1852 — Aug 20, fog/steamers collide, Atlantic sinks, Lake Erie near Long Pt. Ont.–150-~300

–150-300 Blanchard range.*

–250-400 Independent American, Platteville, WI. “The Disaster on Lake Erie,” 8-28-1852.
–250-350 Nash. Darkest Hours – A Narrative Encyclopedia of Worldwide Disasters. 1977, p32.
— ~300 Chronicle-Telegram, Elyria, OH. “Battle of Lake Erie,” Sep 30, 1991, p. 25.
— ~300 Lloyd’s Steamboat Directory and Disasters on the Western Waters. 1856.
–150-300 Buffalo Morning Express. Dec. 25, 1852 (casualty list); cited in MHGL.
–150-300 Daily News, Huntingdon PA. “`Roots’ of Sunken Ship…,” Feb 18, 1992, p. 14.
–150-250 Alchem Incorporated. Eastern Erie Shipwrecks, Lake Erie Shipwreck Map “D”
— 250 Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). 1982, p. 397.
— 250 Detroit Free Press. “Famous Fleet Has Passed Away.” October 15, 1906.
–150-250 Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping News Archive. Report News (August 2009).
— 250 Insurance Engineering. Vol. 8, July-Dec, 1904. “Marine Disasters.” P. 81.
— 250 Kokomo Tribune, Kokomo IN. “Today in History,” August 20, 1929, p. 4.
–150-250 Ratigan. Great Lakes Shipwrecks & Survivals. 1969, p. 214.
–150-250 Swayze, David D. Great Lakes Shipwrecks Beginning with the letter A.
–150-250 Swayze. Shipwreck! A Comprehensive Directory…over 3,700 Shipwrecks… 1992, 28.
–130-250 Thompson, Mark L. Graveyard of the Lakes. Wayne State Univ. Press, 2004, p. 143.
— 200 Maritime History of the Great Lakes (MHGL). “Atlantic, (St. P.), 1852.”
— 150 Berman, Bruce D. Encyclopedia of American Shipwrecks. 1972, p. 235.
— 150 Daily Advocate, Victoria, TX. “Golden Treasure,” August 8, 1910, p. 1.
— 131 Mills. Our Inland Seas. 1910, p. 142.
— < 100 Childs. A History of the United States In Chronological Order. 1886, 136. -- 100 Simonds. The American Date Book. 1902, p. 99. *Blanchard: No one knows nor will ever know the number of lives lost. Certainly, though most sources indicate a range of 150-250. We choose to use 150-300 so as not to exclude Lloyd’s estimate of approximately 300, in that Lloyd is generally a good source. Narrative Information Associated Press/Daily News, Huntington, PA, 1992: “ERIE, Pa, (AP) — The steamer Atlantic sank to the bottom of Lake Erie 140 years ago with immigrants on her decks and some of Bonnie Archer's roots in a sturdy oak crate. A freighter rammed the Atlantic on Aug. 20, 1852, killing 150 to 300 people, and sinking the ship near Long Point, Ontario. The exact death toll is unknown because passenger logs were incomplete…. “Most of the estimated 600 passengers were Norwegian or German immigrants who paid $1 each to sail from Buffalo to Detroit…Others paid $10 for first-class cabins and dined on marble tables under whale-oil lamps. “Passengers frantically climbed on board until just before departure, leading to confusion later about how many were on board. One band of Norwegians was turned away as the Atlantic left the dock. “Immigrants…were sleeping on the upper decks when the Ogdensburg, a grain freighter, hit the Atlantic's side at about 2 a.m. Many couldn't understand English commands from the crew and panicked, jumped overboard and drowned in water shrouded by fog. “"I next heard an awful scream from a hundred voices, which rings in my ears almost as vividly as then," passenger Almon Calkins of Belvedere, Ill., told a coroner's jury in Erie after the wreck….” (Daily News (AP), Huntington PA. “`Roots’ of Sunken Ship…,” Feb 18, 1992, p. 14.) Childs: “A catastrophe occurred on Lake Erie, before daylight, on the morning of the 20th of August, from a collision which occurred between the steam-propeller Ogdensburg and the steamer Atlantic. More than one hundred lives were lost by this disaster, the greater portion of them being Norwegian emigrants, who were unable through their ignorance of the English language to avail themselves of the means of safety suggested.” (Childs 1886, 136) Chronicle-Telegram, 1991: “ERIE, Pa. - From beneath the waves and out of the past, the steamer Atlantic is still stirring up trouble. The 19th-century vessel carried perhaps 300 people to their deaths in a storied collision, crippled one legendary treasure-hunter, enriched another, may have ensnared one of history's first submarines, and now has touched off a maritime dispute between Canada and the United States. “American salvagers have laid claim to the Lake Erie wreck of the Atlantic and a treasure they say is still aboard. To enforce their claim, a U.S. marshal has "arrested" the boat. Canadian authorities insist the vessel is theirs since it is in Canadian waters, about 20 miles north of here, and they have promised to arrest anyone who tampers with it. “All of this attention is focused on a ship that has repeatedly been "lost" and "discovered" over the decades, a vessel that has been a continuing source of fascination for divers, historians and treasure-hunters. The 267-foot Atlantic, a fast, luxurious passenger liner en route from Buffalo to Detroit, went down in the early-morning hours of Aug. 20, 1852, about six miles southwest of Long Point, Ontario, after being struck by a grain freighter, the Ogdensburg. In the panic that ensued, hundreds drowned, many of them Norwegian immigrants who were trapped in the steerage compartment below decks. The final minutes of the grand Atlantic were not noble ones. “There are conflicting accounts of exactly what happened, but most describe a captain and crew bent only on self-preservation. The captain, J. Byron Pettey, in his first season command, apparently was seriously injured when he fell from the wheelhouse into a lifeboat as he tried to flee. Crew members reportedly beat back immigrants trying to climb onto the decks, pulling up ladders to prevent their escape. “A survivor, identified only a "Mr. Snooks," later said swam through waters cluttered with floating debris and drowning passengers. "He says he must have passed a hundred different swimmers the last gasping struggles death," says an account in "Tales of the North Shore" by Frank Porthero. "He heard their first loud wild shrieks, thereafter smothered cries and their last dying gurgles before they disappeared one after another from the surface of the water." “About 250 survivors were eventually rescued from the water and from the stern of the Atlantic, which remained afloat for a time after the bow went under. An exact death toll was never established, as the passenger list went down with the ship. But the estimates of the number killed range from 130 to 350, making it one of the worst accidents in Great Lakes history. “Almost as soon as it sank, the Atlantic began to attract treasure-seekers. The ship's safe was known to have more than $30,000 in it, and there were rumors of greater hidden wealth. Johnny B. Green, a renowned diver of the era, found the Adams Express Co. safe on the ship in 1855, but was crippled by the "bends" as he tried to bring it up. A competing diver, Elliot P. Harrington, succeeded in raising the safe on June 27, 1856, and found $36,000 and six gold watches inside. No one has been as successful since. “An early, unmanned submarine designed by Indiana inventor Lodner Phillips is believed to have sunk during an 1853 attempt to find the wreck. And an 1873 salvage effort by an Ohio company also failed to raise the Atlantic. Now, the Los Angeles salvage company that claims ownership and proclaimed its "discovery" with considerable fanfare in June, says it hopes to have the ship on the surface by 1993…. “"We have ownership of the vessel," said Armando de Peralta, spokesman for the Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communication. "An American firm can keep telling itself over and over that it owns the vessel. But it is going to take a little more than what an American judge says in an American court to affect our decisions. They're going to have to take this to the Canadian courts — and good luck. With feelings about sovereignty running at fever pitch, just try us in the Canadian courts." “Ontario police say they will protect the ship as part of Canada's cultural heritage and arrest anyone attempting to take items from the wreck. They sent patrol boat to guard the site, and they have issued arrest warrants for two Mar Dive divers, Stephen Borsse, 36, of Sebastian, Fla., and Mark Cramer, 41, of Sheboygan, Wis. Morgan and his company could face at least $250,000 in fines and one year in jail for removing archaeological items without a license.” (Chronicle-Telegram, Elyria, OH. “Battle of Lake Erie,” Sep 30, 1991, p. 25.) Daily Advocate, Victoria, TX, 8-4-1910: “Detroit, Mich.. August 4.—Believing they have a $400,000 treasure in their grasp, men employed by a Detroit syndicate are guarding night and day the wreck of the steamer Atlantic off Long Point in Lake Erie. The Atlantic was sunk in collision in 1852 by the steamer Ogdensburg, and 150 lives were lost. Many of those on board were drowned in their berths. “The wreck was located recently. It lies in 158 feet of water, and the extreme depth makes the use of. a specially made suit of armor necessary. In the hold, it is believed, the diver will find two safes containing $400.000 in gold. The Atlantic was found by the use of a unique sweeping apparatus, and is said to be practically intact. There was. a great hole in the side where the Ogdensburg had rammed her. The fish swam lazily through the port holes. No skeletons were found.” (Daily Advocate, Victoria, TX. “Golden Treasure,” August 8, 1910, p. 1.) Goodlet: “The Atlantic sank approximately seven miles within the Canadian side and territory of the Canada/United States International Boundary in the internal waters of Lake Erie, Ontario, off Long Point, as a result of a collision with the American steamship OGDENSBURG on August 20, 1852, at a depth of 165 feet. The Atlantic was American owned and built she is 267 feet in length and has a breadth of 33 feet. The Atlantic was uninsured.” (Goodlet. The Atlantic Story.) Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping News Archive: “On 20 August 1852, Atlantic (wooden sidewheeler, 267 foot, 1,155 tons, built in 1849, at Detroit, Michigan) was loaded with immigrants when she collided with the propeller freighter Ogdensburg and quickly sank south of Long Point on Lake Erie at about 2:30 a.m. Of the 600 on board, estimates of death range from 150 to 250.” (Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping News Archive. Report News (August 2009).) Kokomo Tribune, 1929: “1852 – 250 lives lost in a collision of the steamboats Atlantic and Ogdensburg on Lake Erie.” (Kokomo Tribune, IN. “Today in History,” 8-20-1929, p. 4.) Lake Erie Shipwreck Map “D” and Index: “Atlantic: Side-wheel passenger steamer of 267 ft sank on 8/20/1852 after colliding with the propeller steamer Ogdensberg in a heavy fog 4 miles due East of the tip of Long Point. This was the third of Lake Erie's three great passenger steamer tragedies. The ship was carrying far in excess of its usual number of passengers and anywhere from 150 to 250 drowned in this disaster.” (Lake Erie Shipwreck Map “D” and Index.) Lloyd: “At an early hour before daylight, on the 20th day of August, 1852, the steamboat Atlantic ran afoul of the propeller Ogdensburg, about six miles above Long Point, on Lake Erie. The morning was very foggy and the darkness was extreme, and for some time the extent of the damage was not apparent, even to those who were on board of the vessel which sustained the injury. The propeller struck the Atlantic forward of the wheel, on the larboard side; the shock was so little felt on board the steamer, that she continued her course without any appre¬hension of danger; and, as the propeller had reversed her engine before the collision took place, the crew of it did not suppose that any serious mischief had been done to the other. However, before the Atlantic had proceeded two miles, it was discovered that she was sinking rapidly. “The passengers were all in bed at the time, and when they were aroused from their slumbers to be informed of their perilous condition, the scene of confusion and dismay which followed is beyond all the powers of language to describe. The number of persons on board, including passengers and crew, is rated at four hundred and fifty. Of these, more than two hundred were Norwegian emigrants. As soon as the startling intelligence was communicated to the passengers, all were assembled on deck, to meet or avoid the fate which threatened them. The poor Norwegians, who were generally ignorant of the English lan¬guage, could scarcely be made to comprehend the cause of the alarm, but observing the consternation which prevailed among the other pas¬sengers, they became wildly excited, and threw themselves into the water in spite of every effort to restrain them. The other passengers listened to the exhortations of the captain, and became perfectly calm, assisting to throw overboard settees, chairs, mattresses, and other buoyant articles, which might be the means of supporting them in the water when the boat went down. In the meanwhile, the state of affairs in the doomed vessel was such as to produce a feeling of intense anxiety. even among the bravest. The dense obscurity of the night, the damp and chilling atmosphere, the terrific hissing of the water as it rushed through the gaping leak upon the furnaces, in which every spark of fire was soon extinguished, the shrieks and cries of the affrighted women and children who remained on board, and the still more distressing ex¬clamations of those who were struggling in the water, all these circum¬stances combined to make a scene of horror which appalled even those who could have met their own fate with fortitude and resolve. “About half past two the steamer sunk, notwithstanding all the well-directed efforts which had been made by the crew to keep her afloat. “The propeller [Ogdensburg], had stopped to make repairs after the accident, and now when her crew were apprised of the dreadful condition of those who had been in the Atlantic, by the cries, shrieks, and lamentations of the drowning people, the Ogdensburg promptly steered for the spot, and was the means, under divine Providence, of saving about two hundred and fifty of the unfortunates who still survived. Hundreds were battling with the waters, and while