19th Century

— 31 Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. Portland, OR: 1968, p. 182.
— 29 U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service. Annual Report 1895, p. 21.

Narrative Information

Gibbs: “…the SS Keweenah [sic]…left Comox the morning of December 7, fell in company with…[collier Montserrat] on the outbound trek [down the Strait of Georgia into the Salish Sea going west past Cape Flattery, then south toward San Francisco.] Concerned with …[a] rising tempest, the lookouts at the lighthouse kept a tight watch on both ships throughout the day. At dusk on the evening of December 7, the two ships could still be faintly observed about ten miles out, doggedly fighting to hold their own against the howling southwester. Carrying overloads of coal, both steamers rode low in the water, the Montserrat about a mile ahead of the Keweenah. As darkness came on, both were shipping immense seas.

“The Keweenah, commanded by Captain W. H. Jenkins, was carrying a crew of thirty-one. Virtually a new ship, she had been built at West Bay City, Michigan, just three years earlier. Constructed of iron and measuring 271 feet in length, she was designed to trade between New York and the Pacific Coast. To win the contract for construction of the ship, the builders had to agree to some unusual requirements. The vessel had to be built with several watertight compartments designed to keep her afloat in case of collision or stranding; also with a reinforced double bottom divided into sections by the keel and bulkheads. The spaces between the bulkheads were arranged to act as tanks so that in the event of a mishap the sea cocks on the weather side could be opened to allow a steadying flow of water. Further, the Keweenah was to large to pass through the Welland Locks so she had to be cut in half. This the builders had provided for, and when the fore and after sections had passed through the locks, they were riveted back together in a Montreal shipyard….

“On reaching San Francisco, the Black Diamond Coal Company…signed to charter the ship. Thus it was that the two most seaworthy ships on the Pacific Coast, in company, were battling a driving hurricane off Cape Flattery on the bleak night of December 7 and the morning of December 8, 1894….both vanished from the face of the sea sometime during that period to time. The fierce storm that apparently claimed the two ships grew to such proportions that it continued unabated for an entire week, spreading devastation from Alaska to California.

“The most widely accepted theory…was that both ships were grossly overloaded and foundered when great head seas tore off their hatch covers.” (Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1968, pp. 182-184.)

US SIS: “To this date the steamer Keweenaw, coal laden, from Comox, British Columbia, December 7, is unheard of and undoubtedly foundered, carrying down all hands, consisting of 1 master, 6 officers, and 22 crew. This vessel was built at West Bay City, Mich., in 1891.” (U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service. Annual Report 1895, p. 21.)

Newspaper

Record-Union: “San Francisco. Dec. 29.—It is now twenty-two days since the steam colliers Monzerrat and Keweenaw sailed for San Francisco from neighboring ports on Vancouver island, British Columbia. Nearly all seafaring men believe that the two vessels and their crews, numbering nearly sixty men. Were lost in the recent gale which broke in all its fury on the night that the colliers put to sea. Notwithstanding that the steamers were so long out on a voyage that should have been completed within fourteen days, some of the owners, consignees and some of the families of the scores of luckless mariners still have hopes. In response to their earnest appeals the government has sent out another steamer in search of the vessels. The United State’s gunboat Pennington went to sea this evening under instructions to proceed northward and make thorough search for the missing vessels. The United States revenue cutter Grant, which was dispatched from Port Townsend on a similar errand several days ago is still at sea….”
(http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18941228.2.2 )

Sources

Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1968.

The Record-Union, Sacramento, CA. “The Montserrat and Keweenaw Still Among the Derelicts.” 12-28-1894, p. 1. Accessed 6-20-2022 at: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18941228.2.2

United States Steamboat-Inspection Service. Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat-Inspection Service to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1895. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895. Digitized by Google. Accessed 6-20-2022 at: http://books.google.com/books?id=JFYpAAAAYAAJ

–15 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”
–15 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” “M”

Narrative Information

Alaskashipwreck.com: “1894…George R White…SC [south-central area]…61 Foot…Sealing Schooner…15 [lost…0 [saved].” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”

Alaskashipwreck.com: “George R White (1894). The 61 foot sealing schooner George R White departed Seattle July 4, 1894 with a crew of 15 men and never returned. The vessel was owned by Paul Polson of LaConner, Washington. She was last heard from in the form of a letter October 25, 1894 out of Unalaska expressing Captain Wheeler’s intention to follow the seal herds south to the tropics and back north in the spring. The George R White was wrongly reported lost during the Great Easter Storm of 1895 when she was mistaken for the sealing schooner C G White. The C G White was lost off of the south end of Kodiak Island near Tugidak Island. It is possible the George R White was lost in the same storm but no evidence of her disappearance ever surfaced. Crewmembers reported to have been lost with the George R White were master J L Wheeler, mate Steve Baretech, cook M Butler, hunter Edward Pomeroy, hunter Andrew Danielson, hunter Justin Chenowith, seaman Richard Redmond, seaman C. Morris, seaman C. Brandt, seaman Louis A Burrell, seaman John Harrison, seaman Chris Swanson, seaman Robert Baxter, seaman Henry Parker and cabin boy James Carton.

“Mapping and Location: Unknown.

“Additional Information: Tonnage 37.6 Gross 35.72 Net, Length 61.2, Breadth 18.4, Depth 6.3, Built 1890 at Port Madison, ON 86084.

“Sources: 1. Merchant Vessels of the U S (1894) Pg 129, 2. Sacramento Record-Union (May 4, 1895) “Disaster at Sea” Pg 1, 3. The Morning Oregonian (August 21, 1895) “A Schooner Missing” Pg 3.” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.”)

Newspaper

May 4, 1895: “Port Townsend, Wash., May 4….The schooner George R. White cleared from this port July 24, 1893, for a cruise in the North Pacific ocean and Bering sea. Her crew was signed by United States Shipping Commissioner Burns and was as follows: Master L. Wheeler, Mate Steve Bretch, Cook Butler, hunters, Edward Pomeroy, Andrew Danielson, Justin Chenoweth; seamen, Richard Redmond, C. Morris, Louis A. Burrell, John Harrison, Chris Swanson, Robert Baxter, Henry Parker, Cabin Boy James Carton.” (Newark Daily Advocate, OH. “Steamer Wrecked.” 5-4-1895, p. 1.)

Sources

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.” Accessed 11-10-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/alaska-shipwrecks-1729-2012/alaska-shipwrecks-1800-1899/

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” Accessed 11-10
-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-g/

Newark Daily Advocate, OH. “Steamer Wrecked.” 5-4-1895, p. 1. Accessed 11-10-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/newark-daily-advocate-may-04-1895-p-1/

— 24 McCurdy. “Ocean Tragedies…Northwest….” Overland Monthly, 34/202, 10-1899, 298.
— 23 Baltimore Sun Almanac for 1907. Jan 1, 1907, p. 155.
— 23 Gibbs, Jim. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. 1968 (Magellan – The Ships Navigator.).
— 23 Marshall, Don. Missing at Sea, Oregon Shipwrecks. 1984, p. 183-186. (Magellan)
— 23 Marshall, Don. Oregon Shipwrecks. Portland, OR: Binford & Mort Pubs., 1984, p. 185.
— 23 The Mail, Medford, OR. 11-9-1894; excerpt in: Lloyd. Chinook Observer, WA, 3-6-2020
–>19 Boston Globe. “Sunk in Gale. American Ship Ivanhoe Lost Off Oregon.” 10-17-1894, 16.

Narrative Information

Lloyd: “….Sad mystery of the Ivanhoe. The worst winter for North Pacific storms before the turn of the 20th century seems to have been 1894.

“San Francisco, Oct. 15 — The gale which has prevailed along the Northern Pacific coast since Saturday last has undoubtedly caused widespread disaster to shipping. At least three schooners are known to have been wrecked. There are grave reasons for believing that the American ship Ivanhoe has been lost with all on board….The American ship Ivanhoe, coal laden from Seattle for this port [San Francisco], which has now been out twenty-one days, is almost certainly lost ….

“Washington [D.C.], Oct. 19 — [U. S.] Secretary [of the Treasury] Carlisle to-day ordered the revenue cutters Corwin, at San Francisco, and Grant, at Port Townsend, to proceed at once to Cape Flattery to hunt for any boats or wreckage of the missing vessel Ivanhoe … [The Weekly Gazette-Times, (Corvallis).]

“The tug Pioneer today [Oct. 24] returned from a cruise along the west coast of Vancouver island in search of the ship Ivanhoe. The shore line was scoured, but no fresh wreckage was observed. All hope for the safety of the Ivanhoe seems abandoned…

“Seattle, Nov. 2 — The lumber schooner Fanny Dutard, Captain Peterson, arrived at Port Blakely yesterday. She reports that the missing Ivanhoe, with F. J. Grant, ex-minister to Bolivia [and co-owner of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer], on board, probably sank on the afternoon of Sept. 30:

‘We left Port Blakely,’ said Capt. Peterson, ‘on Sept. 26 last, bound for Santa Barbara with lumber. We sailed out under a light wind and arrived at the cape on the 30th, where we found a strong southeast wind blowing. We saw a tug tow out a ship that same evening and drop her off the cape. That night it rained very heavily, and there was about a 60-mile-an-hour wind coming up over the ocean.

‘About 12 o’clock I think it was, that same night we saw a ship to leeward of us. It continued blowing heavy from the southeast all night, and kept on till about 11 o’clock of the morning of the 30th, when it moderated. A ship was in company with us, but too far away for us to make out her name or what her cargo. She appeared to have a terrible list to starboard.

‘At about 12:30 o’clock I was on the port tack and the other vessel was on the starboard tack, distant, I think, about four miles. She was apparently hove to with lower topsails. We could see that something was wrong with her, for her list was in the wrong direction … I expected we would run nearer together soon, and, having been up most of the night before, I went below about 1 o’clock and turned in.

‘Twenty minutes later … my first mate, Harry Staunton, came below and calling me said that the ship had disappeared. I hastened on deck at once. The horizon was clear, and the ship had disappeared as if by magic. After looking for her from the deck without seeing her, I ran up into the rigging and swept the horizon in the direction the vessel had before occupied, but there was not a sign of her presence visible. I then kept the schooner off for 20 minutes to see if any ship’s boats appeared on the water, or if any wreckage of any kind could be sighted. We could see nothing of this kind … and hove the schooner to again in double-reefed sails, but while we were in the vicinity we could see nothing of any boats or wreckage.

‘The latitude we were in … was 47.53, longitude 127.01 west, Cape Flattery [WA] bearing N. E., ½ E., and distance 95 miles.’ …” [The Dalles Daily Chronicle.] ….

‘News has been received [Nov. 9] of the loss of the ship Ivanhoe with all on board. The Ivanhoe left Seattle Sept. 27 for San Francisco and encountered a heavy gale. On the 30th she went down. The passengers aboard the vessel were: Frederick J. Grant, editor of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer; Allen P. Folger and two ladies, Mrs. Mamie L. Bara and her friend, Mrs. D. B. Leese Mullen; stowaway Edward Aliardice, who had people living in San Francisco. Besides these, 18 members of the crew were drowned.’ [The Medford, Oregon, Mail.]

‘San Francisco, Nov. 27 — The revenue cutter Rush again left port to search for the survivors of the wrecked ship Ivanhoe. In view of the fact that recent telegraphic dispatches from Victoria, B.C., announce the finding of life preservers and other wreckage, there is every likelihood that someone remains alive to tell the story of how the Ivanhoe went down. It is expected that the search of the Rush will continue for a full month.” [The Morning Astorian.]

“On Dec. 13, the Lincoln County Leader of Toledo, Oregon, reported,

‘The United States revenue cutter Richard Rush has returned from her cruise along the west shore of Vancouver island in quest of news concerning the missing collier Ivanhoe which sailed from Seattle for San Francisco, Sept. 27. At Nettie Island a life buoy belonging to the Ivanhoe was obtained from the natives, who found it several weeks ago. The stern end of a ship’s dingy boat and some other small fresh wreckage were found in the same vicinity of Barclay sound, but nothing further than the buoy to indicate that it belonged to the Ivanhoe. …’

“And, finally,

‘Tacoma, Dec. 20 — A special to the Ledger from South Bend says: ‘A report comes from North Cove, Washington, that a board bearing the name Ivanhoe … has been found on the ocean beach near that place. The wife of the keeper of the Willapa Bay light, found it partially buried in the sand, the gilt letters of the name having attracted her attention.’ ” [The Morning Astorian.]’”

(Lloyd, Nancy. Chinook Observer, Long Beach, WA, 3-6-2020.)

Magellan: “Ivanhoe. November, 1894 American ship, 1563 tons, built at Belfast, Maine, 202’x 39’x 27’, owned by the Black Diamond Coal Co., bound from Seattle under Captain Edward D. Griffin. The ship went missing in a hurricane off the Columbia River. Lost with the ship were Frederick J. Grant, editor and part-owner of the Seattle Post Intelligencer, mates James J. Toohig and Charles Christianson; carpenter William Andolin; Hans Stephenson; M. Stewart; Frank Saariner; H. Johnson; Emil Lowenroth; George Cordner; Sam Hart; J. Johanesson; McGunderson; Lenart Holm; W. Herman; John Anderson; Martin Jacobson; two Chinese cooks and three unknown passengers.” (Magellan – The Ships Navigator. )

“Ivanhoe. American ship, 1,610 tons, vanished off Cape Flattery after departure from Seattle for San Francisco with coal, September 27, 1894. Lost with the ship were 19 crewmen and 4 passengers. The ship was commanded by Captain Edward D. Griffin.” (Magellan – The Ships Navigator. )

Marshall: “Ivanhoe 11/1894 American ship, 1563 tons…bound from Seattle under Captain Edward D. Griffin. The ship went missing in a hurricane off the Columbia River. Lost with the ship were [we break Marshall narrative out into single lines]

Frederick J. Grant, editor and part-owner of the Seattle Post Intelligencer;
Mates James J. Toohig and
Charles Christianson;
Carpenter William Andolin;
Hans Stephenson;
M. Stewart;
Frank Saariner;
H. Johnson;
Emil Lowenroth;
George Cordner;
Sam Hart;
J. Johanesson;
McGunderson;
Lenart Holm;
W. Herman;
John Anderson;
Martin Jacobson;
Two Chinese cooks and
Three unknown passengers. [Including Captain Griffin, this comes to twenty-three.]

