1964 — Dec 18, Maples (McGraw) Convalescent Home Fire, Fountaintown, IN            —     20

–20  Hamm. “Maples Convalescent Home Fire.” NFPA Fire Journal, V59/N2, March 1965, p.5.

–20  Logansport Press, IN. “Victims of Fire Listed.” 12-19-1964, p. 9.

–20  National Fire Protection Association. Key Dates in Fire History. 1996.

–20  U.S. Senate. Nursing Home Care in the United States. August 1975, p. 460.

 

Narrative Information

 

Hamm/NFPA: “Fire fighters from a number of departments battled flames in subzero weather in an attempt to rescue patients from a fire in the Maples Convalescent Home on December 18, 1964. The Home, located at Fountaintown, Indiana, a rural community of 300, was approximately 25 miles southeast of Indianapolis. At the time of the fire, the Home, licensed to accommodate 35, was caring for 34 patients, ranging in age from 69 to 91 years. This disaster, which caused the death of 20 of the patients (11 men and nine women), was reported to be second only to the Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum explosion of October 31, 1963, in loss of life by fire in Indiana….

 

“Three employees of the Home were present at the time of the fire, one on duty, the other two asleep. One of the two latter worked days at the Home, but had remained overnight because of bad weather. The attendant who was on duty was sitting reading in the nurses’ room at 2:30 am when she smelled smoke. Upon investigating, she found smoke in the hall on the first story and saw fire at the floor level of a supply closet located beneath a stairway leading to the second story, where ambulatory patients were housed…

 

“She immediately roused the other two employees, and one of them called the fire department. The Fountaintown and the New Palestine Volunteer Fire Departments have similar telephone numbers…and in dialing she first called the New Palestine number, then the Fountaintown, to report the fire…. [p. 5.]

 

“Six of the ten ambulatory patients in the second story wee roused and led down the inside stairway by an attendant. Eight of the 24 patients in the first story were rescued; most of these patients were bed-fast and four were mentally incapacitated. Although some of them realized that the Home was on fire, they still wanted to go back inside, where, as they said, ‘It is warmer.’ The temperature at the time was reported to be two degrees below zero…. [p. 5.]

 

“The building was equipped with two exterior fire escapes: a stairway type on the west, and a tubular escape on the east. Neither was used in removing patients from the second story. Some suggestions were made that these might have been obstructed, but people who had recently visited in the Home said this was not true. Under the best conditions, however, it would have been a difficult task to get these elderly people into a slide, or even onto the outside stairway, because of their infirmity and their unfamiliarity with such means of egress.

 

“Four of the bodies recovered were removed from the room in the northwest corner of the second story, the remaining 15 from the first story. The last body to be located and removed was taken out of the debris at 2:30 pm, exactly 12 hours after the fire had been discovered…. [p. 6.]

 

“The Maples Convalescent Home was established in 1946 in a frame resident that, according to neighbors, was then more than 60 years old. Additions had been made to the original structure, and the frame section had been covered with metal siding. The latest addition to the Home, which formed the southeast section of the structure was of concrete block. The two fire escapes were of the approved type, according to State law. Two of the rooms (one bedroom and the nurses’ room) were windlowless; other rooms, especially in the concrete-block section, had windows which because of their small size would have been difficult to use in removing a patient…. [p. 7.]

 

The Fire Cause

 

“From all available evidence, the cause of the fire appears to have been an overheated furnace near the center of the basement, beneath the room and the area of the Home where the fire was first discovered burning through the closet at the first-floor level. To provide comfort for the elderly patients, an effort had been made to keep the temperature in the Home at 80⁰ F. In the subzero weather, it is likely that the furnaces had to operate continuously. A heat duct ran to the second floor near the closet, and the furnace smoke pipe was located beneath the closet area. In explaining the discovery of the fire, the attendant on duty said she first noticed fire ‘coming from a small hole about six inches in diameter in the small utility closet.’ In his report, Deputy Fire Marshal Howard H. Boegaholtz made this comment: ‘My final conclusion is that the overheated oil furnace triggered a smoke pipe burnout of the accumulated soot and carbon deposits within the smoke pipe.’