the sympathizing crew of the propeller were dragging some aboard of that vessel with all possible dispatch, many others sunk into the abyss of waters, and were seen no more. From the most authentic statements it appears that more than three hundred lives were lost. A majority of the sufferers were Norwegian emigrants, of whom previous mention has been made. The books of the boat were lost, and no record of the names of those who perished has been preserved…. “Nearly all of the cabin passengers were saved ; also, the officers and crew, with the exception of three waiters. Captain Petty, of the At¬lantic, was seriously injured. The Norwegian emigrants, of whom the greater number perished, were on their way to Quebec. About seventy-five of these people fortunately could not obtain passage in the Atlan¬tic, and were left on the wharf…. “The first mate of the Ogdensburg, who was on watch at the time of the collision, afterwards admitted that if he had given the necessary orders a few moments sooner than he did, the accident might have been prevented. The second mate of the Atlantic, who was also on watch, made similar admissions of delinquency. The officers of both boats wore much censured by the citizens of Buffalo, Erie, &c., as it was generally believed that the disaster was attributable to their culpable negligence. The surviving passengers of the Atlantic held a meeting, and passed resolutions strongly condemning the Captain and owners of that steamer for neglecting to provide a sufficient number of life preservers, and small boats. The wreck of the Atlantic was found five miles below Long Point House. She sunk four miles from the near¬est shore, in one hundred and sixty feet water. Adams & Co.'s Ex¬press Messenger lost $60,000, which went down with the ill-fated boat. Several attempts have been made by submarine divers to re¬cover this lost treasure, but without success. By this accident about three hundred persons were drowned. The names of many will never be known.” (Lloyd 1856, 148-150.) Mills: “Contemporary with the May Flower was the famous steamer Atlantic which still lingers in the memory of the old mariners. It was noted for the unusual bursts of speed which often were kept up for hours, when its engine was pushed to its utmost power; and will not be forgotten because of its loss at sea in one of the greatest disasters in marine annals of the Great Lakes. The Atlantic was built at Newport, in 1849, and was eleven hundred and fifty tons register, measuring two hundred and sixty-seven feet in length, thirty-three feet beam, and thirteen feet, four inches depth. In the first season, as a speed test, it ran from Buffalo to Detroit in sixteen and one-half hours, the quickest trip ever made up to that time. “The tragic ending of the Atlantic occurred on the dark night of the twentieth of August, 1852, when the pro¬peller Ogdensburg rammed the side-wheeler in collision off Long Point, in Lake Erie. The Atlantic went down in deep water a few minutes later with a loss of one hun¬dred and thirty-one lives, and a full cargo of general merchandise consigned to the West. The late account of an eye-witness of the disaster, a fireman on the ill-fated steamboat, graphically depicts the harrowing scene: "It is all as clear to me as though it happened only yester¬day. Every boat from the East in those days was packed with foreigners seeking a home in the Middle West. We left Buffalo about nine o'clock in the evening, and I was on watch. When about opposite Long Point the propeller Ogdensburg loomed out of the darkness without the slightest warning, striking the Atlantic well forward on the port side. The Ogdensburg, we learned afterward, was turning in to make the Welland Canal. "We were struck fair and a great hole torn in the port side of the Atlantic, through which poured a terrific stream of water. The passengers were nearly all Danes and Swedes, great burly fellows armed with long knives which they knew how to handle. They could not talk any English, and it did n't do any good to try talking with them. They were the worst scared lot I ever saw. Men would fight among themselves for a chance to get into the life-boats. They were not content to get in themselves, but insisted on taking their bundles and big boxes with them. Women and children were trampled on as though they were of no account, and their cries, added to the shouts of the crazed foreigners, drowned the voices of the ship's officers. There wasn't any use fighting with such a lot of human devils, so some of us got axes and knocked off cabin doors and everything else we could and showed the women how to hang on when the boat went down. "Some of the life-boats launched were swamped as soon as they touched the water. Others got away safely with