520–12,670

lornajarrettblanchard January 1, 1907

— 12,670 U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, pp. 35 and 94.

15 registration states: CA/CO/CT/IN/ME/MD/MA/MI/NH/NJ/NY/PA/RI/SD/VT; some cities in non-registration states.

Summary of State and Local Breakouts from below:

Alabama, Mobile ( 19) U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

California ( 545) “

Colorado ( 400) “

Connecticut ( 209) “

Delaware, Wilmington ( 44) “

District of Columbia ( 111) “

Florida (2 cities ( 83) Jacksonville/59 and Key West/24. Census. Mortality Statistics. 314.

Georgia (2 cities) ( 164) Atlanta/110 and Savannah/54. Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 314.

Illinois (8 cities) ( 438) Chicago especially/372. Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. P. 314.

Indiana ( 948) U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

Kansas (2 cities) ( 23) “

Kentucky (4 cities) ( 225) Louisville esp./156. Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. P. 314.

Louisiana (New Orleans)( 177) U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 314.

Maine ( 127) U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

Maryland ( 520) Baltimore especially/232. Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. p316.

Massachusetts ( 398) U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

Michigan ( 594) “

Minnesota (5 cities) ( 145) Minneapolis/St. Paul esp./110. Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 318

Missouri (3 cities) ( 119) St. Louis esp./108. Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. p. 318.

Nebraska (2 cities) ( 46) Lincoln/16, Omaha/30. “

New Hampshire ( 52) “ p. 312.

New Jersey ( 424) Newark/Trenton esp./71 each.“ pp. 312 and 320.

New York. (1,702) NYC esp./740 Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. pp. 312, 320.

North Carolina (2 cities) ( 30) “ Page 320.

Ohio (20 cities) ( 523) Esp. Cincinnati/161, Cleveland/90, Toledo/60, Columbus/57. 322.

Oregon, Portland ( 37) US Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 322.

Pennsylvania (3,538) Esp. Philly/890, Pittsburgh/502, Allegheny/143, Scranton/92. 312

Rhode Island ( 55) US Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

So. Carolina, Charleston ( 29) “ “ p. 324.

South Dakota ( 92) “ “ p. 312.

Tennessee (2 cities) ( 137) Memphis/50, Nashville/87. Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 324

Texas (2 cities) ( 58) Galveston/15, San Antonio/43. Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. P.324.

Utah, Salt Lake City ( 58) US Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 324.

Vermont ( 38) “ “ p. 312.

Virginia (5 cities) ( 149) Alexandria/10, Lynchburg/24, Norfolk/55, Richmond/46, Petersburg/12

Washington (3 cities) ( 161) Seattle/90, Spokane/43, Tacoma/28. Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 324.

West Virg., Wheeling ( 44) U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 324.

Wisconsin (7 cities) ( 111) “ “ p. 326.

Breakout of 1907 Census-recorded Typhoid Fever Deaths by State and Locality

— 19 Alabama, Mobile. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

— 545 California. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

— 8 Alameda

— 8 Berkeley

— 10 Fresno

— 56 Los Angeles

— 44 Oakland

— 1 Pasadena

— 24 Sacramento

— 7 San Diego

–119 San Francisco

— 8 San Jose

— 5 Stockton

— 400 Colorado. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

–103 Denver

— 18 Pueblo

— 209 Connecticut. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

–12 Bridgeport

–18 Hartford

–37 New Haven

–10 Norwalk

–16 Waterbury

— 44 Delaware, Wilmington. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, 312.

— 111 District of Columbia U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 314.

— 59 Florida, Jacksonville U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 314.

— 24 “ Key West. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 314.

— 110 Georgia, Atlanta. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 314.

— 54 “ Savannah. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 314.

— 438 Illinois (eight cities). U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 314.

— 5 Aurora

— 8 Belleville

–372 Chicago

— 3 Decatur

— 5 Jacksonville

— 3 Ottawa

— 8 Quincy

— 34 Springfield

— 948 Indiana. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

–23 Evansville

–17 Fort Wayne

–15 Hammond

–67 Indianapolis

–10 Jeffersonville

–28 New Albany

–26 Terre Haute

— 23 Kansas (two cities) U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p.314.

— 7 Leavenworth

–16 Wichita

— 225 Kentucky (four cities) U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 314

— 27 Covington.

–156 Louisville.

— 23 Newport.

— 19 Paducah.

— 177 Louisiana, New Orleans. US Census Bureau. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 314.

— 127 Maine U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

–11 Portland Page 316.

