19th Century

1896 — May 27, Tornadoes, St. Louis, MO/137 and East St. Louis, IL/169 — 306

–400 Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). 1982, p. 221.*
–306 Agee and Asai. Cloud Dynamics: Proceedings of a Symposium… Aug, 1981. 1982, 202.
–306 Blanchard tally from IL and MO breakouts below.
–306 Ludlum. The American Weather Book. 1982, p. 93.
–306 National Weather Service. Famous Large Tornado Outbreaks in the United States. 2005
–306 Nunn. “Tornadoes, With Special Reference To Those…in Tennessee” Nov 25, 1921.
–306 O’Neil in Curzon
–305 Grazulis. Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. 1993, p. 485.
–255 Brooks and Doswell. 2000, p. 170.
–255 Grazulis. Significant…, 1993, 271, 485. (St. Louis, MO and St. Clair County, IL.)
–255 Grazulis. The Tornado. (St. Louis (137) and East St. Louis, IL (118). 2001, p. 293.
–255 Gunn 2007, 160
–255 NWS WFO, Paducah KY. NOAA/NWS 1925 Tri-State Tornado Web Site. “Gen. Info.”
–255 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, St. Louis. 2005.
–255 Storm Prediction Center. The 25 Deadliest U.S. Tornadoes. Norman, OK. NOAA.

*“According to most reports, more that 250 people died in St. Louis and another 150 were killed across the river. (Other authorities claim total deaths of no more than 30 in both cities.)”

Illinois (169)
— 14 Washington, Jefferson Counties (18:20 tornado). Grazulis 1993, 271, 485, 676-677.
— 11 New Minden, Wash. Ct., Gazette, Stevens Point. “Thirty Persons Killed…,” 6-12-1907.
–128 East St. Louis (18:30) Grazulis, Tornado Project. Tornadoes in the Past. 1999.
–118 “ Grazulis. Significant Tornadoes. 1993, 676-677.
–118 “ Gunn 2007, 160.
–113 “ NWS WFO Central IL. Severe Weather Climatology. Top 10 IL Tornado Disasters.
— 24 St. Clair and Clinton Counties (18:45) Grazulis. Significant Tornadoes. 1993, 485, 677.
“ NWS WFO Central IL. Severe Weather Climatology. Top 10 IL Tornado Disasters.
— 03 Washington, Jefferson Counties (20:30) Grazulis. Significant Tornadoes. 1993, 485, 677.
“ NWS WFO Central IL. Severe Weather Climatology. Top 10 IL Tornado Disasters.
Other Estimates for Illinois:
— 42 Centralia, IL vicinity. Newark Daily Advocate, “The Death Roll…” May 29, 1896.
–250 East St. Louis, IL. Newark Daily Advocate, “The Death Roll…” May 29, 1896.
–150 “ Brown. “Twister on the Town,” p. 94 in Kartman, Disaster! 2007.
— 15 Mexico, IL. Newark Daily Advocate, “The Death Roll…” May 29, 1896.

Missouri (137)
— 1 Montgomery and Lincoln Counties. Grazulis 1993, 485, 676.
— 6 Audrain County (15:15) Grazulis 1993, 485, 676.
— 2 Osage County (18:15) Grazulis 1993, 485, 676.
–137 St Louis Grazulis. Tornado Project. Tornadoes in the Past. 1999.
“ Grazulis. Significant Tornadoes. 1993, 676.
“ Gunn 2007, 160.
Other Estimates for Missouri:
–~250 St. Louis, MO Brown. “Twister on the Town,” p. 94 in Kartman, Disaster! 2007.
— 200 “ Newark Daily Advocate, “The Death Roll…” May 29, 1896.

Narrative Information

Grazulis: “This tornado, which was to be one of the deadliest in US history, touched down about 6 miles west of the Eads Bridge in St. Louis. From the northwest edge of Tower Grove Park, this complex combination of tornado and downburst widened to over a mile and moved due east. It collapsed or swept away portions of houses, factories, saloons, hospitals, mills, railroad yards, churches, and caused a total of over $10,000,000 in damage. In most areas, roofs and trees were not carried away, but thrown to the ground. In other areas, homes were swept away. The 36-acre Lafayette Park was turned into “a wasteland of stripped trees and stumps.” On the east end of the Eads Bridge (built as tornado proof after the 1871 event in the same place) a 2-inch by 10-inch white pine plank was driven through the 5/16″ thick wrought iron plate. No significant damage was done to the steel span of the bridge, but this remains a remarkable example of a tornado’s ability to generate missiles. There were 137 people killed at St. Louis. The tornado was apparently at maximum intensity when it crossed the Mississippi River into East St. Louis, Illinois. Buildings and homes along the river were completely swept away, and about a quarter of the buildings in the town were destroyed or damaged. A much smaller area of damage occurred at East St. Louis, with a damage total of about $2,000,000, but the great intensity resulted in 118 deaths. As many as 35 people died in the Vandalia railroad freight yards at East St. Louis. The death total probably does not include the loss of life to people living on shanty boats, whose bodies were washed down river.” (Grazulis. “Descriptions of the Top Ten US Killer Tornadoes #3: The St. Louis/East St. Louis Tornado of 1896.”)

Grazulis: “What may have been the first tornado of the day killed a woman near Bellflower, Missouri. At 3:15 PM, three students died and sixteen were injured in the destruction of the Dye School in Audrain County, Missouri. A few minutes later, the same tornado killed one student and injured nineteen at the Bean Creek School. At 6:15 PM, two children died on a farm in Osage County, Missouri. At about 6:30 PM, two tornadoes touched down almost simultaneously from separate storms. One leveled entire farms near New Minden, Hoyleton, Richview, and Irvington, Illinois. The other was the third deadliest tornado in US history, taking a total of at least 255 lives. In Saint Louis, Missouri, people died in homes, factories, saloons, hospitals, mills, railroad yards, and churches, as a half-mile-wide swath was cut across the center of the city. At least 137 people died at Saint Louis. Other people living on shanty boats may have perished in the Mississippi River, but were not counted because their bodies were washed downstream. At East Saint Louis, Illinois, the funnel had narrowed but may have also intensified. Devastation there was more complete, and 118 people were killed. Twenty seven more people died in other Illinois tornadoes this day.” (Grazulis. Tornado Project. Tornadoes in the Past. 1999.)

Gunn: “At 6:30 P.M., May 27, 1896, two F4 tornadoes touched down near and on St. Louis, Missouri, almost simultaneously. One passed over the city and moved in a southeasterly direction, leveling entire farms in such communities as Richview and Irvington sixty miles east of St. Louis. The other, a much more powerful tornado, was…responsible for the deaths of 255 people on both sides of the river before it finally petered out in East St. Louis, Illinois….People living on shanty boats may have perished in the Mississippi River, but were not counted because their bodies were washed downstream.” (Gunn 2007, 160)

“Many steamboats went to the bottom of the river….Congressman Joy introduced a resolution in Congress, arranging for the use of army tents for those who were homeless.” (Gunn 2007, 161)

US SIS: “May 27. — The following named steamers were destroyed in the tornado at St. Louis, MO:

Libbie Conger
Isabella
J.J. Odil
Bald Eagle
Arkansas City
City of Cairo
Andrew Christy
Jay Gould
Dolphin No. 2
City of Quincy
Gazelle
City of Monroe

“The following named steamers were damaged in the same storm:

Pittsburgh
Benton
Cherokee
Grey Eagle
Belle of Calhoun
S.B. Wiggins
Napoleon Mullikin
George A. Maddill
Henry Sackman
Henry L. Clark
S.C. Clubb
Exporter
Harvester
Polar Wave
Charlotte Boeckeler
City of St. Louis harbor boat, Louis Houck
City of Providence
City of Vicksburg
Jack Frost
Austria. (U.S. Steamboat-Inspection Service. Annual Report 1897, p. 37.)

Sources

Agee, Ernest M. and Tomio Asai. Cloud Dynamics: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the Third General Assembly of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, Hamburg, West Germany, 17-28 August, 1981. Springer, 1982. Google preview at: http://books.google.com/books?id=gobh8VMiobYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Brooks, Harold E. and Charles A Doswell III (NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory). “Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890-1999.” Revised manuscript submitted as Note to Weather and Forecasting, Vol. 16, 9 p., Sep 2000. Accessed 11-25-2017 at: http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/damage/tdam1.html

Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1982.

Curzon, Julian. The Great Cyclone at St. Louis and East St. Louis, May 27, 1896. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.

Grazulis, Thomas P. Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VE: Environmental Films, 1993, 1,326 pages.

Grazulis, Thomas P. The Tornado: Nature’s Ultimate Windstorm. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001, 324 pages.

Gunn, Angus M. Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies (Volume 1). Westport CT and London: Greenwood Press, 2007.

Gunn, Angus M. Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies (Volume 2). Greenwood Press, 2007.

Kartman, Ben. Disaster! Read Books, 2007. Partially digitized by Google. Accessed at: http://books.google.com/books?id=lynBIKvEDBQC&source=gbs_navlinks_s

Ludlum, David M. The American Weather Book. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1982.

National Weather Service. Famous Large Tornado Outbreaks in the United States. 2005. [Broken link.]

National Weather Service, Central Illinois Weather Forecast Office. Severe Weather Climatology. “Top 10 Illinois Tornado Disasters.” 9-3-2009 update. Accessed at: http://www.crh.noaa.gov/ilx/svrclimo.php

National Weather Service, Paducah, KY Weather Forecast Office. NOAA/NWS 1925 Tri-State Tornado Web Site. “General Information.” Accessed at: http://www.crh.noaa.gov/pah/1925/gi_body.php

Nunn, Roscoe. “Tornadoes, With Special Reference To Those That Have Occurred in Tennessee” (Paper delivered before the Tennessee Academy of Science). Nov 25, 1921. Accessed at: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bna/research/tornadoes.htm

Storm Prediction Center. The 25 Deadliest U.S. Tornadoes. Norman, OK: SPC, National Weather Service. NOAA. Accessed 10-12-2008 at: http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/killers.html

The Gazette, Stevens Point, WI. “Thirty Persons Killed By Wind and Cloudburst.” 6-12-1907, p. 1. Accessed 5-2-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/stevens-point-gazette-jun-12-1907-p-6/

United States Steamboat-Inspection Service. Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat-Inspection Service to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1897. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1897, 274 pages. Digitized by Google. Accessed at: http://books.google.com/books?id=Z1YpAAAAYAAJ

19th Century

1896 — Apr 25, SF seal schooner Edward E Webster departs Kodiak, lost, snow squall, AK–29

lornajarrettblanchard April 25, 1896

–29 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”
–29 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” E
–29 Good, Captain Warren and Michael Burwell. Alaska Shipwrecks 1750-2015. 2018, p. 145.
–29 The Athens Banner, Athens, GA. “The Schooner Edward Webster Lost.” 10-2-1896, p. 6.

Narrative Information

Alaskashipwreck.com: “1896…Edward E. Webster…SC [south-central area]…83 Foot…Sealing Schooner…29 [lives lost (all)].”

Alaskashipwreck.com: “Edward E Webster (1896). The 83 foot wooden sealing schooner Edward E Webster disappeared after leaving Kodiak April 25, 1896 with 29 men aboard. The vessel was last seen by the schooner Herman in the vicinity of the Trinity Islands where the schooner C G White was lost the year before. A fierce snow squall separated the two vessels who had been hunting together. Lost with the Webster were captain Frank Johnson, the captain’s brother hunter Magnus Johnson, first officer Gustave Weaver, hunter Andrew Simon, hunter William Blomquist, hunter Anton Cavalier, hunter Whitney and 22 crewmen.

“Mapping and Location: South Central Alaska 56 33 N 154 20 W Chart 16580.

“Comment: September 26 is the date the Herman reported the loss of the Webster in San Francisco. WG

“Additional Information: Tonnage 98.8 Gross 93.8 Net, Length 83.5, Breadth 23.1, Depth 8.6, Built 1875 at Gloucester MA, Registered San Francisco CA, ON 135176.

