19th Century

1898 — Sep 1-7, Heatwave, esp. NYC (196-304), NJ (40) and Philadelphia (30) –297-407

Compiled by Wayne Blanchard; last edit 2-1-2024 for upload to: http://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

–297-407 Blanchard tally based on State breakouts below.

The range we note is large, which might bring into question the high-end of the estimated death-toll, but it does not include the large number of deaths of babies and elderly with underlying medical conditions whom also would have died, as several papers noted, though without speculating on the numbers. The numbers reported by the newspapers we use as sources (there being no US Government data) primarily represent deaths the result of those who died of sunstroke or heat exhaustion. Babies are poorly equipped to tolerate prolonged periods of high heat and humidity that does not substantially diminish overnight. At the time, many such deaths were classified as “cholera infantum.” Many would have certainly died.

Summary of State Breakouts Below

Connecticut ( 1) Sep 3

Illinois ( ~8) Sep 1-4

Maryland ( 13-15) Sep 1-6

Massachusetts( 1) Sep 3

New Jersey ( >40) Sep 2-6

New York (196-304) Sep 1-7

Ohio ( 7) Sep 2-5

Pennsylvania ( 30) Sep 1-7 All deaths in Philadelphia

Rhode Island ( 1) Sep 2

297-407 Sep 1-7

Breakout of September 1-7, 1898 Heat Wave Related Deaths by State

Connecticut ( 1) Sep 3

–1 Greenwich, Sep 3. John Dorin, 55, liveryman; prostrated while returning from New York.[1]

Illinois ( ~8) Sep 1-4

— 3 Chicago, Sep 1. Daily Journal, Freeport, IL. “Murderous Heat at Chicago.” 9-2-1898, p.2.

— 4 “ Sep 1-2. The World, NYC. “Great Extent of the Hot Wave.” 9-3-1898, 12.

— 3 “ Sep 3. Cincinnati Commercial Tribune. “Deaths in Chicago.” 9-4-1898, p. 7.

–1 William Ahrbeck, bookkeeper.

–1 Frank Schultz, carpenter.

–1 Unidentified man found dead on Harrison Street bridge.

— 1 “ Sep 4 Centralia Daily Sentinel, IL. “Thunderstorm Brought Relief.” 9-5-1898, 4

Maryland (13-15) Sep 1-6

–13-15 Blanchard tally: we show 13 names. If Alton Telegraph is included then it would be 15.

— 1 Baltimore, Sep 1. John Gebelein, 48, at work at Wilkens hair factory.[2]

— 1 “ Sep 1. Noah Webster, 81. “…the heat and old age caused his death.”[3]

— 4 “ Sep 2. Alton Evening Telegraph, IL. “The Hot Wave.” 9-3-1898, 5.

–1 “ Sep 2. Arthur Delavy, 38, cook at Hotel Stafford.[4]

–1 “ Sep 2. James Ford, 45, overcome at Light & Montgomery Streets; died in hosp.[5]

— 1 “ Sep 3. Carl C. Mehring; 33, butter dealer, overcome in Belair market and died.[6]

— 1 “ Sep 3. Vincent Mizieky, 35, tailor.[7]

— 1 “ Sep 4. Walter Neville, 25; Heart failure “superinduced by the oppressive weather.”[8]

— 1 “ Sep 5. Patrick O’Leary, Belair House proprietor, No. High St., “effects of the heat.”[9]

— 1 “ Sep 5. George Ingalls, brewery worker, taken ill at work died on way to hosp.[10]

— 1 “ Sep 6. Luke Cox, 48, driver for George Chipman & Co., 200 East Lombard Street.[11]

— 1 Easton Sep 3. George Thomas Hardcastle, 70, from Sep 2 heat prostration.[12]

— 1 Leitersburg area, Sep 2. John Forsythe, prostrated by heat working as farm tenant.[13]

— 1 Rohrersville, Sep 4. Jacob H. Mullendore, about 65. Overcome by heat walking on farm.[14]

Massachusetts ( 1) (Sep 3)

–11 Boston, Sep 2-3. Alton Evening Telegraph, IL. “The Hot Wave.” 9-3-1898, 5.[15]

— 1 “ Sep 3. Boston Daily Globe. “Daniel Kane a Heat Victim.” 9-4-1898, 4.

New Jersey ( 40) Sep 2-6

— 2 Bayonne, Sep 5. The World, NYC. “Heat Kills Two at Bayonne, N.J.” 9-6-1898, p. 7.

— 1 Elizabethport, Sep 2. NYT. “Twenty-One Die of Heat [Manhattan].” 9-3-1898, 12.

— 1 Hackensack, Sep 2. NYT. “Twenty-One Die of Heat [Manhattan].” 9-3-1898, 12.

–12 Hoboken, by Sep 2. The World. “Victims in Hoboken…Mortality…Infants.” 9-3-1898, 12.

— 8 Hoboken, Sep 3-6. Jersey City News, NJ. “Fatal Hot Wave.” 9-6-1898, p. 1, col. 6.

–1 Alfred Baily, 27. Overcome at 121 Willow Ave. home; died on way to hospital.

–1 Phelam Brennan, 45, saloon keeper; overcome at home; died in St. Mary’s Hospital.

–1 Fred Constable, 57, 311 Park Avenue; died at home “as the result of a sunstroke.”[16]

–1 Patrick Fitzpatrick, 34, overcome on the street, Sep 4; died at St. Mary’s hospital.

–1 Adolf Heiser, 38, bartender; found dead in bed at home.

–1 Louis Struckmann, 30, saloon keeper; overcome at work; died in St. Mary’s Hosp.

–1 Frederick Swarling, 22, assistant engineer, Bremen Line steamship Barbarossa.

–1 James Tier, 25. Overcome on the street Sep 4; died in St. Mary’s Hospital.
— 8 Jersey City Sep 3-6. Jersey City News, NJ. “Fatal Hot Wave.” 9-6-1898, p. 1, col. 6.

–1 Sep 3. Bernard Flaherty, 35, overcome at work in railroad yards, foot of 18^th St.

–1 Sep 4. Michael Mahon, 31, died in City Prison.

–1 Sep 4. Henry Thremplin, 43. Overcome at 59 Sussex St. home; died shortly after.

–1 Sep 5. John Brady, 42, died from the heat at 533 Grand St. home.

–1 Sep 5. Charles Stoltz, 33, baker, found in 544 Newark Ave. hallway; died in hospital.

–1 Sep 6. John Egan, 45, found in a lot on Fourteenth St. between Jersey and Erie.

–1 Sep 3-6. Thomas Sheridan, 40, found dead in boarding house room on Wayne St.

–1 Sep 6. Henry Witter, 45, prostrated and died at 221 Railroad Avenue home.

— 1 New Brunswick, Sep 4. Daily Times, New Brunswick. “Heat Caused Death.” 9-6-1898, 1

— 2 Newark, Sep 3. NYT. “Two Deaths in Newark.” 9-4-1898, 10.

—>5 Trenton, Sep 3-4. Isaac Drake, 93, William Stutz, Joseph Manna, Carl Gompper, Edwin Wendel.[17]

New York (196-304)[18] Sep 1-7

–196-304 Blanchard compilation of death toll range noted in sources below. We highlight dates

where conflicting death tolls are noted. Additionally, we point out that our tally of

daily reports does not rise to the fatality numbers reported by The World of Sep 6 and

Sep 7 and the Quincy Journal of Sep 7. We recognize that there is a large difference.

— ? Camp Wikoff Quarantine Camp, Montauk, Long Island.[19]

— 1 Newtown, L.I. NYT. “Twenty-One Die of Heat…Three Score…Prostrated.” 9-3-1898, 12.

–272 NYC by Sep 5. The World. “Hot Wave Receding, Cool Weather Due.” 9-7-1898, 12.

–268 “ by Sep 5. The World, NYC. “Heat Killed 39.” 9-6-1898, p. 7.

–250 “ by Sep 5. Quincy Journal, IL. “250 Lives.” 9-6-1898, p. 3, col. 2.

–292 “ by Sep 6. The World. “Hot Wave Receding, Cool Weather Due.” 9-7-1898, 12.

–224 “ Sep 1-7 Blanchard tally of high-end of individual days noted below.

–194 “ Sep 1-7 Blanchard tally of low-end of individual days noted below.

— 2 “ Sep 1. New York Times. “The News Condensed.” 9-2-1898, p. 1.

— 24 “ Sep 2. NYT. “Twenty-One Die…Heat…Three Score…Prostrated.” 9-3-1898, 12.[20]

— 31 “ Sep 2. Boston Globe. “Killed By Heat. Thirty-One Deaths…[NY].” 9-3-1898, 12

— 60 “ Sep 3. NYT. “Scores Felled by Heat. Sixty Deaths are Reported…” 9-4-1898, 10.

— 46 “ Sep 4. NYT. “More Deaths From Heat. Forty-Six.” 9-5-1898, 2.

— 53 “ Sep 5. Quincy Journal, IL. “250 Lives.” 9-6-1898, p. 3, col. 2. (Greater NY.)

— 39 “ Sep 5. The World, NYC. “Heat Killed 39.” 9-6-1898, p. 7.

— 10 “ Sep 6. NYT. “Ten Deaths From Heat.” 9-7-1898, p. 2.[21]

— 20 “ Sep 6 The World, NYC. “Hot Wave Receding, Cool Weather Due.” 9-7-1898, 12.

— 11 “ Sep 7. The World, NYC. “Deaths From The Heat.” 9-8-1898, p. 12.

— 1 “ Sep 12. NYT. “Policeman Gilligan Dead.” 9-13-1898, p. 11. (Prostrated earlier.)

— 1 Rockaway Beach, Queens. NYT. “Twenty-One Die of Heat.” 9-3-1898, 12.

Ohio ( 7) Sep 2-5

— 1 Blanchester, Sep 2. Woodrow Whitacre. Sunstroke.[22]

— 2 Cincinnati, Sep 3. Piqua Daily Call, OH. “Heat Fatalities in Cincinnati.” 9-3-1898, p. 1.

–1 John Moore, laborer; died after coming home from work complaining of heat.[23]

— 1 Cincinnati, Sep 4. Massillon Independent, OH. “Died From The Heat.” 9-5-1898, p. 3.

— 1 Cincinnati, Sep 5. Altoona Mirror, PA. “Died From The Heat.” 9-5-1898, p. 4.

— 1 Cleveland, Sep 3. S. Munsch, 60. “Heart trouble and intense heat caused his death.”[24]

— 1 Wapakoneta, Sep 2. Louis B. Steve. Sunstroke.[25]

Pennsylvania ( 30) Sep 1-7

— 30 Blanchard tally based on date breakouts below.

–~30 Philadelphia Inquirer. “The Hot Wave At Last Broken.” 9-8-1898, p. 3.

— 3 Philadelphia, Sep 1. Philadelphia Inquirer. “Three Dead, Thirty-Six Prostrated.” 9-2-1898, 1.

“ John Buck, 50, overcome 911 Orlanna St.; died at St. Mary’s Hospital

“ William Hordeker, 48, found unconscious in Ninth St. stable; died on way to hosp.

“ Woman thought to be Mrs. O’Neill prostrated near Elm and Belmont Avenues.

— 3 “ Sep 2-3. Alton Evening Telegraph, IL. “The Hot Wave.” 9-3-1898, p. 5.

“ –1 Sep 2. Ernest Horn, 45, 2149 Dove Street.[26]

“ Sep 3. Patrick Laughlin, 40, Ice Co. driver, overcome at work; died in hosp.[27]

“ Sep 3. William Hessian, 63. Heat exhaustion; died in Hahnemann Hosp.[28]

— 9 “ Sep 4. Philadelphia Times. “Showers and Cool Weather…Nine Deaths…” 9-5-1898, p. 1.

“ Henry Blumstein, 30 or 38, died at 1231 Emil Street home. Coroner ruled heat.

“ Patrick Egan, 35, overcome at 2210 Greenwich home; died at St. Agnes’ Hospital

“ John Gallagher, 40, found dead in bed, 2816 East Morris St. Coroner ruled heat

“ Raymond Jones, 7 months, died at 1946 Shamokin Street home.

“ James M. Mackin, 35, died at 3831 Cresson Street home.

“ John Marriot, 38, overcome at 547 North Tenth St. home; died at Hahnemann.

“ John Moser, 26, overcome at 701 Mifflin St. home; died at St. Agnes’ Hospital.

“ Christian Pfuster, 63, died at home.

“ Geroge Sweeney, 37, died at home.

–10 “ Sep 5. Philadelphia Times. “Plenty of Work at the Coroner’s Office.” 9-6-1898, p. 8.

[Note: These are the deaths that Coroner ruled that heat was cause of death.]

–Alfred G. Ardes, 37, 716 Hancock Street

–Patrick Cosgrove, 32, rear of 1304 Olive Street

–James Glanding, 78, 204 South Eleventh Street

–Patrick Golden, 34, 1509 Pearl Street

–Daniel Haldouser, 34, 633 North Third Street

–James Lynn, 48, 2207 Callowhill Street

–James Oldroyd, 48, 4618 Canton Street

–George Seeney, 36, 135 Master Street

–Jacob Sonn, 40, 1623 Dover Street

–John Woods, 50, 1802 Tusculum Street

— 5 “ Sep 6. Philadelphia Inquirer. “The Hot Wave…Deaths…Yesterday…” 9-7-1898, 1.

Margaret Bulger, 55, domestic Chelten Avenue home near Reading Railroad.

Samuel Jones, 1644 North Fourth Street, died in Episcopal Hospital.

John M’Collom, 48, 1229 Christian Street; died at Howard Hospital.

William M’Phillimy, 40, 1712 South Twenty-first Street; heat exhaustion at home

Patrick Rice, 35, 1209 South Twenty-fourth Street found dead in bed.

Rhode Island ( 1) Sep 2

— 1 Providence, Sep 2. Boston Daily Globe. “Killed By Heat.” 9-3-1898, p. 12.

Illinois:

Sep 2, The World: “Chicago, Sept. 2. — This was the fourth day of hot weather up in the nineties. The mercury reached 91 in the forecaster’s tower on the Auditorium, but in the streets below it was three degrees warmer….One effect of the heat in this vicinity is to postpone the opening of the public schools in the suburb of Oak Park one week. Similar action is talked of in this city, where a strong movement has begun to have the school opening fixed for Sept. 12, instead of the 5^th, as planned. The deaths due to heat in the past twenty-four hours include…[4 names and addresses].” (The World, NYC. “Great Extent of the Hot Wave.” 9-3-1898, 12.)

Sep 3, NYT: “Chicago, Sept. 3. – Should the high temperature continue unbroken until to-morrow morning all Chicago heat records for duration will have been broken. The record to date has been five consecutive days, with a maximum temperature in the nineties. In many places work has been suspended in shops and where men are obliged to labor exposed to the sun. The suffering in the tenement district has been intense. For duration and intensity of heat, Prof. Cox of the Weather Bureau says that the present hot wave is about as severe as anything he has ever observed. ‘It covers,’ said he, ‘practically the entire country east of the Rocky Mountains, and has run as high as 102 degrees above in Kansas, while in Huron, S.D., there have been three successive days of 100-degree weather.’ The reports of fatalities and prostrations from heat in the last twenty-four hours in Chicago showed one dead…nine prostrated, recovery doubtful, and thirty-one less seriously overcome.” (NYT. “Intense Heat in Chicago.” 9-4-1898, 10.)

Sep 5: “Chicago, Sept. 5. – A severe thunderstorm in this city last night brought temporary relief from the heat of the past week. Yesterday only one death was reported. There were several prostrations, none of which, however, were fatal.” (Centralia Daily Sentinel, IL. “Thunderstorm Brought Relief.” 9-5-1898, p. 4, col. 5.)

Maryland

Sep 2, Baltimore Sun: “The mercury climbed one degree higher in the thermometer yesterday [1^st] than it reached on Wednesday, the maximum being 95 degrees, which was attained at 2 o’clock in the afternoon. The local weather officials make no promises as to a change for the better. Indications, they say, point to a continuation of the hot wave.

“It may be of some comfort to the sweltering, suffering residents of this city to know that everywhere over the country it was hot. At Fort Huron, S.D., the maximum temperature was even 100 degrees.

“Few warmer days than yesterday have been experienced in Baltimore this summer. Besides the excessively high temperature, there was much humidity in the atmosphere, the official record being from 70 to 65 per cent. This made the heat oppressive. The wind, also, had the velocity of a zephyr, the maximum velocity being but eight miles an hour. It also blew from the southwest and came charged with heat….” (Baltimore Sun. “Heat Brought Death. Two Persons Die From Its Effects…” 9-2-1898, p. 10, col. 4.)

Sep 3, Baltimore Sun: “The character of the first two days in September argues that this will be a record-breaking month in many ways. Never so far as the records of the local weather bureau extend has the month of September started out with anything approaching the high temperature of yesterday and Thursday….The maximum temperature yesterday was 96 degrees, which was reached at 3 p. m….The nearest to the record of this month was on the first two days of September 1894, when the mercury went up to 84 on the first day and 84 on the second. If the rest of September is modeled on the style of the first two days, the average mean temperature will be greatly exceeded….The average mean temperature of September for the last twenty-seven years has been 68 degrees….” (Baltimore Sun. “September Weather. Records Fail to Show Such a Hot Commencement of the Month.” 9-3-1898, p. 7, col. 4.)

Sep 5, Baltimore Sun: “Relief is in sight, and heat-burdened citizens may once again deem life worth living. The weather man, late yesterday afternoon, thought he espied far out to the west a small but determined-looking area of low barometer, which was in such, or was about to assume, a position which justified him in predicting a cessation of the fierce heat which has prevailed for the past week. The forecast made last night for Baltimore and Maryland was, accordingly, for cooler weather, accompanied by thunder showers. The average citizen of this sun-baked city does not care what comes with it just so the cooler weather gets here and the sun stops smiling so unceasingly.

“People all over the city agree in saying that while there were hotter days during the summer than those of last week and yesterday they have not suffered nor wilted to the extent that they have through the last week in August and the first four days in September….

“Saturday was the worst day during last week. With no breeze of any account, with the sun beating down on the town from an almost cloudless sky, it was well nigh impossible to find relief, or to get away from its beams. Hundreds of people took the different excursion steamers to points down the bay, while other hundreds visited the pleasure resorts outside of the city proper….The day was a terrible one for the poor of the city, especially in the eastern and southern sections of the city. Shut off from what little breeze was stirring, at night the children lay upon the steps asleep, or trying to sleep, while many families sat up most of the night, finding it impossible to go to sleep….

“Yesterday was much cooler, according to the thermometer, but the humidity was high enough to make things generally unpleasant. The maximum temperature was reached at 3 o’clock in the afternoon and was 91 degrees, six degrees lower than the maximum of Saturday. The wind was all day from the southeast and laden heavily with hot air, but never reached a greater velocity that seven miles an hour….” (Baltimore Sun. “Relief Promised. Weather Officials Say The Backbone of the Hot Spell is Broken.” 9-5-1898, p. 12.)

Sep 6, Baltimore Sun: “There was a drop in the temperature yesterday, the maximum temperature being 90 degrees. There was also an increase in the velocity of the wind, which attained a maximum of fifteen miles per hour. During the day the wind kept the temperature from becoming as oppressive as it would otherwise have been, but late in the afternoon and during the evening there was an increase in the quantity of the humidity in the atmosphere, and the night was made oppressively close. The maximum temperature was reached at 5 p. m., after the mercury had hung about 87 and 88 degrees for five hours. Between 5 and 6 o’clock the mercury dropped 5 degrees….” (Baltimore Sun. “More Relief Promised.” 9-6-1898, p. 10, col. 6.)

Sep 7, Baltimore Sun: “The refreshing promises of cooler weather and accompanying thunder showers held out by the local weather bureau went astray yesterday, and the same southerly breezes, heavy with hot air, blew lingeringly through the city, making Baltimore the hottest city in the United States. The maximum temperature yesterday was 93 degrees, and at no other city or town where records are taken by the weather bureau was this equaled. In Boston the mercury registered 86, in New York 88, in Philadelphia 90, in Washington 92, in Norfolk, 92, in Wilmington 90, in Savannah 90, in Jacksonville 92, in Key West 88, in Atlanta 86, in Galveston 88, in St. Louis 74, in Salt Lake City 76, and in Duluth 58.

“The local forecaster, Mr. F. J. Walz, said that the area of low barometer, in which faith had been placed, drifted around toward New York, where the result was shown in much cooler weather, the ‘low’ stirring up some northerly winds. However, he says, Baltimore will undoubtedly get a portion of the beneficial effects of the low, and that there is every reason to believe that it will be cooler today, and that thunder showers will occur before night….” (Baltimore Sun. “Again It Was Hot…One Death Due to the Heat.” 9-7-1898, p. 7, col. 2.)

Massachusetts

Sep 4, Boston Sunday Post: “[Begins by noting Daniel Kane death and the prostrations of seven named persons.]

“Sush was the intensity of the heat yesterday that the day’s record shows eight people stricken down in the street with sunstroke. One of the cases was fatal, and each of the others required the services of an ambulance, in which they were taken to hospitals. Daniel Kane was found by a hackman on Franklin street in a semi-conscious condition, and taken by him to 183 Harrison avenue. Before Dr. Sullivan, who was notified of the man’s condition, could arrive, Kane had died. The police were unable to find out his present address or any friends of the unfortunate victim, and so the body was taken to the city morgue. Dr. Sullivan stated that Kane died from the effects of sunstroke. None of the rest of the list was reported as dangerous at a late hour last night….

“The hot wave which reached here yesterday is general all over the country, reaching its maximum in the Dakotas and the Mississippi Valley, where the mercury registered over 100 degrees. Ninety degrees is an average temperature in all sections.

“The most unpleasant feature of the situation is that the Weather Forecaster Smith can promise nothing different for a number of days, not at any rate before Tuesday [6^th]. At present he says there are no indications of anything at all cooling so far as the general temperature is concerned….Ninety-two was the highest point that the mercury reached here, and that was just a little after 3 o’clock. It began at 80 degrees at 8 in the morning and kept steadily increasing till 3 in the afternoon, when the easterly breeze set it, immediately started down the glass so that at 5 o’clock it reached the comfortable point of 83. The moisture or general humidity was about the average for this month, which tended to made the heat less oppressive, but the intensity of the sun more than overbalanced, so that the effect was fully as serious.” (Boston Sunday Post. “Result of Intense Heat Wave in Boston Yesterday. Thermometer Reached 92.” 9-4-1898, p. 6, col. 1.)

New Jersey

Sep 3, NYT: “….There was a general suspension of business in the industrial section of Elizabeth, N.J. yesterday [Sep 2]. All the departments in the Singer Sewing Machine Works closed at noon, and will remain shut down until Tuesday [Sep 6]. Nixon’s shipyard also closed, as did Moore & Sons’ Crescent Iron Works, Worthington’s Pump Works, Graff & Co.’s Stove Works, the Progress Iron Works, and the Central Railroad coal and pig iron wharves in Elizabethport. The men were unable to stand the heat.” (NYT. “Twenty-One Die of Heat [Manhattan].” 9-3-1898, 12.)

Sep 3, NYT: “Elizabeth, N.J., Sept. 3. – The thermometer this afternoon registered 100 degrees. Nearly all the factories along the Staten Island Sound were closed. There were six prostrations. Mrs. K. Schultz of 610 Elizabeth Avenue, while crazed by the heat last night, took a dose of creosote. She is in a critical condition.” (NYT. “Elizabeth Factories Closed.” 9-4-1898, 10.)

Sep 3, NYT: “Newark, N.J., Sept. 3. – The intense heat continued here to-day, the thermometer steadily rising until 3 o’clock in the afternoon, when it nearly touched the 100 mark. There were two fatalities…” (NYT. “Two Deaths in Newark.” 9-4-1898, 10.)

Sep 3, The World: “The tenement section of Hoboken has witnessed an unprecedented number of deaths during the past few days, and an appalling jump in the mortality rate among children especially has been noted. Within three days no less than thirty deaths have been reported of children less than a year old. One undertaker, Coroner Hoffman, has been called upon to bury twelve babies whose deaths were due to the heat. So numerous have been the demands upon them that the sisters at St. Mary’s Hospital have made special arrangements to care for cases of heat prostration.” (The World, NYC. “Victims in Hoboken. Officials Report an Enormous Increase In the Mortality Among Infants.” 9-3-1898, 12.)

New York:

Sep 2, Boston Globe: “New York, Sept 2. — The three million citizens who are compelled to make the struggle for existence right here in New York during the torrid season experienced a heat today that very closely approached that which the brave soldier boys faced at Santiago. There were 31 deaths reported from the heat and over 100 cases of prostration in the city hospitals.

“After 10 o’clock the mercury ranged above 90 [degrees]. The streets of the city were like an oven. In many parts of the town prostrations and death were occurring from the terrible heat. After a night of intense humidity the sun rose this morning in a cloudless sky, Not a sign of shower was above the horizon. During the entire night the mercury never fell below 76 [degrees]. At dawn it began to climb and from that time onward its upward course was never checked until the sun went down in the colors of the Spanish flag.

“In the tenement house district the suffering was universal. As is generally the case in all extremes of temperature, whether of heat or of cold, the little children were the most wretched.”

(Boston Globe. “Killed By Heat. Thirty-One Deaths in New York Yesterday.” 9-3-1898, p. 12.)

Sep 2, NYT: “The first month of Fall was ushered in yesterday [Sep 1] by a heat wave that brought the temperature up to within a few degrees of the Summer’s maximum heat record and broke the record as kept by the local Weather Bureau for Sept. 1 by 5 degrees. The mercury yesterday climbed up to the 92 degree mark on the official thermometer in the altitudinous office of the bureau, and all places in the city on the street level it went from 10 to 15 degrees above this, according to reports circulated by suffering humanity. Two deaths and thirty-three cases of heat prostrations were reported by the police. In some cases the victims were picked up unconscious and hurried away to a hospital…” (NYT. “Hottest First of September.” 9-2-1898, 5.)

Sep 3: “The oppressive heat continued yesterday [Sep 2] and claimed many more victims. Twenty-one deaths due to heat were reported, and the prostrations numbered sixty-four. The great heat of the preceding day left the city parched. The pavements and buildings retained the heat, and no cooling breeze came to relieve the hours of sleep. The lowest temperature between midnight and morning was 76 degrees, at 6 o’clock A. M., which was, in fact, the minimum for the day. The humidity at 8 o’clock A.M. was 87 per cent. The temperature at that hour was still 76, but an hour later it had gone up to 80 degrees, and at noon it reached 87 degrees, which was the record figure for Sept, 2, the temperature having last reached that mark on Sept. 2 in 1882.

“The afternoon remained insufferable and overpowering to man and beast. The clang of the ambulance gong was heard in all parts of the city. From one building, a hotel at Canal Street and Broadway, there were two calls. The chef and the cook had both been overcome, and they were taken to Hudson Street Hospital. One man, who may have been seeking the hospital for aid, fell in front of the door, and was carried in. The day clerk at this hospital, Robert B. Hurst, succumbed to the heat and the labors devolving upon him and had to be taken to a cot. There were 350 dispensary cases and 20 ambulance calls at this hospital.

“A policeman, James Cunningham, was overcome at Canal Street and Broadway. The first case of prostration occurred at 7:30 o’clock A.M., but most of them occurred in the afternoon. There had been a marked falling off in humidity as the day advanced, and a twelve-mile breeze was blowing, according to the official wind gauge in the Weather Bureau, but it did not reach the streets, and the mercury continued to climb. It reached its maximum – 90 degrees – at 3 o’clock P.M.; that was within two degrees of the point reached Thursday. After that if fell gradually, being 88 at 6 o’clock P.M., 82 at 9 o’clock P.M., and 81 at 10 o’clock P.M.

“The humidity, which had fallen during the afternoon to 50 per cent, increased in the evening. IT had gone up to 75 at 8 o’clock P.M. During the late afternoon a thick haze hung over the North River….

“The neighboring boroughs and the suburbs reported conditions similar to those that prevailed in Manhattan – heat and prostration and death. The deaths reported in the city and neighborhood were as follows: [list of 21 fatalities]

In Brooklyn and Elsewhere.

“There were more than twenty cases of heat prostration in Brooklyn, of which three were fatal….

“Seven cases of prostration were reported from Jersey City [NJ].

“John Lindkind, twenty-eight years old, of Newtown, L.I. [Long Island] a farm laborer…was overcome while at work and died.

Sep 4, NYT: “The torrid heat continued yesterday [Sep 3] and the list of fatalities and of victims of prostration was vastly augmented. The ambulance surgeons were kept busy responding to calls, and the hospitals, already taxed by the number of soldier patients, had their resources put to a test. In all the boroughs of New York there were 60 deaths ascribed to heat and 116 prostrations in addition.

“The temperature reached the high-water mark for Sept. 3 of 94 degrees. Not since 1875 has the day shown so high a maximum temperature. It was also one of the hottest days of the year, the day showing the highest maximum being July 3, when the mercury reached 99 degrees.

“The entire country was in a fairly broiling state yesterday. The 80-degree belt of the meteorological chart, made up at the local Weather Bureau after the 8 P.M. reports had been received covered almost the entire United States, while in the Southwest there was a 90-degree belt. During most of the afternoon Chicago and other cities of the Middle West were experiencing weather much similar to that of New York. There was a storm out over Manitoba, but it was moving eastward very slowly.

“The third day of very severe heat found New Yorkers about one-third as well prepared to stand it, but the mercury was merciless. From 80 degrees at midnight, it fell no lower at any time during the night than 75. Then it crept steadily up to 82 at 9 A.M., 91 at noon, and 94 at 4 P.M., 86 at 7 P.M., and 85 at 9 o’clock last night.

“The humidity was .85 at 8 A.M., as it had been at the same hour on the preceding day. It fell to .67 at 8 P.M. There were winds recorded as being from light to fresh varying about the southwest point, but even the occupants of offices in the tall buildings down town failed to discover any life in them….

“There were 102 [unclear] heat prostrations in Manhattan and the Bronx, most of the cases having to be removed to hospitals. In some instances there were no means of identifying the patients….

“The cases of death reported numbered forty-six, or twenty-five more than on Friday [Sep 2]. These were in addition to cases referred to as prostrations….Thee were twenty-four cases of heat prostration in Brooklyn yesterday, ten of them fatal….There were three deaths from the heat in Queens….John Parker Merrill, 42 years, of the Harbor Road, Mariner’s Harbor, Staten Island, was prostrated by the heat Friday night and died yesterday….

“There were thirteen persons prostrated in Hoboken, of whom four died….” (NYT. “Scores Felled by Heat. Sixty Deaths are Reported…” 9-4-1898, 10.)

Sep 4, NYT: “There was a falling off of six degrees in the maximum temperature of yesterday from the maximum of the day before, and there was a breeze which, though it did not attain a greater velocity than eight or nine miles an hour, and strong enough to be felt and appreciated….To the fact that it was not a working day was ascribed in no small part the fact that there were no more cases of mortality and prostration. As it was, there were 46 deaths in Manhattan and the Bronx, some of them being of those who had suffered prostration on preceding days. In addition, 15 cases of prostration were reported in the same boroughs, while other reports of fatalities came from Brooklyn and adjacent districts, and from Jersey City and suburbs. Not all the prostrations come to the notice of the police and hospitals from which the lists are made….” (NYT. “More Deaths From Heat. Forty-Six.” 9-5-1898, p. 2.)

Sep 6, Quincy Journal, IL: “New York, Sept. 6. – New York was again subjected to all the torments of the hot wave yesterday. Luckily it was a holiday, and thousands took advantage of the opportunity to seek relief from the heat at the seashore. The city was practically deserted, except in the tenement districts, where doors and windows were flung wide open, and men, women and children, in a pitiable state of exhaustion, sought the shade of walls or awnings.

“Throughout the day a brazen sun poured its rays upon the city from a pitiless sky. The temperature with a maximum of 98 degrees, was lower than it has been for the last four days, but 84 degrees of humidity made it insufferable.

“The breezes were astir all day long, but as they served only to set in motion the heated currents of air, they brought little relief. Of all the public institutions designed for the poor, the recreation piers were the most patronized yesterday. Thousands of poor families took their dinners with them and camped out all day beside the East river.

“Feverish babies were soothed by the shade, the bands played, and altogether an enjoyable and inexpensive holiday was spent there. The effects of the continuous heat were seen in the white and haggard faces of pedestrians.

“The strongest constitutions have broken down beneath the strain of the last six days, and although the heat has lessened the deaths, the prostrations maintained their high figures.

“Fifty-three dead and more than 200 prostrated is the record for yesterday to 6 p.m., and this notwithstanding it was Labor day and business was practically suspended. During the heated period 250 lives have been snuffed out in the Greater New York, and upward of 1,000 persons have been prostrated.” (Quincy Journal, IL. “250 Lives.” 9-6-1898, p. 3, col. 2.)

Sep 6, The World: “Six consecutive days of abnormal heat had passed when yesterday’s sun set [Aug 31-Sep 5] in a crimsoned sky….The day was not quite so oppressive as the five preceding days, although the temperature was just about as high. There was a material decrease in the humidity, it being 7 per cent lower than on Sunday at daybreak and dropping to 66 per cent as the noon hour approached. At the same time there was a light but cooling breeze blowing. But the people sweltered and were stricken down unconscious in the streets just the same, for it is going to take more than a drop in the humidity, a little breeze or a thunder storm to relieve the people of this sun-baked city….Hundreds of persons have been stricken down by the heat in the streets of this city during the past four days. Rich and poor alike, their condition has demanded immediate medical treatment…” (The World, NYC. “Heat Killed 39.” 9-6-1898, p. 7.)