— 525 Maryland Rohrer. “MD’s An. Typhoid Prob.” MD Med. Jour., 55/3, Mar 1912, p59.^[1]

— 520 “ U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

— 1 Annapolis Page 316.

–230 Baltimore Rohrer. “MD’s Annual Typhoid Prob.” MD Med. Jour., 55/3, Mar 1912.

— 30 Cumberland Page 316.

— 4 Frederick Page 316.

— 8 Hagerstown Page 316.

— 398 Massachusetts. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

–64 Boston Page 316.

–19 Fall River Page 316.

–23 Lawrence Page 316.

–11 Lowell Page 316.

–14 Lynn Page 316.

–11 New Bedford Page 316.

–12 Somerville Page 316.

–23 Springfield Page 316.

–19 Worcester Page 318.

— 594 Michigan. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

— 17 Bay City “ page 318.

–104 Detroit “ “

— 27 Escanaba “ “

— 33 Grand Rapids “ “

— 145 Minnesota (5 cities) U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 318.

–29 Duluth. “

— 4 Mankato. “

–74 Minneapolis. “

–36 St. Paul. “

— 2 Winona. “

— 199 Missouri (3 cities) US Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 318.

— 74 Kansas City. “

— 17 St. Joseph. “

–108 St. Louis. “

— 16 Nebraska, Lincoln. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 318.

— 30 “ Omaha. “

— 52 New Hampshire. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

— 424 New Jersey. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

–11 Atlantic City “ Page 318.

–19 Camden “ “

–18 Hoboken “ “

–34 Jersey City “ “

–71 Newark “ Page 320.

–13 Paterson “ “

–71 Trenton “ “

–1,702 New York. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

— 21 Albany “ Page 320.

–113 Buffalo “ “

— 21 Cohoes “ “

— 10 Corning “ “

— 12 Dunkirk “ “

— 11 Elmira “ “

— 10 Mt. Vernon “ “

–740 New York City “ “

— 48 Bronx “ “

–275 Brooklyn “ “

–369 Manhattan “ “

— 36 Queens “ “

— 12 Richmond “ “

— 10 Newburg “ “

— 37 Niagara Falls “ “

— 14 Oswego “ “

— 30 Poughkeepsie “ “

— 31 Rochester “ “

— 19 Syracuse “ “

— 21 Troy “ “

— 13 Utica “ “

— 12 Watertown “ “

— 30 North Carolina (2 cities) “ “

–19 Raleigh. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 320.

–11 Wilmington. “

— 523 Ohio US Census Bureau. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, pp. 320, 322.

— 3 “ Ashtabula. “ Page 320.

— 7 “ Bellaire. “ “

— 26 “ Canton. “ “

— 10 “ Chillicothe. “ “

–161 “ Cincinnati. “ “

— 90 “ Cleveland. “ Page 322.

— 57 “ Columbus. “ “

— 34 “ Dayton. “ “

— 6 “ Findlay. “ “

— 9 “ Hamilton. “ “

— 13 “ Ironton. “ “

— 9 “ Lima. “ “

— 5 “ Marietta. “ “

— 1 “ Middletown. “ “

— 4 “ Newark. “ “

— 19 “ Portsmouth. “ “

— 2 “ Tiffin. “ “

— 60 “ Toledo. “ “

— 25 “ Youngstown. “ “

— 37 Oregon, Portland. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 322.

–3,538 Pennsylvania. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

–143 Allegheny. “ Page 322.

— 22 Allentown “ “

— 28 Altoona “ “

— 29 Braddock “ “

— 48 Erie “ “

— 28 Harrisburg “ “

— 35 Johnstown “ “

— 43 McKeesport “ “

— 28 Newcastle “ “

–890 Philadelphia. “ “

–502 Pittsburgh. “ “

— 43 Reading “ “

— 92 Scranton. “ “

— 28 Wilkes Barre “ “

— 55 Rhode Island. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 312.

— 29 SC, Charleston. “ Page 324.

— 92 South Dakota. “ Page 312.

— 58 Tenn., Memphis. “ Page 324.

— 87 “ Nashville. “ “

— 15 Texas, Galveston. “ “

— 43 “ San Antonio. “ “

— 58 Utah, Salt Lake City. “ “

— 38 Vermont. “ Page 312.

— 149 Virginia U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 324.

–10 Alexandria “ “

–24 Lynchburg “ “

–55 Norfolk “ “

–12 Petersburg. “ “

–46 Richmond. “ “

— 161 Washington U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 324.

–90 Seattle “ “

–43 Spokane “ “

–28 Tacoma “ “

— 44 WV, Wheeling. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 324.

