3–~199

lornajarrettblanchard September 28, 1896

–~199 Blanchard compilation based on State and DC totals below.
— 3 District of Columbia
–~100 Florida
— 38 Georgia
— 8 Maryland
— 1 North Carolina
— 6 Pennsylvania
— 30 South Carolina
— 13 Virginia
— 199 Evening Star, DC. “Deaths and Loss. Nearly 200 Killed…” 10-2-1896, p. 10.
–100 Islands on the coast
— 1 District of Columbia
— 50 Florida
— 19 Georgia (Brunswick/5, Burroughs/3, Savannah/11)
— 1 Illinois (Chicago)
— 8 Maryland (Olney/1, Sandy Point/3, Texas/1, Washington Grove/3)
— 6 Pennsylvania (Natalie/2, Northumberland County/2, Reading/2)
— 10 Virginia (Alexandria/4, Staunton/5, Waynesboro/1)
— 1 Wisconsin (Milwaukee)
–>146 Dunn and Miller. Atlantic Hurricanes (Revised Edition). 1964.
— 16 Middle Atlantic States Sep 29-30 (p. 310)
— 30 Georgia and South Carolina Sep 29 (p. 312)
–>100 Florida Sep 28-29 (p. 316)
— 130 Blake, et al. The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense US Cyclones…, April 2007.
— 130 Rappaport and Partagas. The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1994. 1995.
— 116 Barnes and Lyons. Florida’s Hurricane History. 2007, p. 78.
— 114 Garrison, et al. Historic Shipwrecks…of the Northern Gulf of Mexico (V3). 1989, p. F-7.
— 114 Henry, A.J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 24, No. 9, Sept 1896, p. 317.
— 114 Rappaport and Partagas. The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1994. 1995.

District of Columbia ( 3)
— 3 Roth, David and Hugh Cobb. Virginia Hurricane History.
— 1 Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 24, No. 9, Sept 1896, p. 317.
— 1 Albert building on Penn. Ave. wall collapse, through roof of adjacent building; man killed.

Florida (~100)
— 115 Wikipedia. “1896 Cedar Keys hurricane.” 6-19-2022 edit. Impact and aftermath section.
–>101? Wikipedia. “1896 Cedar Keys hurricane.” Overview section. 6-19-2022 edit. (No citation.)
–>70 Mainland FL (No source citation.)
— 31 Cedar Keys (No source citation.)
–~100 NOAA. Hurricane of 1896 Strikes with a Fury.” No date. Accessed 8-24-2022.
— 78 Blanchard tally (not including the “untold numbers” of crewmen from sponge boats.
— 70 Semi-Weekly Times-Democrat, New Orleans. “Worse Than Dead by Far.” 10-6-1896, p. 9.
— 68 Barnes. Florida’s Hurricane History. 2007, p. 78.
— 68 Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, V. 24, N. 9, Sept 1896, p. 317.
— 50 Mainland. Evening Star, DC. “Deaths and Loss. Nearly 200 Killed…” 10-2-1896, p. 10.
Breakout by Locality (when noted):
— 5 Boulogne, Nassau County. Schoolhouse “wrecked” – five children killed.
— 3 Boulogne. House collapse; Lilla Rains, 12; Mrs. Rains, fatally injured; Harry Johnson.
— 31 Cedar Keys. Oickle. The Cedar Keys Hurricane of 1896: Disaster At Dawn. 2009, p. 110.
— 8 Coast between Tampa and Cedar Key. Sailboat found upturned on shore, bodies beneath.
— 6 Fort White, Columbia Co. Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester. “The Storm in Florida.” 10-1-1896, 1.
— 4 Hilliard, Nassau County. School “wrecked.”
— 6 Kings Ferry, Nassau Co. Andy Johnson, Moses Sassiter, Simon Henderson, Mary Jones and child; infant.
— 3 Kings Ferry. Two schooners blown from mooring into a marsh; three sailors killed.
— 5 Lake City. Evening Star, DC. “Destruction in Florida.” 10-2-1896, p. 10.
— 1 Williston. Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester, NY. “The Storm in Florida.” 10-1-1896, p.1.
— 6 Williston area prison farm. Prisoners “crushed” when tree was blown on top of a cabin.
–“…untold numbers” of crewmen on over 100 sponging boats “overwhelmed” prior to landfall.