McCurdy: “The American ship Ivanhoe…left Seattle in the fall, with a full cargo of coal, for San Francisco. Besides her crew of twenty-one men she carried three passengers, one of whom, Mr. F. J. Grant, was editor and part owner of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. After being cast off by the tug Tyee at Cape Flattery, she was never seen again. One of her life buoys was picked up in Barclay Sound [BC], and her name-board was discovered sticking in the sand at Willipa Bay [WA]. These were the only tidings ever received from the missing vessel.” (McCurdy. “Ocean Tragedies…Northwest….” Overland Monthly, 34/202, 10-1899, 298.)

Newspaper

Oct 17: “San Francisco, Cali., Oct 17 – The gale which has prevailed along the north Pacific coast since Saturday last has undoubtedly caused widespread disaster to shipping interests. Three schooners have been wrecked. There are grave reasons for believing that the American ship Ivanhoe has been lost with all on board…. The Ivanhoe has now been out 21 days. She carried a crew of 18 men. Fred Grant of Seattle, ex minister to Bolivia under Harrison, and editor of the Post Intelligencer, was a passenger on the Ivanhoe, having embarked on her to enjoy a sea voyage. A mast and yards painted yellow, and believed by seamen to be part of the rigging of the Ivanhoe, have been sighted off the Oregon coast. A floating deck house painted as was the Ivanhoe’s was also seen in that locality.” (Boston Daily Globe. “Sunk in Gale. American Ship Ivanhoe Lost Off Oregon.” 10-17-1894, 16)

Sources

Baltimore Sun Almanac for 1907. 1-1-1907, p. 155. Digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=mBoXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Boston Daily Globe. “Sunk in Gale. American Ship Ivanhoe Lost Off Oregon.” 10-17-1894, 16. At: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=161083049

Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks off Juan de Fuca. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1968.

Lloyd, Nancy. Chinook Observer, Long Beach, WA, 3-6-2020. Accessed 4-18-2020 at: https://www.chinookobserver.com/life/this-nest-of-dangers-where-the-weather-begins-1880-1910/article_0baa6e4e-5ff1-11ea-ae9c-fff7974bc2e2.html

Marshall, Don. Oregon Shipwrecks. Portland, OR: Binford & Mort Publications, 1984.

McCurdy, James G. “Ocean Tragedies on the Northwest Coast.” Overland Monthly, Vol. 34, No. 202, Oct. 1899. Pp. 291-300. Digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=otNUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

–445->500 Blanchard.*

–>500 Hinckley Fire Museum. “The Great Hinckley Fire.” 2019. Accessed 6-10-2020.**
–~500 Root, James. “The Great Hinckley Fire.” Railroad Stories, V. XXI, N.2, Jan 1937, p.32.
— 476 Bodies recovered. Root. “The Great Hinckley Fire.” Railroad Stories. XXI/2, Jan 1937, p. 32.
–22 Native Americans.
— 450 Hamilton Daily Democrat (OH). “Events of the Year,” Dec 29, 1894, p. 6.
–>445 Brown. Under a Flaming Sky: The Great Hinckley Firestorm of 1894. 2006, p. 201.*
–>436 MN [“…somewhat more than 436 people died in Minnesota…”]
— >9 WI [“…another nine, at least {died} in Wisconsin.”]
— <12 WI [“…fewer than a dozen people…”] (Brown 2006, p. 195.) -- 440 History.com. This Day in History, Disaster, Sep 1, 1894. “Minnesota Town Burns.” -- 228 Hinckley. History.com. This Day…Sep 1, 1894. “Minnesota Town Burns.” -->200 Hinckley vicinity. History.com. This…Sep 1, 1894. “Minnesota Town Burns.”
— 418 City of Hinckley. The Great Hinckley Fire of 1894 (webpage). Accessed 11-27-2016.
— 418 Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). 1982, p. 361.
— 418 Forces of Nature, Forest Fires: Five Worst.
— 418 Haines and Sando (USDA). Climatic Conditions Preceding…Great Fires… 1969, p. 2.
— 418 Holbrook. “Inferno at Hinckley,” pp. 79-87 in Kartman & Brown, Disaster! 2007, 87.
–>418 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. “The Great Hinckley Fire 1894.”
— 418 National Fire Protec. Assoc. Spreadsheet on Large Loss of Life Fires (as of Feb 2003).
— 418 National Interagency Fire Center. Historically Significant Wildland Fires. 2007.
— 418 Plummer. Forest Fires: Their Causes, Extent and Effects… 1912, p. 23, Table 3.
— 418 Smalley, James C. (Ed.). Protecting Life and Property from Wildfire, 2005, p. 23.
— 413 Pine County Coroner Dr. Wellington Cowan official toll; noted in Brown, p. 201.***
–314 identified victims.
— 99 unidentifiable victims.
— 248 Hinckley. Number of victims buried in mass burial trenches in Hinckley. (Brown, p202.)
–127 Entire group seeking refuge in high-grass area once a swamp. Brown 2006, pp. 78-79.
— ~30 Pokegama, Pine Co. White & Yocum-Stans. “The 1894 fire destroys Brook Park…” 8-15-2019.

* On the low-end of our death toll range (445): We are unsure of the derivation of 418 as the “official” death toll. Brown (2006, p. 201) cites the Pine County Coroner as to 413 deaths. This number, as Brown points out, did not include 23 Native Americans who died near Mille Lacs Lake nor the 9-11 who died in Wisconsin, nor any of the unknowns whose “bodies continued to be found at random times and in random circumstances for months and years after the fire” (p. 202). When we add the known 413 Pine County deaths, the 23 Natives, and at least 9 Wisconsin deaths we derive 445 deaths. For the high-end of our death toll (>500) we rely or the estimate of the Hinckley Fire Museum, including “hundreds of Native Americans.” Given the unknown, but likely larger-than-23 number of Native Americans who lost their lives, as well as “others who were never found” (Hinckley Fire Museum), we are of the opinion that it is quite possible that over five hundred people died in the wildfires.

**Our number. Webpage notes: “The official death toll was 418, not counting hundreds of Native Americans [our emphasis] who lived in and around the town and others who were never found.”

***Brown: “But the list did not include the twenty-three Native Americans found near Mille Lacs Lake, nor an unknown number of Native Americans, trappers, loggers, hunters, and itinerants who happened to be in the woods that day and who simply vanished with no one to mourn for them or to report them missing. Their bodies continued to be found at random times and in random circumstances for months and years after the fire.” (Brown 2006, p. 202.) We [Blanchard] think it fair to say that the Pine Country, MN coroner’s list also would not have included any Wisconsin deaths either.

Narrative Information

Brown: “When I began my research for this book, what came to light quickly astonished me. I discovered that what my grandfather had experiences [a survivor] was far from an ordinary forest fire. Ordinary forest fires move in fits and starts. They give people a chance to get out of their way [not always]. This fire afforded no such opportunity. It came on faster than a man could flee – even on horseback or even, as it turned out, on a train. As the onrushing wave of fire broke over Hinckley, the winds that propelled it reached hurricane strength and flames towered 200 feet over the surrounding forest. Enormous bubbles of glowing gas drifted in over the town and then suddenly ignited over the heads of the town’s terrified citizens, raining fire down on their heads. Fire whirls – tornadoes of fire – danced out ahead of the main fire, knocking down buildings and carrying flaming debris thousands of feet into the red-and-black sky. Temperatures at the core of the fire soared above 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, the melting point of steel, quickly cremating people who had been alive only minutes before.” (Brown, Daniel James. Under a Flaming Sky: The Great Hinckley Firestorm of 1894. 2006, p. x.)

“When the firestorm hit Sandstone, a little after 5:15 p.m., it rubbed the town off the sandstone bluff on which it sat in mere minutes. As at Hinckley, huge flaming bubbles of gas floated in over the town before the main fire arrived, exploding over the heads of terrified onlookers, raining fire down on their heads and setting both people and buildings on fire. Minutes later, the flaming front rolled through the streets, traveling on the ground but rising more than a hundred feet into the sky. Since leaving the remains of Hinckley in its tracks, the fire had surged unimpeded across nine miles of dense, new-growth pine forests and tinder-dry slash, traveling over gradually rising ground. It was more than ten miles wide now. With near hurricane-force winds propelling it forward, it hit Sandstone even more savagely than it had hit Hinckley.

“It was as if a gigantic blowtorch had been suddenly turned on the town. Along First Street, dozens of people ran out of their homes and businesses and were simply incinerated before they could run 100 feet. Out at the waterworks, August Swenson and his boy jumped into the well inside the pump house, but almost immediately the flaming walls of the building were blown in, collapsing on them. In the cellar of his house, where he and his wife and two children had taken shelter, Frank Anderson began to dig frantically at the earthen walls with his bare hands as the house above exploded in flames. He was able to excavate only a few inches before the fire sucked the oxygen out of the cellar and he and his family suffocated….” (Brown 2006, pp. 113-114.)

“By 5:50 p.m., the ferocity of the fire at Sandstone began to ebb, but there was still tremendous heat in the air and in the rocks. The roughly two hundred survivors huddled in the cold Kettle River were astonished when they heard sharp cracking sounds from the cliffs across the river. Wave after wave of superheated air slamming into it had fractured the rock face of the eastern cliff, and it was exfoliating, layers of it peeling off like so much dead skin from a badly burned body.” (Brown 2006, p. 120.)

“Far to the south, in Pokegama, C. W. Kelsey, his hands badly burned, crawled back up the ladder and peered over the rim of his well shortly before 6:00 p.m. For as far as he could see, everything combustible – his house, the woods, the town, the railroad trestle – was gone, simply licked off the face of the early….He and his family climbed out of the well and made their way to the millpond, where twenty-three of their fellow villagers were just pulling themselves out onto the ashen banks. Everyone here had survived, though many were badly burned….

“But on his farm, Fred Molander was dead of asphyxiation at the bottom of his well, his body not to be found for another six weeks. The charred body of Molander’s wife was in the ashes of their house, holding two smaller blackened corpses. In a field on Molander’s farm, near a set of iron tires, a bi of burned harness, and the charred remains of two horses, Jay Braman lay dead. Eighteen other bodies lay scattered across the stark, black-and-gram landscape around Pokegama….” (Brown 2006, pp. 124-125.)

“Outside Sandstone, Oliver Dubois climbed out of his well and began to stumble into town to see what had happened. The smoke had begun to lift and it was light enough that he could make out the remains of the streets among the ashes. And he could make out the bodies, dozens of them scattered up and down the streets in front of what had been their homes….he began to make his way down the wagon road toward the river. Along the way he counted what he reckoned to be fifty bodies….” (Brown 2006, p. 126.)

“At 6:48 p.m., the sun set over Pine County, and the fire’s advance began to slow dramatically. The low-pressure system that in the morning had squatted over northern Iowa and Manitoba moved eastward over Ontario and eastern Minnesota, and the rapidly cooling atmosphere began to weigh on the fire, knocking down the convection column and slowly smothering the flaming front like an enormous blanket applied from above….And with that, the fire finally curled up and lay down. The thing that it had been, it no longer was. It shattered into thousands upon thousands of smaller things, things burning and burned, within an oval ring of flames sprawling across much of Pine County. The ring stretched roughly thirty-four miles from north to south, sixteen miles from east to west….Within it, across almost five hundred square miles of burned-over land, hundreds of thousands of burning trees and stumps sparkled like constellations of stars in a black night sky….”
(Brown 2006, pp. 134-135.)

“By midmorning Tuesday [Sep 4], reporters from major cities all across the Midwest and the East as well as from the national wire services began to arrive in Hinckley by the trainload….With most of the bodies from the village and from the swamp across the rive r now accounted for, much of the reporters’ attention focused on the millpond [where it turned out there were no bodies]….

“More than four hundred bodies had already been recovered from Hinckley, Sandstone, and the surrounding country….” (pp. 181-182.)

“The dead continued to make appearances in unexpected places for weeks and months to come…Eighteen bodies lay scattered along the bed of Mission Creek, north of what had been the village of the same name. In John Westlund’s cellar south of Sandstone, searchers found the bodies of Mrs. Westlund, Mrs. Henry Lind, Sophie Wacke, and all eight of their children. Near Opstead, on the eastern shore of Mille Lacs Lake, twenty-five miles northeast of Hinckley, a hunting party found the remains of twenty-three Native Americans. The bodies – men, women, and children – were scattered along ten miles of trail, stretching from their summer camp on Shadridge Creek to the spot where the fire had finally overtaken the last of them as they had tried to outrun it….

In Pokegama, Fred Molander had been missing for over a month before someone finally found him at the bottom of his own well. The bodies of three young women – prostitutes from Emma Hammond’s brothel east of Hinckley – were found and buried where they had fallen, in a field belonging to John Patrick….” (p. 189.)

“…in Barronett [Washburn County, WI]…the mill and the entire town were gone, but for one house. Among the ashes they [mill survivors] found the body of one of their coworkers, Aleck Erickson, lying facedown in the street, a few feet from what had been his front door.

“The fires rolled on [in WI], threatening, damaging, or devastating one town after another. Comstock [Barron Co.] was completely destroyed. Cable [Bayfield Co.], a town of two hundred, lost thirteen houses and a railroad building. Mason [Bayfield Co.], with five- to six hundred residents, was almost completely burned to the ground along with the White River Lumber Company’s mill and thirty-three million board feet of lumber. On Lake Superior, Washburn [Bayfield Co.] lost four large lumber docks and fifteen million board feet of lumber. Parishville lost 500,000 feet of lumber along with the Kennedy Lumber Mill. Only dynamite saved the rest of the town. Iron River [Bayfield Co.], a town of seven hundred, barely escaped with the loss of twenty homes and a sawmill. Granite Lake [Barron Co.] was destroyed. And on and on.

“By the end of the day, fewer than a dozen people were dead, but many more towns had been severely threatened, damaged, or entirely destroyed, among them Prentice [Price Co.], Winchester [Vilas Co.] Fifield [Price Co.] Park Falls [Price], Butternut, Glidden, Miller, High Bridge, Plummer, Hurley, Gile, Saxon, Odanah, Sanborn, Marengo, Sedgwick, Bayfield, Houghton, Ashland Junction, Moquah, Ino, Poplar, Itasca, Pratt, Agnew, Altamount, and finally – agonizingly – the small portion of Phillips that had been rebuilt since July 27.” [p. 195]

City of Hinckley: “On Saturday, September 1, 1894 between the hours of 2:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., a great firestorm consumed and destroyed Hinckley and 5 smaller communities, namely Mission Creek, Sandstone, Miller, Partridge and Pokegama.