Sep 7, The World: “The temperature reached the same maximum yesterday as on Monday, 85 degrees. The maximum occurred four hours earlier in the day, however, or at 2 P.M. The minimum of the day was also the same as on Monday – 74 degrees, at which force [unclear] the mercury recorded it at 6 A.M. The humidity was 67 per cent at 8 A.M. and 88 [unclear] per cent at 8 P.M….

“The mortality of the past week in consequence of th hot wave was especially heavy among babies. A report has been issued by the Board of Health giving the number of deaths of children under two years for the first five days of the week closing Sept. 3 as 240…

“There was an encouraging falling off yesterday in the number of deaths and prostrations from heat in this city and vicinity. In the Boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx ten deaths and twenty-eight prostrations were reported.” (NYT. “Ten Deaths From Heat.” 9-7-1898, p. 2.)

Sep 7, The World: “….The abatement of the killing heat and humidity began early yesterday morning…The amount of humidity in the air, local Forecaster Emery said, was 9 per cent less than on Monday.” (The World, NYC. “Hot Wave Receding, Cool Weather Due.” 9-7-1898, 12.)

Sep 8, The World: “Deaths [listing of 11 fatalities].

“It came at last, the cool wave which had been so long promised…but not before there were many victims on the eighth day of the excessively heated term. The temperature was not very high at any time yesterday, but the day started with high humidity, and this coupled with the devitalized condition of those who had suffered from the torrid wave, caused many deaths and prostrations. The cumulative effect resulted in four persons being driven insane….There were about forty prostrations from heat during the day, or rather up to 3 o’clock, when the change came….” (The World, NYC. “Deaths From The Heat.” 9-8-1898, p. 12.)

Pennsylvania:

Sep 2, NYT: “Reading, Penn., Sept. 2. – The heat in some sections of Pennsylvania to-day was most intense, and unequaled in September for many years. At most of the rolling mills and other iron establishments the thermometer registered above the 100 mark, and operations were suspended until the coming of cooler weather, throwing hundreds of men out of work temporarily. There were a number of cases of heat prostration in Reading this afternoon.” (NYT. “Twenty-One Die of Heat.” 9-3-1898, p. 12.)

Sep 3: “Philadelphia, Sept. 3. There was one death and over 50 prostrations from the heat yesterday in this city. The death was Ernest Horn, aged 45, of 2149 Dove street. Several of the other cases are not expected to live. The thermometer registered 94 at its maximum, and while this was several degrees below that of Thursday, the humidity exceeded that of Thursday. The weather bureau states that yesterday was the hottest Sept. 2 since the bureau was established.” (Tyrone Daily Herald, PA. “Fatal Prostrations in Philadelphia.” 9-3-1898, p. 1.)

Sep 4: “Philadelphia, Sept. 4. – There were five deaths from the heat today and twenty-five prostrations. Today, for the first time since the present hot spell came on, the thermometer registered below 95. Tonight there are Indications of local showers with a probability of cooler weather tomorrow.” (Titusville Herald, PA. “Five Deaths from Heat.” 9-5-1898, p. 1.)

Sep 6: “Philadelphia, Sept. 7. – There were five deaths and many prostrations from the heat yesterday in this city. The dead are…[listing – all adults, 20-48 years old]. All day long people sweltered with the thermometer hovering around 99 degrees…” (Tyrone Daily Herald, PA. “Five Deaths From Heat.” 9-7-1898, p. 1.)

Vermont

Sep 4: Boston Daily Globe. “Sweltering at Bennington.” 9-5-1898, p. 2, col. 7:

“Bennington, Vt., Sept. 4 – This has been the fourth consecutive day that the thermometer has risen above 92⁰, with no prospect of a cool wave. At 8 this morning the mercury showed 89⁰, but about noon a shower cooled the atmosphere a little, but it was at 90⁰ at 4 o’clock. Such heat in September has never been known here before.”

Sources

Alton Evening Telegraph, IL. “The Hot Wave.” 9-3-1898, 5. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=117776540

Altoona Mirror, PA. “Died From The Heat.” 9-5-1898, p. 4. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=69878396

Baltimore Sun. “Again It Was Hot…One Death Due to the Heat.” 9-7-1898, p. 7, col. 2. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/baltimore-sun-sep-07-1898-p-7/

Baltimore Sun. “Death of George T. Harcastle.” 9-5-1898, p. 8, col. 2. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/baltimore-sun-sep-05-1898-p-8/

Baltimore Sun. “Heat Brought Death. Two Persons Die From Its Effects…” 9-2-1898, p. 10, col. 4. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/baltimore-sun-sep-02-1898-p-10/

Baltimore Sun. “More Relief Promised.” 9-6-1898, p. 10, col. 6. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/baltimore-sun-sep-06-1898-p-10/

Baltimore Sun. “Relief Promised. Weather Officials Say The Backbone of the Hot Spell is Broken.” 9-5-1898, p.12. Accessed 1-31-2024: https://newspaperarchive.com/baltimore-sun-sep-05-1898-p-10/

Baltimore Sun. “September Weather. Records Fail to Show Such a Hot Commencement of the Month.” 9-3-1898, p. 7, col. 4. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/baltimore-sun-sep-03-1898-p-7/

Baltimore Sun. “Sudden Death of George Ingalls.” 9-5-1898, p. 6. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/baltimore-sun-sep-05-1898-p-6/

Boston Daily Globe. “Daniel Kane a Heat Victim.” 9-4-1898, p. 4. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-sunday-globe-sep-04-1898-p-4/

Boston Daily Globe. “Killed By Heat. Thirty-One Deaths in New York Yesterday.” 9-3-1898, 12. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=161090782

Boston Daily Globe. “Sweltering at Bennington.” 9-5-1898, p. 2, col. 7. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-sep-05-1898-p-2/

Boston Sunday Post. “Killed By The Heat.” 9-4-1898, p. 6, col. 1. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-sunday-post-sep-04-1898-p-6/

Boston Sunday Post. “Result of Intense Heat Wave in Boston Yesterday. Thermometer Reached 92.” 9-4-1898, p. 6, col. 1. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-sunday-post-sep-04-1898-p-6/

Centralia Daily Sentinel, IL. “Thunderstorm Brought Relief.” 9-5-1898, p. 4, col. 5. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/centralia-daily-sentinel-sep-05-1898-p-4/

Cincinnati Commercial Tribune. “Deaths in Chicago.” 9-4-1898, p. 7. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/cincinnati-commercial-tribune-sep-04-1898-p-13/

Cincinnati Commercial Tribune. “Died From the Heat.” 9-4-1898, section II, p. 9. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/cincinnati-commercial-tribune-sep-04-1898-p-17/

Daily Journal, Freeport, IL. “Murderous Heat at Chicago.” 9-2-1898, p. 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=131033598

Daily Times, New Brunswick, NJ. “Heat Caused Death.” 9-6-1898, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=137792098

Elgin Echo, IA. “Suffers From Heat.” 9-1-1898, p. 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com

Hagerstown Mail, MD. “Death’s Doings.” 9-2-1898, p. 8, col.2. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/hagerstown-mail-sep-02-1898-p-8/

Hagerstown Mail, MD. “Some Well Known People Dead….Jacob Mullendore.” 9-9-1898, p. 2, col. 5. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/hagerstown-mail-sep-09-1898-p-2/

Jersey City News, NJ. “Casualties in Hoboken.” 9-3-1898, p. 1, col. 7. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jersey-city-news-sep-03-1898-p-1/

Jersey City News, NJ. “Fatal Hot Wave.” 9-6-1898, p. 1, col. 6. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jersey-city-news-sep-06-1898-p-1/

Massillon Independent, OH. “Died From The Heat.” 9-5-1898, p. 3. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/massillon-independent-sep-05-1898-p-3/

New York Times. “Elizabeth Factories Closed.”9-4-1898, p. 10, col. 2. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/09/04/issue.html

New York Times. “Hottest First of September.” 9-2-1898, p. 5. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=11073606

New York Times. “Intense Heat in Chicago.” 9-4-1898, p. 10. Accessed 1-312024 at: https://www.nytimes.com/1898/09/04/archives/intense-heat-in-chicago-all-records-promise-to-be-broken-one-death.html

New York Times. “More Deaths From Heat. Forty-Six. Forty-six Persons in Manhattan and Bronx Lost Their Lives Yesterday.” 9-5-1898, 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=11075194

New York Times. “Policeman Gilligan Dead.” 9-13-1898, p. 11. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com

New York Times. “Scores Felled by Heat. Sixty Deaths are Reported Besides 116 Cases of Prostration.” 9-4-1898, p. 10. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=11074610

New York Times. “Ten Deaths From Heat.” 9-7-1898, p. 2. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=11075672

New York Times. “The News Condensed.” 9-2-1898, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com

New York Times. “Twenty-One Die of Heat…More Than Three Score Were Prostrated in Manhattan Island.” 9-3-1898, p. 12. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=11074115

New York Times. “Two Deaths in Newark.” 9-4-1898, p. 10. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/

Philadelphia Inquirer. “Death and Suffering in Furnace-Like Heat…Two Deaths Yesterday.” 9-4-1898, p. 1. Accessed 2-1-2024: https://newspaperarchive.com/philadelphia-inquirer-sep-04-1898-p-1/

Philadelphia Inquirer. “Three Dead, Thirty-Six Prostrated.” 9-2-1898, p. 1. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/philadelphia-inquirer-sep-02-1898-p-1/

Philadelphia Inquirer. “The Hot Wave At Last Broken.” 9-8-1898, p. 3. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/philadelphia-inquirer-sep-08-1898-p-3/

Philadelphia Inquirer. “The Hot Wave…Several Deaths Resulted Yesterday…” 9-7-1898, 1. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/philadelphia-inquirer-sep-07-1898-p-1/

Philadelphia Times. “Plenty of Work at the Coroner’s Office.” 9-6-1898, p. 8. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/philadelphia-times-sep-06-1898-p-8/

Philadelphia Times. “Showers and Cool Weather. Clearing Rains May Bring Relief From 90 Degree Days. Nine Deaths Yesterday…” 9-5-1898, p. 1. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/philadelphia-times-sep-05-1898-p-1/

Piqua Daily Call, OH. “Heat Fatalities in Cincinnati.” 9-3-1898, p. 1. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/piqua-daily-call-sep-03-1898-p-1/

Piqua Daily Call, OH. “Pittsburg Architect Found Dead in Cleveland.” 9-3-1898, p. 1. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/piqua-daily-call-sep-03-1898-p-1/

Portsmouth Daily Times, OH. “Two Deaths.” 9-2-1898, p. 1, col. 6. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/portsmouth-daily-times-sep-02-1898-p-1/

Quincy Journal, IL. “250 Lives.” 9-6-1898, p. 3, col. 2. Accessed 1-31-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/quincy-journal-sep-06-1898-p-3/

Sandusky Daily Register, OH. “Heat Affecting the Troops.” 9-4-1898, p. 2. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/sandusky-daily-register-sep-04-1898-p-2/

The World, NYC. “Deaths From The Heat.” 9-8-1898, p. 12. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=137353532

The World, NYC. “Great Extent of the Hot Wave.” 9-3-1898, p. 12. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=137353507

The World, NYC. “Heat Killed 39.” 9-6-1898, p. 7. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=141501154

The World, NYC. “Heat Kills Two at Bayonne, N.J.” 9-6-1898, p. 7. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/

The World, NYC. “Hot Wave Receding, Cool Weather Due.” 9-7-1898, p. 12. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=137353525

The World, NYC. “Victims in Hoboken. Officials Report an Enormous Increase In the Mortality Among Infants.” 9-3-1898, p. 12. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=137353507

Titusville Herald, PA. “Five Deaths from Heat [Philadelphia].” 9-5-1898, 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=104687131

Trenton Evening Times, NJ. “Died From the Heat.” 9-6-1898, p. 5, col. 5. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/trenton-evening-times-sep-06-1898-p-5/

Tyrone Daily Herald, PA. “Fatal Prostrations in Philadelphia.” 9-3-1898, p. 1. Accessed 2-1-2024 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/tyrone-daily-herald-sep-03-1898-p-1/

Tyrone Daily Herald, PA. “Five Deaths From Heat [Philadelphia].” 9-7-1898, p. 1. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=103521605

[1] Boston Sunday Post. “Killed By The Heat.” 9-4-1898, p. 6, col. 1.

[2] Baltimore Sun. “Heat Brought Death. Two Persons Die From Its Effects…” 9-2-1898, p. 10, col. 4.

[3] Baltimore Sun. “Heat Brought Death. Two Persons Die From Its Effects…” 9-2-1898, p. 10, col. 4.

[4] Baltimore Sun. “Relief Promised. Weather Officials Say The Backbone of the Hot Spell is Broken.” 9-5-1898, p12.

[5] Baltimore Sun. “September Weather. Records Fail to Show Such a Hot Commencement…” 9-3-1898, p. 7, col. 4.

[6] Baltimore Sun. “Relief Promised. Weather Officials Say The Backbone of the Hot Spell is Broken.” 9-5-1898, p12.

[7] Baltimore Sun. “Relief Promised. Weather Officials Say The Backbone of the Hot Spell is Broken.” 9-5-1898, p12.

[8] Baltimore Sun. “Relief Promised. Weather Officials Say The Backbone of the Hot Spell is Broken.” 9-5-1898, p12.

[9] Baltimore Sun. “More Relief Promised.” 9-6-1898, p. 10, col. 6.

[10] Baltimore Sun. “Sudden Death of George Ingalls.” 9-5-1898, p. 6.

[11] Baltimore Sun. “Again It Was Hot…One Death Due to the Heat.” 9-7-1898, p. 7, col. 2.

[12] Baltimore Sun. “Death of George T. Harcastle.” 9-5-1898, p. 8, col. 2.

[13] Hagerstown Mail, MD. “Death’s Doings.” 9-2-1898, p. 8, col.2.

[14] Hagerstown Mail, MD. “Some Well Known People Dead….Jacob Mullendore.” 9-9-1898, p. 2, col. 5.

[15] Not used in that I have not been able to corroborate via Boston papers.

[16] Jersey City News, NJ. “Casualties in Hoboken.” 9-3-1898, p. 1, col. 7.

[17] Trenton Evening Times, NJ. “Died From the Heat.” 9-6-1898, p. 5, col. 5.

[18] Not counting infant mortality, which is known to have been great. See the NYT article of the 6^th, noting Health Dept. report for the period Aug 28-Sep 3 noting a rise in infant mortality (up to two-years-old) to 240 fatalities. Those directly attributable to the heat, however, was not broken out. We have not reproduced here the daily listings of deaths directly related to the heat. A reading of these listings, however, shows that the listings, when ages are shown, the great majority are of adults.

[19] “New Yori, Sept. 3. – The hot weather is increasing the death rate among the sick soldiers in the hospitals at Camp Wikoff to an alarming degree, besides prostrating many men who heretofore have not been on the sick list. There were 18 deaths Friday and more have occurred since midnight.” (Sandusky Daily Register, OH. “Heat Affecting the Troops.” 9-4-1898, p. 2.)

[20] 21 in Manhattan and 3 in Brooklyn. This may well explain the difference in fatality figures between this article and the Boston Daily Globe article of Sep 2 noted herein.

[21] Just the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn.

[22] Portsmouth Daily Times, OH. “Two Deaths.” 9-2-1898, 1.

[23] Cincinnati Commercial Tribune. “Died From the Heat.” 9-4-1898, section II, p. 9.

[24] Piqua Daily Call, OH. “Pittsburg Architect Found Dead in Cleveland.” 9-3-1898, p. 1.

[25] Portsmouth Daily Times, OH. “Two Deaths.” 9-2-1898, 1.

[26] Tyrone Daily Herald, PA. “Fatal Prostrations in Philadelphia.” 9-3-1898, p. 1.

[27] Philadelphia Inquirer. “Death and Suffering in Furnace-Like Heat…Two Deaths Yesterday.” 9-4-1898, p. 1.

[28] Philadelphia Inquirer. “Death and Suffering in Furnace-Like Heat…Two Deaths Yesterday.” 9-4-1898, p. 1.

19th Century

1898 — Aug 23-Nov 18, Yellow Fever, LA, especially New Orleans (57); also MS (80) –175

lornajarrettblanchard August 23, 1898

–175 Blanchard tally from State and locality breakouts below.

Summary of 1898 Yellow Fever Deaths by State

Louisiana (93) Aug 23-Oct 22 Especially New Orleans (57)

Mississippi (80) Aug 29-Oct 19 Especially Oxford (39) & Taylor (13)

New York ( 1) Week ending Oct 29 New York City

District of Co. ( 1) Nov 18

Breakout of 1898 Yellow Fever by States and Localities

Florida ( 0)

–0 Key West Aug 16, 3 cases NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports,[1] p. 313.

–0 Pensacola Aug 14, 1 case NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 313.

–0 Tortugas Quarantine Station, Aug 18 case. NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 313.

Georgia ( 0)

–0 South Atlantic Quarantine station, Aug 21 case, on Revenue Cutter Woodbury.[2]

Louisiana (93)

–92 Statewide Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

–89 Statewide Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 474-505.

Breakout of Louisiana Yellow Fever Deaths of 1898 by Locality:

— 4 Alexandria Oct 6-16 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 474.

— 1 Amite City Oct 13 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 474.

— 4 Baton Rouge Sep 25-Oct 15 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 475.

— 0 Bowie (case) Oct 6 NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 602.

— 1 Cinclare Oct 15-25 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 477.

— 0 Clinton Carrigan. The Saffron Scourge. 1961, p. 219.

— 1 Delogny Oct 1 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 478.

— 1 Feliciana (East & West) Oct 17 cases NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 9 Franklin Aug 23 start[3] Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 479.

— 3 Harvey’s Canal To Oct 6 NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 602.

— 2 Houma Sep 23-Oct 5 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 479.

— 0 Iberville Oct 17 case NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Jackson To Oct 15 (15 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Jefferson Parish To Sep 20 (5 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 602.

— 1 Lake Charles Oct 10 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 480.

— 0 Lobdell Oct 12 case report NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 602.

— 2 Lutcher Oct 15 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 481.

–57 New Orleans mid Sep-Oct 22[4] Augustin 1909, 493. N.O. Public Library.[5]

— 1 Plaquemine To Oct 15. NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, 602, 635.

— 0 St. Charles Parish. Oct 17 case NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 1 St. James Parish Oct 2 case report NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 602.

— 7 Wilson Sep 26-Oct 15 Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, 505

Mississippi (80) Aug 29-Oct 19

— 0 Bay St. Louis Oct 11, 9 cases NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Canton Oct 10-19, 7 cases NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Clinton Oct 8-15, 40 cases NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Crystal Springs Oct 11-19, 6 cases NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 602.

— 1 Edwards & vic. Oct 7, 24 cases NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Fayette Oct 9, 5 cases NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 6 Harriston Oct 6 and 11 (4 & 2) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 602.

— 3 Hattiesburg Oct 14, 17-18 NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Hermanville To Oct 13 (3 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 6 Jackson To Oct 6 (4), Oct 7, Oct 18. NY Med. Journal, V68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 2 Madison Oct 17, Nov 2-10 NY Med. Journal, V68, MHS Reports, pp. 635, 744.

— 0 Meridian Oct 15-17 (3 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Natchez To Oct 18 (25 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 5 Orwood Aug 29[6] -Oct 6 (4), Oct 10. NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 602.

–39 Oxford To Oct 16 NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 1 Poplarville Oct 17 (24 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 1 Port Gibson Oct 6 NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 603.

— 1 Queen Hill Oct 15 (1 case) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Ridgeland Oct 6-17 (7 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Starkville Oct 6-18 (7 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 603.

–13 Taylor Sep-Oct 12 (108 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 603.

— 0 Tougaloo Oct 16-17 (2 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Waterford To Oct 6 (2 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 603.

— 0 Waterview To Oct 6 (10 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 1 Waveland Oct 10-13 (20 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

— 0 Woodville To Oct 6 (1 case) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 603.

— 1 Yazoo City Oct 19 (17 cases) NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 635.

New York ( 1)

–1 New York City week ending Oct 29 NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, p. 709.[7]

Washington, DC ( 1) Nov 18 NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 824.

Sources

Augustin, George. History of Yellow Fever. New Orleans: Published for the Author by Search & Pfaff Ltd., 1909; General Books reprint, Memphis, TN, 2010. 1909 copy digitized at: http://archive.org/stream/historyofyellowf00auguuoft#page/n4/mode/1up

Carrigan, Jo Ann. The Saffron Scourge: A History of Yellow Fever in Louisiana, 1796-1905 (Doctoral Dissertation). Louisiana State University, LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses, 1961. Accessed 3-11-2018 at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=gradschool_disstheses

New Orleans Public Library, Louisiana Division. Yellow Fever Deaths in New Orleans, 1817-1905. Accessed 3-7-2010 at: http://nutrias.org/facts/feverdeaths.htm

New York Medical Journal (A Weekly Review of Medicine). Volume 68, July-Dec 1898. NY: D. Appleton and Co., 1898. Google preview accessed 5-16-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=B11QAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Russell, Mary Jane Duke. Yellow fever in the Felicianas: the epidemic of 1878 and its effects upon the residents of these rural parishes (Master’s Theses). Louisiana State University, 2005. Accessed 5-16-2018 at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2231&context=gradschool_theses

[1] United States Marine-Hospital Service, Health Reports.

[2] NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 346.

[3] NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 346.

[4] Carrigan writes: “In mid-September of 1898 when the first case was reported in New Orleans, the State Board of Health telegraphed the information to the health boards of neighboring states and to the United States Marine Hospital Service.”

[5] Carrigan, as well, shows 57 deaths, and notes this was out of 118 reported cases.

[6] Aug 29 start. (NY Med. Journal, Vol. 68, MHS Reports, p. 385.)

[7] Cites the Sanitary Bureau of the New York Health Department for weeks ending Oct 29 and Nov 5.

19th Century

1898 — Aug 2, hurricane, tugboat Nimrod capsizes, all crew lost, off Cape San Blass, FL–12

lornajarrettblanchard August 2, 1898

–12 Dunn, Gordon E. and Banner I. Miller. Atlantic Hurricanes (Revised Edition)/ 1964, p 316.
–12 Landsea and Partagas. “Year 1898,” Atlantic Oceanographic and Met. Laboratory (Report).
–12 Macon Telegraph, GA. “Went Down in The Wreck.” 8-6-1898, p. 5.

Narrative Information

Landsea and Fernandez Partagas: “Year 1898

“Storm 1, 1898 (Aug. 2.3), H.

“The following information was found in relation to this storm: 1) The Florida storm first appeared as a feeble disturbance near Jupiter in the night of Aug. 1, and passed thence N.W. to the vicinity of Tampa by the morning of Aug. 2. ….

“A dispatch from Apalachicola, FL. Says that the Nimrod, towing the dredge Thomas H. Herndon and two scows were totally wrecked off Cape San Blas on Tuesday night (Aug. 2) storm. The Nimrod, with a crew of 12 men went down 40 miles at sea. The dredge, with her 2 scows, is ashore at Cape San Blas, the dredge being a total loss. The Purser and 2 shipmates of the Nimrod arrived at Apalachicola, Friday afternoon (Aug 5) reporting the loss (The Miami Metropolis, Aug. 12, 1898, p. 7, col. 3)….”

Newspaper

“Macon Telegraph, GA. “Went Down in The Wreck.” 8-6-1898, p. 5: “The Tug Nimrod With a Tow Goes Down With Twelve Men.

“Apalachicola, Fla., Aug. 5. – George C. Randolph, purser of the steam tug Nimrod of Mobile, arrived here this afternoon accompanied by two shipmates and reports a terrible disaster. The Nimrod, towing the dredge Thomas H. Herndon, and two scows, were all totally wrecked off Cape St. Blas in Tuesday night’s storm. The Nimrod, with her entire crew, consisting of twelve men, went down forty miles at sea, and nothing since has been heard of them. The dredge, with her two scows, is ashore on Cape St. Blas, the dredge being a total loss.

“The Nimrod, dredge and scows belong to Rittenhouse Moore of Mobile. They are valued as follows: Nimrod, $40,000; dredge, $75,000; scows, $32,000. All telegraphic communications are still cut off, there being no way to communicate with the outside world except by mail.”

Sources

Dunn, Gordon E. and Banner I. Miller. Atlantic Hurricanes (Revised Edition). Baton Rouge LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1964, 377 pages.

Landsea, Christopher and Jose Fernandez Partagas. “Year 1898,” Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, FL: National Hurricane Center, NOOA. Accessed 9-5-2022 at: https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1898-1900/1898_1.pdf
Also at: https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1898-1900/1898_1.pdf

Macon Telegraph, GA. “Went Down in The Wreck.” 8-6-1898, p. 5. Accessed 9-5-2022 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/macon-telegraph-aug-06-1898-p-5/

19th Century

1898 — June 28, storm, Steamer Jessie swamped, Kuskokwim River mouth, AK — 18

lornajarrettblanchard June 28, 1898

–18 AK Bureau Ocean Energy Mgmt., Reg., Enforce. Alaska’s Worst All Time Shipping Losses.
–18 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”
–18 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” J.
–18 Daily Republican, Decatur, IL. “Events of a Year.” 12-31-1898, p. 14.
–18 Eau Claire Leader, WI. “Steamer Lost….the Jessie…Kuskokwim River.” 8-11-1898, p. 1.
–18 Hamilton Daily Republican-News, OH. “Whole Party Is Lost.” Aug 10, 1898, p. 4.
–18 Levi, Steven C. Boom and Bust in the Alaska Goldfields. 2008, p. 134.
–18 Tornfelt and Burwell. Shipwrecks of the Alaskan Shelf and Shore. US Dept. of Interior, 1992, 49.

Narrative Information

Alaska Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: “Jun 28, 1898. Small steamer Jessie… Swamped at mouth of Kuskokwim River. 18 lost.” (Alaska Bureau Ocean Energy Mgmt., Reg., Enforce. Alaska’s Worst All Time Shipping Losses.)

Alaskashipwreck.com: “1898…Jessie…WC [west-central area]…65 Ton Freight Steam…18 [lives lost]…1 [survivor].” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”)

Alaskashipwreck.com: “Jessie (1898). The 65 ton small freight steamer Jessie was lost with all but one of her passengers and crew of 19 at the mouth of the Kuskokwim River June 28, 1898. The vessel was reported swamped in turbulent waters. News of the tragedy was brought to Saint Michael by a trader named Ling. He reported that the 18 miners who were aboard from the Columbia Exploration Company were either lost in the wreck or massacred by Indians. The Indians were said to have also looted or destroyed the Minerva, a barge which the Jessie had been towing along with another unknown barge. Lost were captain J T Murphy of Bowling Green KY, E S Lines of Seattle, A C Stetson of Seattle, R P Frierson of Gallatin TN, W T Payton of Gallatin TN, C H Mitchell of Gallatin TN, H C Hart of Gallatin TN, engineer Kessler from Wisconsin, Mr Smallhouse of Louisville, Eli Knudson of Genesee ID, H C Hadron of Seattle, O E Aurud of Seattle, Dave Allen of Kentucky, Moravian Missionary Reverend H Weber with wife and child, two Indian pilots and a Japanese cook.

“Mapping and Location: West central Alaska 60 N 162 15 W Chart 16006.

“Sources: 1. Shipwrecks of the Alaskan Shelf and Shore (1992), 2. The H W McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest (1966) Pg 42, 3. The Morning Oregonian (September 13, 1898) “Eighteen Were Lost” Pg 3.” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” J.)

Levi: “In spite of the staggering influx of non-Natives, very few cases of violence by Natives on whites. Such cases were, in fact, few and far between and the best known were often based on hearsay. In June or July of 1898, for instance, the steamer Jessie was swamped on the Kuskaniwill River near the mouth of the Kuskokwim River. The sinking of the Jessie was one of the great unsolved maritime mysteries of the Alaska Gold Rush. The vessel was on its way up to the gold fields with 18 passengers and towing two barges, the Minerva and a second whose name has been lost in the swirling sands of time. The ships were never seen again and at the time it was assumed that they had been swamped in a storm and drowned. Later there were rumors that some of the passengers had survived the swamping and had made it to shore where they had been massacred by the local Natives….” (Levi. Boom and Bust…Alaska Goldfields. 2008, p. 134.)

Black and White: A Monthly Magazine of Facts for Insurance Policy Investors, 1899: “Mrs. Mollie L. Frierson has filed suit at Chattanooga, Tenn., to recover $12,000 on a life insurance policy held by her son, Robert P. Frierson. Young Frierson was a lawyer who started to the Laska gold fields on the ill-fated steamer Jessie which was lost with all on board, in Alaskan waters. Frierson and a party of a dozen Tennesseans and Kentuckians all carried life insurance. The company refuses to pay on the ground that Frierson’s death is not established. Other suits will be filed.” (Black and White: A Monthly Magazine of Facts for Insurance Policy Investors. Vol. XVIII, No. 1, Apr 15, 1899, p. 25.)

Newspapers

Aug 10: “Seattle, Wash., Aug. 10. – Further details state there were 18 persons on the river steamer Jessie of the Columbian Exploration company, which foundered in the Kuskokwim river, Alaska, during a severe storm, July 28. It is thought all were lost. The steamer Jessie at the time of the disaster had in tow the barge Minerva, loaded with supplies.

“The news of the disaster was brought to the headquarters of the Alaska Commercial company by Indians, who had found the loaded barge belonging to the party partly wrecked. The Indians assert that the steamer foundered and that all of her party perished in the storm that swept down on them before they were well into the river, and only a few hours after they had left the steamer Lakme, on which they had gone north. The Indians confiscated the supplies. The party consisted of the following persons:

E. S. Lines, Seattle;
A. C. Staston, Seattle;
V. J. Murphey, Bowling Green, Ky.;
Rob P. Frierson [Gallatin, TN],
W. T. Payton [Gallatin, TN],
C. H. Mitchell [Gallatin, TN], and
H. C. Clifford Hare, Gallatin, Tenn.;
Engineer Kenslock, Milwaukee;
____ Smallhouse, Louisville, Ky.;
Eli Knudson, Genesee, Ida.;
Harry C. Hadreon [unclear; Seattle]
O. E. Arrod, Settle;
Doc Allen, Kentucky;
Rev. R. Weber, Moravian missionary, wife and child;
Two Indian guides.

“The expedition was composed of a number of well-to-do young men of Kentucky and Tennessee families, who joined the others in Seattle. They were furnished with the steamer Jessie and the barge Minerva by Richard Chilcott of this city.

“The party left Seattle May 31, on the steam schooner Lakme. The Jessie was a strongly built stern-wheel boat, 50 feet long and 14¼ beam. She had powerful engines. She had a low deck house with a small pilot house on top. The barge was an open affair to be used to carry supplies. They left at 10 o’clock and by 2 were out of sight of the Lakme, which proceeded to St. Michaels’s. The rest of the story comes from the Indians.

“The mouth of the Kuskokwim, like that of many other Alaskan rivers, is very wide, and with the wind from a proper direction gets exceedingly rough. A storm came up before the Jessie and tow reached anchorage. A few days later the Indians found the barge partly wrecked on the north shore of the river. A few days later they found a hastily constructed raft. Nothing was seen or heard of steamer or passengers. All are believed to have been lost….” (Eau Claire Leader, WI. “Steamer Lost. Believed All on…Jessie Were Drowned in Kuskokwim River.” 8-11-1898, p. 1.)

Aug 10: “Seattle, Wash., Aug. 10. – Further details state there were eighteen persons on the river steamer Jessie V., of the Columbian Explorative Co., which foundered in the Kushkotawim [sic.] river, Alaska, during a severe storm July 28. It is thought all were lost. The steamer Jessie at the time of the disaster had in tow the barge Minerva loaded with supplies.

“The news of the disaster was brought to the headquarters of the Alaska Commercial Co. by Indians, who had found the loaded barge belonging to the party partly wrecked. The Indians assert that the steamer foundered and that all of her party perished in the storm that swept down on them before they were well into the river, and only a few hours after they had left the steamer Lakme on which they had gone north. The Indians confiscated the supplies.” (Hamilton Daily Republican-News, OH. “Whole Party Is Lost.” Aug 10, 1898, p. 4.)

