” (New York Times. “Stricken with Small-Pox.” 2-3-1881, p. 5.)
July 11, NJ): “Thirty cases of small-pox are reported in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Five families in one street are sick with the disease.” (Chester Daily Times (PA). “Latest News,” July 11, 1881, p. 1.)
July 6, Milwaukee): “An immigrant family arrived [Milwaukee] and put up with friends. Three children of the latter family were taken sick with small-pox, and one died. Infection attributed to clothing of immigrants.” (Annual Report of the National Board of Health, 1883. 1884, p. 132.)
July 20, MN: “Minnesota. – C.N. Hewitt, M.D., secretary of the State Board of health, writes, October 18, 1882: ‘July 20, 1881, the first case of small-pox occurred (from exposure to clothing of an immigrant) in an infant. The immigrant, a woman, claimed to have been exposed on the steamer; to have been quarantined at the seaboard; vaccinated and clothing disinfected. She had not been sick, nor was she afterwards. From this exposure to infected clothing a large number of deaths resulted’.” (Digest of Replies concerning the Origin of the Small-pox Epidemic, 1880-`82,” in Annual Report of the National Board of Health, 1883. 1884, p. 131.)
Nov, IL): “At the November 1881, meeting of thee Board, the situation was fully discussed. The necessity for aiding local health authorities, in very many localities, by instruction, advice and information concerning their duties, powers and responsibilities; the want of familiarity, on the part of many of these authorities, with the proper method of dealing with an outbreak so as to secure its prompt suppression; their failure or inability, of themselves to cooperate with each other in adjoining infected or threatened localities; the evidence of the existence of a very large percentage of unvaccinated, or imperfectly vaccinated, among the population, both of adults and of school children; the dangers existing and threatened, through the unprecedented influx of immigrants arriving in the State without any previous sanitary supervision; and other important features of the situation, were duly considered.
“As a result of these deliberations it was decided that such a sanitary emergency existed as justified the exercise of all the powers and resources at the command of the Board. An order was adopted looking to securing the vaccination or revaccination of all public scholars prior to the beginning of the new school year, January 1, 1882; local health authorities were repeatedly advised of their powers, duties and responsibilities, and of their relations to each other and to the State Board ; circular letters urging vaccination and revaccination of all employes, and others under control, were addressed to railroad and steamboat managers and superintendents, manufacturers, mill-owners, iron-masters, quarry-workers, and employers generally, and to the officers of all public institutions; the official order of the Board, Concerning the Prevention of Small-Pox, originally issued in March, 1881, was revised, enlarged and distributed to all infected and threatened localities; editions of this order were also prepared in the German and in the Scandinavian languages; and, in addition to all this, persistent effort was made to secure the assistance of the National authority in establishing a system of sanitary surveillance of immigrant travel, with especial reference to the prevention of the introduction of small-pox into the United States from foreign countries.” (IL State Board of Health. 1883 p. 212)
Dec 30, (Keokuk IA): “Keokuk, Iowa, Dec. 30. – The city is considerably excited over small-pox at the medical college….There are forty cases of small-pox…all being students. It is said a small-pox subject was received at the college from Chicago, and that the students having worked on this were infected. The college has been partially quarantined and isolated….” (Davenport Daily Gazette, IA. “Small-Pox. The Disease Broken Out in Keokuk.” 12-31-1881, p. 1.)
Dec 31: “Small pox is raging with great violence all over the country. In New York city there are hundreds of cases and in spite of the efforts of the health officers the disease is spreading. Chicago is full of small pox and Cincinnati and St. Louis are almost as bad. Among the Indian tribes of the Northwest the disease is producing terrible ravages.” (Atchison Globe, KS. “The News.” 12-31-1881, p. 1.)
Dec 31 Report (NM): “A telegram from the Navajo Indian agency in New Mexico asks for the immediate shipment of vaccine points enough to vaccinate 500 persons. The small pox is spreading there.” (Lowell Weekly Sun, MA. “Washington Notes.” 12-31-1881, p. 4.)
Hawaii
Thrum: “Honolulu was called to pass through another small-pox epidemic in 1881, the disease having been introduced here by the steamer Quinta from China. There were several occasions, about the same time, both from San Francisco and through the inward rush of laborers from China when we were threatened not only with small-pox off the port, but actually on our streets. The Health and Police authorities were passing through a siege in confining cases by the Cassandra to her own immigrants, during December of 1880 and January of 1881, when the Quinta and Mei Foo arrived. The latter had six cases of small-pox among her passengers on arrival, and was placed at once in quarantine, while the Captain of the Quinta reported a clean bill of health, though it was subsequently discovered that both he and his officers were knowing to the existence of the disease on board and that four deaths had occurred, en route.