their loads and were picked up. While we were working the hardest trying to save the women and children, I felt a lurch, and the next instant the Atlantic went to the bottom, the water being filled with those who had been unable to get into the boats. How we were picked up and cared for is a matter of record, as is the number of those who were lost. But there are details of that night that have never been accurately depicted, and which I would gladly forget, if I could. "At that I was fortunate, although losing everything, I had saved my life. A boyhood friend of mine from Toronto was on his way to Sarnia to visit relatives. I managed to secure pas¬sage for him on the Atlantic, and he was sleeping in my bunk when the collision came. He must have been killed, for the bow of the Ogdensburg ploughed through the room he was occu¬pying, and I never saw him afterward." “Among the heavy losers by the disaster was an express company whose safe, well filled with currency and valuables, went down with the vessel. A thrilling scene at the time of its recovery, almost four years later, was narrated in the issue of Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, for July 12, 1836: "A submarine diver from Buffalo has at last succeeded in raising the safe of the American Express Company, which was lost when the steamer Atlantic was sunk off Long Point, in 1852. It will be recollected that this steamer was instantly sunk by a collision with a propeller, and that a large number of passengers were lost. The diver was protected by copper armor, and was under water forty minutes, during which time he had some strange adventures. The upper deck of the steamer lies one hundred and sixty feet under water, and far below where there is any current or motion. Everything, therefore, is exactly as it first went down. When the diver alighted upon the deck, he was saluted by a beautiful lady, whose clothing was well arranged, and her hair elegantly dressed. As he approached her, the motion of the water caused an oscillation of the head, as if gracefully bowing to him. She was standing erect, with one hand grasping the rigging. Around lay the bodies of several others as if sleeping. Children holding their friends by their hands, and mothers with their babies in their arms were there. "In the cabin, the furniture was still untouched by decay, and to all appearance, had just been arranged by some careful and tasteful hand. In the office he found the safe, and was enabled to move it with case, and took it upon deck, where the grappling irons were fastened on, and the prize brought safely to the light. Upon opening the safe it displayed its contents in a perfect state of preservation. There was in the safe five thousand dollars in gold, thirty-five hundred dollars in bills of the Government Stock Bank, and a large amount of bills of other banks, amounting in all to about thirty-six thousand dollars. Of course, all this money goes to the persons inter¬ested in this wonderful adventure." (Mills. Our Inland Seas. 1910, pp. 142-144.) Swayze: “ATLANTIC… Type at loss : sidewheel steamer, wood, passenger/package freight Build info : 1849, J.L. Wolverton, Detroit [location also given as Newport/Marine City] Specs : 267x33x13, 1155t Date of loss : 1852, Aug 20 Place of loss : S of Long Pt. Lake : Erie Type of loss : Collision Loss of life : 150-250 of about 600 [passenger manifest was lost with the ship] Carrying : Gen merch, luggage Detail: “Loaded with immigrants [~600], she collided with the propeller freighter Ogdensburg and quickly sank at 2:30 or 3 am. The Ogdensburg continued in a wide circle and came back to the Atlantic, while the inrushing waters extinguished the steamer's fires. She sank quickly bow first, resting for a moment at a 45° angle before making her final plunge. She was a palatial passenger vessel and considered to be the fastest on the lakes.” (Swayze. Great Lakes Shipwrecks “A,” Atlantic) Newspaper at the Time Aug 28: “Scarcely has the public mind recovered from the shock occasioned by the burning of the Henry Clay, before their sensibilities are again pained by the recital of another calamity, upon the Lake, of still greater magnitude. By the collision between the Steamer Atlantic and the Propeller Ogdensburg from 300 to 400 human beings have been hurried into eternity, through the culpable negligence of the officers in charge “After reading all the accounts in relation to this occurrence, we can arrive at no other conclusion than that the officers, in whose charge those boats were at the time of the collision, are amenable to the laws as much as the midnight assassin the pirate upon the high seas. Something must be done to prevent the recurrence of such scenes or the community will be weekly if not daily horrified