“Picture a land covered with giant pines, some hardwoods, many swamps and small rivers; a virgin land untouched. Then, in 1870 the lumbering companies arrived and many lumbering camps, saw mills, railroads and finally villages developed. The area around Hinckley prospered and Hinckley incorporated in 1885. By 1894, Hinckley grew to a population of nearly 1400.

“Over the years, lumbermen had reaped the best of the timber. Left was the ground choked with limbs and stumps from the trees that the loggers had felled. The slashings lay where they fell getting dryer and dryer each year. The summer of 1894 was extremely hot and dry. Little rain had fallen over a period of three months and conditions were ripe for fires. Many small fires had been set from the sparks of the many trains passing through and lumber companies routinely set fires to clear their slashings. The air was constantly hazy from the smoke.

“September 1st would have gone by as had each day before except for certain conditions. there were an unusual number of small scattered fires and a temperature inversion covered the entire area keeping the atmosphere filled with smoke and haze. About 10:00 that morning a breeze sprang up out of the southwest fanning the smoldering fires into open flames and creating fires large enough to break through the inversion and reach the cooler air on top. With the cooler air feeding down into many fires now raging, the wind and fire became fierce. As people fought the multiple fires, it soon became apparent that it was a losing battle. By mid-afternoon, a gigantic wall of flame developed as the smaller fires, fed by the wind and cool air combined into a racing cyclonic fury.

“As the fire consumed its territory, 418 people perished in Hinckley and the surrounding communities. The fire left a path of death and destruction too horrible to believe. About 28 people killed in Pokegama (now Brook Park) and about 80 perished from the Sandstone area. The fire covered 400 square miles consuming nearly everything in its path. It was impossible to outrun the wall of flame. Many tried but perished. People were saved in the Grindstone River and in a water filled gravel pit in the center of Hinckley. Two trains, the Eastern Minnesota (a division of the Great Northern) and the St. Paul & Duluth Railroad (later Northern Pacific) were instrumental in saving many lives. The heroic courage of the engineers of these trains saved hundreds of lives as they took survivors to Superior and Duluth where the two cities prepared to feed and house those that escaped. The panic massive exodus which occurred as hundreds fled the fire separated many of the families and in many cases it was several days of anxious worry and waiting until they knew if their loved ones were alive and safe.

“Those that somehow survived in water holes, potato fields, or by some other miracle were in very poor condition. Their lungs were burned from the hot air, their eyes swollen shut from the smoke and their arms and legs badly burned and blistered. Many of the survivors were in shock.

“One of the many heroes of this tragedy was the telegrapher stationed at the St. Paul and Duluth Depot in Hinckley. Tommy Dunn remained loyal to his post and waited for orders. Eventually the very tracks the trains traveled on burned and no orders came. The young telegrapher perished in the fire. He had been determined to save the people of this area. His last know message that he tapped out on his key to the agent in Barnum was “I think I’ve stayed too long” Tommy Dunn had waited until it was too later for his own escape.

“Following the fire, a group of seven brave men dared to venture out from the gravel pit where they had been saved and made their way on foot to Pine City which had not been touched by the fire. As that community was awakened by the horrifying news, they immediately prepared a train loaded with medicine, food and clothing. The train was on its way by 10:00 p.m. that night. Help also came from the north bringing doctors and supplies to what remained of Hinckley.

“Before the fire, Hinckley was a prospering town and was well known as the “hub” of the lumbering industry in Minnesota. Two major railroads brought up to 22 trains a day through the town. Thanks to the courage and determination of a small group of local men, it was decided to rebuild Hinckley. Relief housing was set up immediately by the State and Hinckley was reborn out of the ashes. After the fire, the huge Hinckley depot was rebuilt exactly as it had been before the fire. Today it houses the Hinckley Fire Museum that tells in detail the story of the Great Hinckley Fire of 1894.

“Just to the east of town is the Hinckley Fire Monument which memorializes the 418 people that died. Beneath it are the four trenches where 248 victims are buried….” (City of Hinckley. The Great Hinckley Fire of 1894 (webpage).)

History.com: “The town of Hinckley, Minnesota, is destroyed by a forest fire on this day in 1894. A total of 440 people died in the area.

“The upper Midwest was particularly vulnerable to devastating fires at the end of the 19th century as European settlers cleared the land for agriculture and timber and new railroad lines were built through heavily wooded areas. Hinckley was a new lumber and rail town built along the Grindstone River in Minnesota near the Wisconsin border. The town’s settlers felled trees for lumber using slash cutting techniques that left behind large amounts of wood debris—excellent fire fuel. Further, they set up lumber yards very close to the rail lines. This proved a dangerous combination when sparks from trains set the wood debris ablaze.

“In the summer of 1894, drought conditions in the Upper Midwest made a deadly fire even more likely. On the afternoon of September 1, fires near two rail lines south of Hinckley broke out and spread north. As the raging fire reached the town’s train depot, 350 of the townspeople got on a train to escape. The train had to pass right through flames, but reached safety in West Superior, Wisconsin.

“Other Hinckley residents sought refuge in the swamps near town, but many in this group were killed, some from drowning. About 100 other residents fled to a gravel pit fill with water; most managed to survive. A train that was entering Hinckley from the north reversed direction to avoid the blaze, but still caught fire. The only survivors were those who managed to jump from the train into a lake.

“In all, 300,000 acres of town and forest burned in the fire, causing about $25 million in damages. In Hinckley, 228 people died. More than 200 others in the surrounding areas also perished, including 23 Ojibwa natives.” (History.com. This Day in History, Disaster, Sep 1, 1894. “Minnesota Town Burns.”)

MN Dept. Natural Resources: “…the Great Hinckley Fire of 1894…burned a phenomenal 350,000 acres or more than 400 squares miles. Unfortunately, that is not the worst of it. The fire also took the lives of at least 418 men, women, and children. Countless pets, livestock, and wildlife were also lost.

“Weather. From 1891 to 1894, the St. Paul Weather Bureau documented a steady loss of soil moisture in central Minnesota. This loss continued throughout the summer of 1894. Barely 2 inches of rain fell between May of that year and September 1, the day that made history. Fires had been burning all summer, not uncommon at the time. A haze had been present throughout those hot days as far south as St. Paul, with the smell of smoke everywhere. What was worse for townsfolk though, was the unending dust that was stirred up with every footfall.

“Fateful Day. September 1 was just another Saturday, filled with domestic and farm chores, unless a fellow was employed at the Brennan Lumber Company, by far the largest employer in town. The company site spread out across 36 acres. Huge sawdust piles were ubiquitous, as was the 28 million board feet of cut and stacked lumber. In addition, logs soon to enter the mill were piled high too, for 200,000 board feet of lumber was cut in an average day.

“By noon the wind had picked up. It was so strong that Duluth pedestrians were assaulted by ashes and cinders and the air felt like furnace blasts. By late afternoon, it was dark enough that lights were turned on across the city. Duluth was more than 70 miles from the fire front. An inversion was present, the hot air trapped by cooler air above it. Between the temperature climbing to 90 degrees, strong winds, lack of humidity, and the inversion, the perfect storm had been created. The converging fire first destroyed the towns of Mission Creek and Brook Park before hitting Hinckley. Upon arrival, the fire was a solid wall to the south, east, and west.

“Fire’s Force. “Two fires managed to join together to make one large fire with flames that licked through the inversion finding the cool air above. That air came rushing down into the fires to create a vortex or tornado of flames which then began to move quickly and grew larger and larger turning into a fierce firestorm,” as stated by the Hinckley Museum. Flames reached heights of 200 feet. Flaming debris was sent thousands of feet into the air due to the convection column. Fire whirls moved ahead of the main fire, touching down randomly and exploding into new fires. Horizontal vortices rolled forward with such speed that horses were unable to outrun it. Even the trains had difficulty staying ahead of the fire. Once the Brennan mill caught on fire, all hope was lost. According to the New York Times, “not only was every green and living thing licked up by the flames, but the soil itself was blackened and consumed, and the earth torn up in great holes and patches.” Temperatures at the core of the fire were over 1,600 degree Fahrenheit, hot enough to melt barrels of nails and fuse railcar wheels to the tracks.

“The Human Cost. People survived any way they could. Some climbed into wells, many suffocating due to lack of oxygen, but a lucky few survived. Some endured the fire in the middle of potato fields, while 300 others hunkered down in 18 inches of water and mud in Skunk Lake, beating out flames that caught on clothing. Many took refuge in the gravel pit, an eyesore and bone of contention in Hinckley, until that fateful day. Human and property losses were staggering. The Brennan mill alone suffered $600,000 in losses with the total between $3 million and $5 million, not counting the huge loss of the timber resource. It was not until May 1898 that the last victim of the fire was discovered. The death toll was probably much higher than the official estimate provided in the fire’s aftermath. The outpouring of compassion for the survivors was unparalleled, with contributions arriving from all corners of the country. The fire also precipitated the hiring of the first chief fire warden in Minnesota, General C.C. Andrews.” (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. “The Great Hinckley Fire 1894.”)

Root: “Like a nightmare it comes back to me, the Hinckley forest fire of September, 1894. It was, I believe, the greatest tragedy of its kind in American history: 2,500 square miles burned out, mostly in Minnesota, partly in Wisconsin, and a death list of about 500 men, women and children. The exact number will never by known; 476 bodies were recovered, including the remains of twenty-two Indians, before the snows of winter put an end to further search.

“At that time I was pulling the Duluth Limited on the old St. Paul & Duluth Railway (now part of the Northern Pacific). In those days, unlike it is today, lumbering was the one big industry of the North Woods county – lumbering, farming and railroading….In the deep forests were log cabins, each with its little patch of cleared land; and along the fright-of-way of the railways little clusters of frame houses were growing into fair-sized towns.

“One of these towns was Hinckley, 72 miles northeast of St. Paul. It had about 1,200 inhabitants, one-third of whom were regularly employed by a large lumber plant there….Hinckley was the crossing point for…two rail lines.

“The day of the big fire was Saturday, September 1, 1894. No rain had fallen in northern Minnesota since April. Maples, pines, oaks and tamaracks were parched like tinder; rivers had dwindled into streams, and streams into dry gullies; sloughs in which the wild water fowl usually fed had become dry, cracked mud; and over the whole countryside was thrown a mantle of dust. For months, fires had broken out here and there, so that the atmosphere for many miles around was blue with a haze of smoke; but so far none of the fires had been serious.

“At 2 p.m., two hours late, the northbound Limited stopped at Hinckley on its way from St. Paul to Duluth. The forest fire was creeping closer minute by minute, but the residents of the town weren’t afraid; they had not yet seen the flames, so only a handful of them climbed aboard the northbound train.

“But forty minutes later things had changed, and when the local freight train that ran between Duluth and Hinckley on the Eastern Minnesota Railway pulled into town, the curtain of smoke was so dense that it darkened the whole community. A wall of flame was closing in from the west, south and east. Balls of fire were tossed from the top of one tall tree to another, breaking into showers of sparks that spread the blaze with lightning rapidity. The local fire department was already fighting the flames on the extreme western corner of the town. Their equipment was pitifully inadequate. One frame house after another on the edge of town burst into flames.

“The local freight, pulled by Engineer Ed Barry, arrived with thirty empties and ten loaded cars. Its crew waited for the southbound passenger train on the E. M., which arrived at 3:25. Then the two crews made up a combination train of five passenger coaches, three box cars, a caboose, and two engines.

“The frenzied population of Hinckley mobbed this train just as an overpowering heat wave hit the town. Men, women and children, even animals, dropped dead in the streets. The smoke was suffocating; the streets as dark as midnight. Engineer Barry waited at the depot for three quarters of an hour for stragglers to get aboard. Then he crossed the bridge over the little river, and delayed five minutes more. But the ties were burning now, the cars were blistering and smoldering. If they did not pull out now they could never go. So without waiting for anyone else to climb aboard, Barry pulled out.

“All this time I was on my way from Duluth to St. Paul, at the throttle of the southbound limited, rapidly approaching Hinckley but now knowing then what was happening. Although it was later that I learned the facts about the mixed train, I’ll tell them now. Barry opened the throttle wide, despite the dangerous condition of the track, determined to make a run for it or die in the attempt. His train crossed nineteen bridges, most of them burning.

“On all sides the flames were beating against the train and into the engine cab; smoke was threatening to suffocate all the human beings who had escaped so far. On account of the darkness, Barry kept his headlight burning; even at that it was difficult to see a few yards ahead.

“Reaching the next town, Sandstone, they begged the local population to climb aboard while there was yet time. Only a few did so. The feeling in Sandstone was that even if the flames did engulf Hinckley, nine miles away, Sandstone would still be safe. A few minutes after the train pulled out the people had good reason to regret their overconfidence.

“At Partridge a twenty-minute stop was made. Passengers dying of thirst were given water. Engineer Barry was handed a telegraph message to use his own judgment in running the train. The citizens of Partridge, like those of Sandstone, refused to desert their town. Later, they, too, regretted it. Partridge was wiped out, as were Hinckley and Sandstone. Again at Mansfield and Kerrick the special stopped; each time the same performance was repeated.

“At Kerrick the engineer decided to quit; smoke had blinded his eyes so that he could not trust himself to run the train. But a slight delay cleared them a bit, and he went on again, not stopping until he had pulled his train safely into West Superior. Then he collapsed.

“Meanwhile, as I’ve said, our southbound limited had left Duluth. I was at the throttle, Tom Sullivan was conductor, and Jack McGowan was fireman. When we left Duluth (2 p.m.) we were on time, and we were practically on time when we got to the top of the hill at Hinckley. We had been running through smoke so thick and dense that Brakeman Monihan had lighted the lamps in the coaches. I had the cab lamp lit, but as we reached the hill the smoke cleared and it was broad daylight again and we blew the lights out.