“Sources: 1. Merchant Vessels of the U S (1896) Pg 50, 2. The Philadelphia Inquirer (September 27, 1896) “The Ship Webster Lost” Pg 21, 3. Jackson Michigan Citizen (January 1, 1897) “1896 Casualties…September 26” Pg 6, 4. San Francisco Chronicle (September 26, 1896) “Webster’s Loss is a Certainty” Pg 14.” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.”)

Good and Burwell: “Edward E Webster (1896). The 83-foot wooden schooner Edward E Webster disappeared after leaving Kodiak April 25, 1896 with 29 men aboard. The vessel was last seen by the schooner Herman in the vicinity of the Trinity Islands where the schooner C G White was lost the year before. A fierce snow squall separated the two vessels who had been hunting together. Lost with the Webster were captain Frank Johnson, the captain’s brother hunter Magnus Johnson, first officer Gustave Weaver, hunter Andres Simon, hunter William Blomquist, hunter Anton Cavalier, hunter Whitney and 22 crewmen.” (Good, Captain Warren and Michael Burwell. Alaska Shipwrecks 1750-2015. 2018, p. 145.)

Newspaper

Sep 28: “San Francisco, Sept. 28. – Captain Scott of the little schooner Herman, who has just arrived from Kodiak with the excellent catch of 85 otter skins for the Pacific trading company, brought further assurance of the loss of the schooner Edward Webster and the lives of the 29 men she carried. The Herman and the Webster sailed out of Kodiak harbor together on the morning of April 25 and shortly after they were out a terrible snow squall came up, separating them. The Webster has not been seen or heard from since, and it is almost certain that she went to the bottom. Webster was commanded by Captain Frank Johnson and her first officer was Gustave Weaver.”
(The Athens Banner, Athens, GA. “The Schooner Edward Webster Lost.” 10-2-1896, p. 6.)

Sources

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.” Accessed 11-12-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/alaska-shipwrecks-1729-2012/alaska-shipwrecks-1800-1899/

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” Accessed 11-12
-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-e/

Good, Captain Warren and Michael Burwell. Alaska Shipwrecks 1750-2015. Published by Warren Good, 2018. Accessed 11-12-2021 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=ArpqDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

The Athens Banner, Athens, GA. “The Schooner Edward Webster Lost.” 10-2-1896, p. 6. Accessed 11-12-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/athens-weekly-banner-oct-02-1896-p-6/

19th Century

1896 – March 8, Seattle schooner Lincoln departs for Kodiak, lost, storm, no. Pacific–25-43

lornajarrettblanchard March 8, 1896

— 43 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” L.
–37 passengers
— 5 crew
— 43 Good, Captain Warren and Michael Burwell. Alaska Shipwrecks 1750-2015. 2018, p.288.
–37 passengers
— 5 crew
— 41 Sacramento Daily Record-Union, CA. “Schooner Lincoln.” 9-26-1896, p. 8.
–35 passengers “including eight or ten children, nearly all residents of Seattle.”
— 6 crew; “the Captain and crew of five…”
— 37 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”
–>30 Blanchard estimate based on Seattle Post report of departure with 25 men passengers, and
other accounts that the crew consisted of five men.
–~30 Fort Wayne Evening Post, IN. “Thirty Persons Lost at Sea.” 5-29-1896, p. 5.
— 25 Sacramento Daily Record-Union, CA. “Schooner Lincoln.” 9-26-1896, p. 8.
— 25 San Francisco Call. “Alaska Schooner Lincoln Believed to Be Ice-Bound.” 5-15-1896, 3.
–21 passengers
— 4 crew

Narrative Information

Alaskashipwreck.com: “Lincoln (1896). The two masted schooner Lincoln departed Seattle March 7, 1896 cleared for Kodiak with a party of miners bound for Cook Inlet and was never seen again. A severe storm was reported in the Gulf of Alaska the first week of April by the vessels Bertha and William J Bryant which almost succumbed to the hurricane force weather. It is presumed that the Lincoln was overcome by the same storm. There were as many as 37 passengers aboard bound for the gold fields of Alaska as well as 5 crewmembers. Names of passengers lost (23 adults and 14 children):

1. William Staples of Seattle (left behind wife and five children)
2. J.H. Goddard of Seattle
3. Mrs. J.H. Goddard
4. J.H. Goddard child 1
5. J.H. Goddard child 2
6. C.C. Ward of River Park
7. Mrs. C.C. Ward
8. C.C. Ward child
9. Edson England of Seattle (single)
10. Adolph Anderson of Seattle
11. Mrs. Adolph Anderson
12. Adolph Anderson child
13. Charles Lind of Seattle
14. Mrs. Charles Lind
15. Charles Lind child 1
16. Charles Lind child 2
17. John Lindquist of Seattle
18. Mrs. John Lindquist
19. John Lindquist child 1
20. John Lindquist child 2
21. Vincent Gallion of Newcastle (single)
22. O.B. Johnson of Seattle (single)
23. E.C. Boyles of Seattle (single)
24. A. Halverson of Seattle (single)
25. Frank Mitchell of Seattle (single)
26. M. Cunningham of Sunnydale (single)
27. E.R. Dunham of Sunnydale (single)
28. C.R. Harder of Seattle (single)
29. Mr. Uddman of Seattle (single)
30. Mr. Kuenzler of Seattle (single)
31. Mrs. Ole Bee of Seattle (wife of cook)
32. Ole Bee child 1
33. Ole Bee child 2
34. Ole Bee child 3
35. Ole Bee child 4
36. Ole Bee child 5
37. Ole Bee child 6
“Names of the crewmembers lost:
1. Captain Helmer Newgard (single and 2/3 owner)
2. Mate John Newgard (single)
3. Mathias Olsen (single and 1/3 owner)
4. John Olsen (single)
5. Cook Ole Bee
“Mapping and Location: South Central Alaska Unknown.

“Comment: It is possible that the number of passengers aboard the Lincoln was misreported. Many of the wives and children may have been “left behind” and not aboard when the Lincoln was lost. WG.

“Additional Information: Length 54.3, Breadth 16.9, Depth 7.2, Built Seattle 1894, ON 141327

“Sources: 1. The H W McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest (1966) Pg7, 2. Shipwrecks of the Alaskan Shelf and Shore (1992), 3. Seattle Post (May 22, 1897) “Albert Halverson, A Passenger On The Lost Lincoln” Front Page, 4. Sacramento Record Union (May 16, 1896), “MISSING SCHOONER LINCOLN” Front Page, 5. Merchant Vessels of the U S (1895) Pg 122.” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” L.

Newspapers

March 9: “’To the Alaska gold fields’ is the cry, and with this in view nearly every man in the city who has no ties to keep him here is making arrangements to made a trop to that far northern country and prospect for the precious metal. In no place is this fever more apparent than on the waterfront, and yesterday afternoon [Marth 8] when the time arrived to let go the line of the trim little schooner Lincoln and start her on her on her way to Cook inlet, all along Railroad avenue and on the wharf opposite Schwabacher’s dock, from where the schooner sailed, were crowds of people, some drawn thither to bid goodspeed to friends who took passage and some from idle curiosity or victims of the fever [gold fever]. During the forenoon and up the time of starting everything was life aboard the vessel, as twenty-five men outfitted with supplies for a season in the snow and ice, gather together a great many traps. However, the crew soon had places for everything and by 1 o’clock all was shipshape and in readiness for the casting off of the line.

“The Lincoln, after landing her passengers and supplies at their destination, will trade along the coast for a short time and then cruise about in Alaskan waters for fish. All the men in the boat were full of confidence because of the auspicious circumstances attending the departure, and the excellent manner in which they were provisioned and outfitted. When the vessel swung out into the bay and caught the wind a hearty shout was given from those on shore, and an answering shout was returned with equal vigor from the voyagers….” (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, WA. “For the Gold Fields…Schooner Lincoln Sets Sail.” 3-9-1896, p. 8.)

May 4: “Seattle, Wash., May 4….The schooner Lincoln, which left Seattle on March 7, for Cook’s Inlet, had not been sighted up to April 25. Grave fears are felt that she has been lost…” (The Evening Times, Washington, DC. “Thousands Hunt Gold.” 5-4-1896, p. 1.)

July 25: “Seattle, July 25. – An alleged message from one of the men on board the ill-fated schooner Lincoln was found today on the beach just around the point from West Seattle. The message was written on a small piece of paper, and had been put in a dark colored round quart bottle. It was signed by Charles Swanson, no date, and stated that the Lincoln was doomed, and that ‘We have taken to the boats five miles off Campbell Island.’ The message closed by saying that as they left the ship she was sinking fast.

“The bottle was corked, not sealed, and the finder, Peter Dahl, a reputable young man, said that the cork looked ‘old.’ There was a little water in the bottle.

“There is no official list of the twenty-five people who sailed on the Lincoln from Seattle on March 8, 1896. The ‘Post-Intelligencer’ had its reporters collect all names possible of those who were on board. The name ‘Charles Swanson’ does not appear.” (Sacramento Daily Record-Union, CA. “Schooner Lincoln.” 9-26-1896, p. 8.)

Nov 20: “Evergreen [WA], November 20. – On March 8, 1896, one of our townsmen, Marshall Cunningham, sailed on the schooner Lincoln from Seattle, bound for Cooks Inlet. The schooner was never seen nor heard from afterward. The following note found in a floating bottle a few months ago is the only explanation ever offered as to the fate of vessel and crew:

The fate of the schooner Lincoln is sealed. We took to the boats five miles off Campbell island. As we leave the ship is fast sinking. Charles Swanson, Schooner Lincoln.

“The belief at Seattle is that the schooner foundered in a storm on one of the numerous rocky islands the first night that she was out. No one of the passengers has ever been heard from, and it is almost certain that all were lost, either from drowning or from exposure. Among the published list of names of persons on board appeared the name M. Cunningham, Sunnydale, that being the place where Mr. Cunningham was working and where he received mail. Mrs. Cunningham went to Seattle this summer to search for her husband, but the above note was not picked up until two months after her search was ended.” (San Jose Mercury-News, CA. “Evergreen Notes.” 11-21-1897, p. 2.)

Sources

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.” Accessed 11-13-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/alaska-shipwrecks-1729-2012/alaska-shipwrecks-1800-1899/

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” Accessed 11-13
-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-l/

Fort Wayne Evening Post, IN. “Thirty Persons Lost at Sea.” 5-29-1896, p. 5. Accessed 11-13-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/fort-wayne-evening-post-may-29-1896-p-5/

Sacramento Daily Record-Union, CA. “Schooner Lincoln.” 9-26-1896, p. 8. Accessed 11-13-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/sacramento-record-union-sep-26-1896-p-8/

San Francisco Call. “The Alaska Schooner Lincoln Believed to Be Ice-Bound.” 5-15-1896, 3. Accessed 11-13-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-francisco-call-may-16-1896-p-3/

San Jose Mercury-News, CA. “Evergreen Notes.” 11-21-1897, p. 2. Accessed 11-13-2021 at: https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SJMN18971121.2.29&e=——-en–20–1–txt-txIN——–1

Seattle Post-Intelligencer, WA. “For the Gold Fields…Schooner Lincoln Sets Sail.” 3-9-1896, p. 8. Accessed 11-13-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/seattle-post-intelligencer-mar-09-1896-p-8/

The Evening Times, Washington, DC. “Thousands Hunt Gold.” 5-4-1896, p. 1. Accessed 11-13-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/the-evening-times-may-04-1896-p-1/

19th Century

1896 — Measles, esp. NYC/714, Brooklyn/333, Philadelphia/191, Cincinnati/100, CT –3,178

lornajarrettblanchard January 1, 1896

–3,178 Blanchard tally from State breakouts below.