The 1964 Inspection Report

 

“The last inspection by a member of the State Fire Marshal’s Department was made on June 15, 1964. The report showed that the Home met all the State fire safety regulations and had top rating for compliance with fire regulations issued from the Fire Marshal’s Department. The Indiana Health Facilities Licensing Council, however, had recommended that the Indiana State Board of Health hold up renewal of the license for the Maples Home.

 

“At a meeting with the press (at which Licensing Council members were present), the Executive Director of the Council showed those in attendance a 35-page report on fire, health, and sanitation hazards at the Home. The report had been filed by an inspector from the Council, following the last inspection of the Home, on December 1, 1964. The Director termed the report ‘simply a repetition of a long history of the same thing.’ The report noted that lint and dust were found throughout the building; records had not been properly kept; canned goods were stored near the furnace; and the Home had no registered nurse of licensed practical nurse. On the basis of these conditions, the Council had recommended that the State Board of Health hold up renewal of the license (all nursing home licenses expire on December 31 in Indiana) and give the owner until March 1, 1965, to correct those items which the Council considered faulty.

 

“At a meeting of the Indiana Health Facility Licensing Council held on December 16 (two days before the fire), proposals had been made to withhold the licenses of 62 nursing homes in Indiana until recommendations had been complied with. The Maples Home was one of the 62.

 

“The Director explained further that at present there are 15,830 occupied nursing home beds in Indiana. A subcommittee, he declared, is not studying use of second and third stories in frame nursing homes throughout the State. He explained that many of the homes of this type are still in operation thanks to the ‘grandfather clause’ in the legislation covering nursing homes. Those nursing homes that were in operation before 1958 (when the law became effective) have been permitted to continue, even though they would not be licensed under the present standards.

 

“Again, specifically referring to the Maples Convalescent Home, the Director told the press conference that his investigator had recommended that the patient load be reduced from 35 to 25 if the license for the Home were to be renewed. He added that the Indiana General Assembly would be asked to enact new legislation governing nursing homes operating in the State.” [pp. 7-9]

 

(Hamm, Robert F. “Maples Convalescent Home Fire.” Fire Journal, National Fire Protection Association, Vol. 59, No. 2, March 1965, pp. 5-9.)

 

U.S. Senate: “An overheated oil furnace was the apparent cause of a fire resulting in the death of 20 of the 34 residents in the Maples Convalescent Home. When the fire began at 2:30 a.m., three employees were in the build­ing — one on duty and two were asleep. This 60-year-old, wood-frame residence with a concrete block addition had passed a State fire inspection 6 months earlier.” (U.S. Senate. Nursing Home Care in the United States. August 1975, p. 460.)

 

Newspapers

 

Dec 18: “Fountaintown, Ind. (UPI) — Fire swept through a small country nursing home before dawn today and authorities estimated at least 20 elderly patients were killed.

 

“The temperature was 3 degrees above zero. Firemen had to break through the ice of nearby Brandywine Creek, to get water to fight the flames.

 

“Nine persons were known dead in the flames which consumed the two-story, white frame Maples Convalescent Home, located at the edge of this hamlet of 250 persons. Fountaintown is 10 miles southeast of Indianapolis.

 

“Fire departments from villages throughout the Indiana countryside fought the blaze. The water in their pumper trucks gave out and they had to go to the creek.

 

“The towering flames of the tragic fire could be seen five miles away. Nurses staggered from the building carrying aged patients. The ones who survived were sleeping on the first floor. Those on the second floor died, firemen said.

 

“Kenny Purbers, one of the first men on the scene, said ‘a nurse told me the kitchen’s on fire and the hall’s on fire. She was hysterical. She couldn’t talk.’

 

“Max McGraw, who has owned and operated the home for 10 years, gasped “I couldn’t stand to stay over there. They were my family.” McGraw said there were 34 patients, a fulltime nurse and

two nurse’s aides in the home when the fire broke out. Nine bodies were removed from the rubble before dawn. Fifteen persons were rescued and treated for shock, exposure and smoke inhalation. Firemen feared the missing persons had died in the flames. They hesitated to fix a firm death estimate in the hope that some persons had escaped through side entrances.

 

“The blaze broke out shortly before 3 a.m. EST and engulfed the rest home almost immediately.