Georgia (38)
–38 Blanchard tally from localities below, not included three Brunswick men in a missing boat.
–37 Wikipedia. “1896 Cedar Keys hurricane.” 6-19-2022 edit.
–25 Barnes and Lyons. Florida’s Hurricane History. 2007, p. 78
— 5 Brunswick (4) and nearby Everett (1)
— 5 Brunswick. Evening Star, DC. “Damage at Brunswick, GA.” 10-2-1896, p. 10.
–2 Falling houses.
–3 Crew from lighter in the bay, which was blown across the bar.
— 3 Burroughs. Evening Star, DC. “Deaths and Loss. Nearly 200 Killed…” 10-2-1896, p. 10.
— 4 Camden County logging settlement.
— 8 Darien. Atlanta Constitution. “Work of the Gale at Darien.” 10-2-1896, p. 1.
— 4 Folkston, Charlton County. Schoolhouse “wrecked” killing four children.
–11 Savannah. Evening Star, DC. “Deaths and Loss. Nearly 200 Killed…” 10-2-1896, p. 10.
— 3 Waycross. Miss Johnson, Mr. Steward, and an infant.

Maryland ( 8)
— 8 Barnes. Florida’s Hurricane History. 2007, p. 78.
— 8 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.
— 8 Evening Star, DC. “Deaths and Loss. Nearly 200 Killed…” 10-2-1896, p. 10.
–1 Olney
–3 Sandy Point
–1 Texas
–3 Washington Grove
— 8 Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, V24, N9, Sep 1896, p317.
— 6 Roth, David and Hugh Cobb. Virginia Hurricane History.

New York ( 0)
–0 Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 24, No. 9, Sept 1896, p. 317.

North Carolina ( 1)
–1 Raleigh area (6 miles). Wikipedia. “1896 Cedar Keys hurricane.” 6-19-2022 edit.
–0 Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 24, No. 9, Sept 1896, p. 317.

Pennsylvania ( 6)
–16 Wikipedia. “1896 Cedar Keys hurricane.” 6-19-2022 edit.
— 6 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.
— 6 Evening Star, DC. “Deaths and Loss. Nearly 200 Killed…” 10-2-1896, p. 10.
–2 Natalie [Northumberland County]
–2 Northumberland County (probable reference to two deaths in Shamokin).
–2 Reading (probable reference to deaths 5 miles above Reading. Temple furnace blown down).
–2 Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 24, No. 9, Sept 1896, p. 317.

South Carolina (30)
–30 Beaufort and so. sea islands. Jordan. A History of Storms on the South Carolina Coast. P34.
— 7 Wikipedia. “1896 Cedar Keys hurricane.” 6-19-2022 edit.
— 5 Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 24, No. 9, Sept 1896, p. 317.

Virginia (13)
–13 Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.
–13 Wikipedia. “1896 Cedar Keys hurricane.” 6-19-2022 edit.
–6 Staunton. Cites: Central Shenandoah Planning District Comm. “CSPDC Flooding History.”
–10 Evening Star, DC. “Deaths and Loss. Nearly 200 Killed…” 10-2-1896, p. 10.
–4 Alexandria
–5 Staunton
–1 Waynesboro
— 7 Roth, David and Hugh Cobb. Virginia Hurricane History.
— 5 Barnes. Florida’s Hurricane History. 2007, p. 78.
— 5 Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 24, No. 9, Sept 1896, p. 317.
Breakout of Fatalities by Locality (where noted):
— 4 Alexandria. Hazen. “The Wind-Rush Of September 29, 1896.” MWR, 24/9, Sep 1896, p323.
–1 Brick wall of 3-story house failed and crashed through roof of next-door house; man.
— 3 Rockingham County. Central Shenandoah Planning District Comm. “CSPDC Flooding History.”
— 6 Staunton. Central Shenandoah Planning District Comm. “CSPDC Flooding History.”