–3,006 U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 701.[1]

Summary of State Breakouts Below

Alabama ( 14)

Arkansas ( 3)

California ( 14) Essentially Los Angeles (10)

Colorado ( 17) Especially Denver (10)

Connecticut ( 254) Esp. Bridgeport (16), Hartford (76), New Haven/28 Waterbury/33

Delaware ( 2) Wilmington

District of Columbia ( 69) Washington, DC (69)

Florida ( 9)

Georgia ( 47) Especially Atlanta (16), Columbus (12), Savannah (14)

Illinois ( 95) Especially Chicago (73)

Indiana ( 31)

Iowa ( 1)

Kansas ( 21)

Kentucky ( 10)

Maine ( 1)

Maryland ( 27) Baltimore

Massachusetts ( 115) Especially Boston (27), Fall River (12)

Michigan ( 156) Especially Bay City (40) and West Bay City (6)

Minnesota ( 27) Especially Minneapolis (18)

Missouri ( 29) Especially St. Louis (17)

Montana ( 1)

Nebraska ( 0) New Mexico ( 0)

New Hampshire ( 10)

New Jersey ( 46) Especially Jersey City (28)

New York (1365) Especially New York City (714), Brooklyn (333), Buffalo (32)

North Carolina ( 139) Especially Charlotte (27), Salisbury (16), Durham (14)

Ohio ( 127) Especially Cincinnati (100)

Pennsylvania ( 356) Especially Philadelphia (191), Mount Carmel (75), Allegheny (30)

Rhode Island ( 46) Especially Woonsocket (12)

South Carolina ( 35) Especially Charleston (20) and Pelzer (14)

Tennessee ( 70) Especially Nashville (66)

Texas ( 1)

Utah ( 1)

Vermont ( 11)

Virginia ( 17) Especially Richmond (11)

Washington ( 2)

West Virginia ( 1)

Wisconsin ( 41) Especially Milwaukee (29)

1896 Measles Deaths by State

Alabama (14)

–1 Attala U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 680.

–1 Bremen, Feb 26~ Miss Lou Gibson. Sterling. People…Cullman, AL. p. 260.

–1 Bright, Jan 18 Jasper Higgins, son of Mr. P. A. Higgins. Sterling. Cullman, AL, 259.

–1 Bright, after Jan 18 Mr. P. A. Higgins. Sterling. People…Cullman, AL, 259.[2]

–1 Clarkson, near Jan 23 Mr. Wm. Humphrey, 20. Sterling. People…Cullman, AL, 257.[3]

–1 Cleveland, June 2 Mrs. Eliza McWherter. Sterling. People…Blount County, AL, p209

–1 Evergreen U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 680.

–2 Fort Payne U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 680.

–1 Greensboro U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 680.

–1 Hanceville, late Feb Child, 4, of Bill Small. Sterling. People…Cullman, AL. p. 260.

–1 Mobile U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 680.

–2 Unity, Feb 19 Mrs. Lucy Holmes; infant child of Mrs. Patty Rutledge. Sterling.

Arkansas ( 3)

–3 Batesville. U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 680.

California (14)

–13 Statewide Blanchard tally based on monthly and locality breakout below.[4]

–1 “ Feb Public Health Reports, p. 280.

–1 “ Mar Public Health Reports, p. 375.

–4 “ Apr Public Health Reports, p. 466.

–1 “ May Public Health Reports, p. 579.

–2 “ June Public Health Reports, p. 697.

–1 “ Sep Public Health Reports, p. 985. (not LA, Oakland, Sacramento, SF)

–10 Los Angeles U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 680.

–4 “ Jan Public Health Reports, p. 155.

–1 “ Feb Public Health Reports, p. 259.

–1 “ Mar Public Health Reports. p. 375.

–3 “ Apr Public Health Reports, p. 466.

–1 “ July Public Health Reports, p. 787.

— 1 San Francisco Nov[5] U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 680.

Colorado (17)

— 3 Colorado Springs U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

–10 Denver U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 4 Pueblo U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

Connecticut (254)

–254 Statewide Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

–36 Mar Public Health Reports, p. 375.

–49 May Public Health Reports, p. 557.

–31 July Public Health Reports, p. 787.

— 3 Sep Public Health Reports, p. 985.

— 6 Oct Public Health Reports, p. 1072.

— 2 Ansonia U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 16 Bridgeport U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

–1 “ Mar Public Health Reports, p. 352.

–2 “ May Public Health Reports, p. 557.

–3 “ Aug Public Health Reports, p. 875.

— 3 Bristol U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 2 Burlington U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 1 Canton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 1 Chatham U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 1 Clinton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 3 Cromwell U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 3 Danbury U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 1 East Hartford U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 1 Enfield U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 1 Greenwich U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 1 Griswold U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

— 76 Hartford U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 681.

–21 “ Mar Public Health Reports, p. 352.

–37 “ Apr Public Health Reports, p. 443.

— 9 “ May Public Health Reports, p. 557.

— 1 “ June Public Health Reports, p. 648.

— 1 “ July Public Health Reports, p. 787.

— 2 “ Nov Public Health Reports, p. 1168.

— 3 Killingly U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 2 Manchester U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 13 Meriden U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 6 Middletown U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 7 New Britain U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 28 New Haven U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 2 New London U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 2 New Milford U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 1 North Canaan U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 9 Norwalk U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 1 Old Saybrook U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 2 Simsbury U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 2 Southbury U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 3 Stamford U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 1 Stonington U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 5 Thompson U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 9 Torrington U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 1 Vernon U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 1 Wallingford U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 1 Washington U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 33 Waterbury U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 682.

— 2 Westport U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 1 Wilton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 3 Winchester U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 1 Windsor U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

Delaware ( 2)

–2 Wilmington U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

District of Columbia (69)

–69 Washington, DC U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

–3 “ Jan 19-25 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-6-1896, p. 156.

–3 “ Jan 26-Feb 1 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-13-1896, p. 180.

–2 “ Feb 2-8 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-20-1896, p. 204.

–2 “ May 3-9 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 5-21-1896, p. 523.

Florida ( 9)

–1 Apalachicola U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

–5 Pensacola U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

–1 “ Mar Public Health Reports, p. 419.

–2 Tampa Apr Public Health Reports, p. 443.

–1 Tampa May Public Health Reports, p. 557.

Georgia ( 47)

–16 Atlanta U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

–12 Columbus U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 5 Macon U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

–14 Savannah U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

Illinois ( 95)

— 3 Belleville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 5 Carmi U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

–73 Chicago U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 8 “ Jan Public Health Reports, p. 155.

“ –1 Jan 5-11 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-23-1896, p. 100.

— 4 “ Mar Public Health Reports, p. 375.

— 5 “ May 3-9 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 5-21-1896, p. 523.

–13 “ July Public Health Reports, p. 787.

— 6 “ Aug Public Health Reports, p. 898.

— 6 “ Oct Public Health Reports, p. 1099.

— 3 “ Nov Public Health Reports, p. 1190.

— 4 East St. Louis U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 4 Galesburg U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 1 Nokomis U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 3 Quincy U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

— 2 Svannaa U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

Indiana ( 31)

— 4 Evansville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 3 Goshen U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 1 Hammond U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 1 Harmony U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 1 Haughville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 3 Indianapolis U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 4 Marion U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 4 Michigan City U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 4 New Albany U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 1 New Haven U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 3 Rising Sun U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

— 2 Valparaiso U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

Iowa ( 1)

— 1 Lansing U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 684.

Kansas ( 21)

–21 Statewide Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

–10 Reporting cities only. US Marine-Hosp. Service. Annual Rpt. for 1896, p. 685.

— 2 Abilene, Dickinson County. KS State Board of Health. Annual Report for 1896, p. 125.[6]

— 1 Columbus, Cherokee County. KS State Board of Health. Annual Report for 1896, p. 122.

— 3 Emporia, Lyon Co. U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p685.[7]

— 2 Hutchinson, Reno County. KS State Board of Health. Annual Report for 1896, p. 142.

— 2 Kansas City, Wyandotte Co. KS State Board of Health. Annual Report for 1896, p. 147.

— 4 Leavenworth U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

— 2 Lyons, Rice County. U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

— 1 McPherson, McPherson Co. KS State Board of Health. Annual Report for 1896, p. 135.

— 2 Peabody, Marion County. KS State Board of Health. Annual Report for 1896, p. 136.

— 1 Topeka, Shawnee Co. U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

— 1 Wellington, Sumner County. KS State Board of Health. Annual Report for 1896, p. 146.

Kentucky ( 10)

— 5 Louisville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

— 4 Madisonville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

— 1 Nicholasville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

Maine ( 1)

— 1 Bradford U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

Maryland ( 27)

–27 Baltimore U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 686.

–5 “ Dec 29-Jan 4 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-16-1896, p. 75.

–2 “ Jan 5-11 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-23-1896, p. 100.

–1 “ Jan 19-25 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-6-1896, p. 156.

–2 “ Jan 26-Feb 1 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-13-1896, p. 180.

–2 “ Feb 2-8 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-20-1896, p. 204.

–1 “ July Public Health Reports, p. 787.

–1 “ Sep Public Health Reports, p. 985.

–1 “ Oct Public Health Reports, p. 1072.

Massachusetts (115)

–115 Statewide Blanchard tally from breakouts below.

— 92 Reporting Cities US Marine-Hosp. Service. Annual Rpt…1897. 1899, p. 686-688.

— 1 Adams Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 862.

— 1 Amesbury Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 862.

— 3 Amherst U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 686.

— 1 Arlington Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 862.

— 2 Blackstone Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 862.

— 27 Boston U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p686.[8]

— 1 Brocton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 2 Brookline Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 862.

— 5 Cambridge U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 1 Chelsea, Feb 2-8.[9] U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 4 Everett U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 12 Fall River U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 1 Gardner Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 863.

— 2 Gloucester U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 1 Grafton Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 863.

— 1 Hinsdale U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 2 Holyoke Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 863.

— 1 Lanesboro U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 1 Lawrence U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 1 Lee U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 5 Lowell U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 5 Lynn U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 1 Malden U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 1 Marlborough Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 863.

— 1 Medford U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 687.

— 1 New Bedford U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688.

— 1 Newburyport U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688.

— 5 North Adams Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 863.

— 1 Pittsfield, Jan 26-Feb 1. US Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688.

— 1 Revere Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 864.

— 3 Salem U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688.

— 6 Somerville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688.

— 1 Spencer Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 864.

— 6 Springfield Mass. State Board of Health. Annual Report Vol. 28, p. 864.

— 1 Swampscott U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688.

— 1 Woburn U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688. — 7 Worcester U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688.

Michigan (156)

–156 Statewide Mich. Dept. of Health. Annual Report, Vol. 25, p. 235.[10]

— 67 Reporting Cities U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Rpt…1897. 1899, p688-89.

— 3 Alpena U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688.

— 40 Bay City U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 688.

— 1 Detroit U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 6 Essexville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 3 Flint U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 1 Fremont U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 1 Grand Rapids U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 2 Kalamazoo U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 1 Marquette U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 2 Muskegon U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 1 Saginaw U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 6 West Bay City U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

Minnesota ( 27)

— 1 Chatfield U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 5 Duluth U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

–18 Minneapolis U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

— 3 St. Paul U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

Mississippi ( 0) U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

Missouri ( 29)

–29 Statewide Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

— 2 Boonville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

— 2 Clinton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

— 2 Kansas City July Public Health Reports, p. 813.

— 6 St. Joseph U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

–17 St. Louis U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

Montana ( 1)

–1 Phillipsburg U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

Nebraska ( 0) U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 690.

New Hampshire (10)

–10 Statewide U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

–1 “ June Public Health Reports, p. 718.

–3 Manchester U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

–6 Nashua U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

–1 Peterboro U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691

New Jersey ( 46)

— 5 Carlstadt, Bergen Co. U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

— 8 Hoboken, Hudson Co. U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

–28 Jersey City, Hudson City. U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, 691.

— ? Penns Grove, Salem Co. “…measles epidemic…” Philadelphia Times. 5-3-1896, p. 5, c3.[11]

— 3 Rahway, Union Co. U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

— 2 Riverside , Burlington Co. US Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p.691.