“Then I saw people coming from both sides of the track and across the bridge. I applied the air and stopped. Just then an old woman and her two daughters came along. They were so excited they couldn’t tell me anything, but kept saying: ‘For God’s sake, save us!’ People kept coming and getting into the cars on both sides. I recognized a man named Bartlett and his wife, and asked them what the trouble was. He replied: ‘Jim, everybody is burned out and everything is burning at Hinckley.’

“The depot was on fire, and so was the bridge. I told the people to hurry onto the train, for I was going to run them back to Skunk Lake.

“Just as I spoke, everything seemed to let go; the wind rose; there seemed to be an explosion; and in an instant the whole train, even to the ties, was ignited – all in less time than it takes a man to snap his finger. I had hardly taken my seat when the heavy glass in the cab window at my side bent over toward me and burst. The glass was carried to the top of the cab over my head and as it came down it landed on me and cut me quite severely, although at the time I had no idea I was hurt at all.

“As we got into the cut on the top of Big Hinckley Hill I heard somebody calling. Three men were coming toward the train. I applied the air at first thinking of taking them on; but a second thought told me it would not do to stop in the cut, as the fire would surely burn a hole in our air hose and set us there. So I released the air and we pulled out. Two of the men caught onto the pilot as we went by. One of them remained there a short time, then fell off and was burned to death. The other went through all right and survived. I never could figure how he was able to hold onto that pilot.

“Then I must have passed out, myself. The next thing I recollect is that we reached what we called Little Hinckley Hill: was then lying on the deck of the engine with one foot on the quadrant, the other on the firebox door. I was alone in the cab. Vaguely I wondered what had hap¬pened to my fireman.

“My engine had slackened her speed and was going very slow. Looking up at the gage I saw she had ninety pounds of steam. Then I pulled myself up, opened the throt¬tle and sat on the seat again. At that moment Jack showed himself. He was down in the water, wholly in the tank! I began to get dizzy again. Jack must have noticed it; he threw. water- over me. It felt good. I told him my hands were cooked…. I thrust my swollen hands into the water; it relieved the pain and revived me….

“I saw some water in a ditch at the side of the track. I knew we must have reached Skunk Lake, as there wasn’t another drop of water within miles. I applied the air and stopped. I found we were right on the bridge, so I pulled the reverse lever to a forward motion and pulled ahead a car-length or two. Then I fell to the deck of the engine. Jack wanted to help me, but I said I was all right and for him to get the passengers out into the water.

“The cars were all blazing, both inside and out. I learned later that all of their win¬dows had been broken by the heat. There were about 30o passengers aboard. Just before reaching Skunk Lake a dozen or more had gone mad and leaped off the train. More of them probably would have done so, especially the ladies, but for the fact that our porter, John Blair, went through one of the coaches with a fire extinguisher, squirting it on ladies’ dresses wherever he saw they had caught fire.

“In a few minutes Jack came back, and he and another man helped me out of the engine. As soon as I struck the ground rolled into -the water and -lay there for three hours, and all of the passengers and the crew were in the water beside us – 430 men, women and children. On the other side of the track was a larger body of water, also part of Skunk Lake. There were people in that, too, although nobody could see across the track at that time.

“There we sat. A few horses and cows had followed us into the lake, and a few deer, a couple of timber wolves, a black bear and other wild and domestic animals, all cowering and suffering there in the .water with us. One girl said later there was a big snake curled up beside her….

“The flames burned for more than five days after Hinckley was destroyed, until they were quenched by a much belated rain which began falling on the sixth of Sep¬tember. And for months afterward parties of woodsmen and trappers would come across. the bodies of victims in the big woods of upper Minnesota and Wisconsin, ugly reminders of the horror, the suffering and heroism of the great Hinckley fire.” (Root, James. “The Great Hinckley Fire.” Railroad Stories, Vol. XXI, No. 2, Jan 1937, pp. 32-36.)

Smalley: “On September 1, 1894, the Hinckley Fire in Minnesota killed 418 people. This fire followed a protracted spring and summer drought. Very hot weather, moderate winds, and very low humidity at the time of this fire allowed many uncontrolled settler and logging fires burning through the months of July and August to blow up. The fire burned through large areas of slash from logging and land clearing operations. Both cut and uncut areas burned, resulting in extensive timber damage.” (Smalley, J. C. (Ed.). Protecting Life and Property from Wildfire, 2005, p. 23.)

Newspaper

Sep 2: “The towns of Hinckley, Pokegama and Mission Creek destroyed by forest fires; over 450 lives lost and many injured.” (Hamilton Daily Democrat (OH). “Events of the Year,” Dec 29, 1894, p. 6.)
Sources

Brown, Daniel James. Under a Flaming Sky: The Great Hinckley Firestorm of 1894. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press, 2006.

City of Hinckley, MN. The Great Hinckley Fire of 1894 (webpage). Accessed 11-27-2016 at: http://www.hinckley.govoffice2.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BFD8DC19D-5036-4403-8C87-061FFE2E781A%7D

Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1982.

Forces of Nature. Forest Fires: Five Worst Forest Fires. Accessed September 15, 2008 at: http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/forestfires/tenworst.shtml

Haines, Donald A. and Rodney W. Sando. Climatic Conditions Preceding Historically Great Fires in the North Central Region (USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-34). St. Paul MN: North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1969, 23 pages. Accessed at: http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/rp/rp_nc034.pdf

Hamilton Daily Democrat, OH. “Events of the Year.” 12-29-1894, p. 6. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=71970899

Hinckley Fire Museum. “A wall of fire four and a half miles high.” 2019. Accessed 6-10-2020 at: http://hinckleyfiremuseum.com/

History.com. This Day in History, Disaster, September 1, 1894. “Minnesota Town Burns.” Accessed at: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=tdihArticleCategory&displayDate=09/01&categoryId=disaster

Holbrook, Stewart H. “Inferno at Hinckley,” pp. 79-87 in Kartman, Ben and Leonard Brown (eds.), Disaster! 2007. Partially digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=lynBIKvEDBQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. “The Great Hinckley Fire 1894.” Accessed 11-27-2016 at: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/forestry/anniversary/hinkleyfire.html

National Fire Protection Association. Spreadsheet on Large Loss of Life Fires (as of Feb 2003). (Email attachment to B. W. Blanchard from Jacob Ratliff, NFPA Archivist/Taxonomy Librarian, 7-8-2013.)

National Interagency Fire Center. Historically Significant Wildland Fires. Accessed 6-9-2020 at: https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_histSigFires.html

Plummer, Fred G. Forest Fires: Their Causes, Extent and Effects, with a Summary of Recorded Destruction and Loss (U.S. Forest Service Bulletin 117). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1912. Accessed 6-9-2020 at: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Forest_Fires/3FcDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Forest+Fires:++Their+Causes,+Extent,+and+Effects,+With+a+Summary+of+Recorded+Destruction+and+Loss.&printsec=frontcover

Root, James. “The Great Hinckley Fire.” Railroad Stories, Vol. XXI, No. 2, Jan 1937, pp. 32-36.

Smalley, James C. (Ed.). Protecting Life and Property from Wildfire. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2005. Partially digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=2913l73SEAUC&dq=Wildfire+1910&source=gbs_navlinks_s

White, Alanea and Jennifer Yocum-Stans. “The 1894 fire destroys Brook Park, Mission Creek.” Pine City Pioneer, 8-15-2019. Accessed 6-10-2020 at: http://www.pinecitymn.com/news/the-1894-fire-destroys-brook-park-mission-creek/article_137c18e8-bec5-11e9-8d98-077dc5f8559b.html

–>300 Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). 1982, p. 361.
— ~20 Hamilton Daily Democrat, OH. “Events of the Year,” Dec 29, 1894, p. 6.
— >20 Wisc. Historical Society. Dictionary of Wisconsin History, “Forest Fires in Wisconsin”
— 13 Wisconsin Historical Society. Dictionary of Wisconsin History, “Phillips Fire.”
— 13 Wisconsin Historical Society. Wisconsin Historical Markers. “Marker 65: Phillips Fire.”

Narrative Information

Cornell: “Wisconsin, July 1894: More than 300 people were reported killed in a series of fires that destroyed over 100,000 acres of timber.” (Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). 1982, p. 361.)

WI Historical Society: “On July 27, 1894, forest fires racing through dry timber slashings descended on Phillips from three direction. Within a matter of hours the city of 2500 persons lay in smoldering ruins. More than 400 homes, the business district, a new tannery and the large sawmill were totally destroyed. Thirteen lives were lost, all in attempts to escape the flames by crossing the lake. Many families abandoning their possessions crossed the Elk River at the north end of the city to spend a frightening fire-red¬dened night at the water’s edge protecting themselves from the heat and flying embers. Undaunted, these same valiant people built a new Phillips on the ashes of the ruins. Squaw Island, seen across Lake Duroy, is of historical interest. For many years before Phillips was settled and for some years after, it was an Indian burial ground.” (Wisconsin Historical Society. Dictionary of Wisconsin History, “Phillips Fire”)

WI Historical Society: “1894: July 26-30, disastrous forest fires visited Douglas, Hayfield, Ashland, Chippewa, Pierce, Taylor, Marathon, and Wood counties. Phillips, the county seat of Price, was almost entirely destroyed, and over twenty persons lost their lives.” (Wisconsin Historical Society. Dictionary of Wisconsin History, “Forest Fires in Wisconsin.”)

Newspapers

July 24: “Cumberland, Wis., July 24. – Forest fires are raging for more than a hundred miles along the line of the North Wisconsin division of the Omaha railroad, between Ashland and Superior on the north and Chippewa Falls and New Richmond on the south. Thousands of cords of wood and cross ties are on fire; also fields of standing as well as harvested grain and hay. Every farmer through whose farm the railroad passes has watchers along the track to guard against the breaking out of fire from sparks from the engines. The drough has become appalling and farmers are much discouraged. Since the fires started it looks as if little would be left to them on which to weather a long, cold winter. Spring grain is already an absolute failure, and corn and potatoes will not amount to one-quarter of a crop in many localities, even if we get rain now.” (Chippewa Falls Herald, WI. “Forest Fires Raging in Minnesota and Wisconsin.” 7-27-1894, p. 6.)

July 28: “Ashland, Wis., July 28. – Northern Wisconsin is being swept by the worst forest fires in the history of the state. The losses already amount to millions of dollars, and unless rain falls speedily this enormous loss will be multiplied.

“Reports indicate that several towns have been burned within a radius of a hundred miles of Ashland. To the south Phillips, the county seat of Pine county, a thriving town of 2,000 inhabitants, has been wiped out. Fifield, just north of Phillips, in Price county, has also been destroyed. Taylor county, directly south of Price, is being laid waste.

“To the southwest of Ashland, Mason, a busy town of Bayfield county, has been burned. To the southeast in Forest and Langlade counties the flames are making destructive progress.

“Appeals for aid to fight the fire came pouring into this city all yesterday afternoon and evening. Relief trains were dispatched, but in nearly every instance they encountered burned bridges and were forced to return. Being walled in by flames it is practically impossible to get assistance to the towns frantically asking it. Cut off from all outside succor rains are the only source of relief. And there is no sign of rain. The woods are dry and the flames sweep through them as through so much kindling. As they sweep onward they carry a menace of destruction to all the towns and farms of northern Wisconsin.
Resistless Sweep of Flames.

Reports at Ashland of Surrounding Towns Destroyed.

“Ashland, Wis., July 28. – Philips, the headquarters of John R. Davis Lumber company, a manufacturing town of 2,000 people, is totally destroyed by fire, and only a few buildings remain standing. A dispatch just received from Fifield, a small station a few miles this side of Philips, says that 500 women and children from Philips are in the woods there without shelter. Along the Omaha line the fires are raging with terrible fierceness. Shores Crossing, a little village eight miles west of Ashland, was destroyed; not a building remains standing and the homeless families were brought to Ashland. The railroad bridges near there were destroyed and a fast Omaha freight and sixteen loaded cars were entirely burned. Both the engineer and fireman were injured and the brakemen are missing. Loss to cars and freight many thousands of dollars.

“Mason, a small town south of the Omaha line caught fire at 2 o’clock. The White River Lumber company’s mill, with 40,000,000 feet of lumber in the yards, was destroyed, and at 6 o’clock the latest report received here says the entire town was threatened. The Omaha bridge across White river at Mason is burned. Railroad officials say the loss at Mason is fully $1,000,000, with $250,000 insurance.

“Homesteaders in the outlying districts are all fleeing into the nearest towns, leaving their homes to the fury of the flames. So far no loss of life is reported. The fire department is carefully guarding the outside limits of Ashland and the city is not in any immediate danger.

“News from Hurley states that town was enveloped in a dense cloud of smoke all day, with fires on nearly every side.

“A construction train left over the Omaha road for the scene of a disaster near Washburn. A freight train went through a burning bridge and the locomotive and six cars were burned. Trainmen escaped. Thompson Lumber company camps at White river have burned. The White River Lumber company’s plant at Mason has gone up in smoke with 40,000,000 feet of lumber. The Ashland Lumber company’s camps have burned. Another bridge is reported as burned south of Mason, which puts the Omaha service under great disadvantage. Yesterday was the most destructive day for forest fires in the history of northern Wisconsin. It is impossible to fight the flames down. The only hope is that rain will come to put them out.

“Much damage is being done to timber, and logging interests throughout Northern Wisconsin are suffering. Two bridges are reported to have been burned and the logging railroad of the Ashland Lumber company, together with two engines. The progress of the fire has not been retarded and it swept away the buildings of Camp 1 belonging to the same company late in the afternoon.”

Fifield Burned To The Ground

“Ashland, Wis., July 28….I is feared that many lives are lost, as with the hundreds of women and children in the woods and fire all around them some must perish surely.

“The tannery and immense lumbering concern at Phillips are among the ruins, so that the loss will be appalling. The Omaha freight train destroyed near Shores Crossing was loaded with wheat. The fire came upon Shores Crossing with terrible rapidity and many residents there lost everything they possessed. Not a structure of any kind remains standing there….Mason is literally wiped out of existence. The fire started I the lumber yard of the White River Lumber company from sparks from the forest fires and through the 400 employees worked nobly in defense of their homes the resistless flames swept through the town.

Several Town Wiped Out.

Flames Sweep Down from Forests and Consume Them.