Narrative Information
(Multi-State)

Dunn & Miller: “1896 Sept. 29-30 All sections. Major [intensity]. 16 killed, damage $3,828,000.”

Henry: “The noteworthy features of the month were…the very severe West India hurricane of the 29th-30th….One of the severest West India hurricanes ever experienced struck the Florida coast at Cedar Keys about 3:30 a.m., September 29. It passed thence to Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence Valley in twenty-four hours at a rather uniform rate of about 46 miles per hour. As is usual in storms of this class the path of relatively great destruction was quite narrow, not extending over 50 miles at any part of its course.

“The storm pursued a northeasterly direction through Florida and Georgia. When near Savannah it seemed to curve slightly to the northward, passing thence almost due north to the St. Lawrence Valley. The force of the wind varied greatly within quite narrow limits; places 50 to 100 miles on either side of the central path were not exposed to winds of unusual severity. The violence of the storm in the central portion also varied with time and place. The greatest violence was manifested in Florida during the early morning of the 29th. During the daylight hours of the same date, particularly in the afternoon, when the influence of the diurnal change in wind velocity might be expected to accelerate the movement of the storm winds, the violence of of the latter seemed to diminish.

“The second period of great violence began in Virginia about 9 p.m., and continued until a little after midnight when the storm had reached central Pennsylvania. There was then another lull in the violence of the storm, and a subsequent renewal of intensity during the early morning of the 30th at Syracuse, and other points in Cayuga and Cortland counties, New York.

“The rainfall in the center and on the eastern side of the hurricane’s path was quite light as compared with that to the westward, and the rainfall in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina was also light as compared with the fall farther north. The rainfall in a strip of country extending from North Carolina to the southern border of Pennsylvania, probably 100 miles wide and about the same distance west of the storm center, was exceedingly heavy, 5 and 6 inches being recorded at some stations, and 3 to 4 at others. As the storm reached central New York, the rain area spread far to the westward and the violence of the winds diminished….

“The loss of life and property is summarized below:

State Loss of life Loss of property.

Florida 68 $2,255,000
Georgia 25 963,000
South Carolina 5 25,000
North Carolina 0 28,000
Virginia 5 605,000
District of Columbia 1 443,000
Maryland 8 500,000
Pennsylvania 2 2,140,000
New York 0 50,000

(Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 24, No. 9, Sept 1896, pp. 316-317.)

Roth and Cobb: “September 28-October 2, 1896: A hurricane developed in the breeding grounds of the tropical Atlantic before moving through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The system then tracked inland through the Southeast to the west of Washington D.C..

“Richmond suffered severely from the cyclone. Communication was gone early on during the storm…the only line that remained open belonged to Western Union, the wire that ran to Wilmington, N.C. A ‘perfect wilderness’ of uprooted trees and downed limbs lay everywhere. The steeple of the Second Baptist church yielded to the storm, falling across main street. The Governor’s Mansion survived the cyclone reasonably well. Damage totaled $150,000 at the state capital.

“Petersburg witnessed a ‘perfect hurricane’ between 7:30 and 10:30 p.m. The Imperial Hotel was unroofed. Smaller buildings experienced great damage. The Western Union office took fire, but the blaze was quickly extinguished. All lines were downed. ‘Needed rains’ fell at Leesburg, but high winds at that locale led to high timber losses. Fredericksburg saw its St. George’s church steeple injured by the cyclone.