 

“Stale troopers Richard Westlake and Ronald White were the first officers on the scene. They and the nurses helped first floor patients through the flames and smoke out the front and side doors. Hope for the rest vanished within minutes. Although McGraw said the 10 patients on the upper floors were able to walk, it appeared none had a chance to survive. Deputy Sheriff Jim Bogeman, who watched the building burn, said there were no cries or screams. ‘I never heard a thing, but the blazing fire,’ he said….

 

“The fire was out by dawn. One wall was standing. The twisted shapes of iron bedsteads rose out of the smudged snow. A Christmas tree on the front portico was encrusted in ice.

 

“McGraw, who was in a state of shock, said his patients had come from all over the country. Some were as old as 90. All were elderly.

 

“Fire Chief Carlos Jeffries said that the nursing home had always been inspected carefully. “Max McGraw operated a very nice nursing home and to the best of my knowledge complied with all of the regulations,” he said….” (Anderson Daily Bulletin, IN. “At Least 20 Believed Dead in Blaze at Nursing Home.” 12-18-1964, p. 1.)

 

Dec 18: “Shelbyville, Ind. (AP) – State police place the death toll of today’s fire in the McGraw Nursing Home in Fountaintown at 20. Troopers said 18 bodies were removed from the ashes and two other patients died in hospitals or en route. Positively identified, with ages and former homes undetermined in most cases because the home’s records burned:

 

  1. Amelia Lamb, 83, Philadelphia, Ind.
  2. George W. Curry, Rt. 1, Fountaintown
  3. Ezra Jacobi, Rt. 4, Greenfield
  4. John G. Holt
  5. Alice Dailey
  6. George Kuntz
  7. Phoebe Draper
  8. Pearl Lewis
  9. Mary Pooler
  10. Florence Miller
  11. Emerson Thompson

Tentatively identified:

  1. Effie Hartley
  2. Edna Lacey

Known to be residents of the

home and unaccounted for:

  1. James Hervey
  2. Ed Taylor
  3. Joe Glascock
  4. Henry Palmer
  5. Isaac Foos
  6. Hattie Kirkpatrick
  7. Bert Cox….” (Logansport Press, IN. “Victims of Fire Listed.” 12-19-1964, p. 9.)

 

Dec 19: “Fountaintown, Ind. (AP)….The convalescent home had been pronounced perfectly safe

by state inspectors only six months ago. In another aspect, state health officials called the home sanitarily unsatisfactory but said the home was not a fire hazard.

 

“Fourteen patients and three nurses survived, but a physician expressed fears that pneumonia could add to the toll. It was already one of the worst fire disasters in Indiana history. The survivors, some of them barefoot, stood dazed in flimsy nightclothes in near-zero cold as the fire engulfed the 60-year-old former country mansion. Rescuers had to struggle to keep some bewildered patients from reentering the flaming pyre.

 

“A state fire official said a basement furnace apparently overheated and ignited a wall. The blaze leaped to the top of the two-story wooden structure in minutes….. Boegaholtz[1] quoted one of the

three night nurses on duty, Mrs. Frances Miles, 62, Morristown, as saying the flames broke out at the baseboard level of a small first-floor utility closet near the stairwell. He said the furnace was shielded by asbestos, but a hot air duct might have ignited the wooden walls. “In a matter of minutes, the fire broke out around the unused fireplace and went right straight up the wall to the second floor,” Boegaholtz said. When a fire gets inside the walls of a building, it’s stubborn and hard to fight.” Boegaholtz said records showed the home was last inspected June 15 and met all safety requirements. He called it in “A-l” condition….

 

“The 34 patients at the McGraw Nursing Home on the outskirts of this Central Indiana town of 290 persons, 25 miles southeast of Indianapolis, were housed in a 15-room mansion built at the turn of the century. It was converted into a private convalescent center in 1946. The owner, William L. McGraw, said the patients ranged in age from 65 to 86….

 

“Mrs. Donahue, a nurse’s aide who had worked at the home only three months, was credited with single-handedly rescuing eight of the 14 surviving patients. After spotting smoke rising in the stairwell area, she rushed upstairs to help five elderly women to safety, then re-entered the home and pulled three men outside….

 

“Eighteen bodies were recovered from the blackened rubble. One elderly man was pulled from the ashes unconscious but still breathing three hours after the fire erupted, but he died enroute to the Shelbyville hospital. Another man, burned over 100 per cent of his body, died at mid-morning in a Greenfield hospital….At least three bodies were burned beyond recognition as human forms….