“The first case in town developed among her passengers in a house on King Street, January 19th, though the epidemic dates from February 4th, from a case at Kukui place, when, upon examination of the neighborhood four others were found. Other cases soon cropped up here and there throughout the city, so that for a time considerable alarm was felt as to the outcome from so many points of contagion. The Board of Health sought by prompt action, a vigorous quarantine and restriction on inter-island travel to confine its ravages. All cases reported, or discovered, were removed to the hospital at Kahakaaulana, or strictly quarantined on their own premises, if circumstances required it. Fortunately the disease did not spread to the other islands, though there were a number of cases in the outer districts of Oahu, from which there were twelve deaths. The epidemic lasted a little over five months with total of 780 reported cases, out of which there were 282 deaths. From December 4th, 1880, to September 20th, the total number of persons placed in quarantine were 2,875.” (Thrum, Thos. G. “The Quinta Experience of 1881.” The Hawaiian Annual. Honolulu, HI.1896, pp. 99-100.)
South Dakota (Dakota Territory):
Feb 3: “Sioux City, February 3. — The town of Jefferson, Dakota, twelve miles west, settled largely by French Canadians, is ravaged by black small-pox.[27] When, three weeks ago, the disease first broke out, they were unmindful of its contagious character. All burials were public ones, and were more or less attended by the whole population, as the settlers are nearly all of kin. In this way the disease spread rapidly. The neighboring towns quarantined against Jefferson, and the people there have been isolated for nearly a month. No mails are received from Jefferson, and none are sent there. The railroad authorities forbid trains to stop there. Elk Point, the county seat of Union county, and this city, have largely contributed to the relief of the suffering people, but, under the restraint to which they are subjected, the settlers have become restive, and threaten to break the quarantine and visit this city.
“This catastrophe was prevented by the City Council sending Napoleon Bronell, who has many relatives there, to Jefferson, and from him it is learned that there have been over ninety cases in the settlement; thirty-two have died and only six have recovered. At present there are sixty cases under treatment, and it is believed many of these will recover, as the disease has lost much of its former virulence. Mr. Bronell reports that whole families have been carried away by the disease, and than, in many instances, the dead have been left unburied for days through fear or inability to obtain help to inter them. At present Elk Point has two physicians in charge of the infected district, and it is believed the disease is abating, and will be wholly contained within its present bounds. Isolated cases are reported in several towns in southern Dakota. The disease is said to be the black small-pox and it is thought to have been communicated by a party of Russian Mennonite emigrants who passed through here to Yankton about two months ago.” (Boston Daily Globe. “Black Small-Pox Epidemic in Small Dakota Town,” 2-3-1881, 8.)
Washington State:
Dougherty: “In the fall of 1881 a smallpox epidemic strikes Columbia County. The epidemic rages from October through December, and becomes such a threat that the town of Dayton is quarantined for 10 days in November. One hundred and sixty-seven cases of smallpox and 21 deaths resulting from the disease are reported countywide….
“Dayton in 1881 was a budding town with a population of about 1,000. Columbia County (which in the early fall of 1881 included the future Garfield and Asotin Counties) had a population approaching 7,000.
“The first signs of trouble appeared around the first of October. Some doctors diagnosed as smallpox several cases of illness reported in the county, but other doctors disputed the diagnosis. On October 2, Dr. Marcel Pietrzycki (1843-1910) pronounced the disease to indeed be smallpox. Although other doctors and citizens in the county initially tried to dismiss the potential threat of an epidemic, Pietrzycki remained insistent that further action needed to be taken. His aggressive position was later credited with saving many lives.
“A Board of Health consisting of 13 county citizens was formed and first met on October 15. The threat was deemed greatest in Dayton, and the board divided the town into wards. Individual committees were assigned by the board to insure that the sick were quarantined and proper care was provided for them in the wards to which the committees were assigned.
“Local business people quickly raised $400 to purchase an acre of land, and a “pest house” (isolation hospital) was promptly built on this land to care for the victims of the epidemic. Despite these efforts, some in the town continued to downplay the threat of an epidemic and failed to take the proper precautions.
“By November there was no longer any doubt that a smallpox epidemic was stalking the county. The Columbia Chronicle reported on November 5 that three people had died from smallpox, but noted that all other patients were reported as improving and hoped that the worst was over. But the worst had only begun.
“By November 12 three more people had died, and a number of families who had not been previously infected were now reporting cases of smallpox. The epidemic began to spread more rapidly in terms of both numbers of people infected and severity of the cases. On November 17 the Board of Health and its executive committee issued joint orders quarantining the town of Dayton, effective at 3 p.m. on Thursday, November 17, 1881.