“In Alexandria, damage was widespread. The Third Baptist Colored church was razed to the ground ($5000). Over forty windmills were wrecked at Falls Church. Travel was virtually impossible due to the volume of downed trees which blocked the roadways. Hyattsville and Bladensburg experienced injury, as windmills fell, and numerous windows and skylights were shattered. Wood-frame buildings were blown from their foundations. Manassas saw its Evangelical Lutheran church blown six inches off its foundation.

“At the nation’s capital, a rapidly moving deck of low clouds streamed in from the Atlantic on the heels of brisk southeast winds. After the wind shifted to southwest, thunderstorms caused continuous lightning to light up the night sky. It was one of the worst storms on record in the District of Columbia as five-minute sustained winds peaked at 66 mph and gusts reached 80 mph; the pressures fell to 29.14″ around 11 p.m. At 10:30 p.m., the steeple to the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church crashed to the ground. A five story brick building was demolished, injuring the adjoining buildings, trapping five men under debris. The tower of the Grand Opera House was ‘hurled to the sidewalk.’

“Uprooted trees blockaded several streets in the District. A horse perished after stepping on a live wire. Many buildings were unroofed. The Metropolitan Railroad Power House in South Washington caved in, causing all buildings within one-half block to shake; its crash was audible a mile away. Capitol Hill saw even greater damage. Georgetown experienced its worst storm ever. The Baseball Park saw $500 in damage. A few panes of glass at the White House were shattered as well. Winds began to subside by 12:55 a.m. In all, a $390,000 in damage was incurred.

“Heavy rains fell as well…A flash flood at Staunton, along Lewis Creek, overran its banks, killing five. Seven inches of rain on the 30th swelled a large lake near the town, bursting its dam at 10 p.m. Alarms were sounded as torrents of water rushed down Central Avenue, submerging everything in its path. As it invaded the Water Works and electric plant, fires in their furnaces were quickly extinguished, plunging the city into darkness. The gas works was swept away by the raging flood. Twenty-five houses were moved from their foundations before crumbling in the angry waters ($500,000). Great washouts occurred along the Norfolk & Western railroad from Roanoke to Hagerstown. Streets in Roanoke became rivers. On the 1st, the Potomac and Chesapeake & Ohio Canal merged into one as flood waters increased their height and breadth. At Buena Vista, the fire department wall called in to save those in peril from their floods.

“Tides rose to 7.0 feet above low water datum at Washington, D.C. The scene at the waterfront was ‘one of indescribable confusion.’ Power was out, and mud had invaded surrounding land areas. Most everything, including vessels in and around the wharf was destroyed. The steamer George Leary ran amok when her wharf succumbed to the storm. Careening with the current, she crashed against the Sylvester, when then took part in the joyride. They crashed into four other vessels before coming to rest against the Norfolk steamer Washington. From Cedar Point [MD] to Sandy Point [MD], fourteen vessels went ashore. The schooner Capital foundered at anchor, taking the lives of her crew (three in all).

“Cobb’s Island was submerged. Its hotel was demolished, along with any remaining cottages and private dwellings that weren’t destroyed during the powerful nor’easter of 1895. This storm led to the abandoning of the island by Fall of 1897 (Barnes & Truitt) . Damaging winds spread northward through northern Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Its gale force winds extended from New York to Chicago. Sixteen perished across the region: three in D.C., seven in Virginia, and six in Maryland. Total losses exceeded $1.5 million in Virginia and the District of Columbia.” (Roth, David and Hugh Cobb. Virginia Hurricane History.)

Florida

Library of Congress photo of destruction at Cedar Key summary: “This image shows the devastation caused by the Great Hurricane of 1896 that struck the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of Florida. With its 2,200-kilometer coastline, Florida is the U.S. state most vulnerable to these storms. More than 450 recorded tropical storms and hurricanes have reached its shores since European exploration began. The hurricane of September 1896 destroyed most of the residential area of the town of Cedar Key on the upper west coast of the Florida peninsula, killing dozens of residents and destroying most of Cedar Key’s industries. Before making landfall, the storm and its tidal surge overwhelmed more than 100 sponging boats, killing untold numbers of crewmen. The hurricane then crossed the peninsula, leaving a wide swath of destruction until it reached the Atlantic coast at Fernandina, before heading north to Virginia. This image shows survivors, both white and black, in Fernandina, standing atop mounds of rubble, still seemingly shocked by the destruction….” (Library of Congress, “After Great Hurricane of 1896,” photo summary.)