New Mexico ( 0) U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691

New York (1,365)

— 12 Albany U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

— 3 Albion U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

— 17 Amsterdam U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

— 1 Auburn U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 2 Baldwinsville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 2 Ballston Spa U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

–333 Brooklyn U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 6 “ Dec 29-Jan 4 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-16-1896, p. 75.

— 8 “ Jan 5-11 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-23-1896, p. 100.

–14 “ Jan 19-25 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-6-1896, p. 156.

–16 “ Jan 26-Feb 1 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-13-1896, p. 180.

–10 “ Feb 2-8 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-20-1896, p. 204.

— 32 Buffalo U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

–6 “ Nov Public Health Reports, p. 1190.

— 1 Cambridge U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 3 Canajoharie U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Canton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 14 Cohoes U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 3 Corinth U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Corning U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Coxsackie U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Dunkirk U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Edgewater U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Elmira U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 7 Fishkill U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 2 Flushing U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Fort Edward U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Fort Plain U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 5 Glens Falls U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Gloversville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 2 Granville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 2 Greensburg U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 3 Greenbush U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 2 Green Island U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 4 Greenwich U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Hamilton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 2 Hector U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 9 Hempstead U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

— 1 Herkimer U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Hudson U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 2 Ithaca U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Jamaica U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 4 Jamestown U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Kingsbury U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 9 Kingston U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 2 Lansingburg U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 6 Little Falls U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Lockport U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 9 Long Island City U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Malone U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Marbletown U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Mechanicsville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 4 Medina U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Middletown U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 2 Minden U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Montgomery U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 6 Mount Vernon U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 8 Newburg U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Newtown U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

–714 New York City U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 15 “ Dec 29-Jan 4 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-16-1896, p. 75.

— 23 “ Jan 5-11 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-23-1896, p. 100.

— 21 “ Jan 19-25 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-6-1896, p. 156.

— 24 “ Jan 26-Feb 1 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-13-1896, p. 180.

–192 “ Feb Public Health Reports, p. 352.

— 32 “ Feb 2-8 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-13-1896, p. 178.[12]

— 21 “ Feb 23-29 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 3-19-1896, p. 302.

— 24 “ March 1-7 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 3-19-1896, p. 302.

— 23 “ March 8-14 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 3-19-1896, p. 302.

— 11 “ May 3-9 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 5-21-1896, p. 523.

— 23 “ May 17-23 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-4-1896, p. 575.

— 11 “ May 24-30 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-11-1896, p. 603.

— 23 “ May 31-Jun 6 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-18-1896, p. 632.

— 15 “ June 21-27 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 7-9-1896, p. 51.

— 9 “ June 28-July 4 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 7-16-1896, p. 76.

— 10 “ July 5-11 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 7-23-1896, p. 100.

— 6 “ July 19-25 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8-6-1896, p. 152.

— 7 “ July 26-Aug 1 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8-13-1896, p. 176.

— 8 “ Aug 2-8 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8-20-1896, p. 204.

— 9 “ Aug 9-15 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8-27-1896, p. 228.

— 5 “ Aug 16-22 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 9-3-1896, p. 252.

— 10 “ Nov 10-16 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 11-28-1896, p. 556.

— 21 “ Nov 17-21 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 12-3-1896, p. 583.

— 2 Niagara Falls U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 North Tonawanda U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 2 Ogdensburg U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Oyster Bay U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 7 Peekskill U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Penn Yan U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 12 Plattsburg U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 4 Port Jarvis U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 13 Poughkeepsie U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Richland U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 5 Rochester U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 2 Rosendale U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

— 1 Sag Harbor U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 1 Sandy Hill U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 13 Saratoga Springs U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 25 Schenectady U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 2 Schuylerville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 4 Syracuse U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 15 Troy U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 1 Utica U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 1 Warwick U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 1 Waterloo U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 2 Yonkers U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

Ohio (127)

— 2 Bellaire U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 694.

— 2 Celina U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695.

–100 Cincinnati U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695.

–6 “ Dec 29-Jan 4 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-16-1896, p. 75.

–6 “ Jan 26-Feb 1 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-13-1896, p. 180.

–4 “ Feb 2-8 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-20-1896, p. 204.

–5 “ May 3-9 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 5-21-1896, p. 523.

–2 “ May 31-Jun 6 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-18-1896, p. 632.

— 7 Cleveland U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695.

–2 “ June Public Health Reports, p. 718.

–1 “ July Public Health Reports, p. 813.

–1 “ May 31-Jun 6 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-18-1896, p. 632.

–1 “ July 5-11 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 7-23-1896, p. 100.

— 1 Findlay U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695.

— 1 Leetonia U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695.

— 3 Lima U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695.

— 1 Lorain U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695

— 1 Mansfield U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695

— 2 Marion U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695

— 1 Mount Vernon U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695

— 1 Oberlin U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695

— 3 Toledo U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695

— 1 Uhrichsville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695

— 1 Wellsville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695

Pennsylvania ( 356)

— 30 Allegheny U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 696.

— 3 Altoona U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 696.

— 1 Carbondale U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 696.

— 4 Erie U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 696.

— 4 Johnstown U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 696.

— 3 Meadville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 696.

— 4 McKeesport U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 75 Mount Carmel U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 6 New Brighton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 1 Oil City U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

–191 Philadelphia U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

–4 “ Dec 29-Jan 4 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-16-1896, p. 75.

–7 “ Jan 5-11 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-23-1896, p. 100.

–9 “ Jan 19-25 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-6-1896, p. 156.

–5 “ Jan 26-Feb 1 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-13-1896, p. 180.

–4 “ May 3-9 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 5-21-1896, p. 523.

–2 “ May 17-23 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-4-1896, p. 575.

–5 “ May 24-30 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-11-1896, p. 603.

–4 “ May 31-Jun 6 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-18-1896, p. 632.

–3 “ June 21-27 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 7-9-1896, p. 51.

–4 “ July 5-11 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 7-23-1896, p. 100.

— 29 Pittsburgh Blanchard tally of breakouts below

–4 “ Dec 29-Jan 4 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-16-1896, p. 75.

–8 “ Mar 28-Apr 4 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 4-16-1896, p. 403.

–2 “ May 3-9 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 5-21-1896, p. 523.

–2 “ May 24-30 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-11-1896, p. 603.

–1 “ June 14-20 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-20-1896, p. 28.

–4 “ July 19-25 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8-6-1896, p. 152.

–2 “ July 26-Aug 1 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8-13-1896, p. 176.

–2 “ Aug 2-8 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8-20-1896, p. 204.

–1 “ Aug 16-22 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 9-3-1896, p. 252.

–1 “ Aug 29-Sep 5 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 9-17-1896, p. 304.

–2 “ Nov 10-16 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 11-28-1896, p. 556.

— 3 Plymouth U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 1 Reading U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 1 West Chester U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

Rhode Island ( 46)

— 3 Burrillville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 2 Central Falls U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 1 Coventry U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 3 Cranston U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 1 Cumberland U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 7 Johnston U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 697.

— 3 Newport U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

–1 “ July Public Health Reports, p. 813,

— 9 Providence Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, Jan-June 1896.

— 6 Providence U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

–3 “ Jan 5-11 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1-23-1896, p. 100.

–1 “ Jan 26-Feb 1 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-13-1896, p. 180.

–1 “ May 3-9 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 5-21-1896, p. 523.

–2 “ May 17-23 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-4-1896, p. 575.

–2 “ May 24-30 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-11-1896, p. 603.

— 5 Warwick U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

–12 Woonsocket U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

South Carolina ( 35)

— 1 Florence U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

–14 Pelzer U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

–20 Charleston U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

South Dakota ( 0) U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

Tennessee ( 70)

— 1 Knoxville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

— 2 Memphis U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

— 1 Murfreesboro U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

–66 Nashville U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

–2 “ May 17-23 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 6-4-1896, p. 575.

Texas ( 1)

— 1 Nacogdoches U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

Utah ( 1)

–1 Salt Lake City U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 698.

Vermont ( 11)

–1 Bennington U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

–2 Charlotte U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

–1 Manchester U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

–1 Orwell U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

–6 Swanton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

Virginia ( 17)

— 2 Abington U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

— 4 Lynchburg U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

— “ June Public Health Reports, p. 718.

–11 Richmond U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

Washington ( 2)

–1 Montesano U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

–1 Spokane U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

West Virginia ( 1)

–1 Wheeling U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

Wisconsin ( 41)

— 1 Ashland U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

— 2 Berlin U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

— 2 Depere U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 699.

— 2 Hayward U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 700.

— 5 La Crosse U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 700.

–29 Milwaukee U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 700.

Source

Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. Vol. 134, Jan-June 1896. Google preview accessed 5-15-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=2sEEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. Vol. 135, July-Dec 1896. Google preview accessed 5-15-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=yj4BAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Kansas State Board of Health. Twelfth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Kansas, from January 1 to December 31, 1896. Topeka: J. S. Parks, State Printer, 1897. Google preview accessed 5-14-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=tRkt-K4DRUMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Massachusetts State Board of Health. Twenty-Eighth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1897. Google preview accessed 5-14-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=-qZQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Michigan State Board of Health. Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Secretary of the State Board of Health of the State of Michigan for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1897. Lansing: Robert Smith Printing Co., 1899. Google Preview accessed 5-14-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=dhYgAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Philadelphia Times. “Across the Delaware.” 5-3-1896, p. 5, c. 3. Accessed 5-15-2018 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/philadelphia-times-may-03-1896-p-5/

Sterling, Robin. People and Things from the Blount County, Alabama News-Dispatch 1890-1903. Lulu Edition, 2006. Google preview accessed 5-15-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=18agBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Sterling, Robin. People and Things from the Cullman, Alabama Tribune 1877-1898. Lulu Edition, 2013. Google preview accessed 5-15-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=BuCfBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

United States Marine-Hospital Service, Treasury Department. Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1897. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1899. Google preview accessed 5-12-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=ih84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

United States Marine-Hospital Service, Supervising Surgeon-General (Treasury Department). Public Health Reports (Vol. XI, Nos. 1-52). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1897. Google preview accessed 5-15-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=u9QEHszh1pAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

[1] Represents only reporting cities.

[2] Notes he “also fell a victim to the epidemic, measles…” notes he lost his wife and son. There is a separate note specifically stating that the son died from measles.

[3] Notes he “was the first victim claimed in this county by the recent epidemic of measles.”

[4] We know there were 10 deaths in L.A. Jan-Apr, and July. Also know that elsewhere there were 4 deaths.

[5] Public Health Reports, p. 1190.

[6] Notes 75 cases.

[7] Kansas Board of Health in its Annual Report, notes as well 3 deaths (from over 300 cases). Page 134.

[8] The Mass. State Board of Health Annual Report for 1896 also shows 27 deaths from measles in Boston (p. 862).

[9] Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 2-20-1896, p. 204.

[10] Table 2. — Exhibiting the Population of Michigan for the year 1896 by tiers of counties (Upper Peninsula as one tier); also the number of cases and the number of deaths from Measles Reported from each of these divisions for 1896, and the numbers of cases and deaths per 10,000 population of each division.

[11] Notes “no abatement to the measles epidemic in Pennsgrove, and the schools are almost deserted.”

[12] “Measles continues to be the most prevalent of the zymotic diseases; over five hundred cases being reported, with a mortality of 32, an increase of 11.”

19th Century

1896 — Smallpox, esp. New Orleans (238), Shreveport LA (11), Detroit (11) Dayton (8)–279

lornajarrettblanchard January 1, 1896

–279 United States Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 701.

Florida ( 2)

–2 Pensacola. United States Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

Illinois ( 1)

–1 Elgin United States Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 683.

Kansas ( 1)

–1 Topeka. United States Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

Louisiana (249)

–238 New Orleans. U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

— 11 Shreveport U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 685.

Michigan ( 12)

–11 Detroit U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

— 1 Marine City U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 689.