Sources

Alaska Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. Alaska’s Worst All Time Shipping Losses. Accessed 7-18-2011 at: https://www.boem.gov/about-boem/alaskas-worst-all-time-shipping-losses

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.” Accessed 11-14-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/alaska-shipwrecks-1729-2012/alaska-shipwrecks-1800-1899/

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” Accessed 11-14-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-j/

Black and White: A Monthly Magazine of Facts for Insurance Policy Investors. Vol. XVIII, No. 1, Apr 15, 1899. Digitized by Google. Accessed 11-14-2021 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=PAAOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Daily Republican, Decatur, IL. “Events of a Year.” 12-31-1898, p. 14. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=6253387

Eau Claire Leader, WI. “Steamer Lost. Believed All on Board the Jessie Were Drowned in Kuskokwim River.” 8-11-1898, 1. http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=100725148

Hamilton Daily Republican-News, OH. “Whole Party Is Lost [Steamer Jessie V.].” 8-10-1898, p. 4. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=71438375

Levi, Steven C. Boom and Bust in the Alaska Goldfields A Multicultural Adventure. Praeger, 2008. Partially digitized by Google and accessed 11-14-2021 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=nfT9MGYCRs8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Tornfelt, Evert E. and Michael Burwell. Shipwrecks of the Alaskan Shelf and Shore. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Mineral Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, 1992. Accessed 11-2-2021 at: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Shipwrecks_of_the_Alaskan_Shelf_and_Shor/8YUTAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Shipwrecks+of+the+Alaskan+Shelf+and+Shore&printsec=frontcover

19th Century

1898 — May 22, squall, Seattle schooner Jane Gray takes on water/sinks W of Cape Flattery, WA–34

lornajarrettblanchard May 22, 1898

–34 Blanchard estimated death toll.*

–37 Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1968, p191
–34 McCurdy. “Ocean Tragedies…Northwest Coast.” Overland Monthly, 34/202, 10-1899, 299
–34 McElwaine. The Truth About Alaska, the Golden Land on the Midnight Sun. 1901, p. 60
–34 New York Times. “Alaska Schooner Lost…Jane Grey Founders…” June 2, 1898.
–34 San Francisco Call. “Schooner Jane Gray Goes Down…Near Cape Flattery.” 6-2-1898, p1.

* Blanchard estimated death toll. We have seen accounts that note that the number of people on board, especially crew, was not known with absolute certainty. Most accounts we have seen have it as sixty-one. Gibbs has it has sixty-four, and also shows three more deaths. We cite four accounts which note 34 deaths. Two were written at the time and two within three years. We could show a range of 34-37 deaths, but given that only Gibbs, (or those who cite him) notes thirty-seven deaths, we choose to show thirty-four fatalities.

Narrative Information

Gibbs: “The Jane Gray Ordeal….On a may morning in 1898, the Jane Gray, Captain Crockett, left the bustling port [Seattle] for sea. She carried a total of sixty-four persons, thirty-two of whom were members of [Major E. S.] Ingraham’s party….

“As night came on off Cape Flattery, the winds gained in velocity and the schooner had rough going as she headed north. The skipper ordered her hove to [a stationary position], headed into the wind, and had all sails except the foresail taken in. After giving the order, he retired. At midnight the mate also turned in, leaving only two seamen on deck. The weather appeared to be moderating when suddenly a flash squall struck, rolling the schooner almost onto her beam ends. Seawater rushed along her decks on the starboard side and down the hatch into the cabin….Seas boarded in rapid succession. The pumps were useless….The schooner settled lower and lower until the waves were making a clean sweep of the deck….Only the cabin top and masts were above the sloshing water. The frantic passengers, along with some of the crew, fought for a place in the ship’s boat. In a desperate to get it cleared, a huge wave upended it, dumping all inside into the sea. A few minutes later the Jane Gray sank in a convulsive upheaval of water. She quickly disappeared into the vortex, leaving only struggling humanity and bits of wreckage.

“The steam launch floated free and with it the last hope of survival. It was so dark and stormy that even the sounds of voices were carried away with the wind. Several victims were sucked down into the watery vacuum; others clung to anything that floated in an effort to reach the launch. Those who managed to get aboard aided others until twenty-seven survivors were packed in the craft. The survivors searched further, but as near as they could tell thirty-four passengers and three crew members were missing.

“Except for the foresight of Major Ingraham in cutting the launch free, all hands would have perished. The boat’s propelling machinery was inoperative and no oars were available. Out of boards picked up from the wreckage, paddles were fashioned, and an old piece of canvas proved of some use as a sail. By hard and painful toil, the frail little craft moved ever so slowly toward land for five days and five nights. From sheer fortitude, the survivors pushed on in utter misery, clothes soaked and without food. The voyage finally ended when the boat caught up in the surf, was dashed rudely ashore in the desolate Kyuquot area of Vancouver Island.

“The wretched company found little succor and suffered endless hardship before being found by the crew of the trading schooner Favourite, who cared for them and took them to Victoria….” (p. 191.)

McCurdy: “Thirty-four persons out of sixty lost their lives by the foundering of the schooner Jane Gray, off Vancouver Island in May, 1899 [sic., 1898]. A violent storm sent the schooner to the bottom, and there not being enough boats, a large portion of those aboard perished.” (McCurdy 1899, 299.)

McElwaine: “Visiting the bark Alaska in the afternoon as she lay half a league to leeward we were told by her passengers of the story of the awful wreck of the schooner Jane Grey, which had sailed from Seattle only a few days before we left San Francisco, bound for the same port.

“Jane Grey was comparatively a new ship. She was built at Bath, Maine, in 1887, and her gross tonnage was 112 tons. She was owned by a local steamship company of Seattle, and at the time of the accident was in command of Captain Crockett of that place.

“Before leaving the harbor at Seattle, the ship was inspected by the marine authorities and pronounced seaworthy. She had sixty-one passengers and many tons of supplies on board. Adventurers in quest of gold, missionaries carrying the gospel to the heathen and the officers and crew, sailed up and through Puget Sound that beautiful May morning, little dreaming of the fate that was soon to be theirs.

“In the early hours of Sunday morning. May 22, the Jane Grey was about 90 miles northwest of Cape Flattery. She was sailing fast before the wind and the seas were running high. Suddenly a squall struck the vessel, throwing her on her beam ends, from which position she never righted. The sailor on watch instantly gave the alarm. The excited passengers rolled out of their bunks, and some, sensible of their danger, scrambled out upon the deck, while others, panic stricken, huddled together in the cabin, apparently resigned to their fate, as if willing to die without a struggle.

“Missionary Gamble was among the latter. Mr. Gamble was in charge of the government school and mission at St. Lawrence Island, and was returning to his work, with his wife and little girl, from a brief vacation in the States. The survivors say he became temporarily insane; he at all events refused all offers of assistance, and embracing his wife and child, forced them into the after cabin, exclaiming, “Never mind, boys; we will all die together.”

“When the first note of warning was sounded, the “Kernorma,” a small steam launch owned by one of the prospecting parties, was cut loose and lowered into the sea. The waves were now breaking one after another over the wrecked schooner, and those who were making a life and death struggle to get over the starboard rail into the launch were submerged in water at rapid intervals. Twenty-nine of the passengers and crew succeeded in safely boarding the launch, which floundered again soon afterwards, and two Italians in the party were drowned. The twenty-seven passengers and sailors who had taken refuge in the launch “Kernorma,” now at a distance sufficiently removed to be beyond the range of the suction which would follow the sinking of the ship, watched, with tearful eyes and heavy hearts, the tall masts of the schooner Jane Grey slowly sink beneath the waves of the ocean carrying thirty-two of their companions down to death….” (McElwaine. The Truth About Alaska. 1901, pp. 58-60.)

Newspaper

June 1: “Seattle, Washington, June 1.—The schooner Jane Grey, which sailed from Seattle for Kotzebue Sound [Alaska] on the 19th of May with sixty-one persons on board, foundered Sunday, May 22, about ninety miles west of Cape Flattery, at 2 o’clock in the morning while lying to, in a moderate gale, under foresail. Ten minutes after the alarm was given she lay at the bottom of the ocean with thirty-four of her passengers. The remainder succeeded in embarking in a launch, and reached this city this afternoon….

“Those lost are
Signor Gaia and Signor Besseta, Italy;
“Jack” Lindsay, Everett;
W. H. Gleason, W. A. Johnson, W. J. Smith, C. G. Smith, P. C. Little, C. W. Young, and W. D. Millan, Seattle;
Horace Palmer, Lebanon, Ohio;
F. G. Saulsbury, Minnesota;
A. B. Dunlap, Dwight, Ill.;
B. D. Ranney, Mexico City;
B. E. Snipe, Jr., Seattle;
John M. Stutzman, Westfield, N. J.;
E. M. Taylor, F. S. Taylor, and B. S. Spencer, California;
W. B. Doxey, Edward Ritter, F. W. Ginther, B. S. Frost, W. F. Levering, William Otter, O. F. McKelvey, C. Brown, C.C. Aikins, N. Hedelund, Charles Williams, and V.C. Gambel, wife and child, missionary on St. Lawrence Island, in Bering Sea.
One other, name unknown.

“E. M. and F. S. Taylor of California are sons of S. P. Taylor, a wealthy paper manufacturer of San Francisco.

“It is possible that there may be four of five more survivors whose names cannot be ascertained.

A Family Dies Together.

“The Jane Grey’s passengers were prospectors, with the exception of the Rev. V. C. Gambel, a missionary who, with his wife and child, was on his way to St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea. He refused to place his wife and child on board the launch, saying: “The vessel is doomed, and we will die together.”

“Among the prospectors was a party of sixteen, headed by Major Ingraham, who were outfitted by Prince Luigi of Italy for a two years’ prospecting trip in Alaska. Of this party the only survivors are Major Ingraham, L. M. Lessey, C. H. Packard, and G. H. Pennington.

“The survivors of the passengers suffered a great deal of privation, and for thirty hours their only food was a sack of prunes and a sack of turnips from the ship’s stores. Sufficient water was caught by spreading a tarpaulin during a rainstorm.

“The news of the disaster and the expected arrival of the survivors from Victoria caused a large crowd to gather at the dock in this city. Carriages were waiting, and when the City of Kingston landed the survivors they were all carried to their rooms, or to the residences of friends. The few that could be seen had not recovered from the shock, and consequently could not give a good account of the disaster. They were unable to account for the vessel’s springing a leak and sinking so suddenly. They were warm in their praise of the work done by Capt. Crockett at the time of the foundering of the vessel.
Capt. Crockett’s Story.

“Capt. Crockett gives the following account of the wreck:

“We were lying to, to mend our foresail. A moderate gale was blowing and the seas were running high. I had gone to bed and was sound asleep when the watchman awakened me with the announcement that something was wrong. I arose at once and found the vessel leaking. A hurried investigation showed that she would soon sink, and I at once notified the passengers of the situation. Most of them were asleep underneath the deck. A scene of confusion then took place, and it is impossible to give any detailed account of the events that followed. The darkness added to the confusion. The Jane Grey carried two lifeboats and two launches. I at once ordered the boats lowered. The first lifeboat was swamped. The launch Kennoma, belonging to the Ingraham party, was successfully lowered.

“At this time the Jane Grey was almost under water. A heavy sea struck her, throwing her on her beams. There was no time to launch other boats. The water was over her hatches and every one below was certainly drowned. Those on deck, however, got in the launch. A sack of prunes and one of turnips was hurriedly taken from the ship’s stores, and this was the only food we had till we reached Vancouver Island.

“As the launch drifted away from the almost submerged schooner we saw eight or ten men standing on the lee rail clinging to the rigging. Soon they disappeared from sight. Two of them, John Johnson and C. Reilly kept afloat by clinging to bundles of boat lumber. Two hours after they were picked up by our launch, making twenty-seven in all, we had with us. It is just barely possible that there will be four more survivors.

“Before the Jane Grey disappeared under the waves we thought we saw the second launch that was on board, with four forms near it. They were so indistinct that we were not sure. They seemed to be getting into the launch. We improvised a sail and paddles after drifting thirty hours in the launch, finally landed inside of Rugged Point, Kyuquot Sound, on Vancouver Island, eighty miles from the scene of the wreck. A fire was built on the beach, and we made a meal on roasted muscles. We had eaten nothing since the night before and the disaster, excepting the sack of prunes and turnips which we threw into the launch. We got our drinking water by spreading out a tarpaulin in the driving rain.

“An Indian who chanced to come along informed us that the village of Kyuquot was but six miles away. We went there and found the sealing schooner Favorite becalmed, and arrangements were made to carry our party to Victoria. We reached there just in time to catch the steamer for Seattle.”

“The Jane Grey was a schooner of 1.000 tons burden. She was built in Bath, Me., in 1887. She was owned and operated by McDougall & Southwick of this city [Seattle]. Outside of the miners’ outfits she carried no cargo.” (NYT. “Alaska Schooner Lost…Jane Grey Founders…” 6-2- 1898)

Sources

Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1968.

McCurdy, James G. “Ocean Tragedies on the Northwest Coast.” Overland Monthly, Vol. 34, No. 202, Oct. 1899. Pp. 291-300. Digitized by Google. Accessed 6-22-2022 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=otNUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

McElwaine, Eugene. The Truth About Alaska, the Golden Land on the Midnight Sun. Self-published, 1901. Digitized by Google. Accessed 6-22-2022 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=Q4MUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

New York Times. “Alaska Schooner Lost. The Jane Grey Founders Ninety Miles West of Cape Flattery.” 6-2-1898. Accessed 6-22-2022 at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0812FD3A5D11738DDDAB0894DE405B8885F0D3&scp=1&sq=alaska%20schooner%20lost&st=cse

San Francisco Call. “Schooner Jane Gray Goes Down. Thirty-Four Lives Lost in a Disaster Near Cape Flattery.” 6-2-1898, p.1. Accessed 6-22-2022 from the Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research California Digital Newspaper Collection at: https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC18980602.2.3&e=——-en–20–1–txt-txIN——–1

1898 — Feb 15, battleship USS Maine explosion, Havana Harbor, Cuba –260-268

lornajarrettblanchard February 15, 1898

Compiled by Wayne Blanchard; last edit 3-20-2024 for upload to: http://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

— 268 PBS. Timeline. “February 16 1898:Battleship U.S.S. Maine Explodes.”

— 268 Wikipedia. “USS Maine (1889).” 3-10-2024. Accessed 3-20-2024.

— 266 US Dept. Navy, Naval Hist. Ctr. “FAQs: Casualties: US Navy…Marine…Personnel”

— 264 Nash, Jay Robert. Darkest Hours. 1977, p. 691.

— 263 Benson. The Greatest Explosions in History. 1990, p. 9.

— 260 Fahey. Historian, US Naval History and Heritage Command. “Why did the USS Maine…”

Narrative Information

Fahey, John E.. Historian, US Naval History and Heritage Command. 2-7-2023:

“Few U.S. ships are as well remembered as the battleship Maine. Unlike Constitution, Monitor, or Enterprise, though, the ship is not famous for its wartime record, long career, or remarkable innovation. Rather, Maine is remembered for exploding in Havana harbor on 15 February 1898. The death of 260 crewmen and officers would be tragedy enough, but the explosion also sparked the Spanish-American War and all of its consequences, including the U.S. colonization of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. At the 125th anniversary of this shipboard catastrophe, it is worth reviewing why Maine blew up.

“The cause of Maine’s explosion has been hotly debated by press, politicians, naval experts, scientists, historians, and hobbyists for well over a century. Many theories have been proposed to explain the warship’s destruction, ranging from the ludicrous to the plausible. While structural failure, torpedo malfunction, boiler problems, sabotage, and many other explanations have been advanced, the debate generally revolves around two potential causes. The first is that a mine punctured Maine’s hull and sparked a catastrophic explosion in the ship’s magazine. The second is that an accident, most likely a coal bunker fire, set off the magazine. While the available physical and historical evidence overwhelmingly indicate Maine was destroyed by an accident inside the ship, let’s look at how this evidence was collected before evaluating the two main explanations.

“The U.S. Navy investigated the sinking of Maine on three separate occasions. The first investigation started on 21 February, less than a week after the battleship sank. A Court of Inquiry headed by Captain William T. Sampson explored the wreckage and collected eyewitness testimony that gives valuable insight into the human toll of the disaster. However, the investigation was handicapped by poor diving technology and extremely tense U.S.-Spanish relations.[1] The Sampson Board concluded on 21 March that Maine had been destroyed by a mine placed near Frame 18. The United States declared war on Spain 35 days later.

“In 1910, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built a cofferdam around Maine to recover bodies and remove the wreck from Havana harbor, which enabled the Navy to launch a second, more detailed investigation of the Maine. A Court of Inquiry led by Admiral Charles Vreeland took advantage of the now exposed ship to photograph the wreckage and explore the structural damage. It concluded that a mine placed between frames 28 and 31 destroyed the battleship.[2]

“Despite Vreeland’s conclusions, debates about Maine continued for decades, prompting Admiral Hyman Rickover to launch his own investigation in 1974. He contracted Ib S. Hansen and Robert S. Price, both of whom had years of experience analyzing ship damage caused by underwater explosions. Hansen and Price examined the photos taken by the Vreeland investigation. They in turn concluded that Maine had not been sunk by a mine but had been destroyed instead by an internal explosion, most likely sparked by a coal fire.[3]

“The Spanish government,[4] National Geographic,[5] Discovery Channel,[6] and others have also investigated Maine’s loss, but serious work on the topic to this day relies on the evidence and analysis of Sampson, Vreeland, and Rickover.

“The Sampson and Vreeland investigations concluded that Maine was destroyed by an underwater mine. While this explanation has a certain appeal, the physical state of the ship makes it effectively impossible. Proponents of the mine theory point to two main pieces of evidence. First, Maine’s keel ended up bent strangely, in the form of an upside-down V. The Sampson-led court of inquiry argued that this could have only been caused by a mine forcing the keel upward. However, the keel had no physical blast damage, nor was the rest of the ship distorted in a way consistent with a large underwater explosion. Any mine capable of forcing the keel up into this shape would have lifted the ship out of the water, which no witnesses saw. Second, Vreeland’s board found part of the hull, designated Section 1, which was folded up into the interior of the ship. The board argued this fold was caused by an external explosion forcing the section in. However, like the keel, Section 1 had no scarring or blast damage consistent with a mine. The fold is also wrong. According to the mine theory, a mine blew a hole in the hull and then detonated the ship’s 6-inch shell magazine. If that were the case, Section 1 would have been smashed flat against the outer hull of the ship by the magazine explosion. Instead, Section 1 was simply folded over and scarred on the inside, but not outside.

“If the physical evidence for a mine is lacking, the historical evidence is non-existent. A mine would have had to have been placed by one or more persons. There are plenty of mine conspiracy theories assigning blame to either to the Spanish government, fanatical Spanish officers loyal to General Valeriano “The Butcher” Weyler, Cuban insurrectionists trying to spark U.S. intervention on their behalf against Spain, or reporters trying to sell more papers. Simply put, no credible evidence of any such conspiracy has come to light in the last 125 years. Even Sampson and Vreeland never blamed any specific party for placing the mine they claimed had destroyed the ship.

“While we lack conspirators that hardly matters as the technical difficulties in placing a mine in Havana harbor were all but insurmountable. If the mine was placed before the ship arrived, the Spanish garrison would have been mining their own commercial harbor at great risk to their own shipping. If the mine was placed by fanatics or insurrectionists when Maine was at anchor, it would have been very difficult to set up under the watchful eyes of suspicious American sailors and Marines. Moreover, mines in that era were a problematic choice for anyone determined to sink the American battleship, owing to difficulties of fuses, placement, weapon endurance, and triggering. While it is impossible to prove a negative, the thought that an undetected, untraceable mine destroyed Maine while leaving damage to the ship’s hull unlike any other recorded underwater explosion, without any evidence of any perpetrators, is difficult to accept.

“If not a mine, than what? The wreckage of Maine clearly indicates that the initial explosion occurred in the 6-inch shell magazine. Damage to the ship radiates out from there. Hansen and Price point out that any number of causes may have detonated the 6-inch magazine, but the wreckage simply does not support an external cause. They posited that a coal fire in bunker A-16 could have gone undetected long enough to heat up some 6-inch shells. Warming up these shells would have been easy, since there was only a 1/8 inch thick steel bulkhead between the coal and the shells. The shells in turn exploded, detonating the rest of the magazine. While there is no direct proof in support of this theory, it is the explanation that makes the most sense with the available evidence, including contemporary documentation that spontaneous coal fires were common on ships of the era. The main objection to the coal bunker explanation is that the crew would have detected a coal fire. However, the Sampson court of inquiry found that no one had inspected the relevant bunker or magazine since early in the morning, leaving almost 12 hours for a fire to smolder undetected. This was more than enough time to heat up adjacent shells.

“If the ship was blown up by an accident onboard, how do we explain Section 1 and the keel at Frame 18? When the magazine exploded, the hull burst out in many places. The ship sank rapidly, though, as water rushed into these new holes. The combination of moving water and the great mass of the ship above can easily bend steel and is the most likely cause of Section 1 folding back into the ship. After the explosion, the entire front section of the ship buckled, bent, and twisted, being connected to the aft section by only the keel. As a result, the keel ended up bent upward. While this can seem strange, it is consistent with underwater damage observed in World War II. We will never know for sure what sparked the magazine explosion that destroyed Maine. We can be sure, though, that the ship was destroyed by an internal explosion, likely caused by accident….”

PBS. Timeline. “February 16 1898:Battleship U.S.S. Maine Explodes.”

“At 9:40pm on February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 268 men and shocking the American populace. Of the two-thirds of the crew who perished, only 200 bodies were recovered and 76 identified.

“The sinking of the Maine, which had been in Havana since February 15, 1898, on an official observation visit, was a climax in pre-war tension between the United States and Spain. In the American press, headlines proclaimed “Spanish Treachery!” and “Destruction of the War Ship Maine Was the Work of an Enemy!” William Randolph Hearst and his New York Journal offered a $50,000 award for the “detection of the Perpetrator of the Maine Outrage.” Many Americans assumed the Spanish were responsible for the Maine’s destruction.

“On March 28, 1898, the United States Naval Court of Inquiry found that the Maine was destroyed by a submerged mine. Although blame was never formally placed on the Spanish, implication was clear. Recent research suggests that the explosion may have been an accident, involving a spontaneous combustion fire in the coal bunker. Some conspiracy theorists have even suggested that sensational journalist William Randolph Hearst may have set the explosion in order to precipitate a war. While historians will never know exactly what happened the night the Maine went down, it is clear that the incident was a significant force that propelled the United States into the Spanish-American War.”

“Bibliography:

Dyal, Donald H.. Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War. Greenwood Press: Westport, CT, 1996.

O’Toole, G.J.A., The Spanish War: An American Epic-1898. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, 1984.

White, Trumbull. Pictoral History of Our War With Spain. Freedom Publishing Company, 1898.”

US Navy: “Battleship USS Maine sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba, after the explosion of the forward magazine. 266 killed and 54 injured (sometimes attributed to hostile action. ). 15 Feb. 1898.” (US Dept. Navy. “Casualties: US Navy…Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Injured…”)

Sources

Benson, Ragnar. The Greatest Explosions in History: The Fire, Flash and Fury of Natural and Man-Made Disasters. Carol Publishing Group, A Citadel Press Book, 1990.

Fahey, John E. Historian, US Naval History and Heritage Command. “Why did the USS Maine explode?” 2-7-2023. Accessed 3-20-2024 at: https://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/Recent/Article-View/Article/3290776/why-did-the-uss-maine-explode/

Nash, Jay Robert. Darkest Hours – A Narrative Encyclopedia of Worldwide Disasters from Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Pocket Books, Wallaby, 1977, 792 pages.

PBS. American Experience. The Great Fever. “Timeline of Yellow Fever in America.” September 29, 2006. Accessed at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/fever/filmmore/index.html

PBS. Timeline. “February 16 1898:Battleship U.S.S. Maine Explodes.” Accessed 3-20-2024 at: https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl10.html

Wikipedia. “USS Maine (1889).” 3-10-2024. Accessed 3-20-2024 at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)

United States Department of the Navy. Casualties: US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Injured in Selected Accidents and Other Incidents Not Directly the Result of Enemy Action. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center. 2008. Washington, DC: Washington Navy Yard. Accessed 3-20-2024 at: http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/NHC/accidents.htm

[1] Fahey footnote: “For a discussion of the flaws of the Sampson Board, see Kenneth C. Wenzer, “The USB Maine Conspiracy,” Federal History 12 (April 2020): 75-98.”

[2] Cites: U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Report on the Wreck of the Maine, 62d Congress, 2d session, December 14, 1911, Document 310.

[3] Cites: H. G. Rickover, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed (Washington, DC: Naval History Division, 1976), 107-30.

[4] Juan Du Bosc, “Extract From the Report of the Spanish Commission on The Maine Catastrophe,” Documentary Histories: Spanish-American War. Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C., https://www.history.navy.mil/research/publications/documentary-histories/united-states-navy-s/destruction-of-the-m/extract-from-the-rep-0.html

[5] Thomas B. Allen. “Remember the Maine?” National Geographic, 193, No. 2, February 1998, pp. 92-111.

[6] Unsolved History, season 1, episode 2. “The Death of the U.S.S. Maine,” directed by Robert Erickson, narrated by Kathleen Kern, aired October 16, 2022 in broadcast syndication, Discovery Channel.

19th Century

1898 — Feb 5, storm, Seattle steamer Clara Nevada fire/grounds/sinks ~Eldred Rock, AK–82-104

lornajarrettblanchard February 5, 1898

–25- 150 Skagway Historical Society. Clara Nevada. Feb 4, 2011.
–60->130 Levi, Steven C. The Clara Nevada. 2011, p. 23.
— >107 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” C*
— 104 AK Bur. Ocean Energy Mgmt., Reg., Enforce. Alaska’s Worst… Shipping Losses.
— 82-104 Blanchard estimated death toll.*
— 104 Tornfelt and Burwell. Shipwrecks of the Alaskan Shelf and Shore. 1992, p. 20.
— 82 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”
— 68 San Francisco Call. Feb 14 and 15, 1898.
— 65 Macdonald and O’Keefe. “The Klondike’s ‘Dear Little Nugget.” 1996, p. 8.
— ~57 Levi best guestimate. The Clara Nevada. 2011, p. 23.
— 56 McCurdy. “Ocean Tragedies…Northwest Coast.” Overland Monthly, V34, 1899, 299
— 46 Levi, Steven C. The Clara Nevada. 2011, p. 23.
— 40 Gottehrer. The Associated Press Stylebook for Alaska (2nd edition). 2000, p. 90.
— 33 U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service. Annual Report 1899, p. 26.

*Blanchard estimated death toll: In that there was no definitive count of crew or passengers, we choose to follow the alaskashipwreck.com website for the low end of our estimate (82). For the high end we choose to follow the Alaska Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (104). We do not use the number 150 noted as the high-end of a range reported in the Skagway Historical Society article on the Clara Nevada as our high-end in that it was noted that their range of 25-150 was merely based on “various reports.” While it is possible that one of the sources noted above reporting fewer than 82 deaths is closer to the truth, no one knows, and we are of the opinion from reading the narrative information below that the range of fatalities was most likely in the 82-104 range.

*Blanchard note on Alaskashipwreck.com’s “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” Notes that when the Clara Nevada sailed north, there were 42 crewmembers aboard. Does not note how many crewmembers were aboard on the return trip south, but does note that “as many as 65 passengers [were] on board when she vanished.” Thus an authoritative notion of the number of passengers does not exist. If we assume that the crew size was still 42 on the return trip and up to 65 passengers were aboard, then up to 104 people would have died, in that there were no survivors.

Narrative Information

Alaskashipwreck.com: “1898…Clara Nevada…SE [southeast area]…154 Foot…Wood Pass. Steamer…82 [lives lost].” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”)

Alaskashipwreck.com: “Clara Nevada (1898). February 5, 1898 the 154 foot steel passenger steamer Clara Nevada disappeared in Lynn Canal. The vessel departed Seattle January 27th bound for Skagway with 42 crewmembers and as many as 40 passengers. She was on her return trip southbound from the gold fields with as many as 65 passengers on board when she vanished. Rumors at the time told of a large quantity of gold from the Klondike went down with the vessel. In 1908 a late February storm coupled with extreme neap tides exposed the wreckage of the ill fated Clara Nevada in the shallows north of Eldred Rock. The exposed wreckage also brought to light a revelation that two divers, George Stowell and H. Sanford had located the wreck in past years and salvaged much of the machinery and cargo. They were also able to determine a cause of the disaster. The divers’ investigation revealed that a fire had started in the boatswain’s locker that had spread to the wheel house forcing the crew aft. Emergency tackle was rigged for steerage but it failed in the ferocious winds. The vessel was blown onto uncharted Eldred Reef where a hole was stove into her port bow. The Clara Nevada slid off the reef and sank in the shallow water nearby. The fire was likely extinguished along with the lives of all those aboard. Stowell and Sanford claimed that they were not able to locate any of the gold rumored to have been aboard the vessel.

“In 1916 famous deep sea diver and wrecker C. F. Stagger also found the Clara Nevada and salvaged half a ton of copper and brass from the hulk. Mr. Stagger’s investigation of the wreck came to the conclusion that the wreck was not caused by a fire, but more likely, the vessel struck a submerged rock. The hull was completely encased in kelp and marine growth at the time of Stagger’s investigation 18 years after the disaster which could explain his conflicting report as to the cause of the sinking. He also claimed that there was no gold to be found aboard the vessel where he had been able to reach with his efforts.

“Many stories and speculations have been printed about the loss of the Clara Nevada, but a complete picture has yet to surface. There are questions about not only the cause of the loss, but who was on board and what valuable cargo was she carrying? Those who have located and reached the wreck claim that the soft mud where she lies and the damaged condition of her hull make it unlikely that the gold that was aboard will ever be found. Her hull is said to be in a sad state either from collision, boiler explosion or the explosion of the dynamite she was carrying for the Treadwell Mine at Douglas.

“It has been difficult to determine exactly how many people were aboard the Clara Nevada and who they were. There were no survivors and the purser’s records went down with the ship. Among those reported lost from the crew were captain C H Lewis, pilot Ed Kelly, first officer Smith, engineer David Reed, purser George Foster Beck, steward O’Donnell, Quartermaster Bat Hurley, Quartermaster Edward O’Brien, Fireman Billy Carey, Fireman Billy McDonald, Fireman Arthur Finnegan, Steerage Steward W.J. Jackson, Night Watchman H.M. Benton, Steam fitter George G. Hill, Cabin Boy John L. Butler, Cabin Boy C.E. Perkins, Cabin Boy George Rose and freight clerk George Rogers. Some of the passenger thought to have been lost with the Clara Nevada include Frank Whitney of Cripple Creek CO, Al Noyes of Juneau, a young man named Hill of Seattle, Harry Hunt of Montana, George Rowe of Seattle, Al Nebocker of Portland OR, A. Bennicke of Portland OR, A.J. Selong of New York and Mr. and Mrs. Dros.

“Mapping and Location: Southeast Alaska 58 58 15 N 135 13 10 W Chart 17317.

“Additional Information : Length 154 feet, breadth 24.7 feet, Depth 11.8 feet, Built Camden NJ in 1872, Former Name U S C G S Hassler, Registered Seattle, ON 127222, Master C H Lewis of Portland Oregon, Owner P and A T Co of Seattle, Vessel Value $90,000, Vessel Insurance $20,000

“Sources: 1. U S Customs Wreck Report filed by H P McGuire President of P and A T Co April 25, 1898, 2.San Francisco Chronicle (March 18, 1908) “Says Wreck Was Due To Fire” Pg 3, 3. Ann Arbor Argus (February 18, 1898) “Forty May Be Dead” Pg 6, 4. Daily Alaska Dispatch (June 28, 1916) “Relics From Clara Nevada Brought Here” Pg 5, 5. Oregonian (February 18, 1898) “None Left To Tell” Pg 6, 6. San Diego Union (February 20, 1898) “Skagway Crowded” Pg 1.”
(Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” C.)

Gottehrer: “Feb 5, 1898. The steamer Clara Nevada blew up in Lynn Canal killing all 40 on board. The vessel was sighted on fire by residents of Berners Bay about 30 miles from Skagway. They heard it blow up. It disappeared, leaving only scattered debris. Attempt at rescue was impossible because of severe weather conditions.” (Gottehrer. The Associated Press Stylebook for Alaska (2nd edition). 2000, p. 90.)

Levi: “No one knew how many people perished in the disaster – the passenger list had gone down with the ship. There was no backup paperwork, either…This was the beginning of a gold rush, during which emphasis was on making money and not on keeping records. As a result, passenger records were sparse. It could be assumed that anyone who wanted to head south and had passage money was taken aboard….Estimates of the dead ran from a low of thirty to well over one hundred, in addition to the crew of thirty. While there is no way to come up with an accurate count, combining the list of the dead from all newspaper articles, there were at least forty-six individuals aboard identifiable by name and one corpse. But several newspapers stated a handful of women were onboard, for whom no names were given, as well as seven Klondikers, again with no names. There is also evidence to support the contention that there were at least three stowaways on board. Probably, the best count would be in the neighborhood of fifty-seven.” (Levi. The Clara Nevada. 2011, p. 23.)

McCurdy: “The worst disaster on the Alaska run was the loss of the steamer Clara Nevada. She was bound north from Seattle with fifty-six persons aboard. When near Shelter Island she either foundered or blew up, not a soul surviving to give the details of her loss.” (McCurdy. “Ocean Tragedies on the Northwest Coast.” Overland Monthly, Vol. 34, 1899, p. 299.)

Skagway Historical Society: “On this day, February 4, 1898 the Clara Nevada was docked in Skagway and no one knew that the following day, February 5 would hold disaster. Several people were preparing to take the boat to Juneau, little did they know it would be the last time they would see their loved ones and feel the ground beneath their feet.

“The Nevada was formerly the Hassler of the United States Revenue Service and was built at Camden, N. J., in 1872. As a pioneer iron steamer, the Hassler had both advantages and disadvantages. Her innovative steeple compound engine made the ship economical to operate during survey work. Roomy enough for 30 or 40 people, the ship usually proved a comfortable place to live and work.