Oct 1, Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester NY: “Atlanta, Oct. 1. – A special from Jacksonville, Fla., to the Constitution says:

“The West Indian hurricane which entered Florida at Cedar Keys yesterday morning and swept through the southern part in a northeasterly direction left death and destruction in its path. Owing to the prostration of telegraph wires and delay of trains due to washouts, only meager reports have been received, and yet meager as those report are, they show that over twenty towns and villages have been wrecked and forty or fifty persons have been killed while probably thrice as many more received wounds more or less serious.

“At Fort White in Columbia county it is reported that six persons were killed, but the report has not been unconfirmed. From Columbia county the hurricane dashed across Duvall, its edge striking Jacksonville, but doing little damage and causing no loss of life.

“About 4 o’clock in the morning the hurricane, which had been churning the gulf, left the water and swooped down upon Cedar Keys, a town of 1,500 inhabitants, about 100 miles southwest of Jacksonville. Thirty-six hours have elapsed since the storm struck Cedar Keys, but not one word has been received directly from that place as to the damage done or the number of lives lost. No trains have been able to reach there because the tracks are covered with heavy timber. The only report from Cedar Keys comes by way of Gainesville, fifty miles northeast of the gulf town, and is to the effect that Cedar Keys ahs been swept away and many persons killed and wounded. This report reached Gainesville by courier from Williston, which is twenty miles north of Cedar Keys.

“The report is hardly exaggerated, as Cedar Keys was directly in the path of the hurricane and received its full force as it leaped raging from the gulf. After demolishing Cedar Keys, the storm, moving in a northeasterly direction, struck Williston, a village of 400 inhabitants. At that place eleven houses were wrecked, one person killed and fifteen wounded, some, it is feared, fatally.

“Near Williston is a large turpentine farm on which many state convicts are employed. Twenty of these convicts were huddled in a cabin across which the storm blew a great tree, crushing six of the inmates.

“Leaving Leavy county the hurricane dashed across Alachua, one of the most populous counties in the state, where a number of persons were killed and many more severely injured.

“In Nassau county, however, just north of Jacksonville, the hurricane seemed to gather additional force and did awful work. At Boulogne, the school house, in which there was over thirty children, was wrecked and five children killed. Miss Ada Stewart, the teacher, escaped with a broken arm. Lilla Rains, 1 12-year-old girl, ran from the school house just before it collapsed to her home. As she entered her home it was wrecked and the child was killed. Harry Johnson, who was with her, was also killed and Mrs. Rains was fatally injured.

“At Hilliards [Hilliard] the school house was wrecked and four children were killed. At Kings Ferry, on the St. Mary’s river, Andy Johnson, Moses Sassiter, Simon Henderson, Mary Jones and her child, all negroes, were killed. Mrs. Fisher was nursing a sick child and the infant died as the house collapsed. The mother escaped.

“Two schooners loading lumber at Kings Ferry were blown from their moorings and landed in a marsh, three of the sailors being killed. From Nassau county the hurricane passed into Georgia, destroying a logging settlement in Camden county, just across the line and killing four persons. Folkeston [Folkston], Ga., near the Florida line, was also struck, the school house being wrecked and four children killed. It is impossible to accurately estimate the property loss in Florida, but conservative men say it will exceed two million dollars.” (Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester, NY. “The Storm in Florida.” 10-1-1896, p. 1.)

Georgia

Oct 2, Evening Star DC: “News received from Brunswick, Ga., gives some particulars of the most disastrous storm in Brunswick’s history. Five lives are known to have been lost, and probably many more persons perished, as fishermen are out and have not been heard from. The damage to property is difficult to estimate, but will not be less than half a million dollars.