New Jersey ( 3)

–3 Fort Lee U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 691.

New York ( 3)

–1 Brooklyn U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

–1 Candor U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 692.

–1 New York City U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 693.

Ohio ( 8)

–8 Dayton U.S. Marine-Hospital Service. Annual Report…1897. 1899, p. 695.

Source

19th Century

1895 — Apr 24, SF CA seal/fishing schooner C G White grounds in gale, Trinity Isl. Reefs, AK–11

lornajarrettblanchard April 24, 1895

–11 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”
–11 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” “C.”

Narrative Information

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.” —
“1895…C G White…SC [south central area]…81 Foot…Schooner…11 [lives lost]…17 [saved].”

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” “C.” —
“C G White (1895). As many as 11 men were lost on Wednesday, April 24, 1895 when the American schooner C G White ran ashore in the Trinity Island Reefs during a westerly gale and snowstorm. The vessel had departed San Francisco February 28 on a seal hunting and fishing trip with Zart Isaackson of San Francisco as master and a crew of 28. The following are excerpts from the wreck report filed July 24, 1895 by managing owner A P Lorentzen:

‘On SW end of Kodiak Island…ran ashore in a snowstorm.” “Some of the crew were saved and cared for by natives, who afterwards took them to Wooded Island, where some died and others recovered. Some lost limbs by frost bite. All the officers were lost, either drowned or died on the beach from cold. No papers saved, and no other particulars received except through newspapers.’

“The following is an accounting from Lewis and Dryden Marine History of the Pacific Northwest:

‘The same gale that sent the (Walter A) Earle on her last cruise ended the career of the old Columbia River pilot schooner C G White.’ ‘She was caught off the Alaska shore by the gale, which was accompanied by a blinding snowstorm, with Thermometer three degrees below zero. Her sails were carried away, the fore topmast went by the board, and her rudder became disabled. In this helpless condition she was carried before the wind, and just before morning struck a submerged reef and was soon smashed to pieces. A line was made fast to shore, and twenty five of the crew reached land in safety, three losing their lives before the line was secured. Eight of those who landed perished from starvation and exposure, and several of the others were so badly frozen as to render amputation of limbs necessary. They were finally rescued by some Indians, and taken to Kodiak. Capt Gus Isaacson was one of the eleven who perished.’

“In an article in the N Y Times from August 6, 1895: ‘When the wreck occurred, the first to get ashore were Bail, Marillo, Sweeney and Rogers who started for assistance to the nearest settlement, a place called Okyok, thirty-seven miles away, across a lagoon. The snow was neck high. Bail was the only one to reach the place, the others succumbing to their injuries and the intense cold.’

“The storm that caused the loss of the C G White is referred to as ‘the great Easter gale of 1895’. The below lists of passengers and crew of the C G White was compiled from a number of publications. Names crewmembers names were often spelled differently from one news story to the next. Abbreviations for the sources of names and other information are put with each of the names for clarity.

“Names and particulars come from the following publications:

SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE of Friday May 10, 1895 (SFC-10)
THE NEW YORK TIMES August 7, 1895 (NYT-7)
PACIFIC COAST NEWS VOLUME LXXVII.—No. 148 May 7, 1895 Pg. 14 (PCN-7)
SAN FRANCISCO CALL TUESDAY May 14, 1895 (SFC-14)
FUR TRADERS REVIEW VOL 22 NO 11 June 1, 1895 (FTR-61)
VICTORIA June 7, 1895 (VCT67)
EMIL BAIL personal letters (EBPL)

“Names of passengers and crew lost:

1. Captain Gustave (Gus)(Zart) Isaacson (SFC-10) (PCN-7) Died of exposure on the beach (EBPL) (FTR-61)
2. Hunter Henry Ledger (SFC-10) Henry George drowned 50 feet from shore (EBPL) (SFC-14)
3. Mate A.W. Thompson (PCN-7) Went overboard and drowned in the wreckage (EBPL) was also a captain of the sealing schooner Lily L (FTR-61) At the helm when the vessel struck. Told the survivors to “take this ring to my little girl in Oakland”. (EBPL)
4. Hunter Dan Doole (PCN-7) Daniel Dover of Santa Barbara went insane on the beach and died of exposure near the lagoon. (EBPL)
5. Hunter Harry Harmsen (PCN-7) H. Hamsden made it to Wood Island but died after legs amputated. (EBPL) In the past he was the captain of schooners Alexander and Mary H Thomas. (FTR-61) Henry Hansen lost both feet above the ankles (EBPL) (VCT67)
6. Hunter Charles Haritwen (PCN-7) “Long Charlie” Hartmen died of exposure on beach (EBPL) (SFC-14) Long Charlie was a pioneer in the fur trade and had been captain of the sealing schooner Louisa D.
7. Cook Charles Lind (PCN-7) First man to drown(EBPL)
8. Donkey Engineer T.J. Hurdel (PCN-7) Thomas Hurdle drowned during wreck (EBPL)
9. Seaman William Backey (PCN-7) William Backey died of exposure on beach (EBPL)
10. Seaman J.E. Silver (Silva) (PCN-7) John Silva as washed overboard and never seen again (EBPL)
11. Seaman Manuel Vasquitz (PCN-7) Manuel Murillo died of exposure in the snowfields near the lagoon (EBPL)
“….Mapping and Location: South Central Alaska 56 50 N 154 10 W Charts 16580, 16590.

“Comment: There are 20 survivors and 11 lost crewmen listed above which totals more than were reported as being aboard the C G White. The ship’s papers were lost with the wreck so accounting for who was aboard is difficult. WG.

“Additional Information: Tonnage 73.51 Net, Age 8 years, Built 1887 San Francisco, Length 81.5, Breadth 23, Depth 9.5, Registration San Francisco, ON 126439, Owner A P Lorentzen of Alameda, Vessel value $7,000, Cargo Value $5,000 outfit, Vessel Insurance $2,000, Cargo Insurance none.

“Additional Sources: 1. U S Customs Wreck Report (July 24, 1895) filed at San Francisco by managing owner A P Lorentzen, 2. Lewis and Dryden’s Marine History of the Pacific Northwest (1961) Pg 452, 3. N Y Times (August 6, 1895), 4. U S Revenue Cutter Service Files (1867-1914) Roll #4.” (Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” “C”)

Sources

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.” Accessed 11-11-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/alaska-shipwrecks-1729-2012/alaska-shipwrecks-1800-1899/

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” Accessed 11-10
-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-c/

19th Century

1895 — Apr 14, BC Can. sealing schnr. Walter A Earle capsizes, storm, off Cape St. Elias, AK–32

lornajarrettblanchard April 14, 1895

–32 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”
–32 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” “C.”
–32 Wright (Editor). Lewis & Dryden’s Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. 1895, 451-452.

Narrative Information

Alaskashipwreck.com: “1895…Walter A Earl…SC [south-central area]…71 Ton…Canadian Schooner…32 [lives lost].” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”)

Alaskashipwreck.com: “Walter A Earle (1895). The 71 ton Canadian sealing schooner Walter A Earle was lost with all hands off of Cape Saint Elias during the Great Easter Gale of 1895 that occurred on April 14th. The vessel was out of Victoria, British Columbia and hunting seals off of Icy Bay. The Earle attempted to weather the storm along with the schooners Favorite and Libby, but lost her rudder and capsized. 32 men perished in the disaster, including captain Louis Magnuson, mate Henry Buhrm, seamen William J Douglas, W H Wyman, and Adolf E Shute, cook B Berner, and 26 Native Americans, twelve of whom were Songhees from Victoria, five from Sooke, six from Beecher Bay, two from Metchosin and one from Cowichan. The rudderless overturned hull of the Walter A Earle drifted into Afognak Bay several weeks later. Many of the deceased crewmen were found within the hull and buried at Kodiak. The sealing schooner C G White was lost in the same storm along with 11 crewmen. The survivors of that disaster, off of the south end of Kodiak, were brought to Woody Island near Kodiak and cared for.

“Mapping and Location: South Central Alaska 58 02 30 N 152 45 W Chart 16580.

“Comment: I have charted this wreck at Afognak Bay, as that was the final resting place of the hull. Evidence of the disaster may be found anywhere from Pamplona Spur outside of Icy Bay, where the vessel overturned, to Afognak Bay where her drift ended. WG

“Sources: 1. Lewis and Dryden’s Marine History of the Pacific Northwest (1895) Pg 451, 2. Shipwrecks of the Alaskan Shelf and Shore (1992).” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” (W)

Wright: “The well know Victoria schooner Sylvia Handy, for the past few years sailing under the name of Walter A. Earle, was swept out of existence, with all on board, April 14, 1895. With the schooners Favorite, Captain McLean, and the Libbie, Captain Hackett, she had been following the seals up the coast, and on the thirteenth all three of the vessels were about thirty miles off the Pappalonas, a small submerged reef to the south of Cape St. Elias. The weather was fine in the morning, but shortly after noon the barometer dropped quickly, all of the boats were signaled to return to the schooners, and at nightfall the gale was on in all its fury. Hope was almost abandoned on the Libbie and Favorite, but by careful management they rode out the storm. When morning dawned but two vessels were in sight, and shortly afterward Captain McLean picked up the mainsail of the Earle. The schooner was found bottom upward a few hours later. When the weather moderated, Captain McLean sent a boat to the overturned hull and discovered that the masts were still in place, but the rudder was missing. This was undoubtedly the direct cause of the disaster, and those who were not swept from the decks before she capsized had little show for their lives. The lost vessel was manned by Louis Magneson, captain; Henry Buhrm, mate; William J. Douglas, W. H. Wyman and Adolf E. Shute, seamen; B. Berner, cook; and twenty-six Indians, twelve of whom were Songhees from Victoria, five from Sooke, six from Beecher Bay, two from Metchosin, and one from Cowichan.” (Wright, E. W. (Editor). Lewis & Dryden’s Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. 1895, pp. 451-452.)

Sources

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.” Accessed 11-12-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/alaska-shipwrecks-1729-2012/alaska-shipwrecks-1800-1899/

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” Accessed 11-12
-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-w/

Wright, E. W. (Editor). Lewis & Dryden’s Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: The Lewis & Dryden Printing Company, 1895. Accessed 11-12-2021 at: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lewis_Dryden_s_Marine_History_of_the_Pac/seRDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Lewis+and+Dryden%E2%80%99s+Marine+History+of+the+Pacific+Northwest&printsec=frontcover

19th Century

1895 — March 8, steamer Longfellow hits C&O bridge pier in fog/sinks, OH Riv., Cincinnati, OH–11-13

lornajarrettblanchard March 8, 1895

–11-13 Blanchard death-toll estimate.*

–35-70 Swift, J. V. “Another Tragedy at a Bridge in Cincinnati.” Waterways Journal, 2000.
— ~14 Daily Times, Portsmouth, OH. “The Wrecked Steamer…Longfellow…” 3-11-1895, 1
— 13 Blanchard listing of names identified in sources – end of “Narrative” section.
— 12 Inyo Independent, Independence, CA. “A Year’s History.” 2-21-1896, p. 1.
— 12 Sioux County Herald, Orange City, IA. “Steamer Goes Down. Twelve…” 3-13-1895, 3.
— 11 Reis, Jim. “The Steamer Longfellow.” Kentucky Post.
— >8 Hamilton Daily Republican, OH. “Boat Wrecked…Longfellow Strikes…” 3-9-1895, 1.
— 7 Steamboat Inspec. Ser. “Casualties, Investigations…District of Cincinnati, Ohio. 1895.” p. 54.
— 6 Evening Democrat, Warren, PA. “Six Were Drowned…at Cincinnati.” 3-9-1895, 1.
— 5 Daily Times, Portsmouth, OH. “Horrible. Steamer Longfellow…Sunk….” 3-8-1895, 1.

* Blanchard death-toll estimate. To the extent the listing of named fatalities reported in the press at the time is accurate, there were thirteen fatalities. In recognition of the fact that press reporting is not always reliable, we choose to follow the Jim Reis estimate of eleven as the low-end of an estimated death-toll range.