“Milwaukee, Wis., July 28. – Reports from various points in the northern part of Wisconsin, along the Wisconsin Central, the Green Bay, Winona and St. Paul, the Chicago. Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Omaha and Soo lines show that much of the territory, which is covered by timber, is in a highly inflammable condition if not already burning. There has been no rain of any consequence in Price county and in the territory surrounding it for several weeks, and numerous blazes have got beyond the control of the settlers and railroad employees.

“Several bridges over the Soo line near Prentice have already been burned and a number of settlers rendered homeless by the flames they were powerless to stay. Much valuable property has been destroyed in the vicinity of Grand Rapids and Centralia and the people there are hoping for rain, which they believe is the only thing that will prevent further serious loss.

“Grand Rapids, Wis., July 28. Extensive fires are running in the woods and marshes north and west of here. The fire is very near the city of Centralia. Great volumes of smoke are rising on a heavy wind. Thermometers indicated as high as 106 degrees in the shade yesterday.” (Daily Gazette, Janesville, WI. “Towns Are In Ashes Up In The Pineries.” 7-28-1894, p. 1.)

July 28: “Milwaukee, July 28. – A heavy loss of life resulted in Phillips from the fire. It is estimated that between fifteen and twenty-five persons were either burned to death or drowned in their efforts to escape from the flames that destroyed the town. The only refuge from the fire was the lake and hundreds of people fled to the water to avoid death in the fire. In the rush the weaker ones fell down or were carried into the deep water and perished. Others, overcome by the heat and smoke, fell in the streets and burned to death. The entire northern part of the state is a Sea of Flame.

“The country is dotted with the homes of farmers and homesteaders and with lumber camps. There is no doubt that hundreds of these buildings have been burned, while the fate of the people is in doubt. It is probable that many of these people have also lost their lives. Of those who perished here three bodies have been found. The citizens who escaped the fire are homeless and without food or clothing, and are in a state of the most serious destitution….

The Phillips Fire.

“Milwaukee, July 28. – A special to the Wisconsin from Phillips, Wis., says that 3,000 people have been made homeless there by the forest fires. Not a building is left standing, and property valued at between $1,500,000 and $2,000,000 has been swept away. All day the flames surrounded the village. Hundreds of men battled with the fire, but without success. The pine forests were as dry as parchment and the flames leaped from tree to tree with such rapidity that the air seemed on fire. The baking soil sent up a gas that ignited and the atmosphere itself seemed to blaze.

“When the fire reached the city it swept from house to house and in an hour had the entire village in flames. The people fled to the railway, where trains were standing, and were hastily conveyed to neighboring towns. Nothing but a few personal effects were saved. There are rumors of losses of life, but in the confusion they cannot be confirmed. Families are separated, some members having taken to one place, and others to another, and it impossible to learn whether or not they have all escaped….
Hilbert Also Scorched.

“A dispatch to the Wisconsin from Chilton, Wis., says that nine buildings were consumed by fire at Hilbert. The wind was blowing strong and the whole town was threatened with destruction. A fire engine and company from this city rendered assistance. The burned buildings included the railroad depot of the St. Paul road.
Marshes Burning.

“A special to The Evening Wisconsin from Stevens Point, Wis., says. The continued dry weather has resulted in many forest fires north and west of here. Fires are now in the marshes within two or three miles west of this city. By good work on the part of the settlers very little damage has as yet been done….

“The same state of affairs exists at Maladore, Sherry and other points west of here. Centralia forest fires have been raging in this vicinity during the past 24 hours and hundreds of men are now endeavoring to save the cranberry crop.

Flames At Oshkosh.

“Oshkosh, Wis., July 28. – A conflagration has just broken out in the lumber district. The yards of Stanhilber, Amos & Co., and the Diamond Match company, are a raging mass of flames. The finest residence portion of the city is threatened, and there is a great rush in that direction. The entire fire department is at the scene.

“Washburn, Wis., July 28. – The sawmill of the White River Lumber company, at Mason, burned last night with 40,000,000 feet of lumber. The town was in great danger….” (Sunday Leader, Eau Claire, WI. “Great Loss of Life Feared.” 7-29-1894, p. 1.)

July 30: “Out of 700 Buildings in the Town but Thirty-Nine Remain – Mason Practically Destroyed Also…

“Phillips, Wis., July 30. – The fires last night broke into a blaze all along the docks and in many portions of the city. The forest fires are still raging to the north and west of here, and it is reported that several small stations between here and Ashland on the Central have been wiped out. The town of Worcester, a few miles west of here, is reported to have been destroyed.

“Milwaukee, July 30. – The Sentinel’s special from Phillips says: Thirty-nine buildings out of 700 stand amid smoke and ashes on the scene of what was the flourishing town of Phillips, the county seat of Price county, and one of the wealthiest and most prosperous of all the towns in the timber regions of Wisconsin…,at least thirteen people are known to have lost their lives.

“The dead are: James Locke, wife and five children; Frank Cliss, in charge of the dry kilns of the John R. Davis Lumber company, and 2-year-old child; Mrs. David Bryden, wife of the foreman of the Fayette Shaw tannery, and two children; Mr. Bryden was also supposed to have died, but has returned here, having been away from the city, only to hear that his family had perished. The last on the list is an unknown woman.

Water More Deadly Than Fire.

“It was not the fire, however, that claimed these victims, it was the lake. There were four gales of fire swept the town and it was during the first that the loss of life occurred. Driven frantic by the gale of flame the families of James Locke, Frank Cliss and Dave Bryden gathered hurriedly in their arms all their possessions that they could and made for a floating boat house that was tied to the town bridge near the box factory. The ropes were cut and the occupants thought the gale would drive them across Elk lake where the flames would not reach them. But the raft was a rickety affair and overturned, and the fire seemed to create a current of air that pulled them directly towards a great pile of burning lumber on the lake shore. The raft began to sink, and with death by fire facing them on one side and drowning on the other the boats were resorted to, but in the gale the boats capsized almost instantly and all perished with the exception of Mrs. Cliss, who was found floating on the opposite side of the lake clinging with desperation to a boat….” (Racine Daily Journal, WI. “Revelry of Havoc…Dreadful Work of Forest Fires at Phillips, Wis. …Thirteen Persons Drowned in Elk Lake, Most of Them Being Children.” 7-30-1894, p. 2.)

July 31: “Phillips, Wis., July 31. – For miles around here yesterday the forest fires continued to burn. Early in the morning a fire to the northeast swept in on the back tack and threatened to destroy the poor farm, the fair grounds, and all of the timber along the east shore of the lake. An alarm was sent in from the farm and 150 men from Phillips with buckets, shovels and axes were sent to fight the fire. After several hours’ work the danger passed.

“Reports of fires to the east of here came in all day from along the Elk road. A farmer from down that way says the whole country along the road for thirty miles northeast of here is on fire.

“To the south of here near Worcester fires have been in the woods all day, and gangs of men have been out watching them and fighting against their approach to the town. Prentice also has been threatened, and there is a constant watch kept on all the fires around to prevent their coming into any of the towns. Everybody in the surrounding country is thoroughly aroused and is alive to the situation.

“Thirteen bodies have been found at Phillips so far, but it is believed this is not a full list of the dead. The work of rebuilding has begun. The Shaw Tannery company has ordered in the lumber to rebuild its plant. Twenty shanties to shelter the unfortunate people were run up yesterday and the work of clearing away the debris of the fire has commenced in all sections of the city.

“The exposure to which the women and children have been subjected since last Friday has had its effect and there are numbers reported ill. A dispensary has been established and the suffering will be relieved as much as is possible with the means at hand. The relief continues to pour in here from all points of the state. Eighteen full carloads have been received thus far.

“The wind had died completely away, but the fires are still smoldering in the woods. The only thing that will save the country is a heavy rain. It rained heavily fifty miles east of here yesterday, but there was no rain in Phillips or vicinity.” (Daily Gazette, Janesville, WI. “Still Girdled By Fire.” 7-31-1894, p. 1.)

Dec 29, 1894, Hamilton Daily Democrat, OH: July 27: “The town of Phillips, Wis., wiped out by a forest fire, leaving 8,000 people homeless loss, $1,250,000; about 20 persons lost their lives.” (Hamilton Daily Democrat, OH. “Events of the Year,” Dec 29, 1894, p. 6.)

Sources

Chippewa Falls Herald, WI. “Forest Fires Raging in Minnesota and Wisconsin.” 7-27-1894, p. 6. Accessed 6-9-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/chippewa-falls-herald-jul-27-1894-p-6/

Cornell, James. The Great International Disaster Book (Third Edition). New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1982.

Daily Gazette, Janesville, WI. “Still Girdled By Fires.” 7-31-1894, p. 1. Accessed 6-9-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/janesville-daily-gazette-jul-31-1894-p-1/

Daily Gazette, Janesville, WI. “Towns Are In Ashes Up In The Pineries.” 7-28-1894, p. 1. Accessed 6-9-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/janesville-daily-gazette-jul-28-1894-p-1/

Hamilton Daily Democrat, OH. “Events of the Year.” 12-29-1894, p. 6. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=71970899

Racine Daily Journal, WI. “Revelry of Havoc. Dreadful Work of Forest Fires at Phillips, Wis. …Thirteen Persons Drowned in Elk Lake, Most of Them Being Children.” 7-30-1894, p. 2. Accessed 6-9-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/racine-daily-journal-jul-30-1894-p-2/

Sunday Leader, Eau Claire, WI. “Great Loss of Life Feared.” 7-29-1894, p. 1. Accessed 6-9-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/eau-claire-weekly-leader-jul-29-1894-p-1/

Wisconsin Historical Society. Dictionary of Wisconsin History, “Forest Fires in Wisconsin.” At: http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=10463&keyword=Persons

Wisconsin Historical Society. Wisconsin Historical Markers. “Marker 65: Phillips Fire.” Accessed 11-27-2016 at: http://wisconsinhistoricalmarkers.blogspot.com/2013/06/marker-65-phillips-fire.html

Wisconsin Historical Society. Dictionary of Wisconsin History, “Phillips Fire.” Accessed at: http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=12209&search_term=fire

— >35 Blanchard estimated death toll.*

— 57 NYT. “Fifty-Three Still Missing. Only Four Bodies…Have Been Found.” 6-27-1894, p. 9.
— 4 bodies recovered
–53 missing
— ~50 Hamilton Daily Democrat, OH. “Events of the Year,” Dec 29, 1894, p. 6. (nearly 50.)
— 43 Daily Norwalk Gazette, CT. “The Nicol Disaster.” 6-26-1894, p. 2, col. 5.
— 7 bodies recovered
–36 named missing
— 42 Gardner (Editor). American Negligence Reports, Vol. 1, 1897, p. 328.
— 39 Boston Daily Globe, MA. “List of Victims Grows….Nicol’s Lost…39.” 6-26-1894, p. 3.
— 3 bodies recovered and identified
–36 missing
— 36 Waterloo Daily Courier, IA. “Nicol Disaster.” 6-26-1894, p. 2, col. 4.
— 35 Steamboat-Inspection Service (U.S.). Annual Report… 1894. 1894, p. 6.
— 35 Steamboat-Inspection Service (U.S.). Annual Report…1895. 1895, p. 25.

* Blanchard estimated death toll. From a reading of the many accounts of this loss, only a few of which are cited here, it is clear that the true death toll will never be known in that it is not crystal clear exactly how many were aboard, the small number of bodies recovered, and the changing number of names missing. Our own conclusion is that at least thirty-five people died. The Steamboat Inspection Service reports exactly 35 deaths. Given the larger number of named individuals who were reported as missing, however, we view it as quite possible that there were deaths above this number. Thus our estimate of at least (>) thirty-five deaths.

Narrative Information

Gardner: The owner of the tug later sued his insurance company when it refused to pay for the loss of the boat, but lost. (McCarthy v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Company; Supreme Court, Trial Term N.Y., January 1897.)

Marine Insurance – Overcrowding Vessel. – An insurer is not liable where the policy exempts him for any loss caused by overcrowding, and the insured vessel was licensed to carry forty-five passengers and was carrying eighty-one when it sank and it was not shown that the overcrowding did not cause or contribute to the accident. (Gardner American Negligence Reports, V1, 1897, 328.)

“The sinking was variously described; but the witnesses generally agree that a storm came on, and as it approached the boat lunged with the sea which struck it on the starboard side, throwing spray over all the decks, and driving the passengers to the port side, whereupon the boat listed in that direction and the returning wave turned it over.” (Gardner. American Negligence Reports, V1, 1897, 328.)

US Steamboat Inspection Service, 1894: “The increased death rate reported of 27 lives lost over that reported in 1893 results from a single accident occurring to a steamer which at the time was being unlawfully navigated, by a persons wholly inexperienced and unauthorized to act on the dangerous waters upon which the accident occurred, and which accident was wholly the result of such inexperience, the steamer being staunch and strong, and equal in that respect to other steamers of the same class navigating the same waters and neighborhood at the time of the accident under consideration.

“Reference is made in the above remarks to the steamer James D. Nicol, foundered off Sandy Hook, N.J., June 24, with nearly 100 persons on board, nearly double the number allowed by her certificate of inspection, 35 of whom (all passengers) lost their lives. This accident was investigated by the local inspectors at New York, and decision rendered July 6 revoking the license of the master of the steam4r ‘for negligence and willful violation of his license,’ and case referred to U.S. district attorney for prosecution.” (Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector-General…
for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1894. 1894, p. 6.)

US Steamboat Inspection Service, 1895: “Tug James D. Nicol foundered at the fishing banks, being overloaded. Number of persons drowned, 35. Investigated June 27 and July 2. Decision July 6, revoking license of John B. Hyde, pilot of the tug.” (U.S. Steamboat-Inspection Service. Annual Report 1895, p. 25.)

Newspapers:

June 25: “List of Victims Grows.
Number of the Nicol’s Lost Now Reaches 39.”
“Stations Thronged with Relatives of the Missing Men.”
“No Explanation of thee Foundering of the Tug Yet Made.

“New York, June 25 – The list of missing men who it is supposed were on the tug James D. Nicol when she foundered outside of Sandy Hook on Sunday, grows larger today, partly, perhaps, because the friends of missing persons who were not known to have been on the tug have jumped to the conclusion that they were aboard of her.

“The list reaches of total of 36 missing, which, with the 49 saved and the three dead bodies identified, would make a total of 88 persons aboard of the tug.