— 111 Wisconsin U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mortality Statistics 1907. 1909, p. 326.

— 2 Beloit “ “

— 2 Eau Claire “ “

— 6 Green Bay “ “

— 2 Madison “ “

–83 Milwaukee “ “

–10 Superior “ ` “

Narrative Information

Census Bureau: “There were 12,670 deaths from typhoid fever in the registration area during the year 1907, a decrease of 490 from the number shown for the preceding year (13,160). The death rate for 1907 from this disease was 30.3 per 100,000 of population as compared with 32.1 for 1906….

“The mortality of the United States from typhoid fever is much higher than that of the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, and a number of other European countries, and should be subject to marked decrease in future years, when greater attention shall be paid to the removal of the causes contributing to typhoid infection….

“…typhoid fever is more fatal in small town than in large cities.

“The registration area as a whole and each of its subdivisions, except registration cities in other states, had a decreased rate from typhoid fever for 1907 as compared with the preceding year. This was true also of all of the registration states except Colorado, New Jersey, and New York. The death rates from this disease for any of the past five years were lowest in 1907 in Vermont (10.8), Rhode Island (11), New Hampshire (11.9), Massachusetts (12.9), Maine (17.7), Michigan (22.7), and Indiana (34.6). Only 2 states, Colorado (63.7) and Pennsylvania (50.3), showed death rates over the limit chosen for this disease (50).

“Among the cities of over 100,000 of population 7 showed death rates of 50 or over per 100,000 of population from typhoid fever for 1907. These, in order of mortality, were Pittsburg, Pa. (130.8); Allegheny, Pa. (96.9); Scranton, Pa. (75.8); Louisville, Ky. (67.9); Denver, Colo. (67.1); Philadelphia, Pa. (60.7); and New Orleans, La. (55.5). In the following cities the death rates from typhoid fever were higher for 1907 than for any other of the five years shown: Scranton, Pa. (75.8); Louisville, Ky. (67.9); New Orleans, La. (55.5); Baltimore, Md. (41.3); Detroit, Mich. (28.3); Newark, N.J. (24); New York, N.Y. (17.5); and St. Joseph, Mo. (14.1).

“In 7 cities the death rate from typhoid fever was lower for 1907 than for any other of he years shown. These cities were as follows: Providence, R.I. (8.2); Boston, Mass. (10.5); Jersey City, N.J. (14); St. Louis, Mo. (16.3); Indianapolis, Ind. (29.4), Washington, D.C. (35.5); and Allegheny, Pa. (96.9)….

“The case and death rates for typhoid fever in the District of Columbia in 1907 were lower than those recorded for any previous year. The improvement in the typhoid fever situation within certain limits should go on from year to year. The price of such improvement, however, will be well directed and unceasing efforts on the part of the local authorities, with the cooperation of the medical profession. The water must remain of good quality,^[2] the market milk must be improved, and a greater regard must be had for the contagious nature of the disease.” (35-36.)

“The question naturally arises, ‘Why is the typhoid death rate so much lower in western Europe than in the United States?’ There are many reasons for it. Surface waters used without filtration are less frequent abroad. In Germany, for instance, the filtration of surface waters is required by law, and rigid restrictions are in force as to the efficiency necessary to be obtained by the filters. Probably, too, less water is used as a beverage. In Europe milk is more often boiled before using, and oysters are not as much eaten as with us. Better water and safer milk having materially reduced the disease, the secondary causes, such as contagion and carriage by flies, decrease as a matter of course… (p. 37.)

“The very large number of municipalities in which typhoid fever is continuously or nearly continuously prevalent with high mortality is clearly indicated…[in table on p. 38]. The highest death rates for the year 1907 among the cities of this group were those of Escanaba, Mich. (220.2); Sharon, Pa. (195.5); Jacksonville, Fla. (155.1); Cumberland, Md. (148.5); and Braddock, Pa. (146.4)….” (Census Bureau, 1909, p. 37.)

Abbot on Typhoid in Philadelphia in 1907: “In typhoid fever there is a marked decrease of 2,809 in the number of cases reported; this decrease I attribute to a greater area of the City receiving filtered water.” (Abbott, A.C., MD. “Annual Report of the Division of Contagious Diseases for the Year 1907.” Philadelphia, January 1, 1908. Page 115 in City of Philadelphia.)

On Typhoid Fever

CDC: “Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are life-threatening illnesses caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi and Salmonella serotype Paratyphi, respectively. Most people in the United States with typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever become infected while traveling abroad, most often to countries where these diseases are common….” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever. Page last reviewed 8-22-2018.)