“Unfortunately defects in the iron hull worsened over time. The Coast Survey spent significant sums of money annually to keep the ship afloat. The amount of maintenance, however, proved insufficient. By the early 1880s, Hassler Captain Henry Nichols cautioned his superiors that due to inadequate maintenance, the ship was beginning to show her age. In October 1892, during a voyage from Alaska to San Francisco, one iron plate from above the waterline cracked outright and at least one other warped severely during a major storm. Later inspection revealed that the cracked plate had rusted through and the wood bracing behind it had rotted. Observers in the engine room noted that the ship flexed enough to alter the distance between the main steam pipe and the inside hatch of the engine room by 1 inch. Although repairs were made, the working of the ship and creaking of the bulkheads continued during subsequent storms. By the fall of 1893, Hassler Captain Giles Harker described the ship as being on “her last legs” but capable of a few more years of service “barring accident.” The Coast Survey officially decommissioned the Hassler on May 25, 1895. In August, the vessel sold to the McGuire Brothers, a dubious pair whose nefarious reputation helped to create the legend of the Clara Nevada. They paid $15,700, or 25% of the ship’s original cost. The McGuire’s insisted on secrecy regarding the sale, requiring that the announcement of the transfer take place via mail rather than telegraph so they could “take possession without publicity.” The Hassler was quickly overhauled for Alaskan service and renamed the Clara Nevada.

“On January 26 1898, the 26 year old Hassler/Clara Nevada departed Seattle for the first time under the management of her new owners. The voyage north was beset with problems. The Clara Nevada hit another ship while leaving the dock, and there were constant problems with the boilers, and at one point she even caught fire. Somehow she reached Skagway and most of her passengers got off, but some were already so discouraged by the whole “adventure” that they remained on board, and on February 5 they headed south with an unknown number of passengers between 25 and 150 by various reports.

“There is no proof yet of what exactly happened to the Clara Nevada. It is thought that in order to maintain control in the high wind and sharp following seas, the steamer would have had to maintain a reasonable level of forward progress with her steam engine. This made the force of the collision on Eldred Rock especially great—and could have led to the overturning of lamps, fireboxes, and stoves, which would account for the reported fire. Impaled on the rock, the helpless vessel became subject to the strong waves and winds that swept the stern first toward the west and then 180 degrees to the south. Catastrophic hull failure occurred, with the brittle bottom giving way amidships and hull plating probably pulling away from the degraded frames. Sinking would have been almost immediate.

“Witnesses reported “a flash, a burst of flames and all was over.” Everybody on board was killed in the explosion. Today, the wreck, lying in pieces in 25-40 feet of water, is a popular spot for divers.” (Skagway Historical Society. Clara Nevada. Feb 4, 2011.)

Tornfelt and Burwell: “…Feb 5, 1898 [date of wreck]…Clara Nevada…wood steamer…reef off Eldred Rock…Caught fire in gale of hurricane force blowing 99 mph. Vessel was carrying dynamite and exploded and caught fire. Came to rest on reef; 39 crew and 65 passengers lost. Ship sunk in 6 hours. Only 1 body recovered…” (Tornfelt, Evert E. and Michael Burwell. Shipwrecks of the Alaskan Shelf and Shore. Anchorage: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1992, p. 20.)

US SIS: “February 5. – Steamer Clara Nevada, bound from Skagway to Juneau, southeast Alaska, struck a reef off Eldred Rock during a heavy gale and became a total loss with all on board… approximately 33 persons, of whom 12 were passengers and 21 were crew.” (U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service. Annual Report 1899, p. 26.)

Sources

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.” Accessed 11-14-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/alaska-shipwrecks-1729-2012/alaska-shipwrecks-1800-1899/

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” Accessed 11-14
-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-c/

Gottehrer, Dean M. The Associated Press Stylebook for Alaska (Revised and 2nd edition). Fairbanks, Alaska: Epicenter Press, 2000. Partially digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=O53zwdFYTGEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Levi, Steven C. The Clara Nevada: Gold, Greed, Murder and Alaska’s Inside Passage. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2011. Partially digitized by Google. Accessed 7-18-2011 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=0TeX3W4mHfkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Macdonald, Ian and Betty O’Keefe. The Klondike’s ‘Dear Little Nugget.’ Victoria, B.C., Canada: Horsdal & Schubart Publishers Ltd., 1996. Google digital preview accessed 11-14-2021: https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Klondike_s_dear_Little_Nugget/engIg9EnY5IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Macdonald+and+O%E2%80%99Keefe.+%E2%80%9CThe+Klondike+%E2%80%98Dear+Little+Nugget.%E2%80%9D&pg=PP5&printsec=frontcover

McCurdy, James G. “Ocean Tragedies on the Northwest Coast.” Overland Monthly, Vol. 34, No. 202, Oct. 1899. Pp. 291-300. Digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=otNUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

San Francisco Call. “Sunk in Berner Bay With Crew and Passengers. Alaskan Steamship Clara Nevada Reported to Have Gone Down Will All on Board.” 2-15-1898. Transcribed by D. Blethen Adams Levy in Ship Passengers: 1846-1899 (The Maritime Heritage Project). “Shipwrecks in Pacific Waters: 1800s — SS Clara Nevada.” Accessed 9-1-2017 at: http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ships/SS-Clara-Nevada.html

Skagway Historical Society. Clara Nevada. Feb 4, 2011. Accessed 7-18-2011 at: http://skagwayfolklore.blogspot.com/2011/02/clara-nevada.html

Tornfelt, Evert E. and Michael Burwell. Shipwrecks of the Alaskan Shelf and Shore. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Mineral Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, 1992. Accessed 11-14-2021 at: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Shipwrecks_of_the_Alaskan_Shelf_and_Shor/8YUTAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=seal

United States Steamboat-Inspection Service. Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat-Inspection Service for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1899. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1899, 323 pages. Digitized by Google. Accessed 11-14-2021 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=4IspAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

19th Century

1898 — Typhoid, esp. June-Dec, Spanish War Army camps and civilians, esp. Philly–>4,627

lornajarrettblanchard January 1, 1898

Compiled by Wayne Blanchard Jan 3, 2024 for upload to: http://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

— >4,627 Blanchard tally of military and civilian typhoid deaths noted below.*

— 1,900 Military^[1]

— 2,192 Kuhns, et al. “Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers.” Chapter XXII in Preventive Med.

— 1,900 Reed, et al. Report…Typhoid Fever in…U.S. Military Camps…(Vol. 1), 1904.^[2]

— 1,580 Reed, et al. Report…Typhoid Fever in…U.S. Military Camps…(Vol. 1), 1904, 674.^[3]

–>1,500 PBS, The Great Fever. “People & Events. Infection in Camps.” 9-29-2006.^[4]

— 3 Military, Regular

— 1 Jan. Reed, et al. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, p. 659.

— 1 Feb. Reed, et al. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, p. 659.

— 1 Apr. Reed, et al. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, p. 659.

— 2,724 Civilian A minimum. Have not conducted concerted search for civilian deaths.

* There were many other typhoid deaths, military and civilian. If our counting of deaths the Walter Reed et al report on typhoid fever in military camps is accurate, there were 1,918 deaths classified as typhoid fever. Their report notes, however, that the disease was often misdiagnosed as malaria or malarial fever and thus their reporting would not capture all typhoid deaths. Additionally, as they cautioned readers, there were reasons to suspect there were other military typhoid deaths – particularly amongst the large number sent from their camps to military or civilian hospitals or to home (sick) with no notation as to the ultimate fate of these individuals.

The civilian typhoid death statistics we have located are, we believe, the tip of the iceberg. We have little State data (Michigan, for example, with 572). We do not view Michigan as an outlier. Note our more extensive, though incomplete, data on Pennsylvania. Our search of newspaper archives covers only the first three weeks of January (to establish a basis of the early and endemic nature of the disease over much of the country) and for a few other isolated dates. We suspect that if a more diligent search of just newspaper archives were made hundreds of additional deaths attributed to typhoid fever would be found.

By way of context, where national mortality data is available, as in 1897, there were 9,192 deaths recorded. From June 1889 to May 1890 27,058 typhoid (enteric fever) deaths were reported. In 1900 there were 35,379 reported typhoid fever deaths (See our Chronology and Typology docs.)

Summary of State Breakouts

Alabama (military) ( 48) 18 AL regimental and 30 other soldiers regardless of State

Arizona (military ( 3)

Arkansas (military) ( 39) 36 AR regimental and 3 other soldiers regardless of State

Colorado (civilian) ( 20) July 1-Oct 25

Connecticut (365) 333 civilian and 32 military

Delaware ( 9) 6 First DE Vol. Infantry, 3^rd Brigade, 2^nd Div., and 3 civilians

District of Columbia (182) District of Columbia Health Officer report

Florida ( 37) Military; troop deaths regardless of originating State.

Georgia (739) 716 military and 23 civilian.

Idaho ( 1)

Illinois (131) 117 IL military, 11 other military, and 3 civilians.

Indiana (141) 55 IN military, 11 other military, and 75 civilians.

Iowa (145) 119 IA military, 21 other military, and 5 civilians.

Kansas ( 33) Military. 21^st KS Vol. Inf./21, 22^nd. KS Vol. Inf./11, 1^st KS Inf./1.

Kentucky ( 78) 57 KY military, 66 other military in KY and 7 civilians.

Louisiana ( 22) 19 LA military and 3 other military in LA.

Maine ( 76) 45 ME military and 31 other military in ME.

Maryland (232) 24 MD military, 8 other military and over 200 Baltimore civilians.

Massachusetts ( 75) 34 MA military, 1 other military in MA.

Michigan (676) 96 MI military, 8 other military in MI and 572 civilians.

Minnesota ( 56) 46 MN military, 9 other military in MN and 1 civilian.

Missouri (214) 93 MO military, 14 other military and 107 civilians (95 St. Louis)

Nebraska ( 65) 49 NE military and 16 other military in NE.

New Hampshire ( 44) 40 NH military and 14 other military in NH.

New Jersey ( 40) 37 NJ military and 3 other military in NJ.

New York (539) 256 NY military, 178 other military and 105 civilians (Buffalo/98).

North Carolina ( 16) Military

Ohio (219) 137 OH mil., 25 other mil. in OH and 57 civilians (33 / Columbus)

Pennsylvania (1,167) 169 PA mil., 40 other mil. in PA and 958 civs. (600+ Philadelphia)

Rhode Island ( 12) 10 RI First RI Vol. Inf., 3td Brigade, 2^nd Div., and 2 civilians.

South Carolina ( 29) 10 SC military, 16 other military in SC and 3 civilians.

Tennessee ( 72) 21 TN military and 51 other military in TN.

Texas ( 34) 16 TX military, 3 other military in TX and 15 civilian (14 Dallas)

Vermont ( 38) 22 VT military, 15 other military in VT and 1 civilian.

Virginia (139) 60 VA military and 79 other military dying in VA.

West Virginia ( 28) 27 WV military and 1 other miliary dying in WV.

Wisconsin (104) 100 WI military, 2 other military dying in WI, and 4 civilians.

Other Military Units ( 42) 2^nd, 3^rd and 5^th U.S. Cavalry units.

Puerto Rico (525) 109 US troops in PR camps; 416 civilians.

Breakout of Typhoid Fever Fatalities by State and Locality (where noted):

Alabama (Military) (18 / 30) 1^st number is AL Regimental deaths; 2^nd is mil. deaths in AL.

–10 1^st AL, 7^th Army Corps, Jacksonville, FL. Reed. Report…Typhoid…(V1), 1904, p.519.

— 8 2^nd AL Vol. Inf., 7^th Army, Jacksonville, FL. Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 519.^[5]

— 1 Anniston,^[6] Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 239.

— 1 “ Oct 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

— 1 “ Oct 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

— 1 “ Jan 2, 1899. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 282.

— 1 Birmingham, Oct 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 523.

— 1 Cootspa Aug 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 Florence, Sep 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 523.

— 1 Huntsville,^[7] July 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 490.

— 1 “ Aug 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 500.

— 1 “ Aug 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 496.

— 1 “ Sep 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 274.

— 1 “ Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 274.

— 2 “ Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 173, 246.

— 1 “ Sep 12.^[8] Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 274.

— 1 “ Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 3 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 246, 496.

— 1 “ Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 496.

— 1 “ Sep 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Sep 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 2 “ Oct 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 246, 494.

— 2 “ Oct 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Nov 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Nov 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Nov 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Nov 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Nov 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 Larkinsville, Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 525.

— 1 Mobile, June 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 523.

— 1 “ near, June 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 529.

— 1 “ June 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 523.

— 1 Montgomery, Oct 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 525.

— 1 Opelika Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 523.

Arizona ( 3)

–3 Whipple Barracks.^[9] Williamsburg Journal, IA. “Typhoid…Epidemic.” 10-21-1898, 6.^[10]

Arkansas (Military) (36 / 3) 1^st number is AR military; 2^nd is other mil. dying in AR.

—>19 First Arkansas Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 3^rdArmy. Reed 1904, 224-227, 266.^[11]

— 17 Second Arkansas Vol. Infantry, Second Brigade, Second Div., 3^rd Army. Reed 1904, 233.

— 1 near Salem, Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 239.

— 1 Walnut Ridge, Dec 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 239.

— 1 Place not noted, Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 239.

Colorado (Civilian) (20)

— 20 Denver, July 1-Oct 25. CO Med. Jour., “Dr. Hughes Feels Hurt,” V4, N11, Nov 1898, 428.

Connecticut (Civilian) (333)

–333 “Typhoid Fever in [NY]…1898.” Medical Review of Reviews, V5/N5, 5-25-1899, 376.^[12]

Connecticut (Military) ( 32)

–19 First Connecticut Vol. Infantry, First Div., Second Army Corps. Reed 1904, 336.^[13]

–13 Third Connecticut Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army, Camp Meade, PA. Reed, 406.

Delaware ( 9)

–6 First Delaware Vol. Inf., 3^rd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army Corps, Camp Meade, PA. Reed 469

Civilians:

–2 Rising Sun, summer. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 470.

–1 Wilmington, June 4. (Estella Leona Tyson.) Laura’s Lineal and Collateral Ascent (website)

District of Columbia (182)

— 182, year. District of Columbia Health Officer. Report of…Annual Rpt. V. III. 1907, p. 219.

Florida (Military) (0 / 37) Military typhoid deaths in Florida military camps.

— 1 Camp Cuba Libre, Aug 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 529.

— 1 “ Aug 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 525.

— 1 “ Oct 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 529.

— 1 “ Nov 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 526.

— 1 Fernandina, July 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

— 1 “ Aug 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Aug 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 2 “ Aug 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 182, 498.

— 1 “ Aug 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 1 “ Aug 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 2 “ Aug 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 492, 498.

— 1 “ Aug 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 486.

— 1 “ Aug 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

— 3 “ Aug 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 182, 492.

— 2 “ Aug 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 490, 492.

— 1 “ Aug 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Aug 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

— 1 “ Aug 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 2 “ Aug 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 492, 494.

— 1 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 486.

— 2 “ Aug 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 246, 492.

— 1 “ Aug 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 492.

— 1 “ Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

— 1 “ Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

— 1 “ Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

— 2 “ Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 182, 494.

— 1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Sep 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

— 1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 3 Jacksonville, July. 2^nd IL Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 548.

–~8 “ Jul-Oct. 1^st NC Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div. 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 556.

— 2 “ Aug. 2^nd IL Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 548.

— 1 “ Aug 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 525.

— 1 “ Aug 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 525.

— 1 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 523.

— 1 “ Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 526.

–10 “ Sep. 2^nd IL Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 548.

— 1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 526.

— 2 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 525, 527.

— 1 “ Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 526.

— 1 “ Sep 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 529.

— 1 “ Sep 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 530.

— 1 “ Oct 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 529.

— 1 “ Oct 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 526.

— 1 “ Oct 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 530.

— 1 “ Oct 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 527.

— 1 “ Oct 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 527.

— 1 “ Oct 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 529.

— 1 “ Oct 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 529.

— 1 Lakeland Aug 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 274.

— 1 “ Aug 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 274.

— 1 “ Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 274.

— 2 Miami July 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 527.

— 1 “ July 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 527.

— 1 “ July 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 527.

— 2 “ July 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 526, 530.

— 1 “ Aug 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 530.

— 1 “ Aug 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 530.

— 1 “ Aug 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 530.

— 1 “ Aug 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 523, 526.

— 1 “ Aug 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 523.

— 1 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 523.

— 1 Pablo Beach, Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 527.

— 1 Port Tampa, July 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 490.

— 1 “ July 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 492.

— 1 St. Petersburg, Aug 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 65.

— 1 Tampa, July 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 500.

— 1 “ July 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 2 “ July 29.^[14] Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 246, 492.

— 1 “ Aug 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ Aug 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 500.

— 2 “ Aug 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 500.

— 1 “ Aug 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 496.

— 1 “ Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ hosp. train/Aug 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 492.

— 1 Tampa Heights, Aug 21.Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 West Tampa, Aug 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

Georgia (Military) (23 and 716)^[15]

— 9 First Georgia Volunteer Infantry, First Brigade, Second Div., First Army Corps. Reed, 61.

–13 Second Georgia Volunteer Infantry, Fourth Army. Reed 1904, pp. 494-496.^[16]

— 1 Batteries A, B, Georgia, Light Artillery Brigade, First Army Corps. Reed 1904, p. 277.

— 1 Atlanta, Aug 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

— 1 “ Sep 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 Augusta, Nov 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 496.

–1 Chickamauga,^[17] May 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 74.

–1 “ June 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 490.

–1 “ June 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 225.

–2 “ June 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 121, 225.

–3 “ June 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 26, 148, 263.

–2 “ June 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 113, 263.

–1 “ June 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 239.

–1 “ July 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

–1 “ July 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 156.

–3 “ July 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 239, 250, 263.

–1 “ July 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

–1 “ July 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

–2 “ July 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 113, 282.

–2 “ July 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 224, 257.

–2 “ July 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 221, 263.

–4 “ July 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 8, 41, 148, 156.

–1 “ July 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

–1 “ July 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 10.

–1 “ July 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 215.

–4 “ July 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 38, 51, 134, 148.

–1 “ July 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 128.

–1 “ July 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 144.

–3 “ July 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 26, 233, 250.

–3 “ July 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…V1, 1904, 20, 61, 225.

–3 “ July 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 134, 221, 239.

–2 “ July 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…V1, 1904, 30, 41.

–2 “ July 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 191, 270.

–3 “ July 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 61, 148, 272.

–2 “ July 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 38, 156.

–3 “ July 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 148, 263, 272.

–4 “ July 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 28, 144, 191, 233.

–4 “ July 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 103, 156, 215, 250.

–3 “ July 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 134, 153, 239.

–1 “ Aug. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

–5 “ Aug 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 156, 185, 272, 282.

–5 “ Aug 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…US Mil…V1, 1904, 38, 128, 134, 220-21.

–4 “ Aug 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 134, 153, 250.

–5 “ Aug 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, 1904, 128, 250, 257, 263, 272.

–2 “ Aug 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 65, 250.

–3 “ Aug 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 26, 148, 270.

–3 “ Aug 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 128, 215, 257.

–4 “ Aug 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 94, 96, 153, 177.

–8 “ Aug 9. Reed. Rpt.…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 41, 156, 185, 191. 233, 257, 270.

–3 “ Aug 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 94, 156.

–2 “ Aug 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 121, 148.

–4 “ Aug 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 113, 134, 153, 156.

–3 “ Aug 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 168, 203, 250.

–1 “ Aug 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 239.

–5 “ Aug 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, 1904, 148, 163, 168, 263, 272.

–3 “ Aug 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 168, 215, 239.

–8 “ Aug 17. Reed. Rpt.…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 65, 134, 153, 203, 233, 263, 282.

–5 “ Aug 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…(V1), 1904, 113, 250, 270, 272.

–7 “ Aug 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 20, 121, 134, 153, 215, 239, 257.

–4 “ Aug 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 41, 148, 250, 272.

–5 “ Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, 1904, 153, 203, 233, 250, 263.

–6 “ Aug 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, 1904, 134, 145, 156, 257, 282.

–3 “ Aug 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 153, 203, 221.

–7 “ Aug 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…(V1), 1904, 153, 203, 257, 270.

–9 “ Aug 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 113, 134, 153, 220, 239, 263.

–7 “ Aug 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, 1904, 74, 128, 220, 270, 282.

–3 “ Aug 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 26, 215, 282.

–2 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 113, 148.

–8 “ Aug 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 87, 215, 220, 221, 226, 239.

–5 “ Aug 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, 1904, 74, 113, 168, 203, 227.

–9 “ Aug 31. Reed. …Typhoid…V1, 1904, 103, 113, 144, 148, 156, 168, 282.

–1 “ Sep Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

–3 “ Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 128, 221, 239.

–3 “ Sep 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil….(V1), 1904, 65, 257, 282.

–7 “ Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 128, 148, 163, 203, 221, 226, 263

–5 “ Sep 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 128, 148, 214, 221.

–5 “ Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, 1904, 61, 134, 203, 270, 278.

–4 “ Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 214, 239, 250, 282.

–4 “ Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 87, 103, 153, 215.

–4 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 94, 177, 220, 282.

–3 “ Sep 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 121, 156.

–3 “ Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 134, 270.

–1 “ Sep 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

–1 “ Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 113.

–2 “ Sep 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 168, 221.

–1 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

–1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

–4 “ Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 163, 177, 282.

–1 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 239.

–1 “ Sep 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 227.

–1 “ Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 148.

–1 “ Sep 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

–1 “ Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

–1 “ Sep 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

–2 “ Sep 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 203, 215.

–2 “ Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 163, 282.

–1 “ Oct 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 96.

–1 “ Oct 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

–1 “ Oct 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 221.

–1 “ Oct 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 221.

–1 “ Oct 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 270.

–1 “ Oct 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

–1 “ Oct 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 96.

–1 “ Nov 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 282.

–1 “ Nov 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 282.

–1 “ Nov 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 96.

–1 Columbus, Dec 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 56.

–1 First GA Div. hosp., Oct 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 61.

–1 Fort McPherson,^[18] July 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 496.

–1 “ July 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

–1 “ July 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

–2 “ July 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 215, 257.

–2 “ July 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 263, 500.

–2 “ July 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 257, 496.

–1 “ Aug 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 220.

–1 “ Aug 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

–1 “ Aug 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 144.

–1 “ Aug 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 490.

–2 “ Aug 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 182, 220.

–1 “ Aug 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

–2 “ Aug 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 28, 214.

–2 “ Aug 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 191, 494.

–1 “ Aug 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

–2 “ Aug 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 239, 246.

–3 “ Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 182, 494, 500.

–1 “ Aug 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 500.

–1 “ Aug 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 500.

–2 “ Aug 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 61.

–2 “ Aug 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 173, 500.

–1 “ Aug 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

–1 “ Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

–1 “ Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

–1 “ Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

–1 “ Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

–1 “ Oct 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

–1 “ Jan 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

–1 “ Jan 9, 1899. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 282.

–1 Greens Cut, Oct 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 496.

–1 Lytle, July 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

–1 Savannah, Apr 16, 1899. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 527.

Idaho ( 1)

— 1 Not noted, Jan 5. Boston Daily Globe. “Death of William S. Currier in Idaho.” 1-8-1898, 19

Illinois (Civilian) ( 3)

— 1 Atwood, ~Jan 2. Decatur Herald Dispatch, IL. “Atwood.” 1-8-1898, p. 8.

— 1 Collinsville. Jan 18. Edwardsville Intelligencer, IL. “Collinsville.” 1-21-1898, p. 8, c.3.

— 1 Morganville, Jan 9. Daily Review, Decatur, IL. “Blue Mound.” 1-11-1898, p. 1.

Illinois (Military) (117 / 11) 1^st number is IL mil. typhoid deaths; 2^nd is mil. deaths in IL.

–16 First Illinois Vol. Cavalry. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 272.^[19]

–18 Second Illinois Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 539, 548.^[20]

–25 Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Second Brigade, First Div., First Army Corps. Reed, 26.

–20 Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Third Div., Seventh Army Corps. Reed 1904, 637.

— 8 Fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, First Brigade, First Div., First Army Corps. Reed, 17.

— 8 Sixth Illinois Vol. Infantry, 2^nd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 321.

— 2 Seventh Illinois Vol. Infantry, 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 350.^[21]

–18 Ninth Illinois Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 567, 571.^[22]

— 2 Battery A, Illinois, Light Artillery Brigade, First Army Corps. Reed 1904, p. 277.

— 1 Chicago, July 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 96.

— 1 “ Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 “ Oct 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 96.

— 1 “ Nov 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 272.

— 1 “ Mercy Hosp., Nov 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…US Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

— 1 “ Nov 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

— 1 “ Dec 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

— 1 Fort Sheridan, Aug 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 272.

— 1 “ Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 272.

— 1 “ Sep 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 272.

— 1 Lacon, Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 272.

Location not noted:

— 1 June 26, 1^st IL Cavalry (Pvt. Oden). Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 272.

— 1 July 5, 1^st IL Cavalry (Sgt. Triplett). Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 272.

— 1 Aug 14, 3^rd IL Vol. Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

Indiana (Civilian) ( 75)

— 1 Borden, Jan 19. Jeffersonville News, IN. “Died of Typhoid Fever.” 1-22-1898, 2.^[23]

— 1 Fort Wayne, Jan 13. Fort Wayne Daily Gazette, IN. “Death of a Singer.” 1-14-1898, 8.

— 2 “ Jan 10-16. Fort Wayne Sentinel, IN. “The Week’s Dead.” 1-17-1898, p. 9.^[24]

–64 Indianapolis, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio River Basin…Erie, PA. P.56.^[25]

— 1 Lebanon, Jan 10. Lebanon Pioneer, IN. (May Cox). 1-13-1898, p. 4, col. 2.

— 1 Logansport, Jan 1. Logansport…Reporter, IN. “The Death Summons.” 1-3-1898, p. 8.

— 1 Peru, ~Jan 19. Poseyville News, IN. “Expert Bareback Rider Dead.” 1-21-1898, p. 7, col. 1.

— 1 St. Joe Twp., Jan 8. Fort Wayne News, IN. 1-10-1898, p. 5.

— 3 West Lebanon. Goshen Daily News, IN. “Started at a Wedding.” 10-28-1898, p4.^[26]

Indiana (Military) (55 / 11) 1^st number is IN mil. and 2^nd number is other mil. dying in IN.

— 1 Twenty-Eighth Indiana Battery, Light Artillery Brigade, 1^st Army Corps. Reed 1904, 277.

–14 One Hundred Fifty-Seventy Indiana Vol. Infantry, 4^th Army. Reed 1904, 491-492.^[27]

–10 One Hundred Fifty-Eighth Indiana Vol. Infantry, 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 1^st Army. Reed, 65.

— 8 One Hundred Fifty-Ninth Indiana Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army. Reed 347.^[28]

— 8 One Hundred Sixtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 1^st Army. Reed, 56.

–14 One Hundred Sixty-First Indiana Vol. Inf., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 637.

— 1 Angola, Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 492.

— 1 Athens, Oct 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 65.

— 1 Camp Mount,^[29] Aug ? Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 65.

— 2 “ Sep 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 65, 492.

— 1 “ Oct 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 65.

— 1 “ Oct 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 65.

— 1 Indianapolis, Sep 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 492.

— 1 “ Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 500.

— 1 Valparaiso, Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 272.

— 1 (soldier’s home), Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 65.

Place Not Noted:

–1 Nov 9, 160^th IN Div. hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 56.

Iowa (Civilian) ( 5)

— 3 Forest City, ~Jan 1. Upper Des Moines, Algona, IA. “Semi-Local News Notes.” 1-5-1898, 1

— 1 near Oakville. Burlington Hawk Eye, IA. “New London [Calhoun].” 1-18-1898, p. 6.

— 1 near Postville, Jan 18. Postville Review. IA. (William Kampka). 1-21-1898, p. 3, col. 2.

Iowa (Military) (119 / 21)^[30]

–50 Forty-Ninth Iowa Vol. Inf., 3^rd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 599, 604.^[31]

–33 Fiftieth Iowa Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 559, 565.^[32]

–36 Fifty-Second Iowa Vol. Inf., 3^rd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 3^rd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 257.^[33]

— 1 Algona, Aug 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Boone, Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 “ Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Camp McKinley, Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 2 “ Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 “ Sep 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 “ Sep 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Centerville, Oct. 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Des Moines, Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 “ Sep 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Emmetsburg, Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Fort Dodge, Aug 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 2 “ Sep 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Jefferson, Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Jewell, Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Larchwood, Sep 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Sioux City, Oct 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 Not noted, Pvt Clinton McDowell, Aug 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…(V1), 1904, 257.

Kansas (Military) (32 / 1)^[34]

–21 Twenty-First Kansas Vol. Infantry, Second Brigade, Third Div., First Army. Reed, 134.

–11 Twenty-Second Kansas Vol. Infantry, First Brigade, Second Div., 2^nd Army. Reed 344.^[35]

— 1 Quinten, Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 134.

— 1 Sgt. Alvin Miller, First Kansas Infantry – date and location not noted. Reed 1904, 134.

Kentucky (Civilian) ( 7)

— 1 Bernstadt, Feb 18, Jacob Geiser. Laurel County Hist. Soc. “Laurel County Deaths 1898.”^[36]

— 1 Jackson Co., May 11, Marida Bowman. “ “Laurel County Deaths 1898.”

— 1 Laurel County, May 25, Johnnie Bustle. “ “Laurel County Deaths 1898.”

— 1 Laurel County, Sep 28, George Jones. “ “Laurel County Deaths 1898.”

— 1 Laurel County, Nov 18, William Dixon. “ “Laurel County Deaths 1898.”

— 1 Laurel County, Dec 9, Samuel Doughty. “ “Laurel County Deaths 1898.”

— 1 Lily, Laurel County, Aug 19, Annie Berger. “ “Laurel Country Deaths 1898.”

Kentucky (Military) (57 / 66)^[37]

–18 First Kentucky Volunteer Infantry, First Brigade, First Div., First Army Corps. Reed, 8.

–28 Second Kentucky Vol. Infantry, First Brigade, Second Div., Third Army. Reed, 1904, 215.

–11 Third Kentucky Volunteer Infantry, Third Brigade, First Div., First Army Corps. Reed, 41.

— 1 Bryantsville, Oct. 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 214.

— 1 Camp Hamilton,^[38] Aug 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 41.

— 1 “ Aug 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

— 1 “ Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 156.

— 1 “ Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 144.

— 2 “ Sep 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 134. 145.

— 1 “ Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

— 1 “ Sep 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 134.

— 1 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 148.

— 2 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 56, 134.

— 1 “ Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 128.

— 1 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 113.

— 3 “ Sep 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid… Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 121, 128, 144.

— 1 “ Sep 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 144.

— 2 “ Sep 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 41, 128.

— 1 “ Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 214.

— 1 “ Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 128.

— 1 “ Sep 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 144.

— 1 “ Sep 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 128.

— 2 “ Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 128, 214.

— 1 “ Oct 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 144.

— 2 “ Oct 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 56, 144.

— 1 “ Oct 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 128.

— 2 “ Oct 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 56.

— 2 “ Oct 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 41, 128.

— 1 “ Nov 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 56.

— 1 Flemingsburg, Sep 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 214.

— 1 Fort Thomas,^[39] Jun 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

— 1 “ July 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

— 1 “ July 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 “ July 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 496.

— 1 “ July 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ July 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 492.

— 1 “ Aug 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 496.

— 1 “ Aug 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 496.

— 1 “ Aug 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 “ Aug 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 486.

— 1 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 500.

— 1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Sep 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 221.

— 1 “ Nov 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 56.

— 1 “ Dec 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 282.

— 1 Frankfort, Aug 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 214.

— 1 Harrodsburg, Oct. 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 214.

— 1 Lancaster, Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 215.

— 1 Lawrenceburg, Aug 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 215.

— 1 Lexington, July 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 214.

— 1 “ Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 128.

— 1 “ St. Joseph’s hosp. Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Camps…(V1), 1904, 113.

— 1 “ “ Sep 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 220.

— 1 “ Oct 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 215.

— 1 Louisville, Jan 21, 1899. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

— 1 Newport, July 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Aug 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 214.

— 1 “ Aug 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 215.

— 1 Pleasant Hill, Aug 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 214.

Place Not Noted:

— 1 Aug 19, 1^st KY Vol. Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

Louisiana (Military) (19 / 3) 1^st no. is LA troops dying of typhoid elsewhere; 2^nd mil. in LA.

–11 1^st LA Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 1^st Div., 7^th Army, Jacksonville, FL. Reed 1904, 519, 525.^[40]

— 8 2^nd LA Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 1^st Div., 7^th Army, Jacksonville, FL. Reed 1904, 519, 526.^[41]

— 1 Monroe, Sep 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 526.

— 1 New Orleans, June 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 526.

— 1 “ Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 526.

Maine (Military) (45 / 31)^[42]

–45 First Maine Vol. Infantry, Third Brigade, Second Div., Third Army Corps. Reed 1904, 250.

— 1 Auburn, Aug 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 Augusta, Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 2 “ Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Sep 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 2 “ Sep 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Oct 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Nov 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 2 Belgrade, Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 250, 282.

— 1 Biddeford, Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 Lewiston, Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 Portland, Aug 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Aug 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Aug 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 3 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Sep 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Sep 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Sep 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Sep 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Nov 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 Rockland, Sep 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 Warren Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

Maryland (Civilian) (>232)

— >200 Baltimore, year. Osler. The Problem of Typhoid Fever in the United States. 1899, 8.^[43]

Maryland (Military) ( 32) 24 MD troops outside state and 8 within.