Narrative Information

Reis: “On March 8, 1895, the steamer Longfellow left Cincinnati for New Orleans. She was “one of the largest, best-known and handsomest packets on the Ohio River.” She left Cincinnati with an estimated 52 crewmen, 40 passengers, and 20 laborers. The number of laborers was abnormally high because of her cargo: she was carrying 300 reaping and mowing machines, which one Cincinnati newspaper called “the largest shipment of harvesting machinery ever made at one time from Cincinnati.”

“The Longfellow was supposed to have left the night before, but there was dense fog. The fog stayed the next morning, but the ownership – the White Collar Line – said she had to start south. The towboat Hercules Carrel was brought in to help the Longfellow navigate out of Cincinnati.

“But as she started, the Longfellow soon became unmanageable. The Longfellow’s bow was pointed toward the Kentucky shore. There was much animated whistle blowing and churning of water to gain control, but the Longfellow struck the C&O [now the Clay Wade Bailey] Bridge broadside. The Longfellow literally fell apart. The bow sank. The stern floated away. Any number of passengers and crew were in the water. Both the Hercules Carrel and many other boats who witnessed the catastrophe came to the rescue of the people in the water.

“People who scavenged the wreckage were a problem, and some relatives accused the White Collar Line of being more interested in recovering freight than bodies, and some families hired private divers to look for missing relatives. The Captain, J. L. Carter, died in the accident. Carter, William Colbert, the second Clerk; and the second engineer, Wilson D. Hart, were all from Newport. Pilots George Trunnells and Oscar Whitten were from Bellevue.

“The official loss of life in the crash is listed as 11 people, but since there was no official list of who was on the boat to begin with, that has to remain a best guess.”

(“The above data was excerpted from a longer column on the subject by Mr. Jim Reis, which appeared in the Kentucky Post.”)

Swift: “The incident [McBride towboat disaster, 1942] brought to the mind of Walter E. Quiggin, retired general manager of the White Collar Line, other bridge accidents at Cincinnati. The worst was that of the Longfellow, which hit the C&O bridge March 8, 1895, with the loss of 35 to 70 people.” (Swift, J. V. “Another Tragedy at a Bridge in Cincinnati.” Waterways Journal, 2000.)

U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service: “March 8. – The passenger steamer Longfellow, while descending the Ohio River, struck a pier of the Chesapeake and Ohio bridge at Cincinnati. She broke in two and sank immediately thereafter. Steamer and cargo a total loss. Valuation of steamer, $25,000. Number of lives lost, 7.” (U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service. “Casualties, Investigations, etc. District of Cincinnati, Ohio. 1895.” Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector-General to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30 1896. 1896, p. 54.)

Way: Longfellow. Sternwheel wood-hull packet, built in Cincinnati in 1876. “….Rated 1,450 tons. She was prevented from leaving Cincinnati the evening of Mar. 7, 1895, by a heavy fog. At 7:00 next morning, the captain becoming impatient, she departed, assisted by the Hercules Carrel. Fog again closed down and she went broadside into a pier of the C&O bridge causing her loss. J. Lawrence Carter, head clerk, was drowned, as was Gus Chauvert, barkeeper, and several passengers.” (Way’s Packet Directory, 1848-1994: Passenger Steamboats… 1999, p. 292.)

Newspapers

March 8, Daily Times, Portsmouth, OH: “The Lost.

David Aldridge, of Rome, N. Y., a passenger.
John L. Carter; clerk.
James Kivett, second mate.
Gus Schwant, barkeeper.
James Miller, porter.

“By Telegraph to The Times.

“Cincinnati, March 8 — The steamer Longfellow sunk today near this city, striking the pier of the bridge. The steamer was bound for New Orleans, and all passengers except one were saved, although some of the crew are still missing.

“There was a heavy fog at the time the steamer struck the bridge, the vessel having been held all night on account of the fog. She started this morning shortly after seven o’clock assisted by the towboat Hercules Carrel. Before reaching the Chesapeake & Ohio bridge piers she became wholly unmanageable, owing to the powerful cross-currents at this stage of the river, and owing to the steamer’s smoke blinding the pilot. He attempted to go to the south side of the pier also to stop the engineers but in vain.

“The steamer struck and was crushed like an egg shell. The tow boat Carrel became a life boat. The passengers, some of whom were rising, and others who were at breakfast, rushed aboard the Carrel.

“All were saved except David Aldridge, of Rome, New York, who was lame, and could not reach the Carrel in time.

“Clerk John L. Carter went back to get the money from the office and was lost. Second-Mate James Kivett, Porter James Miller and Barkeeper Gus Schwant were lost.

“E. P. Skinner, of the Independent, of Massillon, 0., was a passenger. He said;

“I was in my stateroom just rising, and did not even know the vessel had left the wharf. The first intimation I had of the accident was the sound of crushing timbers and the rattle of breaking dishes. It was not an alarming noise, but I soon heard notes of warning given in such a way that I left my room, just as I was, clad in my trousers, shoes and undershirt. I made my way hastily with the others to the deck and went at once to the Carrel. I did not venture back to get even my hat. I had barely time to save myself. But there was no panic, no rushing nor trampling over each other. Men stood by and permitted women to pass first and then got aboard the Carrel. The last of them got but just as she was backing away to avoid damage from the wreckage of the Longfellow.”

“Major Turner, of Toledo, was on deck when the accident happened. He heard a colloquy between the pilot and Oscar Whitten, as he uttered a despairing cry: “I can’t see anything!” He heard the captain tell him to go south of the pier, and heard the pilot give orders to slop the engines. It was all hopeless, as the mighty river was stronger than the boat’s machinery.” (Daily Times, Portsmouth, OH. “Horrible. Steamer Longfellow, Bound for New Orleans Sunk at Cincinnati.” 3-8-1895, p. 1.)

March 9: “Cincinnati, March 9. – A revised list of dead and missing from the wrecked steamer Longfellow is as follows:

David Aldrich, Rome, N. Y., missing, believed lost, his wife is at the Palace hotel…;
First Clerk J. L. Carter, Newport, Ky, missing, certainly lost;
Augustus Chauvet, barkeeper, New Orleans, surely lost, body not recovered;
James Miller, colored porter, Cincinnati, certainly lost, body not recovered;
Mrs. W. J. Aull, Dayton, O, body recovered and at the morgue;
Mr. W. J. Aull, Dayton, O., certainly lost, body not recovered.

“….This is the death list so far as known from the river disaster in which the magnificent New Orleans steamer Longfellow was crushed on a bridge pier and sunk in less than five minutes. Unfortunately the complete loss may never be known. All the records of the steamer were lost with it and no passenger list is ever left ashore.

“The accident was one of peculiar horror. It was daylight, the fog had disappeared, the great steamer, fearful of peril of passing the bridge piers, had been given the assistance of the powerful
towboat Hercules Carrel. Then almost upon the pier the pilot found himself confronted with an alarming condition. The powerful cross-current, which no human foresight could have located, caught the long steamer like a toy and turned the bow away from the course he had given it. At the same time the smoke from the lowered chimney, which had been let down to allow the boat to pass under the bridges, was wholly obscuring his vision. The Hercules Carrel’s pilot being located almost behind the great steamer, was also unable to see the boat’s position, and more likely his rudder was not strong enough to turn its course against the treacherous current.

“And so the fated Longfellow was carried like a helpless thing against the cruel immovable pier and crushed into a wreck. So quick was the work of destruction that in five minutes not a vestige of the great steamer was visible except bits of wreckage floating on the river. The carpenter had time to go into the hold with a lantern, whence he quickly returned with the report that nothing could save the Longfellow from immediate sinking.

“The Longfellow is the old U. P. Schenck. The old vessel was lengthened 25 feet four years ago and renamed the Longfellow. She was valued at $23,500, and insured for $15,000. She was carrying 500 tons of freight.

“The Longfellow went down in 30 feet of water within a few minutes of striking the pier. The accident occurred opposite Marmet’s coal landing, at the foot of South street. Many of the passengers were in their staterooms at the time, and the shrieks of the whistles of the Longfellow and Carrel were the first warning they had of danger. They all gathered on the front deck and were transferred to the Carrol.” (Evening Democrat, Warren, PA. “Six Were Drowned. The Fearful River Disaster at Cincinnati.” 3-9-1895, p. 1.)

March 9: “Cincinnati, March 9. – Shortly after 6 o’clock Friday morning [March 8] the steamer Longfellow, of the Memphis & Cincinnati Packet Co., pulled away from the wharf at the foot of Main street and started on a long voyage to New Orleans. The towboat Hercules Carrel, which was alongside all night, was signaled to be in readiness to help the Longfellow through the bridges.

“About 6:30 the boats started. Owing to her length it took some little time for the Longfellow to turn in order to get her head down stream. At a few minutes before 7 the boat was in a position to move down stream. The Carrel was on the left or port side of the Longfellow. The boats passed under the suspension bridge in good shape.

“Immediately after this, however, the Longfellow began behaving badly. A cross current seemed to strike her and swing hew bow around toward the Kentucky shore. Every effort was made to right her so that she would pass between the piers of the Chesapeake & Ohio railroad forming the span on the Kentucky side.

“The swift current of the river carried her along rapidly. Those on the boat could see that it would be impossible to avoid striking the pier. The alarm was sounded immediately, and the passengers, some of whom were at breakfast, while others were still in their berths, were hurried to the deck.

“While some of the passengers were still in their cabins the crash came. The boat struck the pier with her starboard or right side, just behind the boilers. The crash was an awful one and for a brief space the air was filled with flying timbers, glass and iron-work. Those on board the boat, many of whom were in their night clothes, were hurried to the Hercules Carrel, which was still alongside. Consternation reigned. There were piecing cries and terrible wails. Women fainted. The frenzied passengers called for and hurried around in search of friends and relatives the moment they touched the deck of the Carrel.

“In the meantime the immense Longfellow was being driven harder against the pier by the swift river. In less than five minutes after she struck there was a loud, rending crush and the boat parted amidship. The prow went down into the river first, disappearing completely. The stern followed. Some of the upper works floated down the stream and then the wrecked hull came slowly up and also floated away.

“Some four or five men were on the floating cabin, and these were taken off immediately by the crew of the Hercules Carrel. A number of small boats put out from the shore and picked up persons who had jumped into the river. Five minutes after the boat struck there was nothing left but a lot of floating wreckage to show that there had ever been such a boat as the Longfellow.

“Everything on board the boat in the way of registers, papers, valuables, cargo, etc., went down with her. The passengers succeeded in saving but few of their belongings.

“The passenger register was lost and it is impossible to know how many passengers are missing. It is believed that the loss of life will not be more than ten, and may be less. Of the passengers only one is reported missing so far. He is a Mr. Aldrich, of Cleveland, who in company with his wife, had engaged a round trip passage to New Orleans. He was last seen moving along under the stage plank, which fell a moment later and is believed to have crushed him.

“Capt. J. Lawrence Carter, the first clerk of the boat, is also missing. He was the last man seen on the deck. When the boat struck he was still in his berth. It is possible that he succeeded in getting off to a piece of floating wreckage and was carried down the river. The hope…is a faint one.

“Two white roustabouts, one of whom is Michael Russell, a resident of the east end are believed to have been drowned.

“A colored porter known as ‘Billy’ tried to jump from the Longfellow to the Carrel. He miscalculated the distance and fell between the boats just as they were coming together. He was crushed to death and the body fell into the river and disappeared.

“The second mate of the boat, whose name was not known, and two firemen are also reported missing….” (Hamilton Daily Republican, OH. “Boat Wrecked. The Longfellow Strikes a C. & O. Bridge Pier, Cincinnati.” 3-9-1895, p. 1.)

March 11: “Cincinnati, March 11. – Supervising Inspector Chancellor, and Local Inspectors Brownski and Dameron will begin immediately an investigation leading to the causes of the Longfellow striking the bridge pier. They were at the landing Saturday morning early, getting a list of all that are known to have been aboard the vessel at the time….