McCarthy: “Typhoid is a virulent micro-organism that attacks the intestinal tract. It can be contracted by hand to hand contact or contaminated food, but in most cases the disease spreads when the excreta of an ill person get into the water supply. The disease is hard-hitting: patients usually experience vomiting and diarrhea that can cause serious dehydration, which in turn can lead to seizures and comas. Fevers as high as 106 degrees also contribute to the complications that in severe cases are fatal. Children were considered more susceptible, but it was by no means only a childhood disease….” (McCarthy, Michael P. Typhoid and the Politics of Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1987.)

NY State Dept. of Health: “Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract (bowels/gut) and occasionally the bloodstream caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria. This strain of bacteria lives only in humans….People with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract (bowels/gut). In addition, a small number of people, called carriers, recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria. Both ill persons and carriers shed Salmonella Typhi in their feces (poop). You can get typhoid fever if you eat food or drink beverages that have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if sewage contaminated with Salmonella Typhi bacteria gets into the water you use for drinking or washing food. Therefore, typhoid fever is more common in areas of the world where hand-washing is less frequent and water is more likely to be contaminated with sewage….

“Symptoms may be mild or severe and may include fever, headache, constipation or diarrhea (loose stool/poop), rose-colored spots on the trunk of the body, and an enlarged spleen and liver. It is common for symptoms to go away and then appear again. Death occurs in less than 1 percent of those who get antibiotic treatment. Symptoms generally appear one to two weeks after exposure to the bacteria….

“Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics. Resistance to multiple antibiotics is increasing among the Salmonella bacteria that cause typhoid fever, complicating treatment of infections. People who do not get treatment may continue to have fever for weeks or months, and as many as 20% may die from complications of the infection.

“Most infected people may return to work or school when they have recovered, if they carefully wash hands after using the toilet. Children in daycare and health care workers must obtain the approval of the local or state health department before returning to their routine activities. Food handlers may not return to work until three consecutive negative stool cultures are confirmed….

“People can be reinfected if they come into contact with the bacteria again….

“A vaccine is available for people traveling to developing countries where significant exposure may occur. For more information about vaccination, speak to your health care provider. It is equally important to pay strict attention to food and water precautions while traveling to countries where typhoid is common. When drinking water in a developing country, you should buy it in a sealed bottle, boil it, or chemically treat it. When eating foods, avoid raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled and washed, undercooked foods, and foods from street vendors. Additionally, food handlers may not work while sick with typhoid.” (New York State Department of Health. “Typhoid Fever,” Sep 2017 last review.)

Sources

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever. Page last reviewed 8-22-2018. Accessed 8-7-2019 at: https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html

City of Philadelphia. First Annual Message of John E. Reyburn, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia with the Annual Reports of the Departments of Public Health and Charities, Supplies, Public Education, Law, City Controller, City Treasurer, Commissioners of the Sinking Funds, Receiver of Taxes, and Board of Revision of Taxes for the Year Ending December 31, 1907 (Vol. III). Philadelphia: Dunlap Printing Co., 1908. Google digitized. Assessed 12-5-2012: http://books.google.com/books?id=0ihNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Lumsden. L. L. “Report on an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever at Omaha, Nebr. – (1909-1910).” Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin No. 72, November 1910. U.S. Treasury Department, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States. Washington: GPO, 1910. Accessed 12-24-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=ECdDAAAAYAAJ&ppis=_c&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

McCarthy, Michael P. Typhoid and the Politics of Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1987. Partially Google digitized at:

http://books.google.com/books?id=GAuEpdBXH3QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

New York State Department of Health. Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the State Department of Health of New York For the Year Ending December 31, 1917 (Vol. 1). Albany: J. B. Lyon Co., 1918. Google preview accessed 6-3-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=XE49AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

New York State Department of Health. “Typhoid Fever,” Sep 2017 last review. Accessed 6-26-2018 at: https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/typhoid_fever/fact_sheet.htm

Rohrer, C. C. G., M.D. “MD’s Annual Typhoid Problem.” Maryland Medical Journal, Vol. LV, No. 3, March 1912. Accessed 12-24-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=VY9FAAAAYAAJ&ppis=_c&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

United States Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor. Mortality Statistics 1907 (Eighth Annual Report). DC: GPO, 1909. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=THe3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

[1] Cites: Dr. James Bosley, Health Commissioner of the city of Baltimore.

[2] A sand filtration system had been put in the year before.