— 7 First Maryland Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 382 and 386.^[44]

–17 Fifth Maryland Vol. Infantry, First Brigade, First Div., Third Army. Reed 1904, 173.^[45]

— 1 Baltimore, Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ Sep 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ Sep 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ Sep 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ Oct 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

— 1 “ Oct 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 173.

Massachusetts (Military) ( 75) 74 MA troops outside MA and 1 in Deerfield, MA.

— 3 Fifth Mass. Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army, Camp Meade, PA. Reed, 456.^[46]

–18 Sixth Massachusetts Vol. Infantry, 2^nd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army. Reed 1904, 323.^[47]

–19 Eighth Massachusetts Vol. Infantry, 2^nd Brigade, 3^rd Div., 1^st Army Corps. Reed 1904, 128.

–34 Ninth Massachusetts Vol. Infantry, Third Div., Second Army Corps. Reed 1904, 368.

— 1 Deerfield, Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 87.

Michigan (Civilian) ( 572)^[48]

–572 State. Mich. Dept. of State. 32^nd An. Rpt. Secretary of State… for…1898. 1900, p. xc.

Michigan (Military) (96 / 8)^[49]

–16 Thirty-First Michigan Volunteer Infantry, First Brigade, Second Div., First Army. Reed, 51

–19 Thirty-Second Michigan Volunteer Infantry, Fourth Army. Reed 1904, 492-494.^[50]

–14 Thirty-Third Michigan Vol. Infantry, Third Div., Second Army Corps. Reed 1904, 369.

–26 Thirty-Fourth Michigan Vol. Infantry, Third Div., Second Army Corps. Reed 1904, 370.

–21 Thirty-Fifth Michigan Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed, 1904, 393.^[51]

— 1 Battle Creek, Oct 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 1 “ Oct 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 1 Champion, Sep 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 270.

— 1 Detroit, Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 1 “ Oct 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 1 Grand Rapids, Oct 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 1 Milan, Oct 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 494.

— 1 Sunfield, Jan 22, 1899. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

Place Not Noted:

–1 Aug. 31^st Mich. Vols. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

–1 Aug 3. 31^st Mich. Vols. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

–1 Aug 15, 31^st MI Div. hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

–1 Aug 17, Pvt. Samuel Stockwell, 32^nd MI. Reed. Rpt.…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 494.

–1 Sep. 31^st Mich. Vols. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

–1 Mar 2, 1899, 31^st Mich. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

Minnesota (Military) (55) 46 MN troops elsewhere and 9 MN troops in MN.

–16 Twelfth Minnesota Vol. Infantry, First Brigade, Third Div., First Army Corps. Reed, 121.

–12 Fourteenth Minnesota Vol. Infantry, Third Brigade, Second Div., First Army. Reed, 96.

–18 Fifteenth Minnesota Vol. Inf., 3^rd Brigade, 1^st Div. 2^nd Army, Camp Meade, PA. Reed 430.

— 1 Dundas, Sep 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

— 1 New Ulm, Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

— 1 “ Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

— 1 Olivia, Oct 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 96.

— 1 St. Paul, Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

— 1 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

— 1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

— 1 “ Nov 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 96.

— 1 Place not noted, Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 121.

Mississippi (Civilian) ( 1)

— 1 Meridian, Jan 4. San Antonio Sunday Light, TX. “A Doctor’s Fee.” 1-9-1898, p. 1.

Mississippi (Military) (55) 46 MS troops elsewhere and 9 in MS.

–29 First Mississippi Vol. Inf., Third Brigade, 2^nd Div., 3^rd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 257.^[52]

–17 Second Mississippi Vol. Inf., Third Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 611, 637.

— 1 Enterprise, Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 Hazelhurst, Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 “ Sep 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 Lauderdale Springs, Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 Meridian, Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 Sterns Creek, Aug 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 Stonington, Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 Tupelo, Oct 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 525.

— 1 Vicksburg, Aug 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

Missouri (Civilian) (107)

— 12 St. Charles, early Jan. Edwardsville Intelligencer, IL. “Telegraphic Notes.” 1-11-1898, 2.

— 95 St. Louis, year. Robb “Missouri v. Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago.” p. 497.

Missouri (Military) (107) 93 MO troops outside MO and 14 MO troops in MO.

–11 First Missouri Volunteer Infantry, First Brigade, First Div., Third Army. Reed 1904, 168.

–19 Second Missouri Vol. Infantry, Third Brigade, Third Div., First Army. Reed 1904, 148.

— 9 Third Missouri Vol. Infantry, 3^rd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 358.^[53]

–18 Fourth Missouri Vol. Infantry, 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 354.^[54]

–14 Fifth Missouri Volunteer Infantry. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 233.

–19 Sixth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 637.

— 3 Battery A, Missouri, Light Artillery Brigade, First Army Corps. Reed 1904, p.277.

— 1 Excelsior Springs, Aug 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 233.

— 1 Hermon, Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 233.

— 1 Kansas City, Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 233.

— 1 Kirkwood, Oct 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 168.

— 1 Pleasant Hill, Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 233.

— 1 St. Louis, May 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 233.

— 1 “ June. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 233.

— 1 “ July 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 233.

— 1 “ Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 168.

— 1 “ Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Sep 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 168.

— 1 “ Oct 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 168.

— 1 “ Oct 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 168.

— 1 Wellington, Sep 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 233.

Place Not Noted:

— 1 Jul 1, Pvt. John R. Smith, 2^nd MO. Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 148

— 1 Aug 10, 2^nd MO Div. hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 148.

— 2 Aug 23. 2^nd MO Div. hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 148.

Nebraska (Military) (65) 49 NE troops dying of typhoid elsewhere and 16 in NE.

–22 Second Nebraska Vol. Infantry, Second Brigade, First Div., 3^rd Army. Reed 1904, 177.^[55]

–27 Third Nebraska Volunteer Infantry, 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 637.

— 1 Clay Center, Oct 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 Fort Crook, Sep 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 Lincoln, Sep 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 Norfolk, Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 Omaha, Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Sep 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Sep 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Oct 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Oct 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Oct 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 Ord, Sep 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 Schuyler, Sep 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 1 “ Sep 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

New Hampshire (Military) (44) 30 NH typhoid mil deaths outside NH and 14 in NH.

–30 First New Hampshire Vol. Infantry, Third Brigade, Third Div., First Army. Reed 1904, 153

— 1 Chesterfield, Oct 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 Concord, Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 “ Sep 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 “ Oct 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 “ Nov 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 Farmington, Oct. 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 Franklin, Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 Manchester, Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 “ Sep 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 “ Oct 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 The Weirs, Oct 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

— 1 Place not noted, Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 128.

— 1 “ , Pvt. Charles J. Sullivan, 1^st. NH Vol. Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…(V1), 1904, 153.

New Jersey (Military) (40) 37 NJ mil typhoid deaths elsewhere and 3 in NJ.

— 8 First New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, 1^st Brigade, 1^st div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 320.

–29 Second New Jersey Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army. Reed 1904, 531, 536.^[56]

— 1 Jersey City, Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Nov 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

— 1 Montclair, Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 221.

New York (Civilian) (105)

— 98 Buffalo, the year. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(Vol. 1), 1904, 300.^[57]

— 5 Jamestown. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio River Basin…Erie, PA. 1906. p.7.

— 1 Olean. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio River Basin…Erie, PA. 1906, p.7.

— 1 Syracuse, Jan 9. Evening Herald, Syracuse, NY. “Mortuary Matters.” 1-10-1898, p. 6.

New York (Military) (434) 256 NY military typhoid deaths elsewhere and 176 in NY.

— 30 Second New York Vol. Inf., Second Brigade, First Div., 3^rd Army. Reed 1904, 182.^[58]

— 31 Third New York Vol. Infantry, First Brigade, Second Div., 2^nd Army. Reed 1904, 349.^[59]

— 22 Eighth New York Vol. Inf., Third Brigade, First Div., Third Army. Reed 1904, 203.^[60]

— 46 Ninth New York Vol. Infantry, First Brigade, Second Div., 3^rd Army. Reed 1904, 221.^[61]

— 20 Twelfth NY Vol. Infantry, Second Brigade, Third Div., 1^st Army. Reed 1904, 144.

— 24 Fourteenth NY Vol. Infantry, First Brigade, First Div., 3^rd Army. Reed 1904, 163.

— 14 Sixty-Fifth NY Vol. Infantry, 1^st Brigade, 1^st Div. 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 315.^[62]

— 23 Sixty-Ninth New York Vol. Infantry, 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 3^rd Army. Reed 1904, 246.

— 19 201^st NY Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army Corps, Camp Meade, PA. Reed 464.^[63]

— 10 202^nd NY Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 412.

— 16 203^rd NY Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army, Camp Meade PA. Reed 452.

— 1 Troops A and C, NY Vol. Cavalry. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, 1904, 339.^[64]

— 1 Amsterdam, Sep 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 182.

— 1 Bedloe’s Island, Nov 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military…(V1), 1904, 26.

— 1 Brooklyn, St. Peters hosp., no date. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…(V1), 1904, 22.

— 1 “ Aug 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 “ Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

— 1 “ Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Oct 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 221.

— 1 “ Oct 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Oct 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Oct 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Nov 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

–106 Fort Wikoff, L.I. Report of the Commission Appointed by the President… 1899, p. 73.

— 1 Fort Columbus, Aug 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 282.

— 1 Fort Hamilton, Nov 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

— 1 Long Island City, Sep 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

— 9 Montauk, LI, Aug 25-Sep 15. 8^th OH Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army. Reed, 323

— 1 Mount Vernon, Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

— 1 New York City, Aug 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 144.

— 1 “ Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 220.

— 1 “ Aug 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 221.

— 2 “ Sep 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 144, 220.

— 1 “ Sep 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 220.

— 1 “ Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 246.

— 1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

— 1 “ Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 221.

— 1 “ Sep 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 144.

— 2 “ Sep 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 121, 203.

— 1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

— 3 “ Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 144, 203, 221.

— 1 “ Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 221.

— 2 “ Sep 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), 1904, 203, 221.

— 1 “ Sep 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 220.

— 1 “ Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 163.

— 1 “ Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 203.

— 2 “ Oct 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 220.

— 1 “ Oct 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 221.

— 1 “ Oct 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 144.

— 1 “ Oct 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 220.

— 1 “ Oct 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 221.

— 1 “ Oct 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 220.

— 1 “ Oct 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 220.

— 1 “ Oct 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 220.

— 1 “ Oct 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 220.

— 1 “ Nov 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 220.

— 1 Saranac Lake Sep 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 221.

— 1 Saratoga Springs, Oct 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

— 1 “ Oct 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

— 1 South Glen Falls, Oct 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

— 1 Syracuse, Nov 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 17.

— 1 Troy, Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

— 1 “ Sep 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

— 1 “ Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

— 1 “ Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

— 1 “ Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

— 1 “ Sep 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

— 1 “ Oct 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 182.

Place of death not noted:

— 1 2^nd Div. Hosp., Aug 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 220.

— 1 July 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 246.

North Carolina (Military) (16)^[65]

–16 First North Carolina Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div. 7^th Army. Reed 1904, 551, 556.^[66]

Ohio (Civilian) ( 57)

–33 Columbus. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio River Basin…Erie, PA. 1906, 56.^[67]

— 2 Findlay, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio River Basin…Erie, PA. 1906, p. 56.

— 1 Frampton, Jan 6. Newark Daily Advocate, OH. “Death Near Frampton.” 1-8-1898, p. 8.

— 3 Gallipolis, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio River Basin…Erie, PA. 1906, p. 64.

— 1 Helmick, Jan 5. Democratic Standard, Coshocton, OH. “Victim…Typhoid…” 1-7-1898.

— 6 Marietta, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio River Basin…Erie, PA. 1906, p. 91.

— 1 Mt. Taber, Jan 4. Marion Daily Star, OH. “Cardington Notes.” 1-6-1898, p. 2.

— 1 Salesville, Jan 3. Cambridge Jeffersonian, OH. Obituary. 1-6-1898, p. 3.

— 9 Springfield. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…Basin and…Erie, PA. 1906, 57^[68]

Ohio (Military) (162) 137 OH military typhoid deaths elsewhere; 25 in OH.

— 7 First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry.^[69] Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…(V1), p. 274.

— 9 First Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Fourth Army Corps. Reed 1904, 484, 486.^[70]

–13 Second Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Third Brigade, Second Div., First Army. Reed, 103.

–19 Fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Second Brigade, First Div., First Army Corps. Reed, 23.

–20 Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Fourth Army. Reed 1904, 497-498.^[71]

–19 Sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, second Brigade, Second Div., First Army Corps. Reed, 74.

— 4 Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, First Brigade, First Div., 2nd Army. Reed 1904, 318.^[72]

–10 Eighth Ohio Vol. Infantry, Second Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 334.^[73]

— 5 Ninth Ohio Battalion Vol. Inf. (colored) 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army. Reed 357.^[74]

–22 Tenth Ohio Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army corps, Camp Meade, PA. Reed, 400.

— 9 Batteries A, C, G, H, Ohio, Light Artillery Brigade, 1^st Army Corps. Reed 1904, p. 277.

— 1 Cincinnati, Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 486.

— 1 “ Oct. 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 486.

— 1 “ Oct 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 486.

— 1 Cleveland, Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Sep 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Oct 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Oct 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Oct 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Oct 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Oct 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 “ Nov 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 498.

— 1 Clyde, Oct 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 74.

— 1 Columbus Barracks. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 486.

— 1 Delaware, Dec 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

— 1 Eaton, Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 274.

— 1 Fostoria, Oct. 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 74.

— 1 OH 2^nd Div. hosp., Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 74.

— 1 “ Oct 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 74.

— 1 Stryker, Nov 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 74.

— 1 Toledo, Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 74.

— 1 “ Sep 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 74.

— 1 “ Oct 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 486.

— 1 Zanesville, Sep 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 486.

Place Not Noted:

— 1 Aug 16, 4^th OH Vol. Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…US Military Camps…(V1), 22.

— 1 Aug 28, Pvt. Mathew Stein, Div. hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 498.

— 1 Sep 1, 4^th OH Vol. Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 22.

— 1 Sep 7. 6^th Ohio Vols. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 74.

Pennsylvania (Civilian) (>958)

— 73 Allegheny, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. 1906, p77.

— 1 Blairsville, Jan 21. Indiana County Gazette, PA. “Mrs. Charlotte Johnston.” 1-26-1898, 8.

— 4 Bradford, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. P. 7.

— 2 Clarion, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. P. 17.

— 8 Erie, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. 1906, 109.

— 1 Indiana, Jan 5. Indiana Weekly Messenger, PA. “The Mortuary Record.” 1-12-1898, p. 2.

— 1 Johnsonburg, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. P16.

— 10 Johnstown, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. P.26.

— 5 Kittanning, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. P. 25.^[75]

— 3 Kutztown. Commonwealth of PA State Board of Health. Annual Rpt., 1899, p. 49.

— 2 Meadville, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. P. 14.

— 15 McKeesport, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. P. 51.

— 1 New Castle, Jan 5. New Castle News, PA. “William Alexander.” 1-5-1898, p. 15.

— 1 “ Jan 6. New Castle News, PA. “Albert Stewart.” 1-12-1898, p. 19, col. 5.

— 1 “ Jan 9. New Castle News, PA. “Mamie Morris.” 1-12-1898, p. 15, col. 1.

— 4 Oil City, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…and…Erie, PA. P. 11.

— 65 Philadelphia, Jan. NY Times. “Typhoid in Philadelphia. The Epidemic…” 4-23-1898.

— 75 “ Feb. NY Times. “Typhoid in Philadelphia. The Epidemic…” 4-23-1898.

— 54 “ Mar. NY Times. “Typhoid in Philadelphia. The Epidemic…” 4-23-1898.

–600+ “ Year. Osler. The Problem of Typhoid Fever in the [US]. 1899, p. 8.^[76]

–224 Pittsburgh, the year. Pittsburgh Filtration Commission. Report of… 1899, p. 11.^[77]

— 1 Steubenville, Jan 20. Herald Star, Steubenville. “Died of Fever” (Vaudine). 1-21-1898, 5.

— 5 Valley Township. Commonwealth of PA State Board of Health. Annual Rpt., 1899, 49.

— 1 Waynesburg, year. Lewis. Quality of Water…Upper Ohio…Basin and…Erie, PA. P.41.

Pennsylvania (Military) (209) 169 PA military typhoid deaths elsewhere; 40 in PA.

–12 First PA Vol. Inf., Third Brigade, Second Div., First Army. Reed 1904, p. 94.

— 2 Second Pennsylvania Vol. Infantry, unattached. Reed 1904, 470, 478.^[78]

–10 Third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Fourth Army. Reed 1904, 488-490.^[79]

–24 Fourth PA Vol. Inf., Second Brigade, First Div., First Army. Reed 1904, p. 28.

–16 Fifth PA Vol. Inf., First Brigade, Third Div., First Army Corps. Reed 1904, 113.

— 6 Sixth PA Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 351.^[80]

— 8 Eighth PA Vol. Inf., 3^rd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 327.

–25 Ninth PA Vol. Inf., Third Brigade, Third Div., First Army. Reed 1904, 15

–16 Twelfth PA Vol. Infantry, 3^rd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army. Reed 1904, 327.

–15 Thirteenth PA Vol. Infantry, 3^rd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army. Reed 1904, 331.^[81]

–34 Sixteenth PA Vol. Inf., Third Brigade, First Div., First Army. Reed 1904, 30

— 1 Battery B, PA, Light Artillery Brigade, First Army Corps. Reed 1904, p. 277.

— 1 Allentown, Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 Camp Meade, Aug 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

— 1 Columbia, Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 Franklin, Nov 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

— 1 Harvey’s Lake, Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 156.

— 1 Indiana, Sep 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 113.

— 1 Lincoln, Nov 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 Lykens, Sep 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 New Castle, Dec 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

— 1 Osceola Mills, Nov 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 113.

— 1 Philadelphia, July 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 94.

— 1 “ Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

— 1 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 94.

— 1 “ Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 490.

— 2 “ Sep 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 490.

— 1 “ Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 94.

— 1 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 94.

— 1 “ Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 490.

— 1 “ Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 94.

— 1 “ Sep 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

— 1 “ Oct 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 94.

— 1 “ Oct 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

— 1 “ Oct 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 94.

— 1 “ Oct 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 “ Oct 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 14.

— 1 “ Oct 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

— 1 “ Oct 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 94.

— 1 “ Nov 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

— 1 “ Nov 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 Pittsburgh Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 113

— 1 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 113.

— 1 Pittston Oct 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 156.

— 1 Pottsville Oct 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 Punxsutawney, Nov 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

— 1 Reading Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 Wilkes-Barre, Aug 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 156.

— 1 “ Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 156.

— 1 “ Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 156.

— 1 “ Sep 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 156.

Place Not Noted:

— 1 July 13, Pvt. Grant, 16^th PA Infantry Hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…(V1), p30.

— 1 July 15, Pvt. Snyder, 16^th PA Infantry Hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil…(V1), p30.

— 1 July 18, Pvt. John R. Thomas. Reed. Report…Typhoid…(V1), 1904, 156.

— 1 July 22, Pvt. Barney Cohen. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, p156.

— 1 July 22, Pvt. Francis Woomer, 5^th PA Vols. Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 113.

— 1 Aug 13, 16^th PA, Hosp. ship Relief. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…(V1), p30.

— 1 Aug 15, 16^th PA Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil. …(V1), p30.

— 1 Aug 27, Pvt. George Elliott, 1^st PA. Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 94.

— 1 Sep 25, Cpl. Draper T. Terry, Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, p156.

— 1 Sep 25, Pvt. Daniel O’Donnell, 3^rd PA Vol. Inf. Reed. Rpt. …Typhoid…Mil…V1, p490.

Puerto Rico (525) 416 PR civilians and 109 US troops in PR camps.

–416 The year, Puerto Ricans. Superior Board of Health and Charities, USA, 1901, 98.^[82]

— 18 Sixth MA Vol. Infantry, 2^nd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army; July 25-Oct 21. Reed 1904, 323.

–1 Arraybo [Arroyo?], Aug 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

–2 Coamo, Aug 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–2 “ Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Sep 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17, 30

–1 “ Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Sep 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Oct 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Oct 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 Field Hosp., Aug 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–2 Guayama, Aug 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

–1 “ Aug 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–1 “ Aug 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

–1 “ Aug 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

–2 “ Aug 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–2 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

–1 “ Aug 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

–2 “ Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26, 28

–1 “ Sep 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–1 “ Sep 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

–1 “ Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

–1 “ Sep 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

–1 “ Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–2 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–1 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

–1 “ Sep 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–1 “ Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

–1 “ Oct 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–1 “ Nov 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

–1 Hosp. Ship Missouri, Oct 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26

–1 “ “ “ Oct 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…US Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

–1 “ “ “ Oct 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…US Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 22.

–1 Mayaguez, Aug 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 Ponce, July 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ Aug 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ Aug 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Aug 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–2 “ Aug 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ Aug 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ Aug 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Aug 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Aug 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–2 “ Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17, 38

–1 “ Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Sep 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Sep 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–2 “ Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28, 30

–1 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Sep 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

–1 “ Sep 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 “ Oct 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 “ Oct 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

–1 “ Oct 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 “ Oct 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Oct 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 “ Oct 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Oct 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 “ Oct 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 “ Oct 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 “ Oct 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 “ Oct 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 “ Nov 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Nov 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

–1 San German, Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 San Juan, Sep 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

–1 “ Oct 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

Rhode Island (12) 10 RI military and 2 civilians.

— >2 Pawtucket, early-mid Jan. Boston Sunday Globe. “Pawtucket.” 1-23-1898, p. 2, col. 3.

–10 First Rhode Island Vol. Infantry, 3^rd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 362.^[83]

South Carolina (Civilian) (29) 10 SC military elsewhere, 16 SC mil. in SC, and 3 civilians.

–1 Newberry, June 30, Drucella Kelly. Newberry County, [SC] Death Returns 1885-1898.

–1 “ July 19, Ernest W. Taylor, 12. Newberry County, [SC] Death Returns 1885-1898.

–1 “ Sep 7, Jennins Murphy. Newberry County, [SC] Death Returns 1885-1898.

South Carolina (Military) (10 / 16)

–2 First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Camps…(V1), 1904, 123.

–8 Second South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 637.

–1 Charleston, July 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–2 “ July 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30, 38

–1 “ July 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–2 “ July 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17, 30

–1 “ July 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ July 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ July 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ Aug 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ Aug 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ Aug 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 “ Aug 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ Aug 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

–1 “ Feb 1, 1899. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

–1 near Sumter, Aug 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

Tennessee (Military) (21 / 51) 21 TN military elsewhere and 51 TN military in TN.

— 8 Second Tennessee Vol. Infantry, 3^rd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 365.^[84]

–12 Third Tennessee Vol. Infantry, Third Brigade, First Div., Third Army. Reed 1904, 185.

— 1 Sixth U.S. Volunteer Infantry.^[85]

–59 Camp Poland,^[86] Sep 8-Jan 17. Berry, Jeff. “The Deaths at Camp Poland, Tennessee.”^[87]

— 2 Camp Poland, Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 96.

— 1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 87.

— 1 “ Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 87.

— 1 “ Sep 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 87.

— 1 “ Oct 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 74.

— 1 “ Oct 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 87.

— 1 “ Oct 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

— 1 “ Oct 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 74.

— 1 “ Oct 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 282.

— 1 “ Oct 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 74.

— 1 “ Nov 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

— 1 “ Nov 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 74.

— 1 “ Nov 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 87.

— 1 “ Dec 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 74.

— 1 Chattanooga, July 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

— 1 “ July 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 20.

— 1 “ Aug 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

— 1 “ Aug 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 “ Aug 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 “ Aug 10. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 250.

— 1 “ Aug 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

— 1 “ Aug 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

— 1 “ Aug 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 2 “ Aug 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 74, 233,

— 1 “ Aug 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 257.

— 1 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 177.

— 2 “ Aug 31. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 153, 263.

— 1 “ Sep 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 134.

— 1 “ Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

— 1 “ Sep 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

— 1 Columbia, Dec 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 “ Dec 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 263.

— 1 East Lake, July 4. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 168.

— 1 “ Aug 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 Hill City, Aug 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

— 1 Inman, Aug 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

— 1 Knoxville, Sep 7. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 61.

— 1 “ Sep 8. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 103.

— 1 “ Sep 9. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 103.

— 1 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 51.

— 1 “ Sep 22. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 96.

— 1 “ Sep 24. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 61.

— 1 “ Sep 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 103.

— 1 “ Sep 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 103.

— 1 “ Oct 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 103.

— 1 Lookout Mt., Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 272.

— 1 Nashville, Sep 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 659.

— 1 Piedmont, Sep 19. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 185.

Texas (34) 16 TX mil. deaths elsewhere, 3 in TX, and 15 civilians.

— 1 Dallas, Jan 20, James Tierman. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[88]

— 1 “ June 25, Flossie Seiler. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[89]

— 1 “ July 17, John H. Hughes, 35. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[90]

— 1 “ July 19, Edward H. Read, 27. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[91]

— 1 “ July 20, Rufus Davis, 19. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[92]

— 1 “ July 21, Louisa Pardee, 22. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[93]

— 1 “ Aug 7, J. M. Robertson, 35. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[94]

— 1 “ Aug 29, Eugene Moye, 20. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[95]

— 1 “ Sep 10, Miss Bertha Rogg, 19. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[96]

— 1 “ Sep 22, Mrs. Jennie A. Adams, 38. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[97]

— 1 “ Oct 2, B. S. Leiper, 46. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[98]

— 1 “ Nov 19, Bessie Morton, 9. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[99]

— 1 “ ~Nov 26, Otto Meisterhans, 13. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[100]

— 1 “ Dec 5, J. J. Dugard, 40. Rootsweb.ancestry.com.^[101]

— 1 Groesbeck, June 29, Deputy Sheriff John W. Harper. Ancestry.com^[102]

Texas (Military) (16 / 3) 16 TX military elsewhere and 3 TX military in TX.

— 8 1^st TX Vol. Inf., 7^th Army, Jacksonville, FL. Reed. Report…Typhoid. 1904, 519, 527-528^[103]

— 8 2^nd Texas, Vol. Inf., 7^th Army, Jacksonville, FL. Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 519^[104]

— 1 Dallas, Oct 2, Williams. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 530.

— 1 Galveston, Dec 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 529.

— 1 Waco, Nov 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 530.

Vermont (Civilian) ( 1)

— 1 Barre Jan 20. Waterloo Daily Courier, IA. “B. W. Jones Dead…at Barre…” 1-20-1898, 1.

Vermont (Military) (22 / 15) 22 VE military deaths elsewhere and 15 VE mil. in VE.

–22 First Vermont Vol. Infantry, Third Brigade, First Div., Third Army. Reed 1904, 191.^[105]

— 1 Barre, Sep 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 Burlington, Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 Fort Ethan Allen, Aug 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 “ Aug 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 “ Sep 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 “ Sep 17. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 “ Sep 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 “ Oct 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 Hortonville, Sep 27. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 Montpellier, Oct 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 Orwell, Sep 13. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 Pittsford, Sep 28. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 Rutland, Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 “ Oct 5. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

— 1 St. Johnsbury, Oct. 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 191.

Virginia (Military) (60 / 79) 60 VA military elsewhere and 79 VA military in VA.

–17 Second Virginia Vol. Inf., 3^rd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 586, 589.^[106]

–13 Third Virginia Volunteer Infantry, First Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 334, 336.^[107]

–22 Fourth Virginia Vol. Inf., 3^rd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 592, 596.^[108]

— 8 Hospital Corps, Second Army Corps (Camp Alger). Reed 1904, 366.

–68 Camp Alger,^[109] Report of the Commission Appointed by the President… 1899, p. 73.

— 8 Camp Alger, Sixth IL Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 321.

— 8 “ First NJ Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 1^st div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 320.

–14 “ Sixty-Fifth NY Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 1^st Div. 2^nd Army. Reed 1904, 315.

— 4 “ Seventh Ohio Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 1^st Div., 2nd Army. Reed 1904, 318.^[110]

— 1 “ Eighth Ohio Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army Corps. Reed 1904, 323.

–10 “ Jul 4-Aug 20, 12^th PA Vol. Inf., 3^rd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army. Reed, 327.

— 1 Fort Monroe, July 12. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 1 “ July 26. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

— 1 “ July 30. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 2 “ Aug 18. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil. Camps…(V1), 1904, 20, 38.

— 1 “ Aug 20. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 41.

— 1 “ Aug 21. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 20.

— 1 “ Aug 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 30.

— 3 “ Sep 3. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military…(V1), 1904, 20, 41, 496.

— 1 “ Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 41.

— 1 “ Sep 15. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 20.

— 1 “ Sep 23. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 26.

— 1 “ Sep 25. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 20.

— 1 “ Oct 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 28.

— 2 “ Oct 16. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 15, 28

— 1 Fort Myer, July 4; 12^th PA Vol. Inf., 3^rd Brigade, 1^st Div., 2^nd Army. Reed 1904, 327.

— 1 Newport News, Aug 1. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 41.

— 1 “ Aug 14. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 41.

— 1 Simpson hosp., Dec 29. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 8.

West Virginia (Military) (27 / 1) 27 WV military deaths elsewhere and 1 WV death in WV.

–12 First West Virginia Vol. Infantry, Second Brigade, Second Div., First Army. Reed, 87.

–15 Second WV Vol. Inf., 1^st Brigade, 2^nd Div., 2^nd Army, Camp Meade, PA. Reed 1904, 442.

— 1 Grafton, Sep 6. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 153.

Wisconsin (Civilian) ( 4)

— 1 Eau Claire, Jan 15. Sunday Leader, Eau Claire, WI. [F. S. Darling]. 1-16-1898, p. 5.

— 1 Marshfield, late Dec. Marshfield Times, WI. “Hospital Notes.” 12-30-1898, p. 5.

— 1 Sheboygan, Dec 21. Daily Northwestern, Oshkosh, WI. “State News.” 12-22-1898, 4.

— 1 Two Rivers, Jan 15. Weekly Wisconsin, Milwaukee. (Louis Schultz, 32). 1-22-1898, 4.

Wisconsin (Military) (98 / 2) 98 WI military deaths elsewhere and 2 in WI.

–46 First Wisconsin Vol. Inf., 2^nd Brigade, 2^nd Div., 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 573, 580.^[111]

–27 Second Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, Third Brigade, First Div., First Army Corps. Reed,

–25 Third Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, First Brigade, First Div., First Army Corps. Reed, 17.

— 1 Ripon, Oct 2. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

— 1 West Superior, Dec 11. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…V1), 1904, 17

Location Not Noted

— 1 July 5, 1^st WI Div. Hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

— 1 July 29. Transport La Grande Duchesse, 2^nd WI Inf.. Reed. Rpt.…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 38.

— 1 July 30. Pvt. Harry H. Haas, 4^th Army Corps Field Hosp. [probably Tampa]. Reed, 500.

— 1 Aug 5, Hosp. ship Lampassas, 2^nd WI Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…Mil.…V1, 1904, 38.

— 1 Aug 6, Transport Lampassas, 2^nd WI Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…US Mil.…V1, 1904, 38.

— 1 Aug 20, WI Div. hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

— 1 Aug 20, 2^nd WI Vol. Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

— 1 Sep 26, Pvt. Harry W. Smith, 5^th US Cavalry, Corps reserve hosp. Reed 1904, 500.

— 1 Oct 16, 3^rd WI Div. Hosp. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

— 1 Oct 24, 2^nd WI Vol. Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 38.

— 1 Oct 24, 3^rd WI Vol. Inf. Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Military Camps…(V1), 1904, 17.

Military Units Other than State Regimental: (42)

–15 Second U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, 7^th Army Corps. Reed 1904, 637.

–13 Third U.S. Cavalry, 1^st Brigade, 1^st Army Corps.^[112] Reed. Report…Typhoid…V1, 1904, 270

–14 Fifth United States Cavalry.^[113] Reed. Report…Typhoid…U.S. Mil.…V1, 1904, 499-500.

Narrative Information

Military deaths: Many other deaths were reported for causes thought to be: acute fever, acute gastritis, camp fever, chills and fever, continued fever, convulsions, dengue fever, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, enteric fever, enteritis, entero-colitis, gastritis, general debility, indigestion, intermittent fever, intermittent quotidian, intestinal colic, jaundice, malaria, remittent fever, undetermined fever, undiagnosed and “other.”

Reed, Vaughan and Shakespeare remark repeatedly in their report that both army and civilian physicians frequently misdiagnosed Typhoid as something else, such as one of the above, particularly malaria. Their Typhoid death entries represent just those deaths that they can conservatively and confidently ascribe to Typhoid as opposed to those that they also believed were probably Typhoid.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: “….Pottstown, Phoenixville, Reading, Norristown and Conshohocken all had typhoid fever in them, and their sewage directly empties into the Schuylkill and pollutes it….” (p. 210)

“Above Phoenixville on the French creek were some cases of typhoid fever; it is believed that the discharges from these patients reached the French creek. Water closets and privies along the creek directly polluted it.

“At Port Kennedy many instances of pollution existed; they were most disgusting and flagrant. Norristown, with its partial underground system of sewage and open creeks grossly pollutes the Schuylkill. Since last spring Conshohocken has had 100 cases of typhoid fever and the effluvia from these cases indirectly pollutes the river.

“At Ambler, Montgomery county, the Wissahickon is foully polluted y privies built directly and recently upon a tributary of the creek.

“At Penncoyd Iron Works a most disgustingly polluted run drains about twenty privies and then directly empties its load of filth into the river.

“In many places too numerous to mention Philadelphia’s water is grossly fouled not only by wastes from factories and stables, but from privies and sewers.” (p. 211.)