“The gale blew about sixty-five miles an hour. The opera house, St. Anhanaslus and St. Jude’s Episcopal churches are wrecks. Glauber & Isaacs’ wholesale grain and hay building is a wreck; loss, $12,000. Beautiful oak trees, the pride of Brunswick’s citizens, are lying prostrate all over the city. Two-thirds of the business houses are unroofed, and about twenty are almost totally wrecked. Damages to stocks of goods from the rain probably will reach $80,000. Trees were blown down across many residences, and about one hundred small houses were blown down. The plant of the electric light and water company was wrecked; damage, $20,000.

“Tom Burgess and child, negroes, were killed by falling houses. Three negroes on a lighter in the bay were blown across the bar and have not been seen since….” (Evening Star, DC. “Damage at Brunswick, GA. Five Lives Known to Be Lost and Others Missing.” 10-2-1896, p. 10.

South Carolina

Jordan on SC: “1896 Sept. 29 (2) Storm of short duration, but with 62 mph winds…and gusts of 100-miles-per hour; substantial property losses and 30 deaths attributed to the winds and water in Beaufort [SC] and the southern sea islands.” (Jordan, Dukes, Rosengarten. A History of Storms on the South Carolina Coast. Undated, p. 34.)

Virginia

Central Shenandoah Planning District Commission, VA: “Flood of 1896

“On the twenty-sixth anniversary to the day, of the Flood of 1870, the Shenandoah Valley was hit by another significant flood event. According to Uniysis Corporation hurricane data, this flood most likely occurred as a result of a tropical storm that was tracking through Virginia during this time. The rain, which fell steadily all day on September 30, 1896, increased in volume through the evening and culminated in torrential flooding that night. ‘The gentle, soaking rain which gladdened the hearts of Rockingham farmers Tuesday morning, continuing its steady downpour all day long, at night became a raging equinoctial storm which carried death and destruction in its
wake.’– Rockingham Register, October 2, 1896.

“The City of Staunton was the hardest hit locality in the region. Lewis Creek and its tributaries overflowed their banks, devastating Staunton’s downtown. Houses, sheds, and stables were swept away creating a scene that resembled the destruction from an earthquake, not a flood. This flood caused significant damage to the downtown business district including the Crowle building, Ersking Miller and Brothers Coal yards, the Staunton Milling Company and the Virginia Hotel. The archway under Augusta Street and the arch bridge over Middlebrook Road survived but nearby buildings in the vicinity of both were severely undermined and many homes were washed off their foundations. Six lives were lost in Staunton. Residents commented that this flood exceeded the Flood of 1870 and compared it to the Great of Flood of 1889 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania.

“While the Flood of 1896 was the most dramatic flood in Staunton’s history, flooding also occurred in other parts of the region, though not at such a level. In Rockingham County, three lives were lost, crops destroyed, railroad and telegraph lines were damaged. In Rockingham, flooding hit Bridgewater, Elkton, and Keezletown. It was estimated that damages to public roads and bridges reached $20,000 (1896 dollars) in Rockingham County. In Harrisonburg, houses along Black’s Run were flooded. Damage estimates for Harrisonburg were a few hundred dollars (1896 dollars). At the weather station at Dale Enterprise, six and a half inches of rain reportedly fell over an 18-hour period in Rockingham County….

“…The Flood of 1896 would become the flood of record for the City of Staunton.” (Central Shenandoah Planning District Commission. CSPDC Flooding History. “Flood of 1896.” Staunton, VA.)
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Harrisburg Daily Independent, PA. “Great Storm Damage. Pennsylvania Feels the Force of the Cyclonic Disturbances…Two Killed at Shamokin.” 10-1-1896, p. 2. Accessed 8-25-2022 at: https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8733701/harrisburg-daily-independent/

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