by accounts of a similar nature. “There is a variety of opinions as to the number lost by the sinking of the Atlantic, but agree that the list is frightfully large. A majority of papers set the loss of human life at 250 while others contend that it will not fall under 350. The Clerk of the Atlantic is said to have informed a passenger who was saved that there were between 700 and 800 passengers on board the boat at the time of the collision—out of this number but 250 are known to have been saved. Out of one party of emigrants, who arrived Milwaukee, 60 are known to have perished. “Criminality attaches itself more particularly the officers of the Atlantic, for had they stopped their engine as did the propeller, the shock would have been comparatively light. The Milwaukee News says:— "We are free to allow that under circumstances like these attending this calamity, full preparation to save the lives of all on board are impossible. But a man, who the Captain of a craft, calculated and expected to convey, daily, hundreds of human beings, and whose duty it is to exercise such care as to secure them from the ever-impending perils of the flood and fire—a man, we say, who upon the first alarm betrays his pusillanimity by effecting his escape the first and best boat, deserves no mercy at the hands of the public or the law. We do not vouch for the truth of the report that Capt. PETTY did this, but we have good reason to believe it." (Independent American (Platteville, WI). “The Disaster on Lake Erie,” Aug 28, 1852.” Sources Alchem Incorporated. Lake Erie Shipwreck Map “D” and Index. Accessed 1-30-2009 at: http://www.alcheminc.com/east.html Berman, Bruce D. Encyclopedia of American Shipwrecks. Boston: Mariners Press Inc., 1972. Childs, Emery E. A History of the United States In Chronological Order From the Discovery of America in 1492 to the Year 1885. NY: Baker & Taylor, 1886. Google digitized. Accessed 9-4-2017: http://books.google.com/books?id=XLYbAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Chronicle-Telegram, Elyria, OH “Battle of Lake Erie,” Sep 30, 1991, p. 25. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=6749596 Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1982. Daily Advocate, Victoria, TX. “Golden Treasure,” August 8, 1910, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=85468409 Daily News, Huntingdon, PA. “`Roots’ of Sunken Ship to be Returned to Heirs,” Feb 18, 1992, p. 14. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=102318012 Detroit Free Press. “Famous Fleet Has Passed Away.” 10-15-1906. Accessed at: http://www.boatnerd.com/swayze/trivia/6.htm Goodlet, R.W. The Atlantic Story. Accessed 1-31-2009 at: http://www.kwic.com/~pagodavista/atlantic.html Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping News Archive. “Report News, August 2009.” Accessed at: http://www.boatnerd.com/news/archive/8-09.htm Independent American, Platteville, WI. “The Disaster on Lake Erie,” Aug 28, 1852. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=35025811 Insurance Engineering (Vol. 8, No. 1., July 1904). “Marine Disasters,” pp. 81-82. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=6bAPAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true Kokomo Tribune, IN. “Today in History,” 8-20-1929, p. 4. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=80054547 Lloyd, James T. Lloyd’s Steamboat Directory and Disasters on the Western Waters. Cincinnati, Ohio: James T. Lloyd & Co., 1856. Digitized by Google. Accessed at: http://books.google.com/books?id=JlYqAAAAYAAJ Maritime History of the Great Lakes. “Atlantic, (St. P.), 1852.” Accessed 9/12/2009 at: http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes/wrecks/Details.asp?ID=1445&n=1482 Mills, James Cooke. Our Inland Seas, Their Shipping and Commerce for Three Centuries. Chicago, A. C. McClurg & Co., 1910. Digitized by Microsoft. Accessed 7-10-2020 at: http://www.archive.org/details/ourinlandseasthe00milluoft Nash, Jay Robert. Darkest Hours – A Narrative Encyclopedia of Worldwide Disasters from Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Pocket Books, Wallaby, 1977, 792 pages. Ratigan, William. Great Lakes Shipwrecks & Survivals (New Revised and Enlarged Edition). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1969. Simonds, W. E. (Editor). The American Date Book. Kama Publishing Co., 1902, 211 pages. Google digital preview accessed 9-8-2017 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=JuiSjvd5owAC Swayze, David D. Great Lakes Shipwrecks Beginning with the letter A. Accessed 9-8-2009 at: http://greatlakeshistory.homestead.com/files/a.htm Swayze, David D. Shipwreck! A Comprehensive Directory of Over 3,700 Shipwrecks on the Great Lake. Boyne City, MI: Harbor House Publications, Inc., 1992.