“Both the liquid and solid excretions contain the typhoid germ, and if these find their way to a water supply they may give rise to a wide spread outbreak of the disease. In one instance (Plymouth, Pa.), 1,200 cases, in a population of 8,000, were caused by a single case which occurred in January; the evacuations were thrown out on the frozen ground; in the spring thaw – three months later – these were washed into the mountain stream which fed a reservoir from which a part of the town obtained its water supply; nearly all the cases were in this part…

“Neither freezing or drying will kill the germ, but it may be destroyed in the evacuations by mixing them with ‘milk of lime’ – made by slaking fresh-burned lime, in the proportion of one pound of lime to four pounds (half a gallon) of water. Every discharge, liquid or solid, should have a double quantity of this lime-milk thoroughly stirred up with it, and then allowed to stand half an hour or more before being emptied. Bedding and clothing, towels, etc., soiled by the patients may be disinfected by prolonged boiling – not less than half an hour. These are simple, practical measures, within the means of every family…discharges are infectious for ten days or more after the fever subsides, so that they should be disinfected for at least that period.” [p. 266.] (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Fourteenth Annual Report of the State Board of Health and Vital Statistics of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 1899.)

Manulik: “In 1898, 400 members of the Fifteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry were hospitalized with typhoid after camping at the Minnesota State Fairgrounds. U.S. Army Surgeons decided the epidemic’s source was the public water of Minneapolis

“In 1898 the Spanish-American War began and the Fifteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry was assembled. The state expected so many volunteers that it created a temporary camp at the state fairgrounds. Prospective soldiers began arriving at the fairgrounds on July 5, and by July 18, 1,326 men had enlisted. The regiment was one of the largest groups ever assembled in Minnesota. The camp became a center of public activity as citizens came to see the regiment train.

“At the fairgrounds soldiers participated in training, parades and drills. Temperatures were abnormally hot and camp hospitals were filled. On July 16^th alone doctors recorded seventy-five soldiers in the hospitals. Doctors dismissed most conditions as minor and the result of drinking too much water.

“However, by July 25 doctors began to report men whose conditions failed to improve. Because the soldiers had been drinking so much water, doctors suspected the fairgrounds water supply was the source of the illness. By early August water tests found typhoid bacteria in fairgrounds water tanks. During the course of the month, typhoid became an epidemic in the camp. Soldiers were succumbing at an average rate of twenty per day. On August 23, Colonel H.A. Leonhauser moved the regiment to Fort Snelling, hoping to escape the epidemic. Fort Snelling was unique because it had its own well for fresh water.

“In Minnesota that summer, 360 men were hospitalized with typhoid. As the Fifteenth Regiment prepared to transfer to Camp Meade in Pennsylvania^[114] to complete their basic training, new cases continued to appear. An additional forty men were hospitalized before the epidemic finally began to decline in mid-September, after the men had reached Camp Meade.

“Camp Meade was created specifically by the U.S. Army to remove soldiers from older camps where typhoid had flourished. Typhoid plagued the Fifteenth and other regiments throughout the Spanish-American War. Because of this, the U.S. Army commissioned Dr. Walter Reed and army surgeons to investigate how typhoid spread through the army.

“From hospital records Dr. Reed determined that the Minnesota Fifteenth suffered the first large typhoid epidemic of the war. The Army was concerned that the Fifteenth Regiment had spread the typhoid epidemic. They ordered Dr. Reed to find its source. At the time little was known about typhoid other than how to identify its bacteria and that it could be spread by human contact.

“Dr. Reed concluded that the origin of the epidemic was contaminated public water in Minneapolis. This was based on the city reporting 300 cases of typhoid in 1897. City public water was pumped from the Mississippi River and was contaminated with waste and sewage upstream. Bacteria could thrive in this polluted water. While the fairgrounds were located in St. Paul, Reed believed that a soldier could carry the bacteria from Minneapolis. Since most of the soldiers had never been exposed to typhoid, they could easily contract the bacteria. Once the disease was present it could be spread to other soldiers and water supplies. While Dr. Reed informed officials of his findings, he had no suggestions for how to eliminate typhoid from city water.

“The losses of the Fifteenth Regiment were tragic. Typhoid was the only major source of casualties for the regiment during the Spanish-American War. The U.S. and Spain began negotiating a cease-fire on July 30 and the Fifteenth never saw active service. Ultimately, the epidemic lasted for three months and hospitalized 400 men. Victims were sick for about seventy days. Eighteen members of the regiment died from typhoid. The epidemic raised concerns about public health in Minnesota and nationwide. As a result, because of new attention paid to typhoid and its causes, health services were able to eliminate the typhoid bacteria from public water by 1910.”^[115] (Manulik, Joseph. “1898 Typhoid Epidemic.” Minnesota Encyclopedia. Minnesota Historical Society. 11-25-2012.)

Michigan Department of State: “There were 572 deaths from typhoid fever in Michigan during the year 1898, corresponding to a death rate of 24.3 per 100,000 estimated population. The distribution of these deaths by months is given for the State and for the four geographical sections in Table 22 [omitted here], which also contains a statement of the age and sex distribution. By geographical sections the highest rate of mortality from this cause occurred in the central counties, namely 26.6 per 100,000, and the lowest in the northern counties, or 19.4 per 100,000. For the State as a whole the month of October had the most deaths and the months of March and July the fewest. The largest number of deaths occurred between the ages of 20 and 29 years. By sex there were 348 deaths of males and 224 deaths of females.” (pp. xc-xci.) (MI Department of State. Thirty-Second Annual Report of the Secretary of State on the Registration of Births and Deaths, Marriages and Divorces in Michigan for the Year 1898. 1900.)

PBS: “Infection in Camps. When the Spanish-American War was declared, thousands of U.S. volunteers entered training camps in the southeastern United States. Though the surgeon general advised soldiers to maintain sanitary conditions, the camps were filthy, leading to a deadly typhoid outbreak. Of 171,000 personnel, 20,700 contracted the disease and more than 1,500 died. The U.S. Army Typhoid Board, led by Major Walter Reed, was established to study the disaster in August 1898. The board subsequently visited the training camps and outlined sanitary measures for military commanders to follow to protect the troops.” (PBS, The Great Fever, “People & Events.” 9-29-2006, p. 6.)

During the 1898 Spanish American War “…far more U.S. troops died from yellow fever than in battle…”. (PBS, The Great Fever, “People & Events,” 9-29-2006, p. 7.)

Reed, et al: “During the Spanish war of 1898 every regiment constituting the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Seventh Army Corps developed typhoid fever. This is true of both the volunteer and the regular commands….

“More than 90 per cent of the volunteer regiments developed typhoid fever within eight weeks after going into camp…..

“If our claim be accepted that the cases designated as probable typhoid fever were really due to this disease, the following conclusions may be drawn:

Forty-one, or 38.67 per cent, reached the national encampments with cases of typhoid fever already developed….
Thirty additional regiments developed typhoid fever with 14 days after reaching the national encampments. In other words, 71, or 66.98 per cent, of the 106 regiments had developed typhoid fever within 14 days after reaching the national encampments.
Eighty-six, or 82.26 per cent, of the 106 regiments had developed typhoid fever within 3 weeks after arriving at the national encampments.
Five additional regiments developed typhoid fever within 28 days after reaching national encampments, thus making the total number of regiments with typhoid fever 28 days after arrival 91, or 85.84 per cent.
Thirteen additional regiments developed typhoid fever within 8 weeks (viz, 5 in 5 weeks, 3 in 6 weeks, 4 in 7 weeks, and 1 in 8 weeks) after reaching the national encampments, thus making the total number of regiments with typhoid 8 weeks after arrival 104, or 98.11 per cent.

“Of the remaining 2 regiments, 1, the Ninth Ohio Battalion, developed typhoid fever in 9 weeks, and 1, the First Maryland, in 10 weeks after arrival at national encampments.” (p. 658)

“….When war with Spain was proclaimed the total strength of the standing Army of the United States numbered 27,000 officers and me. They were scattered at about 100 military garrisons. All these soldiers were well housed and their quarters were, from a sanitary standpoint, in good condition. At most of the garrisons, at least, the water supply was above suspicion, and the disposal of waste was such as not to endanger the health or life of the soldier. There was no epidemic at any post, and the army was reasonably free from infectious disease, except those of venereal origin. The number of cases of typhoid fever among the 27,000 officers and men during the first four months of 1898 was distributed as follows: In January, 9 cases, with 1 death; in February, 3 cases, with 1 death; in March, 4 cases, with no deaths; in April, 6 cases, with 1 death. During the last week in April and the first week of May, 1898, the regular regiments were assembled at national encampments and placed under canvas. These regiments were receiving recruits in considerable numbers from the larger centers of population….

“Typhoid fever became epidemic both in the small encampments of not more than one regiment and in the larger ones consisting of one or more corps.

“The statement has been made that the epidemics of typhoid fever in our national encampments in 1898 were due to crowding together large numbers of men. We have seen that the Third North Carolina, at its isolated post at Fort Macon, N.C., developed typhoid fever before it was sent to Knoxville….

“When we reached Knoxville, Tenn., in our round of inspecting the troops, we were informed that the Fourth Tennessee was encamped near Knoxville, where it had been since mobilization, and that it was wholly free from typhoid fever. A personal investigation showed the following facts: This regiment assembled at the camp near Knoxville, Tenn., June 29, 1898, although it was not mustered into the United States service until about the middle of July. An August 12 Ernest Martin, who had not been well for a week preceding this time, was admitted to the regimental hospital. On August 15 he was furloughed home, and on September 11 he died at his home in Nashville, Tenn., of typhoid fever. From the date of this first case up to the time of our inspection (September 14, 1898) there had been in this regiment not less than 11 well-marked cases of typhoid fever, although none had been so diagnosed by the regimental surgeon…..

“Typhoid fever became epidemic in camps located in the Northern as well as those located in the Southern States. Some army medical officers have placed stress upon the fact that Northern men were transferred to Southern States, and have attributed considerable importance to the influence of non-acclimatization in the production of the epidemics of typhoid fever. In answer to this we need only call attention to the fact that the Fifteenth Minnesota (p. 414), Thirty-fifth Michigan (p. 388), and the Two hundred and third New York (p. 444) surpassed any other three regiments in the number of cases of typhoid fever before they crossed the Mason and Dixon line. There is nothing more certain than that the prevalence of typhoid fever among the troops in 1898 was not due to geographical location.

“Typhoid fever is so widely distributed in this country that one or more cases are likely to appear in any regiment within eight weeks after assembly.” (p. 659.) “….With this disease as prevalent as it is throughout the country, it is more than probable that in any organization of 1,300 men of military age taken from private life and held together for two months one or more cases will develop.” (p. 660.)

“The miasmatic theory of the origin of typhoid fever is not supported by our investigations. There are still a few who believe that typhoid fever is due to a poison or miasm [miasma] given off from the earth in gaseous form. We would not mention this obsolete theory were it not for the fact that while inspecting the camps we found intelligent medical officers who believed that some intangible local condition inherent in the place was an important factor in the production of the epidemic. There is apparent in man a tendency to believe in the evil genius of locality. He is prone to attribute many of his misfortunes to indefinable conditions surrounding the place in which he has suffered. As we have stated, no fact in our investigations has been brought out more prominently than the demonstration that locality was not responsible for the epidemic. The Fifteenth Minnesota (p. 414) first developed typhoid fever at the fair grounds at St. Paul. There is certainly no evidence that there is any evil climatic influence connected with this place. It carried the epidemic with it to Fort Snelling, which has long had the reputation of being one of the most healthful army posts in the United States. From Fort Snelling the Fifteenth Minnesota was transferred to the open fields of Camp Meade, where generations of Pennsylvania farmers have passed the average number of years allotted to man without suspecting that their country was an unhealthy one. However, typhoid fever continued with the command from Minnesota because the men carried the germs of the disease in their bodies, clothing, bedding, and tentage. Certainly any rational being would prefer any of the above-mentioned localities to Port Tampa as a place of summer residence, and yet there was not a regiment in the Fourth Army Corps, encamped for so long a time in Florida, that had as many cases of typhoid fever as did the Fifteenth Minnesota.” (p. 662.)

“The pythogenic [pathogenic] theory of the origin of typhoid fever is not supported by our investigations. Murchinson proposed this theory of the origin of typhoid fever. This author states the theory in the following words: ‘Typhoid fever may be generated independently of a previous case by fermentation of fecal, and perhaps others forms of organic matter.’

“Translated into the terms of modern medicine, this theory is founded upon the belief that the colon germ may undergo a ripening process by means of which its virulence is so increased and altered that it may be converted into the typhoid bacillus, or at least may become the active agent in the causation of typhoid fever. Many French, English, and American army medical officers believe that typhoid fever may originate in this way….

“We believe that the results of our investigations controvert this theory conclusively. In the first place, we have been able to show that the specific poison of typhoid fever was introduced into every one of our national encampments, and with the disease as widespread as it is in this country we believe that we have good reasons for the claim that one or more men already specifically infected with typhoid fever enlisted in nearly every command. There is, therefore, no necessity of resorting to the theory that the colon bacillus may be converted into the typhoid bacillus. Moreover, all the known facts of experimental bacteriology are at variance with this theory. The supposition that simple diarrheas may develop into typhoid fever will be again referred to. The fact that the typical colon bacillus may be swallowed by thousands of people in drinking water without the occurrence of a case of typhoid is plainly demonstrated… (pp. 662-663.)

“Typhoid fever is disseminated by the transference of the excretions of an infected individual to the alimentary [by mouth] canals of others. This statement is so self-evident that it needs no elucidation. The transference may be direct by contact or indirect through infected garments, bedding, tentage, food, water, etc.” (p. 663.)

“Typhoid fever is more likely to become epidemic in camps than in civil life because of the greater difficulty of disposing of the excretions from the human body….In fact, the whole question of the prevention of typhoid fever in armies is largely one of the disposition of…excretions….. (p. 663.)

“A man infected with typhoid fever may scatter the infection in every latrine in a regiment before the disease is recognized in himself. The elimination of typhoid bacilli from the bowels probably begins soon after infection…. (p. 663.)

“Camp pollution was the greatest sin committed by the troops in 1898. In our histories of the different regiments we have had too frequent opportunity to call attention to the fearful pollution that existed in many camps. As we have stated, fecal matter was deposited on the surface about the camps at Chickamauga. Much of this filth must have been specifically infected with typhoid fever. Sinks were frequently overflowed by heavy rains, and their contents were distributed on the adjoining surface….” (p. 663.)

“Superior line officers can not be held blameless for the unsanitary condition of the camps…..

“Greater authority should be given medical officers in questions relating to the hygiene of camps….” (p. 664.)

“In permanent camps, where water carriage can not be secured, all fecal matter should be disinfected and then carted away from the camp….

“Infected water was not an important factor in the spread of typhoid fever in the national encampments in 1898….” (p. 665.)

“To guard against the contamination of the water supply, troops in the field should be provided with means for the sterilization of water….

“Flies undoubtedly served as carriers of the infection. Flies swarmed over infected fecal matter in the pits and then visited and fed upon the food prepared for the soldiers at the mess tents. In some instances where lime had recently been sprinkled over the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whitened with lime were seen walking over the food. It is possible for the fly to carry the typhoid bacillus in two ways. In the first place, fecal matter containing the typhoid germ may adhere to the fly and be mechanically transported. In the second place, it is possible that the typhoid bacillus may be carried in the digestive organs of the fly and be deposited with its excrement….

“It is more than likely that men transported infected material on their persons or in their clothing and thus disseminated the disease. We have condemned the method which was followed in many of the camps of detailing men from the ranks to act as orderlies at the hospitals. In some of the commands it was customary to detail 100 or more men from the line every morning. These men went to the hospitals, handled bed pans used by persons sick with typhoid fever, and at night returned to their comrades. The most of these men were wholly ignorant of the nature of infection and the methods of disinfection. In fact, at one of the division hospitals we saw orderlies of this kind go from the hospital and partake of their midday meal without even washing their hands. These men handled not only the food which they ate, but passed articles to their neighbors. It seems to us that a more certain method for the dissemination of an infectious disease could hardly have been invented.

“We have stated that in some of the camps the surface, especially where there were strips of wood, was frequently dotted with fecal deposits. At the time of our inspection of the Third U.S. Volunteer Cavalry (p. 269) at Chickamauga it was quite impossible to walk through the woods near the camp without soiling one’s feet with fecal matter. Much of this was probably specifically infected, and it is by no means improbable that the infection was carried by the men into their tents, where blankets and tentage became infected….” (p. 666.)

“Our investigations certainly demonstrate that typhoid fever is not only an infectious, but also a contagious disease; that it may be transferred from one person to another by contact, and that the clothing, bedding, and rooms of typhoid patients should be disinfected with as much care as is now given to these matters in cases of diphtheria and scarlet fever.

“…It is probable that the infection was disseminated to some extent through the air in the form of dust….The shell roads through the encampment at Jacksonville were ground into the finest dust by the heavy army wagons. The scavenger carts carrying the tubs filled with fecal matter passed along these roads, and their course could often be traced by bits of feces falling from the tubs. Other vehicles ground up the fecal matter and dust together, and the winds disseminated these particles here and there. Men inhaled this dust. It was deposited on food in the mess tents by the roadside, and men ate the dust. Pollution of the soil with the urine of those suffering with typhoid fever was of frequent occurrence….” (p. 667.)

“…After a command becomes badly infected with typhoid fever, changes of location, together with thorough disinfection of all clothing, bedding, and tentage is necessary….” (p. 671.)

“…Malaria was not a prevalent disease among the troops that remained in the United States. We have shown in the body of this report that blood examinations for the plasmodium of malaria made by competent men at Camp Alger (p. 371), Chickamauga (p. 300), Knoxville (p. 300), Camp Meade (p. 479(, and Jacksonville (p. 637) show that malaria was a very rare disease among the troops that remained in the United States….The malaria that did exist in the national encampments in this country yielded readily to quinine, and the cases that did not yield to this treatment were not malarial. It is unfortunate for scientific medicine that a competent man, properly equipped for making blood examinations, was not stationed at each division hospital at the time of its organization. Certainly we have a right to expect that the Government will use the best and the most scientific methods in its Army medical service….Is it too much to ask that a division hospital be furnished with facilities for scientific diagnosis equivalent to those possessed by all first-class civil hospitals?

“…The continued fever that prevailed among the soldiers in this country in 1898 was typhoid fever. There is no evidence that any other continued fever was found among the troops that remained in the United States. We have mentioned the claim of one surgeon that dengue prevailed in his regiment at Chickamauga. We think it quite impossible for dengue to have prevailed in one regiment while all other troops of two army corps encamped at the same place escaped this disease….” (p. 673.)

“…About one-fifth of the soldiers in the national encampments in the United States in 1898 developed typhoid fever. Among 107,973 officers and men in 92 regiments, the records of which we have carefully studied, the number of cases of typhoid fever, according to our estimate, was 20,738. This is equivalent to 19.26 per cent.

“…Army surgeons correctly diagnosed about half the cases of typhoid fever….Most of the cases improperly diagnosed were sent to general military hospitals or to civil hospitals with the diagnosis of malaria. In 80 out of 85 cases sent from the Fifth Maryland to civil hospitals in Baltimore, the diagnosis was changed from malaria to typhoid fever. Out of 98 cases sent from the Eighth New York to hospitals in New York City on September 9 all were recognized as typhoid fever by the physicians in charge of the hospital, while the majority of these cases had been entered on the sick reports under other diagnoses. Of 101 cases of fever transferred to the hospitals at Hartford and New Britain, Conn., by the First Connecticut Infantry, on its departure from Camp Alger, Va., September 7, 1898, 98 received the diagnosis of typhoid fever and only 3 the diagnosis of malaria. The failure of the regimental surgeon to properly diagnose many cases of typhoid fever is easily explained. Orders required, very properly, that every man sick for forty-eight hours should be sent to the division hospital. It will be seen from this that the cases were not under the observation of the regimental surgeon for a sufficient time for him to make a diagnosis. There is also some excuse for the failure of the surgeons at the division hospitals to recognize all cases of typhoid fever. Many of the less severe of these cases remained in hospital for a short time and were furloughed home or forwarded to some general hospital….^[116]

“The percentage of death among cases of typhoid fever was 7.61. Of the 20,738 cases already mentioned as occurring in 92 regiments, 1,580 died….This corresponds closely with the death rate for typhoid fever in those places in which most accurate records have been kept….” (p. 674.)

“…The deaths from typhoid fever were 86.24 per cent of the total deaths.”

“….The highest morbidity was in the case of the Forty-ninth Iowa Infantry, and the lowest in the Second Pennsylvania Infantry, a regiment which never reached a national encampment.” (p. 675.)

“…The average period of incubation in typhoid fever is probably about ten and a half days.” (p. 676.)

(Reed, Walter, V. C. Vaughan, and Edward O. Shakespeare. Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in U.S. Military Camps During The Spanish War of 1898 (Vol. 1). 1904.)

Newspapers

Dec 26, 1897 (PA): “Mrs. Levi Moyer died Sunday [Dec 26] morning after a few days’ illness of typhoid fever, aged 67 years, She leaves to mourn her loss a husband, three daughters and three sons. Funeral was held in Zion’s church Wednesday…” (Greenville News, PA. “Transfer.” 1-1-1898, p. 8.)

Dec 29, 1897 (NY): “New York, Dec 29. – J. Elmer Ellis, eldest son of the founder of the Ellis Locomotive works, is dying of typhoid fever at the home of Mrs. Peacock Webb….He is 33 years old.” (Centralia Enterprise and Tribune, WI. “Threw Away Life and Fortune.” 1-1-1898, p. 4.)

Dec 31, 1897 (ME): “Bar Harbor, Me., Jan. 1.—Miss Lucilla Pulitzer, oldest daughter of Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World, died at Chatwood, his summer residence, at 3 o’clock Friday afternoon [Dec 31] of typhoid fever. She had been ill about ten weeks. The family will leave for New York with the body as soon as possible. She was aged 17.” (Fort Wayne Sunday Gazette, IN. “Miss Pulitzer Dead.” 1-2-1898, p. 7.)

Dec 31, 1897 (OR): “Miss June Stewart died Friday [Dec 31] at her father’s home in Medford, Oregon, after a severe siege of typhoid fever. The young lady was very well known in this city and hundreds of friends will mourn her untimely decease….Miss Stewart…was but 22 years of age…She was a musician of some note, being an accomplished pianist as well as a vocalist….Socially and in church circles the young lady was everywhere popular….” (Oakland Tribune, CA. “Death Ends a Noble Young Life.” 1-3-1898, p. 2.)

Jan 1 (IN): “Willard M. Martin, age 37, died Saturday night [Jan 1] at 10:30, of typhoid fever, at the residence of C. A. Little, on Erie avenue. Deceased was a shoemaker, and leaves a wife and two children…” (Logansport Daily Reporter, IN. “The Death Summons.” 1-3-1898, p. 8.)

Late Dec and early Jan (IA): “At Forest City a whole family is wiped out by typhoid fever. A few days ago a son of W. H. Fisher died and Friday afternoon [Dec 31] Mrs. Fisher died. On Sunday [Jan 2] Mr. Fisher died and Tuesday [Jan 4] the couple were buried in one grave. Three children survive but two of them are very sick and likely to die.” (Upper Des Moines, Algona, IA. “Semi-Local News Notes.” 1-5-1898, p. 1.)

Jan 2~ (IL): “Mr. Saunder’s daughter, Susie White, was buried at Harshbarger cemetery January 4. Death was caused by typhoid fever.” (Decatur Herald Dispatch, IL. “Atwood.” 1-8-1898, p. 8.)

Jan 3 (OH): “Scott Mendenhall, a prominent citizen of Salesville [Guernsey County, OH], deed Monday [Jan 3] after a two weeks’ illness of Typhoid fever. Deceased was 90 [unclear] years of age and leaves a wife and seven children to mourn his death.” (Cambridge Jeffersonian, OH. Obituary. 1-6-1898, p. 3.)

Jan 4 (OH): “Elmer Lemon died Tuesday morning [Jan 4] near Mt. Taber, this county, of typhoid fever, aged about 35 years, leaving a wife and two children.” (Marion Daily Star, OH. “Cardington Notes.” 1-6-1898, p. 2.)

Jan 5 (PA): “William Alexander of West Washington street, a scion of one of the pioneer families of the city and county, and a prosperous citizen, died at the Shenango Valley hospital at 8:30 a.m. Wednesday after a few weeks illness with typhoid fever. He was taken ill a few weeks ago and it was at first thought by his physician that he had malarial fever, but later the well known symptoms of typhoid appeared and in a most malignant form, for the diagnosis had not been verified more than about 24 hours, until he died. He was taken to the hospital about a week ago. He is survived by a wife… The family connection embraces many of the best families in the city and county….” (New Castle News, PA. “William Alexander.” 1-5-1898, p. 15.)

Jan 6 (OH): “Frampton, O., Jan. 7. — Mr. William Teffna, a well known, prominent farmer whose home was a short distance west of Frampton, died Thursday evening at 7 o’clock after two months’ illness with typhoid fever, Mr. Teffna having suffered a relapse. Mr. Teffna, aged 49 years, was a popular member of the K of P lodge at Fallsburg.” (Newark Daily Advocate, OH. “Death Near Frampton.” 1-8-1898, p. 8.)

Jan 8 (IN): “Henry Antrup, aged 6 years, son of Edward Antrup. Of St. Joe Township, died Saturday [Jan 8] of typhoid fever.” (Fort Wayne News, IN “Other Deaths and Funerals.” 1-10-1898, p. 5.)

Jan 9, (NY): “Mrs. Sadie Estella Gould, wife of James T. Gould, died yesterday noon at her home…aged 23 years. She had been ill of typhoid fever.” (Evening Herald, Syracuse, NY. “Mortuary Matters.” 1-10-1898, p. 6.)

Jan 11 (MO): “St. Charles, Mo., has an epidemic of typhoid fever. A hundred cases have been reported and a dozen deaths have occurred. The cause is attributed to the drouth and the concentration of germs in the water.” (Edwardsville Intelligencer, IL. “Telegraphic Notes.” 1-11-1898, 2.)

Jan 13 (IN): “An epidemic of typhoid fever that has broken out in Harrison county is puzzling the local medical fraternity. The region afflicted is high and rolling and naturally supposed to be exempt from a disease that usually is found in only low and damp localities. In notifying the state board of health the physicians of the county say that they are inclined to attribute the epidemic to a certain brand of manufactured fertilizer that has recently been used in large quantities over the whole territory affected.” (Goshen Daily News, IN. “Fever Epidemic.” 1-13-1898, p. 4.)

Jan 22 (IN): “Washington, Ind., [Daviess County] Jan. 22. – The spread of typhoid fever in this city is causing alarm. The physicians attribute the cause to impure water. The city has 10,000 population and no sanitary sewage system.” (Jeffersonville Evening News, IN. “Spread of Typhoid Fever.” 1-22-1898, p. 4.)

Jan 22 (RI): “Pawtucket, Jan 22 – The neglect of certain physicians to make prompt report of contagious diseases that come under their treatment has aroused much indignation among the people and there is a demand for the imposing of a penalty for this neglect. During past few weeks at least two persons have died of typhoid fever and their cases were not reported to the city physician, as the ordnances of the city require and the city physician also found a case of diphtheria, where the child had died, and the funeral took place without any attempt to quarantine the house. Copies of the ordinance have recently been sent to all the physicians of this city and Central Falls,^[117] and in the future if they fail to comply with the requirements in reporting cases of this kind, the city physician says he shall recommend exacting the penalty provided.” (Pawtucket, early-mid Jan. Boston Sunday Globe. “Pawtucket.” 1-23-1898, p. 2, c.3.)

Jan 24 (PA): “That purity in a water supply is of grave importance, in fact is an essential, is demonstrated again in Philadelphia. For weeks typhoid fever has been prevailing to an alarming extent in certain portions of the city, particularly in the district supplied with water from the Queen Lane reservoir. Members of the bacteriological bureau and health department are making extensive investigations. They have directed that the people boil all drinking water. Dr. Taylor, chief medical inspector of the board of health, on Friday when asked whether he still attributed the prevalence of the disease to impurities in the water, replied: “Undoubtedly I do. Take New York as an example. In that city the sanitary conditions of dwellings do not begin to compare with ours. The streets here are cleaner, and there is not the crowding of families into tenements, yet in New York the cases of typhoid fever are very few because the water supply is good and free from impurities.” All the doctors who have inquired into the subject agree that the impure water is the cause of so very many typhoid fever cases in Philadelphia, thirty-nine new cases being reported in one day last Friday [Jan 21].” (Lebanon Daily News, PA. “Several Important Facts” editorial. 1-24-1898, p. 2.)

Jan 26 (PA): “The Shenango Valley hospital is too small to meet present requirements. The institution is crowded, and unless an addition is soon built, its size will soon be totally inadequate for the proper care of the sick and injured. There are 37 patient in the hospital; of these, 15 are suffering with typhoid fever, and nearly all occupy private rooms. The demand for private rooms

is so great that seven applications for them are now on file and cannot be filled….The resident physician and the matron have given up their rooms to private patients…It is not unusual for several applications for rooms to be made each day, but all must be refused….” (New Castle News, PA. “The Hospital Crowded…Suffering from Typhoid Fever.” 1-26-1898, p. 1.)

April 18 (PA): “From The Philadelphia North American, April 18. Prompt action upon the part of the Board of Health, the watchfulness of physicians, and the extra caution which has been exercised by the general public, as a result of newspaper agitation, together with a gradual working out of natural conditions, have all combined to bring to a practical end the epidemic of typhoid fever which ravaged a number of wards of this city during December of last year and he first three months of 1898. Given a chance calmly to investigate the affair, the Board of Health has prepared, as a result of its investigations, a report which is interesting to the people generally and important in conclusions which are to be drawn from it.

“The direct cause of the epidemic having been ascertained in the early stages of its progress, the health authorities have been able to secure much valuable information that will be of benefit in the future. Incidentally, it may be hoped that the Survey Department and the Bureau of Water have likewise been taught a lesson that will not soon be forgotten. The epidemic was the result of a careless – almost criminal – flooding of the big Manayunk intercepting sewer, which, having been done in a bungling manner, caused the sewer to burst and discharge its contents into Wissahickon Creek, whence it was swept into the Schuylkill River close to the point where the pumping station supplying the Queen Lane Reservoir is situated. The sewage, containing millions of typhoid germs, was pumped into the reservoir, and thus was a deadly peril placed directly in the way of thousands of consumers of the water served from that reservoir.

“The flooding of the sewer occurred on Dec. 16, and in that month alone over 500 cases of typhoid fever were reported to the Board of Health, 258 of them coming after the bursting of the sewer, and from the seven wards getting their water supply from the Queen Lane Reservoir. That the epidemic was the result of this criminal blunder was quickly ascertained by the health authorities, for the seven wards referred to figure in the reports of the sanitary inspectors as among the best under-drained, the most remote from such swamp land conditions as might cause typhoid, and generally as being the best and most healthy wards in the city.

“In January, 790 cases of fever were reported, being more than the Januarys of the four preceding years, when the grand total only amounted to 722 cases. February showed a record of 681 new cases, and it was not until March that a noticeable change for the better occurred. In that month only 332 cases were reported, and there has been such a corresponding decrease this month that the health authorities believe the report will show that the disease has been reduced to normal proportions.

“The manner in which the epidemic was fought reflects the greatest credit upon the skill of our physicians and the good sense and caution of our people. The death rate from the disease was unusually low, considering the extent and virulence of the scourge and this success in fighting it is ascribed in large part to the prompt measures taken whenever the first symptoms of typhoid appeared, and to the constant warning sounded by the newspapers and the physicians.

“The deaths in January out of 790 cases, were 65, and those in February were 75 out of a total of 681 cases. The deaths in March were 54 out of 332 cases, and this month the death rate has been low enough to be termed normal. While this happy condition of affairs is due largely to the efforts of the physicians and the caution of the people, it must also be borne in mind that natural conditions have been at work. Reasonably pure water has been constantly pumped into Queen Lane Reservoir as the typhoid fluid has been pumped into the mains, and this gradual substitution of the pure article for the impure has exhausted the force of the germs, which have either been consumed by victims or the disease or have died off.

“With the end reached, the city may contemplate the effects of this piece of criminal carelessness upon the part of the Survey Bureau, and reflect upon the fact that the suffering and death was small in comparison to that which was threatened. But the chief lesson is to those who were responsible for the epidemic, and the people will look to the proper authorities to guard against a repetition of such a calamity.” (New York Times. “Typhoid in Philadelphia. The Epidemic Now Regarded as Practically at an End.” 4-23-1898.)

Oct 18 (NH): “There is a serious epidemic of typhoid fever at’ Rollinsford, N.H. and quite a number of patients have recently been brought to the Maine General hospital, Portland, from that place for treatment.” (Daily Kennebec Journal, ME. 10-18-1898, p. 9.

Oct 21 (CO): “Denver, Col., Oct. 17. — There is an epidemic of typhoid fever raging at Whipple barracks, Ariz., and several deaths are reported. The post is garrisoned by volunteers.” (Williamsburg Journal,, IA. “Typhoid Fever Epidemic.” 10-21-1898, p. 6.)