“Commodore S. W. Wise…manned two yawls with practical boatmen, whom he gave orders to go down the river on both sides as far as the mouth of the Miami and make diligent search for the missing bodies. Dr. E. P. Dameron and three others also took a carriage and went down the river road to Riverside and will make a thorough search for the body of Capt. Carter. Charles B. Wing and P. B. Diem, who are intimate friends of W. J. Aull, of Dayton, together with the missing man’s brother, have also organized a searching party and have gone to Trautman’s and Riverside to search among the willows along the shore.

“It was the intention of Commodore Wise to put divers to work at the wreck, but its condition is such that they can not work until the river falls a few feet more. Two divers will be here Monday morning and will begin work. It is thought that by Monday the river will have fallen sufficiently to cause the broken timbers to be better removed, and then it is hoped more bodies may be found, as it is the opinion of nearly all the rescued crew that Capt. Carter’s and the other bodies are held down by the heavy roof that is already projecting high up over the moored wreck.

“In speaking of the causes that led to the accident, R,. G. Shinkle, secretary of the Pilots’ association, said Saturday:

There’s but one thing to be said, but one opinion to give, and that is that the whole fault lies in the situation of the bridge pier. Long before the C. and O. bridge was built boatmen and coal men held meeting after meeting at the chamber of commerce and in the U. S. engineer’s office and protested against the Kentucky pier being placed where it is. The boatmen went so far as to send a delegation to Washington to protest, and finally a compromise was effected that permitted the pier to be placed where it is instead of 500 feet further on the Kentucky shore. This pier stands directly in the natural channel of the river and causes a terrific eddy and suction toward the Kentucky shore and also makes cross currents right where the channel of the river is.

It is dangerous at all times, so dangerous that in fair weather, when the wind is not blowing a gale and the river is at a fair stage towboats have to double trip past it in order to get their tows through safely. It is the most dangerous bridge on the Ohio river, far worse than the dreaded Parkersburg bridge, and is a menace and terror to all pilots. Take the record of disasters among steamers at Cincinnati, and, outside of losses from natural causes, you will find that the greatest damage and the greatest loss of life by far has been owing to boats colliding with the Kentucky pier of the C. & O, R. R. bridge. It comes about because the pier is an obstruction to navigation, and that is the only reasonable cause to be placed on the Longfellow disaster.”

“At about 10:30 o’clock Saturday morning the corner of Covington was notified of the recovery of two bodies of victims of the wreck near Bromley, Ky. It is now thought the list of dead will number fourteen.

The officers of the harbor boats reported Saturday morning that portions of the wreck and freight were seen down the river a distance of thirty miles, and there has been much pillaging done by men in skiffs. The underwriters were also informed that at Shantytown and as far down, as Delhi freight had been caught and the packages were being rifled as fast as found.” (Daily Times, Portsmouth, OH. “The Wrecked Steamer. Debris…Found Thirty Miles Below Cincinnati…” 3-11-1895, p. 1.)

March 12: “Cincinnati, March 12. – The body of David Aldridge, of Rome, N.Y., was found in the wreck of the steamer Longfellow this morning at Trautman’s Station…” (Daily Times, Portsmouth, OH. “His Body Found.” 3-12-1895, p. 1.)

March 13: “….The Longfellow was to leave at 5 o’clock Thursday evening. A heavy fog came up and it was decided to wait until the fog lifted. At 6 o’clock Friday morning, the fog having risen sufficiently, Captain John Kirker decided to start….” (Sioux County Herald, Orange City, IA. “Steamer Goes Down. Twelve Lost in an Ohio River Disaster.” 3-13-1895, p. 3.)

April 11: “Cincinnati, April 11. – The body of W. J. Aull, of Dayton, O., who, with his wife, was drowned at the time of the wreck of the New Orleans steamer Longfellow, March 8, was found Thursday morning below Ludlow, Ky., and was taken to the Covington morgue, where it was fully identified.” (Chariton Democrat, IA. “Victim of the Longfellow Disaster.” 4-12-1895, p. 1.)

April 24: “Cincinnati, April 24. – The report of the local inspectors to Chief Inspector Chancellor upon the wreck of the steamer Longfellow, exonerates the officers of the vessel, and says the disaster was caused by the smoke shutting off from the view of the pilot the bridge pier. When the smoke cleared the cross current had carried the steamer so far toward the Kentucky shore that a collision with the pier was unavoidable.” (Waterloo Daily Courier, IA. “Exonerate the Longfellow’s Officers.” 4-24-1895, p. 1.)

Fatalities from Accounts Above

1. David Aldridge, of Rome, N. Y., passenger. (Daily Times, Portsmouth OH. 3-8-1895, 1)
2. Dr. Anderson, female. (Sioux County Herald, Orange City, IA. “Steamer” 3-13-1895, 3)
3. Mrs. W. J. Aull, Dayton, O, body recovered and at the morgue. (Evening Democrat)
4. Mr. W. J. Aull, Dayton, O., certainly lost, body not recovered. (Evening Democrat)
5. John L. Carter, clerk. (Daily Times, Portsmouth OH. 3-8-1895, 1)
6. Augustus Chauvet, barkeeper, lost, body not recovered (Evening Democrat)
7. James Kivett, second mate. (Daily Times, Portsmouth OH. 3-8-1895, 1)
8. James Miller [or Mitter], porter. (Daily Times, Portsmouth OH. 3-8-1895, 1)
9. Thomas Reardon, deckhand. (Sioux County Herald, Orange City, IA. 3-13-1895, 3)
10. Michael Russell. Roustabout. (Hamilton Daily Republican, OH. 3-9-1895, 1.)
11. Gus Schwant, barkeeper. (Daily Times, Portsmouth OH. 3-8-1895, 1)
12. Walker, servant. (Sioux County Herald, Orange City, IA. “Steamer” 3-13-1895, 3)
13. Unknown young woman, an invalid of NY. (Sioux County Herald, Orange City IA. 3-13)

Sources

Chariton Democrat, IA. “Victim of the Longfellow Disaster.” 4-12-1895, 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=185897369

Daily Times, Portsmouth, OH. “His Body Found [Longfellow sinking, Cincinnati].” 3-12-1895, 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=55926045

Daily Times, Portsmouth, OH. “Horrible. Steamer Longfellow, Bound for New Orleans Sunk at Cincinnati.” 3-8-1895, 1. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=55926033

Daily Times, Portsmouth, OH. “The Wrecked Steamer. Debris of the Longfellow Found Thirty Miles Below Cincinnati…” 3-11-1895, 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=55926041

Evening Democrat, Warren, PA. “Six Were Drowned. The Fearful River Disaster at Cincinnati.” 3-9-1895, 1. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=20336143

Hamilton Daily Republican, OH. “Boat Wrecked. The Longfellow Strikes a C. & O. Bridge Pier, Cincinnati.” 3-9-1895, 1. http://newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=6081076

Inyo Independent, Independence, CA. “A Year’s History.” 2-21-1896, p. 1. Accessed 9-26-2020 at: https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=II18960221.2.2&e=——-en–20–1–txt-txIN——–1

Reis, Jim. “The Steamer Longfellow.” Kentucky Post. Accessed 3-19-2012 at: http://www.nkyviews.com/kenton/text/steamer_longfellow.htm

Sioux County Herald, Orange City, IA. “Steamer Goes Down. Twelve Lost in an Ohio River Disaster.” 3-13-1895, 3. At: http://newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=108088696

Swift, James V. “Another Tragedy at a Bridge in Cincinnati.” Waterways Journal, 2000. Accessed 3-19-2012 at: http://www.sdgs.usd.edu/pubs/Scans/WaterwaysJournal/2000-1106.pdf

United States Steamboat Inspection Service. Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector-General to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30 1896. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1896. Accessed 9-26-2020 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1YpAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=longfellow&f=true

Waterloo Daily Courier, IA. “Exonerate the Longfellow’s Officers.” 4-24-1895, 1. Accessed at: http://newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=94116914

Way, Frederick Jr. (Author and Compiler), Joseph W. Rutter (contributor). Way’s Packet Directory, 1848-1994: Passenger Steamboats of the Mississippi River System Since the Advent of Photography in Mid-Continent America (Revised). Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 1999.

19th Century

1895 — Jan 21, steamer Chicora sinks, Lake Mich. storm, btw. South Haven-St. Joseph, MI-24-26

lornajarrettblanchard January 21, 1895

–24-26 Blanchard estimated death toll range.*

— 29 Alma Record, MI. “Vessel Foundered…Fate of the Steamer Chicora.” 1-25-1895, p.3, c.6.
–25 crew
— 4 passengers [not proven]
— 26 Defiance Evening News, OH. “Steamer Lost. Result of Storm on Lake Michigan.” 1-24-1893, 1.
— 26 Defiance Evening News, OH. “The Chicora is Lost. No Doubt…” 1-25-1895, p. 1.
–25 crew
— 1 passenger
— 26 U.S. Steamship Inspection-Service. Annual Report 1896, p. 61.
— 25 Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping News Archive. Report News (January 2009).
— 25 Sterling Daily Standard, IL. “Steamer May Have Gone Down.” 1-23-1895, p. 3, col. 3.
— 25 Swayze. Shipwreck!…Directory of…Shipwrecks on the Great Lakes. 1992, p. 51.
— 25 Thompson. Graveyard of the Lakes. 2004, p. 25.
— 24 Mansfield, John Brandts (Editor). History of the Great Lakes (Vol. 1). 1899, p. 768.
— 24 Nash, Jay Robert. Darkest Hours. 1977, p. 691.
— 24 Ratigan, William. Great Lakes Shipwrecks & Survivals (Revised). 1969, p. 242.
— 24 Shelak, Benjamin J. Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan. Big Earth Publishing, 2003, p. 127.
–>23 Michigan Shipwreck Research Association. “Chicora.” Accessed 11-17-2020. (Names 23)

* Blanchard estimated death toll range. Via the Michigan Shipwreck Research Association (MSRA) we find the names of 22 crewmen and one passenger. The MSRA does not note a death-toll, rather, they provide the names of the men they had been able to identify as lost. In that the sources noting 24, 25, or 26 deaths tend, for the most part, to be reliable sources, we have not been able to land upon a specific number of deaths that would put the other references to rest. Thus we employ a range of 24-26.

Narrative Information

Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping News Archive: “On 21 January 1895, Chicora (wooden propeller passenger/package freight vessel, 199 foot, 1,123 gross tons, built in 1892, at Detroit, Michigan) was bound from Milwaukee for St. Joseph on a mid-winter run when she foundered with little trace. All 25 on board were lost. The ship’s dog was found wandering on the beach by St. Joseph, Michigan, a few days later. A well-organized search for the wreck continued until mid-June. Many small pieces of wreckage were washed ashore in the Spring.” (Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping News Archive. (Jan 2009).

Mansfield: “1895. Loss of the Chicora. – In a terrible mid-winter storm the steamer Chicora, of the Graham & Morton Transportation Company’s line, was lost January 21 between Milwaukee and St. Joseph with her crew of 23 and her only passenger. The steamer left Milwaukee for St. Joseph about 5 o’clock on the morning of January 21 while the weather was mild and the lake smooth, shaping her course directly for her destination. The barometer was unusually low, but Capt. Edward George Stines, her commander, nevertheless left port promptly on time. President Graham at his home in St. Joseph that morning discovered the alarming atmospheric conditions, and hastily notified the commander of the steamer Petoskey, not to sail till the storm had passed. He wired the same instructions to Captain Stines of the Chicora, but a little later learned that the vessel had already departed. The storm burst upon the lake as the day advanced, and no tidings to this day have come from the ill-fated Chicora, save that her spars and other wreckage drifted ashore between South Haven and Saugatuck some days later. The Chicora was due at St. Joseph at 12:30 in the afternoon, and for a day it was believed she might have sough shelter in some neighboring port;; but hope fled as rescuing vessels plowed their way in vain through thick fields of ice and in zero weather which followed and continued for several weeks. It is believed she went down a few miles off South Haven.