“The terms of the quarantine were as follows:
- That the board of health in joint session with the executive committee, prohibit any person or persons from coming into, or leaving the town without permission of the chief of patrol;
- That all business houses, offices and saloons be closed daily from 4 o’clock p.m., to 8 o’clock a.m., except drug stores, hotels, livery stables, and restaurants, and that the bars in the hotels be kept closed between the hours of 4 p.m. and 8 a.m., as in other business houses.
- That the health officer, on giving a pass to any of his employees, and if approved by the chief of patrol, the said employee be permitted to pass the patrol.
- That the above proceedings be published in the Dayton papers and that posters be distributed through the town.
“The quarantine came during the same week that a dozen new smallpox cases and six deaths were reported in the county. But the quarantine worked. Only one death was reported for the week ending November 26, and conditions in Dayton improved so rapidly that the quarantine was lifted on Sunday, November 27. Conditions continued to improve, and the December 3 Chronicle reported that no deaths from smallpox had been reported in the preceding week, with only two new cases reported.
“But the effects of the epidemic lingered until for two more months. The Dayton postmaster was unable to deliver local mail from November 16 until January 1, 1882. In addition, the towns of Walla Walla and Waitsburg refused to accept mail sent from Dayton through the end of 1881, (although Waitsburg qualified its prohibition by accepting mail that had originated in areas other than Dayton and had merely been routed through Dayton). Schools in Dayton remained closed until January 2, 1882.
“The smallpox threat continued to fade from the county as December progressed. By December 17 “there were only three residences in town flying the yellow flag” (Shaver). The yellow flag (typically hung from a pole in front of the home) signaled those in the home were quarantined.
“A few new cases of smallpox were reported in the county in December 1881 and January 1882, but these cases evidently were not serious and the threat continued to diminish. By mid-February 1882 the last traces of smallpox were gone from Dayton.
“The Dayton Board of Health issued its final report to the city council on January 2, 1882. Dayton reported 100 cases of smallpox and 11 deaths; Columbia County as a whole reported a total of 167 cases and 21 deaths. Many cases of smallpox were reported to be mild, but it was also suspected that many more mild cases of smallpox went unreported as those with the illness did not wish to be spirited away to the “pest house.”
“Dr. Marcel Pietrzycki, who had been the first to alert the citizens of Dayton and Columbia County to the outbreak’s potential, went on to become a leading citizen of Columbia County and served as Dayton’s mayor in the 1890s.”[28] (Dougherty, Phil. “Smallpox strikes Columbia County in the fall of 1881.” HistoryLink.org (The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History). 5-16-2006.)
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[1] “Small-pox in the United States During 1881,” in National Board of Health Bulletin, V3, N30, 1-21-1882, 270.
[2] On January 2, 1882, the Office of the Arkansas State Board of Health, wrote in a public notice, that “Reports from different sections of the country plainly indicate that small pox is rapidly on the increase, and has already gained a foothold in most of the States. In some places it already prevails as an epidemic. The disease has appeared at several points in our own State….All children attending the public schools should be vaccinated, or required to present satisfactory evidence of its having been successfully done at a recent date…” (National Board of Health Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 29, 1-14-1882, p. 243.)
[3] Not used in our tally, though, in that it includes 1882 deaths, which we show in the breakout for 1882 smallpox.
[4] This is just a stand-in estimate based upon statement that “deaths also occurred in Hartford, Connecticut…”
[5] While the National Board of Health notes these three deaths in March, the New York Times (“Small-Pox in Meriden,” 3-1-1881, p. 1) notes a Feb 28 report that three of six cases there had died.
[6] “Table of mortality from small-pox in the city of Chicago from 1851 to 1882, inclusive.”
[7] This is just a stand-in estimate based upon statement that “Deaths also occurred in…Lake, Illinois.”
[8] At page 235 (V3, Jan 7, 1882) the National Board of Health notes a smallpox death in Madison for the week Dec 18-21, wherein on their summary chart of page 270, they note five deaths but not one in December. It is either five or six.
[9] Father Portz, “who died of small-pox, having contracted the disease while visiting parishioners who were sick.”
[10] Cites: Frana, Philip L. “Battling Smallpox State and Local Boards of Health.” Iowa Heritage Illustrated, Vol. 86, No. S, Summer 2005, Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa.
[11] “Registration Report of Massachusetts for the Year 1882” – “Diseases” table for years 1872-1882.
[12] While both Minor and the National Board of Health Bulletin show 30 deaths, the Bulletin shows one more in Fall River than Minor.