Oct 28 (IN): “An epidemic of typhoid fever was started in Warren county [IN], at West Lebanon, the cause of which has been traced to the establishment of a Danville Ill., caterer, who furnished the refreshments of two West Lebanon weddings. Within a week afterwards — the first wedding which was last spring, nearly all the guests who had been present and eaten of the food prepared were taken sick with typhoid fever. Several of them died, but at that time the connection of the disease with the banquet furnished by the caterer was not suspected. After the second wedding feast, late in September forty of the guests were taken ill and some are yet suffering from typhoid fever. It required careful study and diligent inquiry to bring all the corroborating facts to light and connect the Danville caterer with the illness of the guests at both weddings, but as soon as it was shown the board called the attention of the Illinois state board of health to the matter, with the result that a well in the catering establishment is now to be examined for germs of typhoid fever. In the meantime active steps are being taken to prevent the spread of the disease in West Lebanon, and it is hoped to destroy all the typhoid germs before any more people are affected. Dr. J. N. Hurry, secretary of the state board of health, has the matter in charge.” (Goshen Daily News, IN. “Started at a Wedding.” 10-28-1898, p. 4.)

Nov 2: “Indianapolis, Ind.. Nov. 2. – The State board of health received a petition from the citizens of Macy, Miami county, asking it to investigate the town, with a view of ridding it of the epidemic of typhoid fever, diphtheria and scarlet fever, which is now paralyzing the place. All the schools have been closed and the local authorities are unable to cope with the diseases.” (Logansport Chronicle, IN. “Epidemic at Macy.” 12-5-1898, p. 8.)

Dec 7: “There is an epidemic of typhoid fever in the borough of the Bronx.” (The World, NYC. “The News.” 12-7-1898, p. 6.)

Dec 22: “An epidemic of typhoid fever has broken out at Sheboygan. Henry Knocke, a well-known young business man, died Wednesday [Dec 22] and there are eleven cases in one hospital, besides many cases scattered about the city. It is claimed the germs were brought to the city by soldiers returning from Porto Rico.” (Daily Northwestern, Oshkosh, WI. “State News.” 12-22-1898, p. 4.)

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Indiana Weekly Messenger, Indiana, PA. “The Mortuary Record.” 1-12-1898, p. 2. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=113905400&sterm=typhoid

Jeffersonville Evening News, IN. “Died of Typhoid Fever.” 1-22-1898, 2. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=192640142&sterm=typhoid

Jeffersonville Evening News, IN. “Spread of Typhoid Fever.” 1-22-1898, p. 4. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=192640144&sterm=typhoid

Jim Wheat’s Dallas County Texas Archives. Obituaries, 1898. 4-23-2003 update. Accessed 3-2-2020 at: http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~jwheat/history/obits/obits98.html

Kuhns, Dr. Dwight M, and Capt. Donald L. Learnard. “Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers.” Chapter XXII in Preventive Medicine in WWII, Volume IV, Communicable Diseases, Transmitted Chiefly Through Respiratory and Alimentary Tracts. Prepared and published under the direction of Major General S. B. Hays, Surgeon General, U.S. Army, with Colonel John Boyd Coates, Mr., Editor in Chief and Dr. Ebbe Curtis Hoff, Editor for Preventive Medicine. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, 1958. Accessed 7-28-2013 at: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/PM4/DEFAULT.htm

Laura’s Lineal and Collateral Ascent (genealogy website). Accessed 7-27-2013 at: http://www.ladkau.com/getperson.php?personID=I53&tree=tree1

Laurel County Historical Society. “Laurel County Deaths 1898.” Newsletter, Branches of Laurel, October 1993, at: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kylaurel/deaths/1898.htm

Lebanon Daily News, PA. “Several Important Facts” editorial. 1-24-1898, p. 2. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=126728189&sterm=typhoid

Lebanon Pioneer, IN. (May Cox). 1-13-1898, p. 4, col. 2. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=192909232&sterm=typhoid

Lewis, Samuel James (USGS). Quality of Water in the Upper Ohio River Basis and at Erie, PA (Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 161). Washington: GPO, 1906. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=b_UoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Logansport Chronicle, IN. “Epidemic at Macy.” 12-5-1898, p. 8. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=189863077&sterm=epidemic+of+typhoid

Logansport Daily Reporter, IN. “The Death Summons.” 1-3-1898, p. 8. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=83776237&sterm=typhoid

Manulik, Joseph. “1898 Typhoid Epidemic.” Minnesota Encyclopedia. Minnesota Historical Society. 11-25-2012. Accessed 7-12-2013: http://www.mnopedia.org/event/1898-typhoid-epidemic

Marion Daily Star, OH. “Cardington Notes.” 1-6-1898, p. 2. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com

Marshfield Times, WI. “Hospital Notes.” 12-30-1898, p. 5. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=52881121&sterm=typhoid+epidemic

Michigan Department of State. “Mortality in Michigan from Typhoid Fever, 1898-1903.” Michigan Monthly Bulletin of Vital Statistics, Vol. VI, No. 9, September, 1903, p. 71. Google digitized: http://books.google.com/books?id=ysFBAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=typhoid&f=false

Michigan Department of State (Cressy L. Wilbur, ed.). Thirty-Second Annual Report of the Secretary of State on the Registration of Births and Deaths, Marriages and Divorces in Michigan for the Year 1898. Lansing, MI: Robert Smith Printing Co., 1900. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=htcWAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=typhoid&f=false

New Castle News, PA. “Albert Stewart.” 1-12-1898, p. 19, col. 5. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com

New Castle News, PA. “Mamie Morris.” 1-12-1898, p. 15, col. 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=62901588&sterm=typhoid

New Castle News, PA. “The Hospital Crowded…Suffering from Typhoid Fever.” 1-26-1898, p. 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=62243252&sterm=typhoid

New Castle News, PA. “William Alexander.” 1-5-1898, p. 15. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=62901584&sterm=typhoid

New York Times. “Typhoid in Philadelphia. The Epidemic Now Regarded as Practically at an End.” 4-23-1898. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F00D1FFF3C5C11738DDDAA0A94DC405B8885F0D3

Newark Daily Advocate, OH. “Death Near Frampton.” 1-8-1898, p. 8. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=6697905&sterm=typhoid

Newberry County, South Carolina Death Returns 1885-1898 A-J. Accessed 7-28-2013 at: http://genealogytrails.com/scar/newberry/death_returns2_1885-1898.htm

Oakland Tribune, CA. “Death Ends a Noble Young Life.” 1-3-1898, p. 2. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=43816765&sterm=typhoid

Osler, William, M.D. (Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University). The Problem of Typhoid Fever in the United States (An Address delivered before the Medical Society of the State of New York, February 1^st, 1899). Baltimore: John Murphy Co., 1899. Google digitized: http://books.google.com/books?id=bQsTAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

PBS. American Experience. The Great Fever. “Scourge of the Spanish American War.” Accessed 3-2-2020 at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/fever-scourge-spanish-american-war/

Pierce, Gerald Joseph. Public and Private Voices: The Typhoid Fever Experience at Camp Thomas, 1898. History Dissertations, Department of History, Georgia State University 11-20-2007. Accessed 3-2-2020 at: http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=history_diss

Poseyville News, IN. “Expert Bareback Rider Dead.” 1-21-1898, p. 7, col. 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=190027101&sterm=typhoid

Postville Review. IA. [William Kampka typhoid death.] 1-21-1898, p. 3, col. 2. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=158239298&sterm=typhoid

Reed, Walter, Victor C. Vaughan, and Edward O. Shakespeare. Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in U.S. Military Camps During The Spanish War of 1898 (Vol. 1). Washington: GPO, 1904. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=XHfhAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Robb, Cairo A. R. (ed.). “Missouri v. Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago.” Case in: International Environmental Law Reports, Volume 1, Early Decisions. “Missouri v. Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago.” Cambridge, UK: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1999. Partially Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=lPfl8R6LPkQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

San Antonio Sunday Light, TX. “A Doctor’s Fee.” 1-9-1898, p. 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=58031833&sterm=typhoid

Smallman-Raynor, M. R., and A. D. Cliff. War Epidemics: An Historical Geography of Infectious Diseases in Military Conflict and Civil Strife, 1850-2000. Oxford University Press, 2004. Google preview accessed 3-3-2020 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=eSR18bn56ysC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

Sunday Leader, Eau Claire, WI. [F. S. Darling]. 1-16-1898, p. 5. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=100725580&sterm=typhoid

Superior Board of Health and Board of Charities, Chief Surgeon’s Office, Department of Porto Rico, United States Army. Military Government of Porto Rico from October 18, 1898, to April 30, 1900. Appendices to the Report of the Military Governor. Epitome of Reports of I. The Superior Board of Health. II. The Board of Charities. Washington: GPO, 1901. Google digitized: http://books.google.com/books?id=zJrSfnZK7PgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

The Maryland Twenty One. Accessed 7-27-2013 at: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:4fDCFH63aE8J:xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/16952295/1428517338/name/The%2BMaryland%2BTwenty%2BOne.doc+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a

The World, NYC. “The News.” 12-7-1898, p. 6. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=137354008&sterm=epidemic+of+typhoid

United States, Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain. Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (Vol. 2 of 8 Volumes). Washington: GPO, 1900 (Senate Document No. 221, 56^th Congress, 1^st. Session). Accessed at: http://archive.org/details/conductwardept02dodgrich

Upper Des Moines, Algona, IA. “Semi-Local News Notes.” 1-5-1898, 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=122686606&sterm=typhoid

Waterloo Daily Courier, IA. “B. W. Jones Dead. Was Pastor of Church of the Redeemer in 1893. Dies at Barre, Vermont.” 1-20-1898, 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=93279953&sterm=typhoid

Weekly Wisconsin, Milwaukee. (Louis Schultz, typhoid death at age 32). 1-22-1898, 4, col. 5. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=120031147&sterm=typhoid

Williamsburg Journal,, IA. “Typhoid Fever Epidemic.” 10-21-1898, p. 6. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=129398741&sterm=epidemic+of+typhoid

Willcox, W. F. (Cornell Univ.). “Typhoid Fever in New York State in 1898.” Medical Review of Reviews, Vol. 5, No. 5, 5-25-1899, pp. 376-377. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=ayKgAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Williamsburg Journal,, IA. “Typhoid Fever Epidemic.” 10-21-1898, p. 6. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/fullpagepdfviewer?img=129398741&sterm=epidemic+of+typhoid

Also see:

Cirillo, Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli: The Spanish-American War and Military Medicine. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999. Google preview accessed 3-2-2020 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=_rG9HWy6fVkC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Cosmos, Graham A. An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish-American War. College Station, TX: Texan A&M University Press, 1994. Google preview accessed 3-3-2020 at:

https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Army_for_Empire/q35B829vNQEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=An+Army+for+Empire:+The+United+States+Army+in+the+Spanish-American+War.&printsec=frontcover

Yale News, “Typhoid’s lethal secret revealed by Yale researchers.” 8010-2013.

http://news.yale.edu/2013/07/10/typhoid-s-lethal-secret-revealed-yale-researchers?utm_source=eline&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=eline-07-2013

[1] We are using the Reed et al. figure in that it focuses on deaths in military camps in the U.S.

[2] The figure 1,900 is for typhoid-identified deaths from identified State Regiments and other units (106), and is not death location based. We tallied this figure from the State and Regimental breakouts below.

[3] This is for 92 of the 106 regiments for which data was collected and described in the report.

[4] “…troops stationed away from the fighting [Spanish-American War] also faced danger. When the Spanish-American War was declared, thousands of U.S. volunteers entered training camps in the southeastern United States. Though the surgeon general advised soldiers to maintain sanitary conditions, the camps were filthy, leading to a deadly typhoid outbreak. Of 171,000 personnel, 20,700 contracted the disease and more than 1,500 died.”

[5] “The Second Alabama began to assemble at Camp Clark, on Mobile Bay, April 30, but was not mustered into the service of the United States until June 5. At Camp Clark the water supply was distributed through the regiments in pipes from Mobile. Pits were used for the disposal of fecal matter, and the garbage was deposited in barrels and carted away twice a day by scavengers. Company H of this regiment was recruited at Troy, Ala., at which place there was at the time of the enlistment of this company an epidemic of typhoid….The regiment arrived at Miami, Fla., June 30, 1898.” (p. 523.)

[6] Several entries note the place of death as “Camp Shipp” which was located at Anniston

[7] At least one entry is for Camp Wheeler, which was at Huntsville – later renamed Camp Albert G. Forse. (Greguras, Fred. Spanish American War Camps 1898-99 (website). 2005. Accessed 7-16-2013.

[8] The location is written as Camp Wheeler, Ga. Camp Wheeler, however, was at Huntsville, Alabama. In addition, many of the deaths from this NY Regiment are listed as occurring in Huntsville.

[9] Near Prescott, AZ.

[10] Volunteer military deaths not covered by Reed, et al. in their report on typhoid in certain military camps. So as not to confuse the numbers we list them here. The article actually states “several” deaths.

[11] “The regiment left Little Rock on May 25 and arrived at Camp George H. Thomas, Chickamauga Park, Ga., May 27, 1898….its first case of recognized typhoid fever appeared June 6, and numerous cases immediately followed. It is…a fair presumption that this regiment became infected before it left its camp at Little Rock, Ark. This must be regarded as one of the regiments which brought the typhoid infection into the camp at Chickamauga Park.” (p. 223) Reed, et al. note that there are no or incomplete records on the disposition of many men diagnosed with typhoid as well as other ailments thought to be typhoid in this regiment. Pages 228-229 were not reproduced in the Google digitization, thus the figures we record are incomplete. The total typhoid fatality figure is at p. 266.

[12] Our calculation based on notation that average yearly typhoid death rate during 1880-1889 was 38 per 100,000. 1890 pop. was 746,258 and 1900 pop was 908,355, leading to prorated 1898 pop of 877,935 times death rate.

[13] Mustered in at Niantic, Conn., May 14, 1898. Moved to Camp Alger, VA, July 19 [where most if not all the typhoid deaths occurred]. Left Camp Alger for Camp Haven, Niantic, Sep 7, arriving Sep 8. (pp. 336-337)

[14] Both victims were on a hospital train out of Tampa, location not noted at time of death.

[15] Ten Georgians died and 761 troops from the First Army Corps (344) and Third Army Corps (417). Reed, p. 675.

[16] Regiment mustered in May 14, Griffin, Ga. Arrived Tampa, May 21. First recognized Typhoid case, June 8. Left Tampa Aug 19 for Huntsville, arriving Aug 21. Number of probable typhoid cases developed at Tampa…87. “Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed after leaving Tampa…97….We are quite…convinced that the number 184 is not sufficiently large to indicate the actual number of cases of typhoid fever in this regiment.”

[17] Also “Chickamauga Park.” We have entered under “Chickamauga,” those entries listed as “Camp Thomas,” in that Camp Thomas was located at Chickamauga. We also have entered under “Chickamauga,” those entries listed as “Leiter Hospital,” and Sternberg Field Hospital, in that both were located at Chickamauga.

[18] East Point, GA, southwest edge of Atlanta. (Wikipedia. “Fort McPherson.” 3-24-2013 modification.)

[19] “The First Illinois Volunteer Cavalry was mustered into service May 21, 1898, at Springfield, Ill….” (p. 271) “Arrived at Chickamauga Park, Ga., June 1, 1898. Date of first case of probable typhoid fever, June 10, 1898. Date of first case of recognized typhoid fever, June 20, 1898. Left Chickamauga Park, Ga., August 25, 1898….Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed at Chickamauga…159. Went from Chickamauga Park to Fort Sheridan, Ill. Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed after leaving Chickamauga Park…61.”….“We have tabulated 220 cases of probable typhoid fever in this regiment.” (p. 272)

[20] Regiment assembled at Camp Turner, Springfield, IL in May. Left for Camp Cuba Libre, Jacksonville, FL May 19, arriving May 23. Stayed through Oct. 24. Then moved to Camp Onward, near Savannah, GA, remaining until Dec 10. Was at Camp Columbia, Havana, Cuba in Dec. (pp. 539-542.) Fifteen of the eighteen typhoid deaths occurred while stationed in Jacksonville. Two were in Oct and one in Nov.

[21] These were during deployment at CampAlger, VA.

[22] “The regiment was in its State camp near Springfield, Ill., from June 28 to August 5. It was in the national camp at Jacksonville, Fla., from August 8 to October 21. It was in Camp Onward, near Savannah, Ga., from October 22 to December 31, 1898. It was mustered out on the 26^th of May, 1899, at Augusta, Ga. The initial date of the first probable attack of typhoid fever was as early as July 6. It is beyond doubt that this regiment arrived in the national camp at Jacksonville, Fla., already infected with typhoid fever.” (p. 572.)

[23] Miss Jessie McKinley – “…a distant relative of the president.”

[24] Henry Antrap, 6; Louise Hattendorf, 19. Did not count again David Griffith, 49, noted Jan 14.

[25] Our calculation based on Lewis, S.J. Quality of Water in the Upper Ohio River Basin and at Erie, PA. Lewis notes a typhoid death rate of 42 per 100,000. Extrapolating from an 1890 pop. of 105,436 and a 1900 pop. of 169,164 we arrive at approximately 64 typhoid deaths. Indianapolis population estimates were taken from: http://physics.bu.edu/~redner/projects/population/cities/indianapolis.html

[26] The newspaper article states that “several” died of typhoid. We translate “several” into 3 for counting purposes.

[27] Regiment mustered about May 10 in Indianapolis, leaving May 15 for Chickamauga Park, GA before moving to Port Tampa City, FL, June 1. There was no sickness prior to Chickamauga. “There were 7 cases during June. During July the disease slowly spread and acquired epidemic proportions toward the last of this month.” (pp. 491-492.)

[28] Mustered in May 13, 1898, Camp Mount, Indianapolis. Moved May 22 for Camp Alger, VA, arriving May 24. Left Aug 3 for Thoroughfare, VA and thence for Camp Meade, PA, arriving Aug 25. Departed Sep 11 for Indianapolis, arriving Sep 12. (p. 345-346.)

[29] Indianapolis.

[30] First number is for Iowa troops dying of typhoid. Second is for troops dying of typhoid within Iowa.

[31] Regiment formed in Des Moines, Apr 26-June 11, moving to Jacksonville, FL, June 14-Oct 25, to Savannah, GA Oct 26-Dec 19, to Cuba Dec 23. Mustered out May 13, 1899 at Savannah. All regimental disease deaths were due to typhoid. (pp. 604-605.)

[32] Regiment assembled at Des Moines at State Fair Grounds from April 26 to May 17 when it was mustered in. Moved to Jacksonville, FL, arriving May 25. Appears to have left Jacksonville back to Des Moines on Sep 17, arriving Sep 21 for 3-day furlough prior to being mustered-out. (pp. 559-561, 564.)

[33] “This regiment was mustered into service at Camp McKinley, Des Moines, Iowa, May 25, 1898. It left Camp McKinley May 28, and arrived at Chickamauga Park, Ga., May 31….Date of first case of probable typhoid fever, June 8, 1898….Left Chickamauga Park, Ga., August 28, 1898….Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed at Chickamauga…257. Went from Chickamauga Park, Ga., to Des Moines, Iowa. Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed after leaving Chickamauga…88.” (p. 256)

[34] First number is for Kansas troops dying of typhoid. Second is for troops dying of typhoid within Kansas.

[35] Mustered in early May, 1898 at Camp Leedy, Topeka, KS. Arrived Camp Alger, VA, May 28 [clean/no typhoid]. Left Alger, arriving Camp Meade, PA, Aug 10. Departed for Fort Leavenworth on Sep 9; furloughed for 30 days on Sep 12. (pp. 343-344)

[36] Reprinted from the Laurel County Historical Society’s Newsletter, Branches of Laurel, October 1993.

[37] First number is for Kentucky troops dying of typhoid. Second is for troops dying of typhoid within Kentucky.

[38] At or near Lexington, KY. Also referred to as Fort Hamilton at page 41.

[39] On Ohio River, opposite Ohio and near Covington, KY and Cincinnati, OH.

[40] Regiment assembled at New Orleans about May 1. About June 5 arrived at Camp Coppinger, Spring Hill, near Mobile, AL, with no typhoid reported. Moved to Jacksonville, FL, arriving Aug 10. (pp. 525-526.)

[41] Regiment assembled at New Orleans fair-grounds May 2. Left May 29 for Mobile, Ala. and then on to Miami, reaching there June 29. “Whatever the source, there can be no doubt that this regiment became quite seriously infected with typhoid fever at Mobile.” (p. 527.)

[42] First number is for Maine troops dying of typhoid. Second is for troops dying of typhoid within Maine.

[43] “In Baltimore we are a little better off [than Philadelphia] though typhoid fever prevails extensively, and more than two hundred people die of it annually. The city is unsewered, with 80,000 cess-pools, and has a water supply with unprotected sources. With proper sanitary measures the present death rate of between 40 and 50 per 100,000 of the population should fall to 10 or 12.”

[44] Most of these typhoid deaths were at Camp Meade, PA.

[45] Assembled late April at Pimlico race track. Moved to Chickamauga GA May 19, arriving May 21. Ordered to Tampa, FL, June 2^nd, arriving June 5. First typhoid death was at Tampa on July 29. Moved to Huntsville, AL in mid-to-late-Aug. Ordered back to MD on Sep 5. (The Maryland Twenty One.) This website is a memorial to the twenty-one men of the Fifth Maryland Infantry Regiment who died in 1898 during deployment to training camps in the U.S. upon outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

[46] Arrived at Camp Meade of Sep 11. (p. 456)

[47] Mustered in at Framingham, MA, May 13, 1898. Arrived at Camp Alger, Va., May 22, remaining until July 5 when it left for Puerto Rico. (p. 321) On October 20-21 regiment boarded transport Mississippi at San Juan harbor, which sailed Oct 22 for Boston, arriving on Oct 27. (p. 323)

[48] In 1897 there 774 typhoid deaths. (Osler. The Problem of Typhoid Fever in the United States. 1899, p. 10.

[49] First number is for Michigan troops dying of typhoid. Second is for troops dying of typhoid within Michigan.

[50] Regiment mustered in at Camp Eaton, Island Lake, MI, about May 10. Arrived Tampa May 22. Date of 1^st case of recognized typhoid fever, July 5. Left Tampa July 26 for Fernandina, FL, arriving July 28. Left Fernandina about Sep 1, arriving Huntsville, AL, about Sep 2. Left Huntsville about Sep 12. (p. 493.)

[51] Most of these typhoid deaths were at Camp Meade, PA.

[52] “This regiment was mustered into service at Camp Patrick Henry, Jackson, Miss., May 26, 1898. It left Jackson May 30, and arrived at Chickamauga Park, Ga., May 31.” (p. 257) “Date of first case of recognized typhoid fever, June 1, 1898. Left Chickamauga…September 8, 1898….Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed at Chickamauga…388. Went from Chickamauga Park, Ga., to Lauderdale, Miss., and was here disbanded on furlough. Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed after leaving Chickamauga…9.” (p. 263)

[53] These are deaths due to “recognized” typhoid. “This regiment was mustered into service, May 10, 1898, at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and remained in camp at that point till May 26, on which date it left for Camp Alger, Va., arriving May 29….Had no typhoid fever at State encampment [MO]…Date of first case of recognized typhoid fever…June 20…” Left for Camp Meade PA in August. (pp. 357-358)

[54] Regiment mustered in on May 14, 1898 at St. Louis. Moved to Camp Alger, VA, arriving May 27. Left for Camp Meade, PA Aug 20., with cases of typhoid still occurring until end of Sep. Left Camp Meade Nov 14 for Camp Wetherill, SC, arriving Nov 17 (pp. 352 and 354).

[55] “It will be seen from these figures that it is not at all likely that we have obtained the full list of cases of typhoid fever.” (p. 177).

[56] Regiment assembled at Camp Voorhees, Sea Girt, NJ, Apr 27. Left for Camp Cuba Libre, Jacksonville, FL, June 1, arriving June 3. Was at Pablo Beach Sep 2-22, departing by rail for Sea Girt to muster out. The typhoid deaths were one in July, 6 in Aug, 16 in Sep, 2 in Oct, and 4 in Nov. The 29 typhoid deaths were out of 32 deaths from all illness and disease. (pp. 531, 535-37.)

[57] From table: “Death rate from typhoid fever in certain cities in the United States.”

[58] “It will be…seen…that we have not obtained a complete list of cases of typhoid fever in this regiment.” (p. 182).

[59] Mustered at Camp Black, Long Island about May 15, 1898. Left for Camp Alger, VA, arriving May 29 free of typhoid cases. Moved through Thoroughfare Gap, VA to Camp Meade, PA in late August., departing Sep 13 for NY to be mustered out (pp. 347-348). Most, if not all, of the typhoid deaths were at Camp Alger, VA.

[60] “Total number of probable cases of typhoid fever developed in the Eighth New York Volunteer Infantry from May to September, 1898…425. These 425 cases were diagnosed as follows: Typhoid fever…190, Malaria…212, Diarrhea…22, Intestinal colic…1.” (p. 203)

[61] “On June 10 Major Hubbard [of 9^th NY Regiment] was detached from his regiment and sent to the division hospital. He stated that more than 90 per cent of the cases of typhoid fever brought to this hospital [Regimental while at Chickamauga] were not properly diagnosed by the regimental surgeon.” (p. 221) “It will be noticed that in number of deaths from typhoid fever this regiment leads all others at Chickamauga.” (p. 222)

[62] The Sixty-fifth New York Infantry was assembled at Camp Black, Hempstead, N.Y., and remained encamped at that point from May 2 to May 19, 1898….The regiment left Camp Black, Long Island, on May 19, and arrived at Camp Alger, Va., on the following day….

[63] From Sep through Dec, with 10 of the 19 in Sep. (p. 464.)

[64] This was at Camp Alger, VA.

[65] Approximately half of these deaths occurred while the Regiment was in Jacksonville, FL. (Reed 1904, 556.)

[66] Regiment mustered in at Raleigh in early May, leaving for Jacksonville, FL on May 22, arriving May 23. Left there Oct 24 for Savannah, GA, arriving Oct 25, remaining through Nov. and part of Dec. before moving to Camp Columbian, near Havana Cuba in late Dec. (pp. 551, 555.)

[67] Lewis writes that the typhoid death rate was 28 per 100,000 pop. We extrapolated from 1890 pop. of 88, 150 and 1900 population of 125,560 to derive a 1898 population of approximately 118,078 times a death rate of 28 to derive 33.06184 deaths. Population estimates at: http://physics.bu.edu/~redner/projects/population/cities/columbus.html

[68] Our extrapolation based on Lewis statement that the typhoid death rate per 100,000 was 24, and 1900 population estimate of 38, 253 found at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio

[69] “…regiment assembled at Columbus, Ohio…mustered…May 9, 1898.” (p. 273) “Arrived at Chickamauga Park, Ga., May 15, 1898….Date of first case of probable typhoid fever May 11… Date of first case of recognized typhoid fever July 4… Left Chickamauga Park, Ga., July 13….Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed at Chickamauga…9. Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed after leaving Chickamauga…180.” (p. 274)

[70] “This regiment was mustered into service at Columbus, Ohio, May 6 and 7, 1898…transferred to Chickamauga Park, Ga., May 16. It remained at this place until June 1, and on June 2 arrived at Tampa, Fla. [Port Tampa City]” (p. 484.) “Date of first case of recognized typhoid fever, July 22, 1898….Arrived at Fernandina, Fla., July 28, 1898. Left Fernandina, Fla., August 27, 1898….Arrived Jacksonville, Fla., August 28, 1898.(p. 486.)

[71] Regiment mustered in May 11 at Columbus. Left May 18 for Tampa, arriving May 21 and staying June and July. “It is evident that this regiment became infected with typhoid fever before it left Columbus.” Moved from Tampa to Fernandina, FL. Left Fernandina for Cleveland, arriving Sep 12. Twenty of 22 regimental deaths were from typhoid.

[72] Mustered into service May 14, 1898 at Columbus, OH. On May 19 moved to Camp Alger, VA, arriving May 21. Left Camp Alger, Sep 1 for Columbus, OH. Furloughed on Sep 27. Reassembled Oct 26. (p. 318)

[73] One of these was Camp Alger, VA, and nine at hospitals in Montauk Point, NY after arrival back from Cuba. Reed et al. were not able to ascertain status of troops and typhoid while in Cuba.

[74] “Three companies of this battalion were mustered in on the 14^th of May at Columbus, Ohio; the fourth company on the 8^th of August, 1898. Departed for Camp Alger, VA, arriving on May 20. “The battalion did not import typhoid fever into its Virginia camp, no case of this disease having developed until July 23, when the first case was diagnosed. Left for Camp Meade, PA on Aug 16, arriving next day. Left “for the South” on Nov 14. (pp. 355, 357)

[75] Calculation based on typhoid death rate of 189. Population in 1890 was 3,095 according to The Chronicle Fire Tables for 1894, “Places Having a Population of 1,000 and Upward in 1890. Continued. (From the Eleventh Census of the United States).” for p. 303. Lewis writes that “The disease may be said to have been continuously epidemic here for years…the number of deaths being among the highest in the country.”

[76] “Philadelphia, the most typical American city…presents to-day a state of appalling apathy. For years the diluted sewage of the Schuylkill Valley has furnished drink to its best citizens, who bathe for many days of the year in water resembling a thin pea-soup….Last week (ending January 28^th) there were 40 deaths from typhoid fever in the city, and 427 cases reported! Last year it is estimated that there were between 5,000 and 6,000 cases of typhoid fever, 600+ of which were fatal. A writer in the Philadelphia Medical Journal last week estimates the annual money loss from this disease at a million and a half dollars.”

[77] This figure is actually the annual average for typhoid deaths in Pittsburgh over the preceding decade: ““The vital statistics of Pittsburgh show conclusively that typhoid fever has for many years been an important factor in the death rate of the city. During the past decade it has been the assigned cause of 2,245 deaths, an average of 224.5 deaths per annum. During these last ten years, and probably for a very much longer period, Pittsburgh has never been wholly free from typhoid fever, but on the contrary most of the time has contained a large number of cases; for at no time within the last ten years have there been fewer than four deaths per month attributed to this disease, while the monthly average has been very much larger, namely, 18.7 deaths. These figures mean that during the last decade there have been in the city of Pittsburgh very rarely, if ever, at any one time, fewer than one or two score of cases of typhoid fever, while there has been on the whole a probable average of between 150 and 200 cases at any given time.” (Pittsburgh Filtration Commission. Report of… Jan, 1899, p. 11.)

[78] Regiment mustered at Mount Gretna, PA in April, remaining until May 18, when a battalion was sent to Pompton Lakes, NJ to guard Laflin-Rand Powder Works, then to Penngrove, NJ to guard Du Pont Powder Works at Carneys Point, staying through the summer. Second battalion left Mount Gretna on May 19 to guard D Pont Powder Works at Montchanin, Del. Entire command returned to Philadelphia to muster out on Sep 15. While at Penngrove a sergeant died of typhoid: “He had been absent in Philadelphia for some time previous to his illness.” (p. 470.) “The absence of typhoid fever in the battalion at Montchanin, Del., is rendered more remarkable by the fact that in the little village of Rising Sun, about 1 mile from the camp at Montchanin, there was an epidemic of typhoid fever in which there occurred 18 cases and 2 deaths in a period of about four weeks. It was to this village that the men were in the habit of resorting for their amusement when off duty, as it contained the nearest saloons…” (pp. 470-471.)

[79] Month of June this regiment was located at Port Tampa, Fla. Ordered to Philadelphia to be mustered out Sep 8. Ten of the 12 deaths this regiment experienced were due to typhoid.

[80] Regiment mustered in at Mount Gretna, early May, 1898, moving May 19 for Camp Alger, VA, arriving same day. Left on Aug 3 for Thoroughfare Gap, VA, arriving about Aug 9. Departed for Camp Meade, arriving Aug 25. Departed Sep 7 to be mustered out. (pp. 350-351).

[81] Mustered at Scranton and moved to Mount Gretna, PA on April 28. Moved to Camp Alger, VA on May 19. moved to near Dunn Loring, VA on July 18. (p. 331) Moved to Camp Meade, PA on August 31.

We are not including this number in our total in that it refers to Puerto Rican deaths prior, for the most part, to the U.S. invasion and Spain’s ceding the territory to the U.S. According to this same report typhoid deaths in Puerto Rico in 1895 were 347, 479 in 1896, 405 in 1897, and 346 in 1899.

[83] Regiment mustered in May 8-15, Quonset Point, RI. Arrived Camp Alger, VA, May 28. “Did not import typhoid fever into Virginia camp.” Left for Camp Meade, PA Aug 3, arriving Aug 23. Departed for Columbia, SC, Nov 13.

[84] Regiment mustered in at Nashville, May 24. Arrived Camp Alger, VA May 29. 1^st recognized typhoid case, June 29. Total cases of recognized and probable typhoid–192. Left Aug 9 for Camp Meade, PA, arriving Aug 25. Left for Columbia, SD Nov 10.