“The attendants at the morgue, police headquarters and the various police stations throughout the city had a busy time of it today, attending to the dozens of people who kept coming in to report friends supposed to have been lost with the Nicol, or to inquire if missing friends had been heard from. Police headquarters was probably the busiest place of all. At the bureau of information there were women in search of husbands, and fathers in search of sons, one son looking for a father, and any number of weeping girls whose brothers went out on the excursion of the herring fishing club and have not come back.

“No satisfactory explanation of the foundering of the tug was made today. Capt. John Hyde, who was in charge of her when the accident occurred, made his report to the steamboat inspectors this afternoon, but it was very hazy. Hyde said he hadn’t been asleep since the accident, and he looked it. He is 25 years old, but he doesn’t look it. In appearance he is a mere boy.

“His employers, however, regarded him as a careful man, and for four years he has held a captain’s license. He may have some difficulty in retaining it, for there are several things that he must explain to the inspectors on Wednesday morning that are likely to give him trouble.” (Boston Daily Globe, MA. “List of Victims Grows.” 6-26-1894, p. 3, col. 1.)

June 26: “Nicol Disaster.”
“Thirty-six Persons Supposed to Have Lost Their Lives Off Sandy Hook.”
“The Whole List Will Probably Never Be Known – Seven Bodies Recovered.”
“The Captain of the Boat Places the Blame on the Passengers Themselves.”

“New York, June 26. – How many persons were drowned by the capsizing of the tug James D. Nicol, off Sandy Hook, is not yet known. The excursionists were from all over the east side, from College Point, from Brooklyn, and even from Hoboken, and it is probable that some of those drowned will never be reported or heard from gain.

“The catastrophe is rendered more harrowing by the fact that most of the men were married and leave large families. The highest estimates in last night’s dispatches were probably within the mark, for today it is thought that not less than 36 perished. So far, however, only seven bodies have been recovered.
The Captain’s Story.

“Captain John Hyde, commander of the ill-fated tug, was seen at the office of the owner of the tug. He is a young man, 25 years of age, and says that he has had a master’s license for the past four years. For the first time Captain Hyde told the story of the disaster:

I could count but 58 passengers on the tug when she left the second stopping lace at pier 3, East river. There were five men in the crew, making 63 all told. We had been lying off Seabright at anchor, when the wind began to freshen. We soon raised anchor, intending to leave. We were about three-quarters of an hour from the shore. The sea, when we started, was not very heavy and hardly any spray came on board. The passengers, thinking that they might get wet, all crowded to the port side. I asked them to divide up and part take the starboard side, but no attention was paid to my request. The sea was somewhat choppy, but not what would have been called heavy. Outside, some distance from shore, it appeared much calmer than in shore. I thought if we ran for some distance, we would make better weather. We were in no apparent danger, except for the people crowding to the port side of the boat. I suddenly saw a heavy swell bearing down on us, closely followed by a second one. I called out to the passengers to take the starboard ide of the boat, but it was not done. The first sea boarded us clean over the bow, and rushed aft. The second followed closely, also boarding us over the bow, and washed down the port side. This was caused by the heavy list on the boat.

When the first wave hit us, I cried, ‘For God’s sake get over to the other side.’ I pulled the whistle rope, too, as a signal of distress, and seeing the great danger, tied it down. It kept blowing until the Nicol went down. After the boat had careened under the second swell, Al Hammond, a deck hand, and myself climbed through the starboard windows of the pilot house, and went overboard. There were a number of people struggling in the water, all around. The life raft was near the spot where the tug sank, and I made for it. There were a number of passengers on it, hanging to it, and their struggles capsized it. As it went over, I was struck by it and went down. When I arose to the surface, I managed to grasp it again. The members of the crew of the boat, Pilot Raymond Kelly, Engineer John Farrell, Fireman Louis Hookie, Al Hammond and Steward James Fleming, were all picked up by the tug Sayre.

I was at the wheel from the time we left the dock, until the accident occurred, except a short time while at anchor, when I went below for dinner. It has been stated that I was intoxicated. I am not a drinking man, and touched no liquor whatever. I do not think the boat was overcrowded, and had the passengers acted as I told them, we would have come through all right.”
(Waterloo Daily Courier, IA. “Nicol Disaster.” 6-26-1894, p. 2, col. 4.)

June 27: “Fifty-Three Still Missing.”
“Only Four Bodies of Nicol’s Victims Have Been Found.”

“As in the case of the Hotel Royal fire and the Park Place disaster, the true number of victims of the overturning and sinking of the tug James D. Nicol off Sandy Hook, N.J., on Sunday [24th] will probably never be known. There are, perhaps, some who have taken the loss of the tug as an opportunity to disappear from their relatives and friends, leaving it to be supposed they went down to a watery grave.

“The very manner in which the ill-fated fishing party was made up renders it all the more difficult to fix accurately the number of drowned. There were many on the Nicol who were entirely unknown to one another. The best estimate that can now be formed – and it is an estimate based on the statements of survivors and on the reports of the missing made at the Morgue, at Police Headquarters, at the tugboat office, and on the beach where relatives are watching for bodies – places the number of missing at fifty-three. In addition, four bodies have been recovered bringing the total loss up to fifty-eight lives.

“At least forty-nine men are known to have been rescued from the water. Of these the tug Sayre picked up thirty-four, the tug Sammy picked up six, and the steamship Algonquin rescued nine. Some others are known to have been taken from the water, but the names and the number of those saved otherwise than by the three boats mentioned are not known. It is considered to be only barely possible that some of those who are among the missing have been saved.

Bodies Recovered.

“The four men whose bodies have been recovered were:

Buckridge, Walter, forty years old, 992 Halsey Street, Brooklyn; wife and two children.
Dunn, John, forty-six years old, 874 Eighth Avenue, this city, carpenter; wife and one child.
McAleer, Frank, forty-five years old, 27 Bridge Street, Brooklyn.
Weisler, Andrew, thirty-six years old, 534 East Eleventh Street, this city.

The Missing.

“The names of the fifty-three persons who are missing are: [we omit this list, mostly NYC area]

“All names known to be doubtful have been omitted from the above lists….

“The local board of Government Inspectors of Steam Vessels, of which Inspector Fairchild is the head, will to-day begin an investigation into the cause of the disaster….

“In case there is evidence to show that any one is chargeable with Sunday’s tragedy, Inspector Fairchild is instructed by the law to report the facts to the United States District Attorney.

“There is also a law under which the owners of a boat are liable to a penalty of $500 for carrying more than the license calls for, and there is also a liability on the part of the owners to a fine of $10 for every persons carried over the prescribed limit.

“Three charges have been made against the owners of the Nicol by the passengers. It is said that the officers were not in a condition to competently navigate the tug. It is said that the boat was overcrowded. It is further alleged that the tug had not a ‘deep-sea’ license, but only a ‘river-and-harbor’ license, and that, therefore, she could not lawfully go outside Sandy Hook.

“At the office of the Reeves Towing Company, Dey and West Streets, it was said yesterday that Capt. Kelly of Hoboken, who claimed to act as the Captain of the tug on Sunday, had a deep-sea pilot’s license.

“The tug was licensed to carry sixty men and a crew of five. According to the stories of the survivors and the reports of the rescued and missing, there were far more than this number on the boat.

“The only named added yesterday to those whose bodies have been recovered was that of Andrew Weisler. The body was in the morgue at Long Branch. It was identified by William Weisler, brother of the dead man.

“Several tugs were cruising around the scene of the disaster yesterday, but none of them was successful, owing perhaps to the fog, in locating the place where the Nicol went down….” (New York Times. “Fifty-Three Still Missing. Only Four Bodies…have been Found.” 6-27-1894, p. 9.)

June 28: “Some indictments and criminal prosecutions are likely to grow out of the overturning and sinking of the steam tug James D. Nicol, off Sandy Hook last Sunday, by which two score and more persons lost their lives. The evidence adduced yesterday before the Board of Inspection of Steam Vessels showed the tug was greatly overcrowded. She was licensed to carry forty-five persons besides the crew. By the estimate of Charles Kirchner, the President of the Herring Fishing Club and the manager of the ill-fated excursion, there were nearly ninety person on board, all told.

“Capt. John Hyde, who was in command, admitted under oath that the tug was over-crowded. The Captain admitted also that he was not sure whether old Capt. Kelly, who assisted him at the wheel after they got outside Sandy Hook, had a deep-sea pilot’s license. The Captain admitted, further, that, contrary to law, he had two friends in the pilot house most of the time the tug was outside the Hook. Capt. Hyde said he have no orders for the distribution of life preservers after the boat keeled on her side….

“Charles Kirchner, President of the fishing club, testified that he did not see the inspection certificate of the Nicol, and did not know and was not told how many persons the tug was licensed to carry….

“The testimony showed conclusively that, in at least one respect, namely, that of overcrowding, there had been an open violation of the law. Section 5,344 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, relating to the crime of manslaughter, provides:

Every Captain, engineer, pilot, or other person employed on any steamboat or vessel, by whose misconduct, negligence, or inattention to his duties in such vessel the life of any person is destroyed, and every owner, inspector, or other public officer through whose fraud, connivance, misconduct, or violation of law the life of any person is destroyed, shall be deemed guilty of manslaughter, and, upon conviction thereof before any Circuit Court of the United States, shall be sentenced to confinement at hard labor for a period on not more than ten years.

“If the present inquiry shows any violation of the above or of any of the laws of navigation, it is made the duty of the Board of Inspection of Steam Vessels to report the facts to the United States District Attorney. The District Attorney’s assistant, John O. Mott, said yesterday that there might possibly arise a question as to whether the jurisdiction of a prosecution for the overcrowding of the Nicol would lie with the Federal or the State authorities. ‘The accident took place on the high seas,’ said Mr. Mott, ‘and in that aspect would come under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government. The overcrowding, on the other hand, occurred at the wharf, in this city [New York] and that offense was committed within the jurisdiction of the State.’

“There is a further Federal law which renders the officers and owners of a vessel liable for damages where there is accident or death through violation of the law. The section is 4,493, and it reads:

Whenever damage is sustained by any passenger or his baggage, from explosion, fire, collision, or other cause, the master and the owner of such vessel, or either of them, and the vessel shall be liable to each and every person so injured, to the full amount of damage if it happens through any neglect or failure to comply with the provisions of this title, or through known defects or imperfections of the steaming apparatus or of the hull, and any person sustaining loss or injury through the carelessness, negligence, or willful misconduct of any master, mate, engineer, or pilot, or his neglect or refusal to obey the laws governing the navigation of such steamers, may sue such master, mate, engineer, or pilot, and recover damages for any such injury caused by any such master, mate, engineer, or pilot.

“The investigation of the Nicol disaster began…in the office of the Board of Inspection of Steam Vessels…The first witness was Capt. Hyatt:

I have been in command of the tug…since Dec. 12, 1893. Raymond Kelly, whom I have always understood to be a deep-sea pilot, was with me on the excursion last Sunday. He was in the pilot house a part of the time. We were authorized to carry forth-five passengers and a crew of five persons. The license was displayed where all could see it.

Q. – Did you count the passengers as they came aboard last Sunday? A. – No.
Q. – Were you aware that the tug was overcrowded? A. – I thought she was.
Q. – Did you object? A. I did. Many men clambered aboard, saying they were merely crossing to a boat moored next to us at the wharf. Some of these men staid on board. I objected, but it did no good.

“Capt. Hyatt said there were a dozen or so cases of liquor aboard the Nicol.

Q. – Was there any drinking after the boat started? A. – Yes. Most of the passengers got under the influence.

“Capt. Hyatt said… ‘The vessel would not have listed…if the passengers had not all climbed on one side to keep dry.’…

“Charles Kirchner, the President of the Herring Fishing Club, which gave the excursion, said he hired the tug for $50 for the day from the owners. …. ‘the Superintendent of the company said the Nicol …could carry sixty-five passengers.’….

Q. – How many were there on board? A. – After leaving the pier I took up sixty-three tickets and $4 in cash. There were also seven dead-head members of the club aboard, not including two boy helpers, the five members of the crew, and eight or ten men who got on somehow.
Q. – Doesn’t that make eighty persons? A. – Yes. There were eighty-six or eighty-seven persons aboard….

“Kirchner said the reason the passengers went to the dry side of the boat was that they would have been washed overboard if they had remained on the side over which the waves were breaking….Mr. Kirchner said he was positive the side of the tug which went under first was the side on which there were no passengers. ‘The door of the engine room was open,’ the witness said, ‘and I saw a flood of water pouring down the hole.’ Engineer John Farrell denied that the door of his room was open….

“Capt. Hyatt was recalled, and said he had done everything he could to warn the passengers and provide for their safety. ‘The accident,’ he said, ‘was caused by the heavy seas and the presence of all the passengers on one side of the boat.’

Q. – Was Capt. Kelly engaged to pilot the boat? A. – No; he was my guest. He came to help me because my license does not go beyond the Hook.’…

“No more bodies were recovered yesterday. Only one of the missing turned up…. This leaves fifty-three still missing.” (NYT. “Law violated on the Nicol,” June 28, 1894.)

July 23: “Victim of the Tug Nicol.”

“Long Branch, July 23, 1894. – The lower half of a man’s body was cast upon the shore here in front of the Brighton Hotel early this morning. The portion of the body was taken to the morgue, where Coroner Oliver, of Asbury Park, was summoned. The man is supposed to hve been one of the party who went down with the ill-fated tug, James D. Nicol, off Sandy Hook, June 24. Coroner Oliver made an examination of the body, and found a silver watch of Colorado make, No. 66,638, which stopped at 12:37. A bunch of keys and a silk handkerchief were also found. From the description ascertained of the body it is supposed to be that of Emil Wolf, aged twenty-one, of No. 351½ Bowery, New York.” (Jersey City News, NJ. “Victim of the Tug Nicol.” 7-23-1894, p. 7.)

Dec 29: “June 14. Fishing tug sank off Atlantic Highlands, N.J., nearly 50 drowned.” (Hamilton Daily Democrat, OH. “Events of the Year,” Dec 29, 1894, p. 6.)