“The Chicora was built in Detroit in 1892. She was 217 feet long, 35 feet beam and 15 feet in depth. She was built for the heavy freight traffic of the Graham & Morton line, but the passenger quarters were luxuriously furnished. Her guaranteed speed was seventeen miles and hour. As she was engaged in mid-winter service, there was no insurance. The loss of vessel and cargo was $175,000.” (Mansfield, John Brandts (Ed. And Compiler). History of the Great Lakes (Vol. 1). Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1899, p. 768.)

Swayze: “Chicora. Passenger and package freight steamer of 1,122 t. [tons] and 217 ft., launched at Detroit in 1882.

“Lake Michigan: The Chicora is one of those vessels which ‘sailed through a crack in the lake,’ disappearing with all 25 hands and leaving little evidence behind. The steamer left Milwaukee on a late season run with a load of flour on January 21, 1895, but never made port at St. Joseph. Sudden squalls and roving ice floes probably did the ship in somewhere off St. Joseph. According to one report, the ship’s dog was found wand4ering on the beach near St. Joseph a few days after the accident.” (Swayze, David D. Shipwreck! A Comprehensive Directory of Over 3,700 Shipwrecks on the Great Lakes. 1992, p. 51.)

Thompson: “The 217-foot passenger and freight steamer Chicora…sank on January 21, 1895, after departing Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on a cross-lake run to St. Joseph, Michigan…twenty-four crewmembers and one passenger were lost with the ship…” (Thompson 2006, p. 25.)

U.S. Congress, House Merchant Marine Committee: “Mr. Morton. The Chicora was caught in a blizzard, similar to the blizzard a short time ago on Lake Huron, and she happened to be in the center of it, with ice conditions all around her; and so far as she is concerned, she went out of sight; that is all we know of. She was a new, substantial vessel, built as well as a vessel can be built. It is our idea that she broke; something happened to her, since the vessel would have weathered the storm, notwithstanding it was the severest ever occurring on Lake Michigan.

“Mr. Thacher [Congressman]. That was about 20 years ago. In effect?

“Mr. Morton. Yes, sir….

“Mr. Bruckner. Was that a vessel of your line?

“Mr. Morton. Yes, sir.

“Mr. Bruckner. And you never received any report?

“Mr. Morton. No, sir; the upper works came ashore, and we got a quantity of them.

“Mr. Bruckner. Was her captain saved?

“Mr. Morton. There was nobody saved; everybody lost. And it was impossible for anybody to be saved under those circumstances, because the wind reached a velocity of 85 miles an hour, with ice all around. It was in the middle of the month of January—on the 25th day of January—and there would be no such thing as any human being living under such conditions. On the bluff where we were watching for the steamer we could not stand facing the storm two minutes; we would have to get under shelter in some way.” (Morton, in: US Cong.. House Merchant Marine Cmt. The Seamen’s Bill Hearings, 1914, 345.)

U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service: “The steamer Chicora cleared from Milwaukee at 5.45 a. m., and has not since been heard from. She was lost in Lake Michigan during a terrific storm that set in on that day, probably at a point within a few miles of South Haven, Mich. The steamer was in charge of Capt. Edward Stines, and had a crew of 25 men and one passenger….. Her cargo consisted of flour…” (U.S. Steamboat Inspection-Service. Annual Report 1896, p. 61.)

Michigan Shipwreck Research Association: “….The crew consisted mostly of Michigan men including:
Captain Edward George Stines of St. Joseph, MI
Grant A. Downing, oiler, Lapeer, MI
James R. Clarke, clerk, of St. Joseph, MI
Alfred Downing, coal passer, Lapeer, MI
Cornelius D. Simons, 1st mate, Benton Harbor, MI
Nathan Reeves Lynch, cook, St. Joseph
Benjamin Edward Stines, 2nd Mate, St. Joseph
M. W. Morgan, waiter/steward, Benton Harbor, MI
Joseph Marks, Wheelman, Benton Harbor, MI
James Malone, pantry man, Chicago, IL
Robert Mc Clure, 1st Engineer, Detroit, MI
Jesse Davis, porter, Benton Harbor, MI
Alfred Wirtz, 2nd engineer, Detroit, MI
Thomas Cass, dockhand, Benton Harbor, MI
John Werner, fireman, Sweden
Jack Ryan, dockhand, Benton Harbor, MI
William M. Scheck, fireman, Philadelphia, PA
William Dunn, dockhand, Benton Harbor, MI
Thomas Robertson, watchman, Baltimore, MD
Joseph Felix, dockhand, Benton Harbor, MI
John Hoogeboon, watchman, Saginaw, MI
John Mattison, watchman, Benton Harbor, MI
Joseph F. Pearl, passenger, of St. Joseph, MI
(Michigan Shipwreck Research Association. “Chicora.” Accessed 11-17-2020.)

Newspaper

Jan 25: “Benton Harbor, Mich., Jan. 25. – There now seems to be no doubt that the steamer Chicora foundered in the gale which swept Lake Michigan Monday and Monday night, and that the twenty-five members of her crew and one passenger on board found watery graves. Advices received from South Haven are to the effect that a great deal of wreckage was found in the ice off port, and from the telegraphed description has been identified by the owners as having been part of the ill-fated craft.

“A dispatch from Mr. Morton at South Haven says a shutter of a passenger gangway and a portion of the bulwarks of the steamer Chicora were found.

“A steamer’s hull, probably that of the Chicora, was seen floating off Glenn Haven, twenty miles north, at noon.” (Defiance Evening News, OH. “The Chicora is Lost. No Doubt that the Steamer has Foundered. Pieces of Wreckage are Found.” 1-25-1895, p. 1.)

Sources

Alma Record, MI. “Vessel Foundered…Fate of the Steamer Chicora.” 1-25-1895, p.3, c.6. Accessed 11-17-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/the-alma-record-jan-25-1895-p-3/

Defiance Evening News, OH. “Steamer Lost. Result of Storm on Lake Michigan.” 1-24-1893, 1. Accessed 11-17-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/defiance-evening-news-jan-24-1895-p-2/

Defiance Evening News, OH. “The Chicora is Lost. No Doubt that the Steamer has Foundered. Pieces of Wreckage are Found.” 1-25-1895, p. 1. Accessed 11-17-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/defiance-republican-daily-express-jan-25-1895-p-1/

Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping News Archive. “Report News (January 2009).” Accessed at: http://www.boatnerd.com/news/archive/1-09.htm

Mansfield, John Brandts (Ed. And Compiler). History of the Great Lakes (Vol. 1). Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1899. http://www.linkstothepast.com/marine/chapt36.html — Google digitized: http://books.google.com/books?id=iHXhAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Michigan Shipwreck Research Association. “Chicora.” Accessed 11-17-2020 at: http://www.michiganshipwrecks.org/shipwrecks-2/shipwreck-categories/shipwrecks-lost/chicora

Nash, Jay Robert. Darkest Hours – A Narrative Encyclopedia of Worldwide Disasters from Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Pocket Books, Wallaby, 1977, 792 pages.

Ratigan, William. Great Lakes Shipwrecks & Survivals (New Revised and Enlarged Edition). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1969.

Shelak, Benjamin J. Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan. Big Earth Publishing, 2003. Partially digitized by Google. Accessed at: http://books.google.com/books?id=4CBCcye0n6IC

Sterling Daily Standard, IL. “Steamer May Have Gone Down.” 1-23-1895, p. 3, col. 3. Accessed 11-17-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/sterling-daily-standard-jan-23-1895-p-3/

Swayze, David D. Shipwreck! A Comprehensive Directory of Over 3,700 Shipwrecks on the Great Lakes. Boyne City, MI: Harbor House Publications, Inc., 1992.

Thompson, Mark L. Graveyard of the Lakes. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2004.

United States Congress. House of Representatives, Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries. The Seamen’s Bill (Hearings, on S. 136, an act to promote the welfare of American Seamen in the Merchant Marine of the U.S…., Part 1). Wash.: GPO, 1914. Digitized by Google: http://books.google.com/books?id=fDkuAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

United States Steamboat-Inspection Service. Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat-Inspection Service to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1896. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1896, 287 pages. Digitized by Google. Accessed at: http://books.google.com/books?id=Q1YpAAAAYAAJ

19th Century

1894 – Dec 7-8, steamer Montserrat lost in gale, Pacific, Cape Flattery, WA vicinity — 29

lornajarrettblanchard December 7, 1894

–29 Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. Portland, OR: 1968, p. 182.
–26 crew
— 3 passengers

Narrative Information

Gibbs: “KEWEENAH AND MONTSERRAT. Just two months after the Ivanhoe vanished [approximately Sep 30], two big steam colliers were loading coal at British Columbia ports – the SS Kewennah at Comox and the SS Montserrat at Nanaimo. Both were scheduled to depart for San Francisco.

“The Montserrat, a stout iron steamer, 221 feet in length, was one of the finest ships in the trade. She was built in England in 1881 for the International Company of Lower California, to carry copper ore between Ensenada and San Francisco. Later she was sold to John Rosenfeld and J. L. Howard of the Bay City, who in turn chartered her to Captain David O. Blackburn for operation as a collier.

“….When the Montserrat departed the coal dock at Nanaimo on the evening of December 6, 1894, she carried a qualified crew. Seamen often stood in line for a berth on Captain Blackburn’s ship. His officers included some of the best available – John Brewer, first mate; M. Carroll, second mate, and capable Thomas Brennan, chief engineer. In all, the crew numbered twenty-six, but as was his practice, Lucky Blackburn gave passage to three money-short passengers headed back to San Francisco.

“The lighthouse keepers at Tatoosh Island saw the Montserrat round their rocky abode and head south into the teeth of a howling southerly gale. Her progress was so slight that the SS Keweenah, which left Comox the morning of December 7, fell in company with her on the outbound trek [down the Strait of Georgia into the Salish Sea going west past Cape Flattery, then south toward San Francisco.] Concerned with …[a] rising tempest, the lookouts at the lighthouse kept a tight watch on both ships throughout the day. At dusk on the evening of December 7, the two ships could still be faintly observed about ten miles out, doggedly fighting to hold their own against the howling southwester. Carrying overloads of coal, both steamers rode low in the water, the Montserrat about a mile ahead of the Keweenah. As darkness came on, both were shipping immense seas….

“Thus it was that the two most seaworthy ships on the Pacific Coast, in company, were battling a driving hurricane off Cape Flattery on the bleak night of December 7 and the morning of December 8, 1894….both vanished from the face of the sea sometime during that period to time. The fierce storm that apparently claimed the two ships grew to such proportions that it continued unabated for an entire week, spreading devastation from Alaska to California.

“The most widely accepted theory…was that both ships were grossly overloaded and foundered when great head seas tore off their hatch covers.” (Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1968, pp. 182-184.)

Newspaper

Record-Union: “San Francisco. Dec. 29.—It is now twenty-two days since the steam colliers Monzerrat and Keweenaw sailed for San Francisco from neighboring ports on Vancouver island, British Columbia. Nearly all seafaring men believe that the two vessels and their crews, numbering nearly sixty men. Were lost in the recent gale which broke in all its fury on the night that the colliers put to sea. Notwithstanding that the steamers were so long out on a voyage that should have been completed within fourteen days, some of the owners, consignees and some of the families of the scores of luckless mariners still have hopes. In response to their earnest appeals the government has sent out another steamer in search of the vessels. The United State’s gunboat Pennington went to sea this evening under instructions to proceed northward and make thorough search for the missing vessels. The United States revenue cutter Grant, which was dispatched from Port Townsend on a similar errand several days ago is still at sea….”
(http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18941228.2.2 )

Sources

Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1968.

The Record-Union, Sacramento, CA. “The Montserrat and Keweenaw Still Among the Derelicts.” 12-28-1894, p. 1. Accessed 6-20-2022 at: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18941228.2.2

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