[85] Assembled at Camp Walter, Knoxville, TN and mustered-in on July 14, 1898. Departed for Chickamauga July 31 and arrived late that night. “From August 24 to October 4, the date when this regiment left Chickamauga, 98 cases of protracted fever were sent from this command to Sternberg Hospital. Eighty-six of these were diagnosed as typhoid fever, 11 as malaria, and 1 as dysentery.” (pp. 277-278) The report relates that: “More than usual care was exercised in order to protect it against this infection, the prevalence of which was at that time well known and thoroughly dreaded. Notwithstanding all the precautions taken, typhoid fever appears after the regiment has been at this place for three weeks, and within the next ten days develops into an epidemic, and within a little more than a month this command sends 86 cases of typhoid fever to the hospital….details from this regiment acted as guards at Sternberg Hospital, where they came in contact with infected orderlies and most likely received food and drink from the hands of men whose business it was to dispose of the excretions of typhoid patients. In moving about the park in any direction whatsoever these men were likely to soil their feet with infected filth. On the morning of October 6, 1898, this regiment broke camp and took train for Jersey City, N.J., arriving at this place on the evening of October 8. On the morning of October 9 it embarked on the transport Mississippi and sailed for San Juan, P.R., arriving on the morning of October 15, but not landing until the morning of October 17….Thirty-four cases of recognized typhoid fever occurred in this regiment from the time it reached Porto Rico up to December….We have not consulted records later than December…We will not attempt to determine the exact number of cases of typhoid fever in this regiment.” Clearly, however, the report’s authors thought the typhoid fatalities higher than one.

[86] Knoxville, TN.

[87] Posted on The Spanish American War Centennial Website. Posted is a transcription of The Journal and Tribune, Knoxville, TN. “Roster of Deaths Which Occurred in Camp Poland Since Sept. 8^th. Twelve cases in Which No Record Was Kept. Names of Forty-Seven With Places of Residence and Burial – One Female Nurse Among Them.” 1-26-1899. The cause of death, however, was not noted.

[88] Cites Dallas Daily Times Herald, 1-23-1898, p. 3, col. 2.

[89] Cites Dallas Daily Times Herald, 6-26-1898, p. 2, cols. 1-2.

[90] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 7-24-1898, p. 5, cols. 5-6.

[91] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 7-24-1898, p. 5, cols. 5-6.

[92] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 7-20-1898, p. 8, col. 2.

[93] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 7-24-1898, p. 5, cols. 5-6.

[94] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 8-14-1898, p. 5, col. 3.

[95] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 8-14-1898, p. 5, col. 3.

[96] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 9-11-1898, p. 8, col. 5.

[97] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 9-25-1898, p. 8, col. 7.

[98] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 10-2-1898, p. 28, col. 3.

[99] Cites: Dallas Daily Times Herald, 11-20-1898, p. 4, col. 2.

[100] Cites: Dallas Morning News, 11-27-1898, p. 24, col. 4.

[101] Cites: Dallas Morning News, 12-11-1898, p. 5, col. 1.

[102] Cites Dallas Morning News 7-1-1898. Accessed at: http://boards.ancestry.com/surnames.harper/3651/mb.ashx

[103] Assembled at Austin, May 3. Left for Mobile, May 19. (“One man who was with the regiment for about one week, but who was not enlisted, was taken ill while at Austin, went home, and died a few weeks later of typhoid fever.”) Reached Camp Coppinger at Mobile May 21. “While here 2 cases of typhoid fever developed and were left when the regiment was sent to Miami, the last of June. One of these…died.” Regiment left Miami Aug 8 for Jacksonville, arriving Aug 9 and remaining for Sep.

[104] Regiment assembled at Austin about May 7. Left for Camp Coppinger, Mobile, Ala., May 20, arriving May 23. Left Mobile for Miami June 26, arriving June 28. “On July 1 a case of typhoid fever was sent to the division hospital, and several others followed within the next three days.” (p. 529.)

[105] Reed, et al. write that from May to Sep, 1898 there were 278 “probable” case of typhoid in this Division, of which only 84 were diagnosed by Div. physicians as typhoid. Most of the remainder (132) were diagnosed as Malaria, with the next largest listed cause of death (diarrhea), at 47, and other “probable” typhoid deaths listed as dysentery, Enteritis, Gastritis, General debility, and Indigestion. (p. 191)

[106] Regiment formed in Richmond May 10-June 1, then to Jacksonville, FL, June 3-Sep 19, and to Salem, VA where it mustered out Dec 16.

[107] Mustered at Richmond, VA, May 14. Moved to Camp Alger, VA, June 5. Moved to Dunn Loring, VA on Aug 1.

[108] Regiment formed in Richmond May 9-June 5, moving to Jacksonville, FL, June 7-Oct 25, to camp near Savannah, GA, Oct 27-Dec 15, and to Camp Columbia, near Havana, Cuba Dec 21-31. (p. 597) Most typhoid deaths were in Jacksonville. One typhoid death in June, 2 in July, 2 in Aug, 7 in Oct, 7 in Nov, 2 in Dec. (p. 596.)

[109] “Camp Alger, near Falls Church, Virginia, was established May 18, 1898, for the Spanish American War effort. [Cites Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain. GPO, 1899.] It was approved by Secretary of War Russell A. Alger for whom it was named.” (Wikipedia. “Camp Alger,” 2-17-2012 modification.)

[110] Located just over 7 miles west of Washington, DC, and about 6½ miles south of the Potomac River.

[111] Regiment was in its State camp near Milwaukee April 28 to May 21. Was at Jacksonville, Fla., May 24-Sep 7, when it left for Milwaukee, preparatory to muster out on the Oct 19. “Although the first case of typhoid made its appearance seven days before the regiment left the state camp…there is room to doubt if the first case gave origin to the epidemic of typhoid fever in the regiment.” 46 of 48 regimental deaths were due to typhoid. (p. 581.)

[112] “This regiment was recruited chiefly in Montana, Idaho, and the Dakotas. It arrived at Chickamauga Park in detachments…May 23…May 27…May 28…May 29…May 30.” (p. 269) “Strength on arrival, 1,004. Date of first case of probable typhoid fever, June 15, 1898. Date of first case of recognized typhoid fever, June 23, 1898. Left Chickamauga Park September 10, 1898….Number of cases of probable typhoid fever developed at Chickamauga…270.” (p. 270)

[113] Stationed in camp near Mobile, Ala., May 15-31. Moved to Tampa where June sick report was filed. Report for July could not be located. “This is especially to be regretted, because the conditions to which the men ere subjected during June and July had large influence in determining the number of cases of typhoid fever. We can only state that it is the testimony of all army officers at Tampa that the camp of this regiment near Tampa Bay Hotel became exceedingly filthy. Left Tampa Aug 14 for Huntsville, Ala., arriving Aug 18 and remaining through Sep, at nearby Camp Wheeler. Fourteen of 16 regimental deaths were due to typhoid.

[114] Middletown, near State Capitol of Harrisburg.

[115] Cites as Bibliography: Anfinson, John O. A Fickle Partner: Minneapolis and the Mississippi River. The City, the River, the Bridge: Before and After the Minneapolis Bridge Collapse. Edited by Patrick Nunnally. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011; RA644.T8 M6 — Report of Investigations of the Typhoid Fever Epidemic, Minneapolis, 1935. Minnesota Department of Health, 1936, Manuscript Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul (Description: Catalog of the Department of Health’s typhoid epidemic patients and statistics from 1888 to 1935.); Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in U.S. Military Camps During the Spanish War of 1898. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904; Turner, Tell Arminius. Story of the Fifteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. Minneapolis: Lessard Printing Co., 1899.

[116] Blanchard comment. Still, better communication back down the line that a diagnosis of typhoid had been made, overturning an incorrect diagnosis, would have been helpful as a general practice.

[117] Rhode Island – contiguous to Pawtucket.

19th Century

1897 — Nov 5, NY freighter Idaho springs leak, sinks, Lake Erie storm, off Long Pt. Ont.-19

lornajarrettblanchard November 5, 1897

–19 Alchem Incorporated. Lake Erie Shipwreck Map “C” and Index.
–19 Mansfield, John Brandts (Editor). History of the Great Lakes (Vol. 1). 1899, p. 776.
–19 Swayze. Shipwreck!…Directory of…Shipwrecks on the Great Lakes. 1992, p. 114.
–19 Thompson, Mark L. Graveyard of the Lakes. Wayne State Univ. Press, 2004, p. 336.
–17 Ratigan. Great Lakes Shipwrecks & Survivals (Revised). 1969, p. 320.

Narrative Information

Alchem Incorporated: “Idaho: Wooden freight steamer of 220 ft sank on 11/5/1897 in a terrific storm 4 miles West of Long Point, Ontario. The vessel was carrying a cargo of Christmas ornaments when it began to open at the seams. The crew fought the rising water in the hold for hours with buckets until the pumps finally gave out and the boiler fires were lost. A large wave raised the bow, the water shifted aft and the Idaho went down by the stern. Nineteen of the twenty one crewmen died. Two crewmen, a deck hand and the second mate, managed to climb the tall forward mast which protruded above the surface when the Idaho settled to the bottom. The two clung to the mast for 12 hours at which time the first mate of the steel freighter Mariposa happened to spot them while passing. After several tries and a crushed lifeboat it was determined that the weather was too rough for a small boat. Captain Root turned the Mariposa in a large circle and after three passes, despite the huge waves, managed to bring the big steamer close enough to the mast for the Mariposa’s crew to reach and pry the frozen survivors loose.” (Alchem Incorporated. Lake Erie Shipwreck Map “C” and Index.)

Mansfield: “1897. Wreck of the Idaho. – The wreck of the steamer Idaho off Long Point, on the night of November 5, was the most serious disaster of 1897 on the Great Lakes. This is true as regards both the number of lives lost and the monetary loss. The vessel sank, and with her went down 19 of the 21 men who constituted the ship’s company. The two survivors were Louis LaForce, second mate, and William Gill, a deck hand. The steamer herself was old, and was insured for not more than $10,000 or $15,000; but the amount of property aboard is estimated at from $75,000 to $100,000.

“The Idaho left Buffalo with package freight for Milwaukee on the afternoon before the wreck. A November gale caught her before she reached Long Point. Her captain, Alexander Gillies, made the unfortunate decision to push on, leaving astern the safe shelter behind the Point. Twelve miles beyond Long Point the Idaho began to ship water, and part of the crew was ordered to the pumps. After a little while the water got into the engine room, and then in the fire hold. Then the captain attempted to head the steamer around to get back under Long Point. As she veered a great roller swept over her, throwing her into the trough of the sea and washing half a dozen of the crew off the deck into the lake.

“All hands were at once ordered to the pumps except the watchman and a wheelman. One of the pumps broke, and the captain organized a line of fire buckets. Inch by inch, however, the water crept up until it was bubbling around the edge of the fires. In ten minutes the fires were quenched and the ship was at the absolute mercy of the sea.

“All then went on deck to lower the anchors in the hope that the ship would right herself. While the men were giving more line to the port anchor the stern began to sink and every wave slopped over it. Suddenly the moon broke through the clouds and the crew got the first light they had seen since the engine fires were extinguished. Gill saw the captain running forward, when a wave swept him far from the ship and as it passed the clouds closed over the moon and the night was black again.

“Gill and La Force found themselves on the end of the deckhouse, and scrambled into the rigging as the Idaho went down. They scrambled to the crow’s nest, and there the Mariposa found them in the morning.

“While working at the pumps Gill and La Force had stripped themselves to shirt and trousers, and there they clung, sprayed by every wave. Others of the crew tried to launch one of the small boats and were swamped with it. Looking about them Gill and La Force saw that all their companions had been lost.

“La Force, who was above Gill, sighted a vessel just at daybreak and signaled frantically for it, but it seamed by, and La Force temporarily went mad with despair. He beat his head against the mast, prayed, sand and threatened Gill, whose position was less secure, and who was lost if he let go with one hand. To add to their misery, hail began to fall and cut their faces.

“It was past noon when the Mariposa came in sight. The men were too stiff to signal her. They saw the Mariposa change her course, and Captain Root bring her alongside. He lowered a small boat, but it was wrecked instantly. Three times he tried it. Finally he brought the Mariposa right up against the spar, and her crew lifted the men aboard. Gill was so cold that he could not unfasten his hands.

“La Force says he was in the hold when the stern began to sink. The crew made a frantic dash for the deck, and one of the men was trampled to death by his companions, madly eager to escape.

“Resolutions adopted by the Buffalo Merchants Exchange [commended] Capt. Frank Root of the Mariposa for his skill and courage in rescuing the two survivors….

“The Idaho was one of the oldest steam vessels on the lakes. She was built in 1863. A few years ago the Western Transit Company, which owned the boat, took her out of commission and she lay idle at Buffalo until a month or so before her loss. She was 220 feet long, with a net tonnage of 906….” (Mansfield, John Brandts (Editor). History of the Great Lakes (V. 1). 1899, pp. 776-777.)

Ratigan: “….The freighter Idaho pulled out of Buffalo the first week in November, bound up the Lakes for Milwaukee with a valuable bulk cargo including Christmas toys and holiday merchandise. She carried a crew of nineteen, only two of them destined to survive, Louis LaForce, second mate, and William Gill, a deck hand….

“The Idaho never got out of Lake Erie. A November gale caught up with her before she reached Long Point. Captain Alexander Gillies made the unfortunate decision to push on, leaving astern the safe shelter behind the Point. Twelve miles beyond, the Idaho began to ship water. Captain Gillies ordered part of the crew to the pumps….

“In a short time the water got into the engine room, and then down in the fire hold. At this critical hour, Captain Gillies revered his original decision and tried to head the freighter around in the hope of getting back under the protection of Long Point. As the Idaho veered, a tremendous roller swept over her, throwing her into a trough of the sea and washing half a dozen of the crew off the deck into the black Lake.

“All hands were at once ordered to the pumps, except the watchman and a wheelsman. When one of the pumps broke, Captain Gilles organized a line of fire buckets. The men bailed desperately but, inch by inch, the water crept up until it was bubbling around the edge of the fires. In ten minutes the fires were washed out and the ship was at the mercy of the storm.

“Captain Gilles then made an attempt to lower the anchors in the hope that the Idaho would right herself and ride out the gale. But while the men were giving more line to the port anchor the stern began to sink, every wave slopping over the aft section.

“Second Mate Louis LaForce happened to be down in the hold when the stern started to sink. He saw members of the crew make a frantic dash for the deck, so madly eager to escape that they trampled one of their shipmates to death….

“Up on deck the moon suddenly broke through the storm clouds, and the men saw their first light since the engine fires had gone out. Deck hand William Gill noticed the captain running forward, just as a wave washed aboard and swept him far to sea. Then the clouds again swallowed the moon and darkness drew a curtain on screams and confusion.

“Somehow Gill and LaForce found themselves on the end of the deckhouse, and they scrambled into the rigging as the Idaho went down. They climbed up to the crow’s nest, and when clouds broke across the moon they were given nightmare visions of their shipmates below. They watched men drown, they watched in horror as part of the crew launched a lifeboat only to have it swamp and sweep them to death. Finally, looking about them during a break in the storm, they saw that they were the only ones left alive on midnight-lashed Lake Erie….

“The weather was freezing cold and both men had stripped themselves to shirt and trousers while working at the pumps. Drenched with spray by every wave, they clung to their perch in the crow’s nest throughout the bitter night.

“LaForce, who was above Gill, sighted a vessel just at daybreak, and signaled frenziedly toward the passing ship but she steamed by, oblivious to his waving and screaming, and he went temporarily out of his mind in despair. Mad and literally foaming at the mouth, he beat his head against the mast, prayed, sang, and threatened Gill, whose position was less secure and who would have been lost if he let go with one hand. To add to the general misery, hail began to fall so hard that it cut their faces.

“Somewhat past noon, with the seas still running high and washing them with freezing spray, they sighted the huge freighter Mariposa coming toward them through the dying storm. Up in the pilothouse Captain Frank Root saw the crow’s nest sticking out from the water, and then he spotted the two survivors. They had not been able to signal because their bodies were too stiff with cold.

“Three times Captain Root tried to lower a small boat to the rescue, but all three were smashed to kindling wood. Finally, in a story-book feat of seamanship, he brought the Mariposa right up against the spar, and her crew lifted the survivors aboard. Their hands had to be pried loose from the crow’s nest, so stiff were they with frost and the death grip….” (Ratigan, William. Great Lakes Shipwrecks & Survivals (Revised). 1969, pp. 320-322.)

Swayze: “Idaho. Wooden package freight steamer of 1,100 t. [tons] and 220 ft., launched in 1863 at Cleveland.

“Lake Erie: The freighter Idaho was carrying a cargo of Christmas supplies on November 5, 1897, when she was hit by a tremendous gale off Long Point. She sank four miles from shore, carrying 19 of her 21 crew to their deaths. Like many of her contemporaries, this ship carried a tall mast forward that was capable of carrying enough sail to assist her engines or move her in case of engine failure. This mast now figured in one of the most magnificent rescues in the annals of Lakes heroism. As the ship settled to the bottom, the tip of her mast was left above water, and to this tiny stick the two remaining men now clung in desperation, and continued to do so for almost 12 frigid hours. Then, by merest chance, the big steel bulk freighter Mariposa spotted the two, and swung in to block the wind and waves from the rescue attempt. Several tries showed that the weather was too violent and the men too frozen for boats to be launched or lines to be cast. In what must be one of the greatest feats of ship-handling of all time, the Mariposa’s skipper brought the big steamer up so close to the mast that her crewmen could reach out and pry the survivors’ frozen fingers from their perch. As lakers are wont to do, the steamer then just carried on to report the loss of the Idaho at her next port.” (Shipwreck! 1992, p. 114.)

Thompson: “The unseaworthiness of many of the wooden ships on the lakes seems to have been apparent to just about everyone except their owners and the steamboat inspectors. ‘After the first September gale, the ‘lame ducks’ are numerous,’ one observer noted in 1882. ‘All the old rotten hulks from everywhere have poked out during the fair weather, and the first real blow cripples them, often fatally…’

“The Idaho was fairly typical of the wooden ships lost. Built in 1863, the aging steamer foundered in a November storm in 1897. She had been taken out of commission several years before that, but when freight rates went up in the fall of 1897 her owners fitted out the thirty-four-year-old ship and put her back into service. Just over a month later, she came apart during a storm on Lake Erie and took nineteen crewmembers down with her.” (Thompson, Mark L. Graveyard of the Lakes. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2004, p. 336.)

Sources

Alchem Incorporated. Lake Erie Shipwreck Map “C” and Index. Accessed 11-30-2020 at: http://www.alcheminc.com/asht.html

Mansfield, John Brandts (Ed. and Compiler). History of the Great Lakes (Vol. 1). Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1899. http://www.linkstothepast.com/marine/chapt36.html — Google digitized. Accessed 11-30-2020 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=iHXhAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Ratigan, William. Great Lakes Shipwrecks & Survivals (New Revised and Enlarged Edition). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1969.

Swayze, David D. Shipwreck! A Comprehensive Directory of Over 3,700 Shipwrecks on the Great Lakes. Boyne City, MI: Harbor House Publications, Inc., 1992.

Thompson, Mark L. Graveyard of the Lakes. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2004.

19th Century

1897 — Sep 13, hurricane, southeast TX, especially Port Arthur and Sabine Pass, TX–10-13

lornajarrettblanchard September 13, 1897

–10 Blanchard estimated death toll*

–20-30 NYT. “Hurricane Visits Texas…Wrecks Life…Property at Port Arthur and Sabine Pass.” 9-14-1897, p. 1.
— 29 Roth, David (NWS). Texas Hurricane History. Jan 17, 2010 update, p. 28.
–16 Beaumont
— 6 Port Arthur
— 3 offshore
— 4 Sabine Pass
— 13 Dunn, Gordon E. and Banner I. Miller. Atlantic Hurricanes (Revised). 1964, p. 323.
— 13 Henry, A.J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, V.25, Issue 9, Sep 1897, p. 383.
— 10 South Haven Sentinel, MI. “The Storm In Texas.” 9-18-1897, p. 1.

*Blanchard note: Our estimate of ten is based on the ten specifically noted deaths in sources below. As can be seen by reading newspaper accounts, there are mentions of fears of, or unspecified reports of, other deaths. We have searched Texas newspaper archives for the week following the hurricane and can find no substantiation for such reports. We can find that these unspecified reports from early press reporting were picked up by wire services and reprinted in newspapers across the county. It is worth pointing out that we could find no reports of any deaths in nearby Beaumont, which the normally very reliable Roth reported as having lost 16 lives. Indeed, what we have seen is reporting from Beaumont on the damage in Port Arthur and Sabine Pass and offers of from assistance from Beaumont to Port Arthur in dealing with the aftermath. Indeed several Port Arthur victims were buried in Beaumont, yet there is no mention of burials of any Beaumont victims. Thus we conclude there were none.

While our death toll comes to ten, we are aware that the Monthly Weather Review of September 1897 notes thirteen deaths. Perhaps they were aware of deaths that we have not been able to verify through some sort of detail in the reporting – such as name, locale, cause of death. Thus, in the name of conservatism, we have chosen to employ a range of deaths – 10-13.

Louisiana (1)
–1 Louisiana side of Sabine Lake. House destroyed; John C. Brenner, found dead under debris.

Texas (9)

Port Arthur (6)
–6 Houston Daily Post. “Storm On The Coast. Six…Dead…at Port Arthur.” 9-14-1897, p. 1.
–1 Frank Albright, employed at electric light plant.
–1 Infant son of Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Jackson. (Another account has name as Johnson.)
–1 George Martin, brick mason.
–1 Fritz Michaels, laborer.
–1 Mary Unsworth, 13.
–1 Mr. Wicks, about 40.
–6 Report of Mrs. M. Allen, arriving on train from Port Arthur, stating 6 were reported killed.

Sabine Pass (3)
–3 Tug John Smith “went to pieces…” Mr. Green Moore, Lew Bettis, and Will Ratliff lost.

Narrative Information

Henry/Monthly Weather Review: “There were very few severe local storms during the month. Two West India hurricanes crossed the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts, causing dangerous winds and destructive tides at a few points. The most serious disasters occurred on the Texas Const about 7:30 p. m. of the 13th. Thirteen lives were lost and property to the value of $150,000 was destroyed, the destruction being due to the combined forces of high winds and tide.”

Roth: “September 12-13th, 1897: A minimal hurricane moved into extreme southeast Texas from Louisiana. The pressure at Galveston fell to 29.58″. At New Sabine Pass, water was six feet deep; only 2 buildings were left intact. Sabine Pass had 3½ feet of water in its streets. Port Arthur was nearly wiped out. Winds began blowing a gale there at 10 AM. By 2 PM, Sabine Lake had become a ‘seething, rolling body of water’ (Houston Post). By 6 PM, winds reached hurricane force. The air was filled with flying boards and timber. Conditions improved after 9 PM. Hardly a building escaped unharmed. The newly completed pier was washed away, as well as miles of railroad track in Jefferson County.

“In Winnie, every house in town saw damage. Every rice farm in Taylor’s Bayou was leveled. Winnie reported a $12,000 loss to its rice crop. The storm raged until midnight in these locations. Burnet set a 24 hour rainfall record for September when 3.17″ of rain fell. In Beaumont, winds were high between 6 and 11 PM. The Baptist Church in Beaumont was demolished. Two dozen buildings, including the large new Kansas City Southern railroad depot were totally destroyed.

“Telegraph and telephone lines were downed. It was considered the worst storm at Orange since 1875. Roofs were blown off, trees uprooted, and windows were smashed. Homes in Liberty County suffered as well. Cotton was in jeopardy across much of eastern Texas. In Galveston, sections of roof were peeled off Olympia; its third floor caving in. Smaller ships in the Bay perished in the high seas. The steamer Umberland was delayed getting into port at Corpus Christi due to high seas.

“A frightening Union Pacific train ride occurred during the storm between Beaumont and Devers, heading westward towards Houston. Its headlight was torn away, the smoker’s roof was sheared away by the wind, and the ladies coach was twisted. The train only ended up being an hour and 20 minutes late. The bark Ceries and the tug boats Fannie, Florence, Guillotte, and John P. Smith met their fate. Looters invaded the area, but quickly left when threatened with hanging. Sea gulls were blown inland as far as Bryan.

“Six died at Port Arthur, three offshore, four in Sabine Pass, and sixteen others perishing at Beaumont; damage totaled $150,000.” (Roth, David (NWS). Texas Hurricane History. Jan 17, 2010 update, p. 28.)
Newspapers

Sep 13 Beaumont report: “Beaumont, Tex., Sept. 13. – (Special) – Jefferson county has been storm swept, from reports received by The Statesman correspondent the devastation seems confined almost exclusively to this county, with the exception of Winnie, on the Gulf and interstate railroad, which is just across the line. A conservative estimate of the loss is $150,000 for Jefferson county. The towns of New Sabine Pass, Old Sabine Pass, Port Arthur and Winnie all suffered immeasurably in one of the stiffest gales that ever swept the coast. The greatest loss of life was at Port Arthur where there now lay nine corpses as the result of the storm, while in Sabine Pass harbor three men were drowned. At New Sabine Pass one man is reported dead.” (Austin Weekly Statesman. “Storm Swept.” 9-16-1897, p. 5, col. 6.)

Sep 13: Houston Daily Post. “Storm On The Coast. Six…Dead…at Port Arthur.” 9-14-1897, p. 1:
“Port Arthur, Texas, September 13. – A hurricane last night almost wiped the town of Port Arthur, Southern terminal of the Kansas City, Pittsburg and Gulf railroad, from the face of the earth. The wind began blowing a gale from the northeast at 10 o’clock yesterday morning, and as the day advanced it grew stronger. By 3 o’clock it had accumulated a sufficient velocity to churn the usually peaceful bosom of Sabine lake into a seething, rolling body of water. Waves rolled high and the swish and roar of breakers mingles with the doleful moan of the wind and struck terror to the hearts of the timid inhabitants.

“At 6 o’clock the gale became a terrific hurricane, and before the disaster that had overtaken the city could be realized the air was filled with flying boards and timbers, the crash of buildings being destroyed could be heard on every side and the shrieks of frightened men, women and children and wails of the wounded, all of which was shrouded in inly darkness, while rain fell in torrents, made the circumstances particularly distressing to those who retained their presence of mind.

“The hurricane was not a brief visitation like a cyclone. It began the work of destruction a few minutes after 6 o’clock and continued with increasing vigor until about 9, when the wind began to abate.

“As soon as it was considered safe, parties were organized and the work of rescuing the unfortunate who had been caught under the falling houses began. On account of the darkness and continuous rain the rescuers could not work satisfactorily, for it was utterly impossible to reach all the houses which had been blown down. In fact, the damage could not be ascertained until daylight. The buildings in which parties had been caught by the falling walls were reported by those who escaped, however, and within a few hours six dead bodies were taken from the ruins and laid out to await burial.

“When daylight came it exposed a most appalling picture, the damage having been much greater than was expected. In fact hardly a building escaped, and a large majority were totally destroyed….”

Sep 13, NYT: “Houston, Texas, Sept. 13. – A severe hurricane visited the towns of Port Arthur and Sabine Pass last night, inflicting considerable loss of life and property. The number of the dead is variously estimated at from twenty to thirty. The loss at Sabine Pass includes one schooner, four tugs, many buildings, and ten or more persons drowned, including Moore and Bettis, contractors. There is six feet of water in the pass.

“At Port Arthur three-fourths of the buildings were blown down. It is impossible to get a corrected list of the dead and injured. These are known to have been killed: Frank Albright, electric light employe; Fritz Michaels, carpenter; George Martin, bricklayer; Mary Answorth; a six-months-old child; and an unknown man

“The storm blew up from the ocean shortly before 6 o’clock, and by midnight was so fierce that it produced a tidal wave all along the coast. The telegraph wires were blown down, and communication with the outside world was temporarily cut off.” (New York Times. “Hurricane Visits Texas. Ocean Storm Wrecks Life and Property at Port Arthur and Sabine Pass.” 9-14-1897, p. 1.)

Sep 14, Houston Daily Post: “Three Were Drowned…at Sabine Pass…
“Drowned –

Green Moore
Lew Bettis
Will Ratliff.

“Sabine Pass, Texas, September 13. – The most terrible hurricane in the history of Sabine Pass visited that port between 6 and 7 o’clock last night. The wind blew at a terrific velocity for three or four hours. It first came from the northeast and blew steadily for some time, the suddenly shifted to the southeast and came back with even greater force than at first.

“The wind from the northeast caused the water to run through Sabine Pass like a mill race, and when the wind shifted the water came back with equal rapidity, but the volume was not sufficient to submerge either the old or new town, though the tide at one time crept over the bank and looked threatening. The hurricane did but comparatively little damage to property on land. A saloon building owned by Walter Conkling was blown to pieces and the stock of liquor and cigars was ruined. A second hand furniture store run by a man named Rector was wrecked. These are the only two places seriously damaged in Old Sabine.

“In the new town several residences were blown from their foundations and all the small, hastily constructed buildings were scattered to the four points of the compass. Neither the Clifton nor the Windsor, the two large hotels recently erected by the Sabine Land and Improvement company were damaged in the least, and no one was seriously injured.

“While the hurricane did but little damage on land it played havoc in the harbor and several are believed to have lost their lives.

“The German bark Ceres, 800 tons, parted the lines with which she was moored to the wharves and was blown five miles north, where she grounded and is now in only a few feet of water. The vessel is empty and owing to the soft mud bottom in the lake is believed to be uninjured. Other large vessels were tied to wharves, but their anchors held and they were saved from being blown. When the Ceres parted its lines the captain and the crew escaped to shore and the vessel was left at the mercy of the winds.

“The tugs Florence, Captain Burts; Guillotte, Captain George Wilson, sank, but the captains and crews escaped.

“The tug John Smith went to pieces and it is feared that Mr. Green Moore and Lew Bettis of Orange and a young man named Will Ratliff, who were aboard the tug, were drowned. When the wind struck the tug the parties named and two sons of Mr. Moore were aboard the vessel. It was made fast to a barge and all hands started to escape over the tie line. The two boys were nearly to the barge when the line broke. They had hold of the end tied to the barge and escaped. The other end was attached to the tug. It was in the hands of Messrs. Moore, Bettis and Ratliff. They have not since been seen. The tug was found today only a short distance from where the bark Ceres is grounded.

“A pile driver and barge, on which six men were supposed to be, are missing. No trace of either the barge or the men has been found, and it is feared they have been blown out to sea.

“All the small vessels in the port were either wrecked or badly damaged by the winds, and all the little shanties used as lodging houses for roustabouts were blown away.

“Captains on the various boats at the Pass say that the storm last night was the most severe they had ever experienced, and several of them say that if a similar wind should visit any other port it would destroy every vessel. They estimate the velocity of the wind anywhere from sixty to seventy miles per hour….” (Houston Daily Post. “Three Were Drowned. Were Aboard One of the Tugs Which Foundered.” 9-14-1897, p. 3, col. 1.)

Sep 15: “The Storm In Texas. Ten Killed, Many Injured and the Property Loss Heavy.

“Kansas City, Mo., Sept. 15. – A special to the Star from Port Arthur Tuesday [14th] says: Here six bodies have been recovered, the result of Sunday night’s storm, while at Sabine Pass the recovered death list numbers ten and many are missing. Many were injured, but not seriously. Telegraph and train communication was cut off until Tuesday….”(South Haven Sentinel, MI. “The Storm In Texas.” 9-18-1897, p. 1.)

Sources

Austin Weekly Statesman. “Storm Swept.” 9-16-1897, p. 5, col. 6. Accessed 9-19-2022 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/the-austin-weekly-statesman-sep-16-1897-p-5/

Austin Weekly Statesman. “The Storm. The Port Arthur Victims Buried…” 9-16-1897, p. 5. Accessed 9-19-2022 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/the-austin-weekly-statesman-sep-16-1897-p-5/

Dunn, Gordon E. and Banner I. Miller. Atlantic Hurricanes (Revised Edition). Baton Rouge LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1964, 377 pages.

Henry, A. J. “Local Storms.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 25, Issue 9, September 1897, p. 383. Accessed 9-19-2022 at: file:///C:/Users/Wayne/Downloads/[15200493%20-%20Monthly%20Weather%20Review]%20LOCAL%20STORMS.pdf

Houston Daily Post. “Damage At Winnie.” 9-14-1897, p. 2, col. 2-3. Accessed 9-19-2022 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/houston-daily-post-sep-14-1897-p-3/

Houston Daily Post. “On The Sabine Lake.” 9-15-1897, p. 2, col. 1. Accessed 9-19-2022 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/houston-daily-post-sep-15-1897-p-3/

Houston Daily Post. “Storm On The Coast. Six…Dead…at Port Arthur.” 9-14-1897, p. 1. Accessed 9-19-2022 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/houston-daily-post-sep-14-1897-p-1/

Houston Daily Post. “Three Were Drowned. Were Aboard One of the Tugs Which Foundered.” 9-14-1897, p2. Accessed 9-19-2022: https://newspaperarchive.com/houston-daily-post-sep-14-1897-p-3/

New York Times. “Hurricane Visits Texas. Ocean Storm Wrecks Life and Property at Port Arthur and Sabine Pass.” 9-14-1897, p. 1. Accessed 9-19-2022 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/09/14/102084710.html?pageNumber=1

Roth, David (National Weather Service). Texas Hurricane History. Camp Springs, MD: NWS. 1-17-2010 update. Accessed 11-22-2017 at: http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf
Also 9-19-2022 at: https://www.weather.gov/media/lch/events/txhurricanehistory.pdf

South Haven Sentinel, MI. “The Storm In Texas.” 9-18-1897, p. 1. Accessed 9-19-2022 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/south-haven-sentinel-sep-18-1897-p-1/

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