 

“The frame building was swathed in flames by the time firemen arrived, although the Fountaintown station is only 200 yards away on busy U.S. 52, a major Indianapolis – Cincinnati highway. About 75 firemen from throughout a four-county area aided in battling the fire. Fountaintown has no hydrant system. Firemen, using tanker trucks, had to break ice on nearby Brandy wine Creek, site of Hoosier poet James Whitcomb Riley’s “0l’ Swimmin’ Hole,” seven miles upstream, to get water.

 

“A metal tubular fire escape chute was at the east side of the house, but none of the upstairs patients was able to reach it. It lay blackened by fire among the smoldering timbers as firemen probed with shovels for remaining bodies.

 

“The roof collapsed soon after the fire flared to the top of the structure and the second-floor caved in later, leaving the nursing home looking like crumpled sticks of charcoal….

 

“Vance T. Koonce, head of the State Health Department’s Health Facilities Division, said the nursing home did not meet sanitary standards in an inspection Dec. 1. “The place was unsatisfactory from the sanitary and operational standpoints,” said Koonce, “but the place was not a fire hazard.”…He said that was “for the state fire marshal to decide.” Koonce said he recommended Wednesday [Dec 16] that the nursing home operation license not be renewed and that the home owner, Max McGraw, be given 60 days to meet the state’s health standards. “Their records are lousy and the sanitation is unsatisfactory,” Koonce said. “It was a poor operation, but this had no bearing on the fire.”” (Anderson Herald, IN. “Fire Toll May Exceed 20.” 12-19-1964, pp. 1-2.)

 

Dec 20: “Fountaintown, Ind. (AP) – A mouse nest could have caused the fire that destroyed a 60-year-old nursing home killing 20 elderly patients, a state fire inspector said today. Howard Boegaholtz, deputy state fire marshal, said the furry nest could have been, above an oil furnace where he believed the blaze started. “This is the mating, season,” Boegaholtz said, “and the mouse nest idea is a possibility.”….

 

“Boegaholtz criticized two fireplaces in the home. While they were inoperable, the fireplaces acted as flues drawing the fire up into the rest of the home, he said. ‘They aggravated this fire, but I can’t say to what extent they were responsible for causing the deaths,’ said Boegaholtz.

 

“The inspector said his investigation indicated flames erupted in a medicine closet directly above the furnace. ‘It was operating at full power because of the cold, and it’s possible a mouse nest in the walls ignited because of the intense heat,’ he reported. ‘The heating point of wood is 400 degrees; the ignition point of what makes up a nest is 300 degrees.’….” (Kokomo Tribune, IN. “Say Nursing Home Fire May Have Been Caused by ‘A Mouse Nest’.” 12-20-1964, p. 12.)

 

Dec 21: “Fountaintown, Ind. (UPI) – Shelby County Prosecutor Phillip Brown was scheduled to decide today on a possible grand jury investigation into a fire which killed 20 patients in a nursing home. Brown said earlier nothing has thus far been uncovered to warrant an investigation of the Maples Nursing Home here, but that he would decide today….

 

“Three of the 13 patients of the home who were injured in the blaze were released from Major Hospital in Shelbyville Saturday, but one, Sara Sheets, 84, remained in serious condition. She was the only one hospitalized with burns. The others were treated for shock, smoke inhalation and exposure….

 

“Dr. W. Dean Mason, chairman of the Indiana Health Facilities Council, told a hews conference in Indianapolis Saturday [Dec 19] the home was the “worst of all” 62 homes whose renewal requests were being held up. Mason said the home’s inspection report rated “very poorly” and covered 3½ pages. He said the facility was especially weak on sanitation, housekeeping and record-keeping.

 

“He said the 62 homes denied renewal last Wednesday…were given until March 1 to remedy the situations or face cancellation of their licenses. He said they would be allowed to remain in operation until that date.

 

“Vance T. Koonce, director of the State Board of Health’s nursing homes division and secretary of the council, said the home was inspected Dec 1 and a copy of the list of deficiencies sent to operator Max McGraw, Greenfield; on Dec. 5. Koonce said the inspector, Miss Carol Ottinger, a public health nurse, also talked over the report with McGraw, who was ‘displeased because he thought the inspection was too strict. A Shelby County health official said McGraw was ‘belligerent and threatening’ to health inspectors who visited the establishment.