Sources

Boston Daily Globe, MA. “List of Victims Grows….Nicol’s Lost…Reaches 39.” 6-26-1894, p. 3, c.1. Accessed 2-4-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/boston-daily-globe-jun-26-1894-p-3/

Daily Norwalk Gazette, CT. “The Nicol Disaster.” 6-26-1894, p. 2, col. 5. Accessed 2-5-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/daily-norwalk-gazette-jun-26-1894-p-2/

Gardner, John M. (Ed.). American Negligence Reports Current Series: All the Current Negligence Cases Decided in the Federal Courts of the United States, the Courts of Last Resort of all the States and Territories and Selections from the Intermediate Courts, together with Notes of English Cases and Annotations, Vol. 1. New York: Remick & Schilling, 1897, 911 pages. Digitized by Google. Accessed 2-4-2021 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee42AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Hamilton Daily Democrat, OH. “Events of the Year.” 12-29-1894, p. 6. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com/FullPagePdfViewer.aspx?img=71970899

Jersey City News, NJ. “Victim of the Tug Nicol.” 7-23-1894, p. 7. Accessed 2-5-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/jersey-city-news-jul-23-1894-p-7/

New York Times. “Fifty-Three Still Missing. Only Four Bodies of Nicol’s victims have been Found.” 6-27-1894, p. 9, col. 1. Accessed 2-4-2021 at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/06/27/issue.html

New York Times. “Law Violated on the Nicol,” 6-28-1894. Accessed at: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9905EEDF1531E033A2575BC2A9609C94659ED7CF

Steamboat-Inspection Service (U.S.). Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector-General to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1894 (Treasury Department Document No. 1705. Steamboat-Inspection Service, dated 10-5-1894). Washington: Government Printing Office. 1894. Accessed 2-4-2021 at:
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09189980&view=1up&seq=197&q1

Steamboat-Inspection Service (U.S.). Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat-Inspection Service to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1895. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895. Digitized by Google. Accessed at: http://books.google.com/books?id=JFYpAAAAYAAJ

Waterloo Daily Courier, IA. “Nicol Disaster.” 6-26-1894, p. 2, col. 4. Accessed 2-4-2021 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/waterloo-daily-courier-jun-26-1894-p-2/

—  ?  Castleton. “prevailed with great severity.” (Gallup. Chap. II, “History of Diseases,” p. 52.)

–60  Orwell. Thompson. A Gazetteer of the State of Vermont. 1824, p. 203. Population ~1,376.[1]

—  ?  Shoreham. “…swept away vast numbers…” (Gallup. Chap. II, “History of Diseases,” p.52.)

 

Narrative Information

 

Gallup: “1804….This season, dysentery prevailed with great severity in Castleton. About this time, says my correspondent, it swept away vast numbers in Orwell and Shoreham.” (Gallup. Chapter II, “History of Diseases,” p. 52.)

 

Thompson: “Orwell….The dysentery prevailed here about the year 1804, and in the course of 60 days carried off 60 children.” (Thompson. A Gazetteer of the State of Vermont. 1824, p. 203.)

 

Sources

 

Gallup, Joseph A., M.D. Sketches of Epidemic Diseases in the State of Vermont; From its First Settlement to the year 1815, with a Consideration of their Causes, Phenomena, and Treatment. Boston: T. B. Wait & Sons, 1815. Accessed 2-7-2018 at: https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2555005R-bk

 

Thompson, Zadock. A Gazetteer of the State of Vermont; Containing A Brief General View of the State, A Historical and Topographical Description of all the Counties, Towns, Rivers &c. Together with a Map and several other Engravings. Montpelier, VT: Published by E. P. Walton (Printer) and the author, 1824. Google preview accessed 2-11-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=YHIDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

United States Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor. (Second Census). Return of the Whole Number of Persons within the Several Districts of the United States. “Schedule of the whole number of Persons in the District of Vermont.” Washington, DC: Printed by order of the House of Representatives. Accessed 2-12-2018 at: https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1800-return-whole-number-of-persons.pdf

 

 

[1] According to the Second U.S. Census Return of the Whole Number of Persons within the Several Districts of the United States, p. 23, Orwell had a population in 1800 of 1,376. Of those, 493 were children under the age of 10. We do not have specific information on the ages of the children who died in this epidemic, but in many others we have looked at in this general time-period in colonial/U.S. history, the majority of deaths were children under ten years.

–25 AK Bur. Ocean Energy Mgmt., Reg., Enforce. Alaska’s Worst All Time Shipping Losses.
–25 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”
–25 Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” “J.”
–25 Nelson, Eric. Shipwrecks on Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. Oct 28, 2007.

Narrative Information

Alaska Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: “May 11, 1894. Whaling bark James Allen. Struck rock and sank. On W end of Amlia Island, Aleutians. 25 lost, 33 rescued.” (Alaska BOEMRE. Alaska’s Worst All Time Shipping Losses.)

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”
“1894…James Allen…SW [southwest region]…117 Foot…330 Ton Whale Bark…25 [lives lost]…33 [lives saved].” (Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.”)

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” “J.”
“James Allen (a894). The 117 foot 330 ton whaling bark James Allen struck a rock at the east end of Amlia Island at 1:30 a. m. May 11, 1894 and was lost with 25 souls. She had sailed out of San Francisco April 14, 1894 bound for whaling in the Arctic Ocean with 49 crew and 9 passengers aboard. The vessel was carrying about 250 tons of cargo and stores worth $30,000. The following are excerpts from the wreck report filed by Captain Arthur Huntley, master of the James Allen:

“Wind about 30 miles per hour, thick weather, dark.” “Ship some 30 miles to the west of supposed position.” “Sunken rock east end Amlia Island, Seguam Pass (One of the Aleutian Islands Lat 52N Lon 174) Hole in ships bottom caused by striking rock.” “Striking three times; Nothing was seen of the rock. Ship close hauled on the wind, heading to the NE.” “At the time of this statement 15 men are unaccounted for. (Later report states 25 lost)” “to myself and 16 men Capt. M Healy, USS Bear rescued and provided for. Str. Dora rescued 8 others.”

“The James Allen, worth $10,000 and her cargo were listed as total losses. The vessel had $15,000 worth of insurance. At least 25 passengers and crew were lost. All of the casualties occurred subsequent to the James Allen stranding. 5th Mate Andrew Robinson stayed with the ship and was lost. The rest of the crew escaped to four boats and soon became separated in the darkness and foul weather. Boat #1 found their way to a settlement on Atka Island and the crewmembers were rescued by the steamer Dora after a week. Survivors from Boat #1 included Third Mate Joseph Duarte (Dewatt), Forth Mate Charles C. McIntyre, Steerer John Roach, Steerer Joseph Gonzales, Seaman Peter T. Peterson, Seaman Max Gohne, Cook Thomas Gordge (Goody) and Landsman Frederick Hill (seaman Fred Hub). Boat #2 with 1st Mate Thomas Yellot, 2nd Mate William F Allen and 13 others disappeared and was never seen again. Boat #3 capsized and William Fitzgerald of San Francisco, Engineer John (James) White, Blacksmith G. E. Loy(Lay)(E. Eloy) and Frank Murphy drowned. Captain Huntley’s boat capsized and Patrick Connoly, Sam Masterson (Masterman), William Dory (Dorey), Harry Taylor, Boat steerer Joseph Pena (Portuguese) and Austin Gideon all died of exposure. Survivors from Boat #3 and the Captains boat eventually made it to the beach at Umnak Island a week after the wreck of the James Allen. There they survived for two weeks, six of the men dying of exposure. Those lost to the cold weather included William Dory, Joseph Pena, Sam Masterson, Austin Gideon, Harry Taylor and Pat Connelly. Captain Huntley and five men left the remaining nine men on Umnak Island and took a boat and provisions and headed for Unalaska for help. It took a week to get to Unalaska and another two days to return to Umnak to rescue the remainder of the crew of the James Allen. Unfortunately the nine sailors left behind had given up all hope and in a depraved mental condition took to consuming their lost shipmates whose bodies had been preserved by the cold climate. When Captain Huntley returned from Unalaska with the U S Revenue cutter Bear the men he had left behind were all huddled in a small smoke filled dugout, barely alive and unable to walk or even speak.

“Mapping and Location: Southwest Alaska 52 04 N 173 30 W Chart 16012.

“Additional Information: Tonnage 330, Length 116.7, Breadth 27.8, Depth 17.1, Built 1877 at Bath ME, Registered San Francisco, ON 75940, Master J Arthur Huntley of San Francisco, Owner Jas. McKenna of San Francisco.

“Sources: 1. U S Customs Wreck Report (June 28, 1894) filed by Huntley, 2. San Francisco Call (July 7, 1894) “How the Bark Allen’s Men Survived” Pg 12, 3. Sacramento Daily Union (June 22, 1894) “Wrecked in the Arctic” Pg 1.” (Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwreck A – Z.” “J.”)

Newspaper

June 19, Boston Globe: “Nanaimo, B.C., June 18 – The steamer Willamette has arrived here from Dutch Harbor. She brings a meagre report of the loss of an American whaler bark, James Allen, which was wrecked off Atka Island, 200 miles west of Alaska, on May 11. The steamer Dora picked up two of her crew on Bonen Island June 7. The men were starving, their only food being salty meat.

“The Allen ran on a rock off Atka Island and sank almost immediately. The captain and first mate were lost. The rest of the crew, who left in one of the boats to head for Ounalaska, are still missing. The U S patrol boat Petrel is out searching for them. The lost vessel belonged in San Francisco. The captain was drowned with the first mate in his cabin. The second mate is also missing. The Allen had a cargo valued at $45,000 for whalers up north.” (Boston Daily Globe. “Loss of the James Allen.” June 19, 1894, p. 8.)

Sources

Alaska Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. Alaska’s Worst All Time Shipping Losses. Accessed 11-11-2021 at: https://www.boem.gov/about-boem/alaskas-worst-all-time-shipping-losses

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks 1800-1899.” Accessed 11-11-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/alaska-shipwrecks-1729-2012/alaska-shipwrecks-1800-1899/

Alaskashipwreck.com. Alaska Shipwrecks. “Alaska Shipwrecks A – Z.” Accessed 11-10
-2021 at: https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-j/

Boston Daily Globe. “Loss of the James Allen.” June 19, 1894, p. 8. Accessed at: http://www.newspaperarchive.com

Nelson, Eric. Shipwrecks on Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. 10-28-2007. Accessed at: http://www.amnwr.com/ShipwreckList.htm

Document compiled by B. Wayne Blanchard, Dec 2019, for website: Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-Of-Life Events. https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

 –14,606          Blanchard tally based on breakouts below.[1]

Summary from State Breakouts Below

 Alabama                    (       1)            Mobile

Arkansas                    (       1)            Fort Smith

California                  (   115)            San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Sacramento esp.

Colorado                    (     75)            Denver (71)

Connecticut               (   319)            Bridgeport, Hartford, New Haven

Delaware                    (       1)            New Castle County

District of Columbia (   124)

Florida                       (       4)

Georgia                      (       3)

Illinois                        (1,412)            Chicago (1,406)

Indiana                       (     27)            Evansville, Indianapolis, Michigan City

Iowa                            (   112)            Boone, Council Bluffs, Davenport/Des Moines/Dubuque

Kentucky                   (     52)            Louisville (51)

Louisiana                   (   111)            New Orleans  (110)

Maine                         ( ~167)

Maryland                   (   241)            Baltimore (231)

Massachusetts           (1,508)            Boston (878)

Michigan                    (   181)            Detroit esp.; also Battle Creek, Grand Rapids/West Bay

Minnesota                  (   167)            Minneapolis/St. Paul especially

Missouri                     (   481)            St. Louis (379)

Nebraska                    (     47)            Omaha

New Hampshire        (   117)

New York                   (6,592)            New York City and Brooklyn (2,785)

Ohio                           (   636)            Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dayton, Ashtabula, Toledo, et al.

Pennsylvania             (1,725)            Philadelphia (1,452); also Reading, Pittsburg, et al.

Rhode Island             (     59)

South Carolina          (       1)            Charleston

South Dakota             (       2)            Sioux Falls

Tennessee                   (     27)            Memphis, Nashville, Knoxville

Texas                          (     15)            Fort Worth, Galveston, Paris, El Paso, Houston

Utah                            (       4)            Salt Lake City

Vermont                     (       1)            Bennington

Virginia                      (       3)            Norfolk and Richmond

Washington               (       3)            Seattle and Spokane

Wisconsin                  (   272)            Milwaukee (247)

 

Breakout of 1894 Diphtheria Deaths by State and Locality (where noted):

 

Alabama                    (     1)

–1  Mobile                  Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 973.

 

Arkansas                    (     1)

–1  Fort Smith            Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

 

California                  ( 115)             

–19  Statewide                  Jan            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 110.

—  3  San Francisco            Feb

—  1     “  Feb 4-10                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 112.

—  1     “  Feb 11-17                USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 128.

—  1     “  Feb 25-Mar 3          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 168.

—  7  88 locales reporting, March       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 237.

–17  86 locales reporting, April         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 349.

–4  Los Angeles                     USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 283.

–1  Oakland                            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 305.

–2  Sacramento                      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 305.

–1  San Francisco, Apr 1-7    USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 238.

–1       “                 Apr 8-14   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

–13  78 locales reporting, May          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 427.

–3  Los Angeles                     USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 387.

–2  Oakland                            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 427.

–1  San Francisco, May 6-12 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

–1       “          May 13-19      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

–2       “          May 20-26      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

–2       “          May 27-Jun 2  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 408.

–1       “          Apr 28-May 5 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 308.

—  9  60 locales report. June               USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 31, 576.

–4  Los Angeles                     USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 520.

–2  San Francisco, June 10-16 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, V. IX, N26, p.453.

–1       “               June 24-30 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 524.

—  3  Los Angeles       July                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 33, 636.

—  1     “                      Sep                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 940.

—  1  Oakland              Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 798.

—  2  Sacramento        Sep                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 940.

—  1  San Francisco     July 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 31, 578.

—  3     “                      July 28-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 33, 639.

—  7     “                      Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 798.

—  1     “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

–19  69 locales report. Oct                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1098.

–11  Los Angeles,                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1067.

—  2  Sacramento                    USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1067.

—  1  San Francisco Oct 21-27. USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, V. IX, N45, 1046.

—  5  Los Angeles       Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1257.

—  3  San Diego           Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

—  1     “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

—  2  San Francisco     Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1258.

 

Colorado                    (    75)             Denver (71)                                                   

–71  Denver. Denver Health Commissioner William Munn; in NH State Health Board Rpt., 94.