[13] The death appears to have occurred in late Dec, 1881. The entry reads” “Dr. George A Love, president of the board of health, writes, under date of January 7 [1882], that but one new case of small-pox has occurred since his last report. This case was that of a child, which died day after the development of the disease. There now remains but one convalescent case, which will be discharged from the hospital within ten days.” Of course, it is possible that this was an early January death. We do not know the date of Dr. Love’s previous report.
[14] Minnesota State Board of Health. Ninth Report of the State Board of Health of Minnesota, For the Years 1881 and 1882. Minneapolis: Johnson, Smith & Harrison, 1883. 28 of the fatalities were in Stearns County, out of 166 cases.
[15] Presumably Kansas City MO, but it is not indicated.
[16] “Table 39. – Showing Deaths in New Jersey from Small-pox for Twenty-Eight Years,”
[17] “An outbreak of smallpox in 1881 prompted Jersey City health officials [Hudson Co.] to introduce compulsory vaccination of children.” (Lurie and Mappen (Eds.). “Epidemics,” p. 256 in Encyclopedia of New Jersey. 2004).
[18] “Small-pox is increasing in Jersey City at a rate that begins to alarm the authorities. Eight cases were reported yesterday at No. 38 Greene street, and four more in Morris-street…”
[19] Chart entitled “The Conquest of Pestilence in New York City…As Shown by the Death Rate as Recorded in the Official Records of the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene,” cover page of: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Summary of Vital Statistics 2009 The City of New York. December 2010.
[20] Table entitled “Deaths from Smallpox from 1807 to 1907, inclusive, and Rater per 1,000 of Population.” Page 99 in: City of Philadelphia. First Annual Message of John E. Reyburn, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia with the Annual Reports of the Departments of Public Health and Charities… Year Ending Dec 31, 1907 (Vol. III). 1908.
[21] City of Pittsburgh. Board Report, Annual Report of the Bureau of Health, 1873-95. Cited in Corn, Jacqueline Karnell. “Social Response to Epidemic Disease in Pittsburgh 1872-1895.” Western Pennsylvania History, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 59-70, Jan 1973.
[22] Hoffman, Steven J. Race, Class and Power in the Building of Richmond, 1870-1920. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., Inc., 2004.
[23] Dougherty, Phil. “Smallpox strikes Columbia County in the fall of 1881.” HistoryLink.org (The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History). 5-16-2006.
[24] Stucke, John and Lorie. “Dr. Marcel M. Pietrzyski settles in Dayton in 1880.” HistoryLink.org., 9-27-2010. Note that 11 of the 21 deaths were in Dayton. Cite as sources for entire article: W. D. Lyman, Lyman’s History of Old Walla Walla County, Vol. 1 (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1918) 326-327; F. A. Shaver, An Illustrated History of Southeastern Washington (Spokane: Washington Western Historical Publishing Company, 1906); Edward Gardner Jones, The Oregonian’s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest (Portland: The Oregonian Publishing Co., 1894), 462; Frank T. Gilbert, Historic Sketches of Walla Walla, Whitman, Columbia, and Garfield Counties, Washington Territory, and Umatilla County, Oregon (Portland, Oregon: Printing and Lithographing House of A.G. Walling, 1882), 405-408; HistoryLink.org online encyclopedia of Washington State History, “Smallpox strikes Columbia County in the fall of 1881” (by Phil Dougherty).
[25] Writes: The Dayton Board of Health issued its final report to the city council on January 2, 1882. Dayton reported 100 cases of smallpox and 11 deaths.”
[26] “….Glover’s Gap, a village in Marion county, West Virginia, is terribly afflicted with an epidemic of smallpox, and all the doctors there being sick with the disease, there is no one to attend to the stricken. The dead are left unburied, and all who could do so have left the place. The disease has spread to Burton, ten miles distant. The Governor was telegraphed to for help to bury the dead, and replied that the county authorities should attend to the matter.” In that a plural is used “The dead are left unburied…” we assume that at least two, if not more, died.
[27] “Black pox is a symptom of smallpox that is caused by bleeding under the skin which makes the skin look charred or black. It was more common in adults. This symptom usually indicates that a patient with smallpox is going to die.” Wikipedia, “Black pox.” 5-22-2012 modification. Cites: Richard Preston. “The Demon in the Freezer,” The New Yorker, 7-12-1999, pp. 44-61.
[28] Cites as sources: F. A. Shaver, An Illustrated History of Southeastern Washington (Spokane: Western Historical Publishing Company, 1906), 352-355; W. F. Fletcher, Early Columbia County (Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 1988), 123-125; HistoryLink.org online encyclopedia of Washington State History, “Smallpox Epidemic Ravages Native Americans On the Northwest Coast of North America in the 1770s” (by Greg Lange).