 

“Mason devoted much of the news conference to discussing what was being done in the nursing home field and said the improvements “take time.” He added the council would probably seek legislation to revoke the “grandfather clause” in the current licensing act. The clause permits homes established at the time the act was passed in 1958 to operate with certain privileges not extended to homes set up later. As an example, Mason said, homes in operation before 1958 were not required to keep non-ambulatory patients on the ground floors of the buildings. McGraw’s facility, since it was open before the law was passed, was exempt from the provision too.

 

“State Fire Marshal Ira Anderson also sat in on the news conference and said his office would conduct a thorough investigation into the blaze, tentatively blamed on an overheated heating system. He said his inspectors recommended that a written plan for evacuation be developed for the patients and that regular fire drills be conducted.” (Pharos Tribune, Logansport, IN. “Grand Jury Probe Pending.” 12-21-1964, p. 1.)

 

Dec 23: “Indianapolis (UPI)….Deputy Fire Marshal Howard Boegaholtz said Tuesday [Dec 22] the fire began when an overheated oil furnace ignited an accumulation of soot and carbon deposits in the smoke pipe and chimney. He said the fire spread to the floors of two nearby closets and between the wall studding in the same area.

 

“The report said the investigation “did not reveal any negligence on anyone’s part. The area where this fire started is known as a ’hidden hazard,’ especially the lower section of the chimney where the smoke pipe entered. No doubt this old, soft red brick construction was faulty and could not stand the heat from the burn-out. This hazard could only be detected by tearing part of the house down, ” he said….

 

“Boegaholtz quoted Max McGraw, present operator of the home, as saying the furnace involved

in the fire was 10 years old. He said it had been cleaned last February but that the smoke pipe was not cleaned. He said McGraw told him he cleaned the smoke pipes of the home’s two furnaces three years ago and removed a gallon bucket of soot and carbon from each. The home was heated with two oil furnaces and Boegaholtz said he believed the one at the north end of the building was involved in the fire. ‘All witnesses state the fire started at the floor level in the two closets next to the furnace room wall and directly above the short section of smoke pipe as it entered the chimney,’ Boegaholtz said.

 

“The fire was discovered by Mrs. Francis Miles, 62, a nurse’s aide. She awakened an off-duty attendant, Mrs. Fannie Wicker, 75, and told her to call firemen. Mrs. Miles and Mrs. Myrtle Donahue, another attendant, meanwhile began trying to get the patients out of the building. Mrs. Wicker states that there were 10 patients on the second floor and that all were able to walk; however, they were hard to awaken and be made to realize the danger,” the report said.

 

“Boegaholtz also noted that a patient, Mrs. Grace Elrod, helped Mrs. Wicker save six of the 10 patients on the second floor. Most of the credit for saving 14 of the home’s 54 patients was previously given to the attendants.

 

“Four of the patients on the second floor were trapped when the flames spread rapidly and blocked the stairway before they could reach safety.” (Brazil Daily Times, Brazil, IN. “Fire Marshal Releases Report on Fire Probe.” 12-23-1964, p. 9.)

 

Dec 23: “Shelbyville, Ind. (AP) — A grand jury probe was ordered Wednesday [Dec 23] into the 20-death Fountaintown nursing home only 15 minutes after the state fire marshal said his own investigation was closed. “The size of the tragedy warrants a very complete investigation,” declared Prosecutor Phillip Brown, who said the grand jury would be convened Jan. 11. Both Brown and a state fire investigator’s report said no evidence of negligence had been uncovered, but the prosecutor added, “The grand jury is the best method to get all the facts.”….Brown said as many of the surviving patients as possible would be called to testify before the grand jury. Brown’s announcement came after a statement by State Fire Marshal Ira Anderson that he considered the investigation closed and would not answer any questions on it.

 

“A report by Deputy Fire Marshal Howard H. Boegaholtz Tuesday blamed the fire on an over-heated furnace which ignited soot and carbon deposits in a chimney of the two-story wooden residence, built at the turn of the century. Boegaholtz said, “This investigation did not reveal any negligence on anyone’s part,” but Brown called it “the conclusion of a man who knows a great deal about fires but little about law.” The prosecutor said, “I am not going to take his word on whether it was anybody’s fault.” Brown said that he had uncovered “no indication of negligence” or any major item of new evidence, but preferred that a grand jury make a thorough fact-finding inquiry.” (Logansport Press, IN. “Grand Jury Probe Called in Nursing Home Blaze.” 12-24-1964, p. 20.)

 

Jan 11, 1965: “Shelbyville, Ind. (AP) – A Shelby County grand jury opened an investigation Monday [Jan 11] into a fire that destroyed the McGraw Nursing Home…killing 20 elderly residents….Prosecutor Philip Brown said he felt the magnitude of the disaster demanded a local investigation. He said he hoped the grand jury could return a report by Wednesday.” (Logansport Press, IN. “Grand Jury Opens Fatal Fire Probe.” 1-12-1965, p. 3.)

 

Jan 15: “Shelbyville, Ind. (UPI) — A Shelby County grand jury declined to issue any indictments today in the Fountaintown nursing home fire Dec. 18 which killed 20 elderly patients. The jury’s report placed no charges against anyone in connection with the fire, the nation’s worst from a casualty standpoint in any building during 1964. The jury investigated the fire during a session which began last Monday. State fire marshal’s investigators had said the fire probably was due to an overheated heating system. They said the home had a top rating in an earlier fire safety investigation…. A variety of witnesses including a number of persons on the scene at the time of the fire testified before the jury during its four-day session.” (Pharos-Tribune, Logansport, IN. “No Indictments Issued in Nursing Home Fire.” 1-15-1965, p. 13.)

 

Sources

 

Anderson Daily Bulletin, IN (Hortense Myers, UPI). “At Least 20 Believed Dead in Blaze at Nursing Home.” 12-18-1964, p. 1. Accessed 11-15-2014 at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=74880594&sterm=

 

Anderson Herald, IN. “Fire Toll May Exceed 20.” 12-19-1964, p. 1. Accessed 11-16-2014 at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=74907832

 

Brazil Daily Times, Brazil, IN. “Fire Marshal Releases Report on Fire Probe.” 12-23-1964, p. 9. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=240889645&sterm=fountaintown+fire

 

Hamm, Robert F. “Maples Convalescent Home Fire.” Fire Journal, National Fire Protection Association, Vol. 59, No. 2, March 1965, pp. 5-9.

 

Kokomo Tribune, IN. “Say Nursing Home Fire May Have Been Caused by ‘A Mouse Nest’.” 12-20-1964, p. 12. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=80410768&sterm=

 

Logansport Press, IN. “Grand Jury Probe Called in Nursing Home Blaze.” 12-24-1964, p. 20. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=83721240&sterm=fountaintown+fire

 

Logansport Press, IN. “Grand Jury Opens Fatal Fire Probe.” 1-12-1965, p. 3. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=83721487&sterm=fountaintown+fire

 

Logansport Press, IN. “Victims of Fire Listed.” 12-19-1964, p. 9. Accessed 11-15-2014 at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=83721135&sterm=fountaintown+fire

 

National Fire Protection Association. Key Dates in Fire History. 1996, 2010. Accessed at:  http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=1352&itemID=30955&URL=Research%20&%20Reports/Fire%20statistics/Key%20dates%20in%20fire%20history&cookie%5Ftest=1

 

National Fire Protection Association. “Multiple Death Fires, Nursing Homes and Homes for the Aged, United States., 1951-1974.” In U.S. Senate, Nursing Home Care in the United States. August 1975, pp. 535-546.

 

Pharos-Tribune, Logansport, IN. “Grand Jury Probe Pending.” 12-21-1964, p. 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=83876652&sterm=fountaintown+fire

 

Pharos-Tribune, Logansport, IN. “No Indictments Issued in Nursing Home Fire.” 1-15-1965, p. 13. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=83879166&sterm=fountaintown

 

United States Congress. Senate. Nursing Home Care in the United States (Senate Report 94-00). Washington, DC: Special Committee on Aging , Subcommittee on Long-Term Care, Aug, 1975.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[1] Deputy State Fire Marshal Howard Boegaholtz.