—  1  Pueblo                Aug 7-13         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 675.

—  1     “                      Aug 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 733.

—  1     “                      Aug 26-Sep 1  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 764.

—  1     “                      Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

 

Connecticut               (  319)

–36  State                           Jan           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 110.

–33     “                              Feb          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 183.

–28  168 towns reporting.  March     USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 237.

–25  165 towns reporting.[2] April       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 386.

–28  166 towns reporting.  May         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 427.

–4  Bridgeport, May               USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 405.

–17  167 towns reporting  June          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 521.

—  3  Bridgeport                      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 497.

—  3  Hartford                         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 497.

—  2  New Haven                    USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

–22  165 locales reporting July          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 672.

–3  Hartford          July          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 609.

–2  New Haven     July 6-12  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 524.

–1       “          July 20-26       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 31, 578.

–1       “          July 27-Aug 2 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 612.

–15  166 locales reporting, Aug         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 798.

–1  Hartford                          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 761.

–1  New Haven, Aug 17-23   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 706.

–2       “              Aug 24-30   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 733.

–21  164 locales report. Sep               USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 940.

–1  New Haven, Sep 14-20    USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 837.

–1       “          Sep 28-Oct 4   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

–39  166 locales report. Oct               USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1098.

–4  Bridgeport                                    USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1067.

–1  Hartford                           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1067.

–1  Meriden                            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1043.

–2  New Haven, Oct 5-11      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

–1       “          Oct 12-18        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 973.

–1       “         Oct 20-26        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

–48  165 locales report. Nov              USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1258.

–4  Hartford                           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1181.

–1  Meriden                            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1181.

–3  New Haven, Nov 23-29   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

—  1  Meriden              Dec                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 21.

—  3  New Haven        Dec 7-13         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

—  1  Putnam               Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1261.

—  1     “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

 

Delaware                    (       1)

–1  Newcastle Co.      Dec                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 21.

 

District of Columbia (    124)

–124  Year.  Woodward. Report of the Health Officer to the DC Commissioners. 1895, p. 1058.

–124  O’Malley. “Report of Dr. Austin O’Malley.” Diphtheria and Scarlet Fever Service. 1282

 

Florida                       (       4)

–1  45 counties report. March                        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 386.

–1  45 counties report. July                USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 834.

–2  Tampa                  Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1098.

 

Georgia                      (       3)

–1  Augusta                Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 871.

–1       “                      Oct 19-26        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

–1  Macon                  Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

 

Illinois                        (1,412)            Chicago (1,406)

–1,412                                                Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

—       1  Belleville      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 871.

—       1   “                    Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

–1,406  Chicago         The Year         Jordan. “…Diphtheria…” Phila. Med. Jour., 2-18-1899, 385.

—  34  “            Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 110.

—  13  “            Feb 11-17        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 127.

—  11  “            Feb 18-24        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 127.

—  49  “            Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 18, 266.

—  35  “            Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 366.

—  76  “            Sep                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1258.

–104  “            Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1258.

–140  “            Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 21.

—     1  Galesburg        Aug-Sep          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1007.

—     1  Sterling           Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

—     1  “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

—     1  “                      Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1185.

 

Indiana                       (    27)             Evansville, Indianapolis, Michigan City

–1  Evansville            Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p93.

–1       “                      Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 305.

–2       “                      May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 405.

–1       “                      Sep 16-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 836.

–1       “                      Oct 6-12          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

–1       “                      Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

–1       “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

–1       “                      Nov 24-30       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

–1       “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

–3  Indianapolis         Feb 4-10          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p96.

–1       “                      Feb 11-17        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 128.

–1       “                      Feb 18-24        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 128.

–3       “                      Feb 25-Mar 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 151.

–1       “                      Mar 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

–3       “                      Mar 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 225.

–1       “                      Apr 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 225.

–1       “                      Apr 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

–2       “                      Apr 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

–1       “                      May 6-12        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

–1  Michigan City      Aug 12-18       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 675.

 

Iowa                            (  112)             Boone, Council Bluffs, Davenport/Des Moines/Dubuque

—  2  Boone                 Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 183.

—  4     “                      Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 305.

—  8     “                      Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 428.

—  5     “                      May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 731.

—  2     “                      June                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 731.

—  3     “                      July                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 731.

—  7     “                      Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 971.

–10     “                      Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1151.

—  3  Council Bluffs   Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 183.

—  4     “                      Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 428.

—  2     “                      May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 731.

—  2  Davenport          Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 183.

—  4     “                      Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 223.

—  3     “                      Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 306.

—  1     “                      Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 428.

—  1     “                      July                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 732.

—  2     “                      Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

—  5     “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1258.

—  5  Des Moines        Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 183.

—  1     “                      Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 223.

—  4     “                      Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 428.

—  1     “                      May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 732.

—  2     “                      June                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 732.

—  1     “                      July                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 732.

—  2     “                      Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 971.

—  5     “                      Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 21.

—  2  Dubuque             Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 110.

—  2     “                      Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 223.

—  1     “                      Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 349.

—  1     “                      May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 405.

—  4     “                      Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 901.

—  2     “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1181.

—  1  Mason City        Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 223.

—  1  Muscatine          Sep                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 971.

—  1  Oskaloosa           May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 733.

—  1  Ottumwa            June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 471.

—  3     “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 22.

—  1     “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—  1     “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—  1     “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 24.

—  1  Rock Rapids       Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 306.

 

Kentucky                   (    52)             Louisville (51)

—  2  Louisville           Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p94.

—  1     “                      Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 223.

—  2     “                      May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 405.

—  1     “                      June                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 497.

—  4     “                      July                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 33, 636.

—  1     “                      Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 835.

—  7     “                      Sep                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 940.

–20     “                      Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1068.

–13     “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1258.

—  1  Paducah              Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 837.

 

Louisiana                   (  111)             New Orleans  (110)

–2  New Orleans        Jan 29-Feb 3   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p96.

–1       “                      Feb 4-10          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 112.

–1       “                      Feb 18-24        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 151.

–1       “                      Mar 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 185.

–3       “                      Mar 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

–2       “                      Mar 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 14, 212.

–1       “                      Apr 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

–2       “                      Apr 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 18, 267.

–2       “                      Apr 29-May 5 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 308.

–3       “                      May 6-12        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

–4       “                      May 13-19      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

–5       “                      May 20-26      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

–3       “                      May 27-Jun 2  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

–2       “                      June 3-9          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 408.

–1       “                      June 17-23      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 453.

–2       “                      June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 499.

–3       “                      July 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 524.

–1       “                      July 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 612.

–1       “                      July 29-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 612.

–1       “                      Aug 5-11         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 33, 638.

–2       “                      Aug 12-18       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 675.

–3       “                      Aug 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 706.

–4       “                      Aug 26-Sep 1  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 764.

–2       “                      Sep 2-8            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 801.

–1       “                      Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 837.

–4       “                      Sep 16-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 872.

–2       “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

–7       “                      Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

–3       “                      Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

–3       “                      Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

–3       “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

–6       “                      Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

–6       “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

–6       “                      Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

–4       “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

–5       “                      Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1185.

–3       “                      Dec 2-6           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

–3       “                      Dec 7-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

–2       “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

–1  Shreveport            Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

 

Maine                         (~167)

–~167 (1894-1895 average)              Maine Dept. of Health. Annual Rpt. of…1894-1895, p. 14.

 

Maryland                   (   241)            Baltimore (231)

–231  Baltimore         The Year         Jordan. “…Diphtheria…” Phila. Med. Jour., 2-18-1899, 385.

–15  “              Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 110.

–16  “              Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 167.

–13  “              Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 224.

—  8  “              Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 306.

—  6  “              May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 428.

—  2  “              June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

—  1  “              June 17-23      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 452.

—  2  “              June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 470.

—  9  “              Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

–10  “              Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 4.

—   4  Cumberland      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

—   3    “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

—   3    “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

 

Massachusetts           (1,508)            Boston (878)

–1,508  State. Sec. of Commonwealth of MA. Fifty-Third Report of Births…and Deaths, p. 32.[3]

—   878  Boston           The Year         Jordan. “…Diphtheria…” Phila. Med. Jour., 2-18-1899, 385.

–40                 Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

–43                 Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

–30                 Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

–12                 Dec 16-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

–19                 Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 4.

 

Michigan                    (  181)             Detroit esp.; also Battle Creek, Grand Rapids/West Bay

—  1  Battle Creek       Sep 2-8            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 800.

—  1     “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1069.

—  1     “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

—  8  Detroit                Feb 4-10          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 112.

—  2     “                      Feb 17-24        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 128.

—  1     “                      Feb 25-Mar 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 151.

—  1     “                      Mar 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 168.

—  6     “                      Mar 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 14, 212.

—  4     “                      Apr 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 238.

—  1     “                      Apr 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

—  2     “                      May 22-26      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

—  3     “                      May 27-Jun 2  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—  1     “                      June 3-9          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 407.

—  3     “                      June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 674.

—  4     “                      June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 674.

—  1     “                      July 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 674.

—  2     “                      July 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 674.

—  6     “                      July 29-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 674.

—  2     “                      Aug 5-11         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 674.

—  2     “                      Aug 12-18       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 674.

—  4     “                      Aug 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 705.

—  5     “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 871.

—  2     “                      Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—  5     “                      Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—  6     “                      Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—  7     “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—  8     “                      Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

—  8     “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

–12     “                      Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—  6     “                      Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

–15     “                      Dec 1-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

–10     “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

—  5     “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

—  6     “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

—  1  Flint                    Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—  2  Grand Rapids     Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p95.

—  1     “                      Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 167.

—  1     “                      July 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 523.

—  1     “                      Aug 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 705.

—  1     “                      Sep                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 940.

—  1     “                      Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—  1     “                      Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 973.

—  1     “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—  1     “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

—  1     “                      Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—  1     “                      Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

—  6     “                      Dec                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 22.

“ —  3               Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

“ —  1               Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

“ —  1               Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 24.

—  1  Kalamazoo         Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—  1     “                      Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—  1     “                      Oct 27-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

—  1  Muskegon          July 27-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 33, 638.

—  2  West Bay City    June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 501.

—  1     “                      July 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 501.

—  1     “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

—  1     “                      Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

—  1     “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1276.

—  2     “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1276.

 

Minnesota                  (  167)             Minneapolis/St. Paul especially

–42  State                          Jan           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

–7  Minneapolis                     USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 110.

–34  861 locales reporting. Feb          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 386.

–7  Minneapolis                     USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 184.

–26  935 locales reporting. March     USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 386.

–5  Minneapolis                     USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 237.

–29  898 locales reporting. April       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 672.

–1  Minneapolis, Apr 1-7       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 225.

–1       “          Apr 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

–2       “          Apr 29-May 5 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 285.

–15  935 locales reporting May         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 672.

–4  Minneapolis, May                        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 429.

–2  St. Paul,    May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 429.

—  1  Minneapolis       June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

—  1     “                      June 17-23      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 453.

—  1     “                      July 29-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 612.

—  2     “                      Aug 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 706.

—  2     “                      Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 800.

—  1     “                      Sep 16-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 836.

—  1     “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 872.

—  2     “                      Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

—  5     “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

—  8     “                      Nov

“ —  1               Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

“ —  1               Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

“ —  1               Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

“ —  3               Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

“ —  1               Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

—  1     “                      Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

—  1     “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—  3     “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

—  3  St. Paul               June                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 521.

—  1     “                      Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 869.

—  6     “                      Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1099.

—  6     “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1259.

 

Missouri                     (   481)            St. Louis (379)

–463                                                   Blanchard tally from locality Breakouts below.

—    6  Kansas City      Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 307.

—    5   “                      March             USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 386.

—    6   “                      Sep                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1007.

—    5   “                      Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1099.

—  13   “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1182.

–379  St. Louis           The Year         Jordan. “…Diphtheria…” Phila. Med. Jour., 2-18-1899, 385.

—  18   “                      Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p95.

—  10   “                      Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 167.

—  12   “                      Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 237.

—  17   “                      Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 367.

—    2   “                      June 3-9          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 431.

—    3   “                      June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 431.

—    3   “                      June 17-23      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 453.

—    2   “                      June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 501.

—  62   “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1259.

“ —  19             Nov 17-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

“ —  12             Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1261.

—    6   “                      Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1261.

—  11   “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—  10   “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 24.

 

Nebraska                    (   47)              Omaha

—  1  Omaha                Feb 4-10          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 112.

—  1     “                      Mar 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 168.

—  2     “                      Mar 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

—  3     “                      Mar 25-Apr 7  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 225.

—  1     “                      Apr 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

—  1     “                      Apr 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 18, 267.

—  2     “                      May 6-12        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

—  1     “                      May 13-19      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

—  1     “                      May 20-26      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

—  1     “                      May 27-Jun 2  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 408.

–10     “                      June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 471.

—  2     “                      Sep 2-8            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 801.

—  1     “                      Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 801.

—  3     “                      Sep 16-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 837.

—  4     “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 872.

—  8     “                      Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 4.

“ —  2               Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

“ —  2               Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 974.

“ —  2               Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

—  2     “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—  1     “                      Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—  2     “                      Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

—  1     “                      Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

—  2     “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—  2     “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

 

New Hampshire        (  117)

–117  Statewide         NH State Board of Health. Report of…, 1899, p. 66.[4]

 

New Jersey                (1,294)

–1,294  NJ Board of Health. Thirty-First Annual Report of the Board of Health… 1908, p. 10.[5]

 

New York                   (6,592)            New York City and Brooklyn (2,785)

–6,592  Statewide                              State of New York Dept. of Health. Annual Rpt., p. 541.^[6]

—       2  Auburn          Jan 28-Feb 3   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p96.

–2,785  Brooklyn and New York City

—     86  Brooklyn, NYC Jan 7-13.     USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N3 1-19-1894, 32.

—     88            “          Jan 14-20.       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N4 1-26-1894, 44.

—     69  NYC              Jan 21-27        USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N5, 2-2-1894, 59.

—     18  Brooklyn       Jan 21-27        USMHS. Weekly.…San. Rpts., V.IX, N7, 2-16-1894, 96.

—     26  Brooklyn       Jan 28-Feb 3   USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N7, 2-16-1894, 96.

—     58  NYC              Jan 28-Feb 3  USMHS. Weekly… San. Rpts., V.IX, N6, 2-9-1894,73.

—     19  Brooklyn       Feb 4-9            USMHS. Weekly.…San. Rpts., V.IX, N7, 2-16-1894, 96.

—     19  NYC              Feb 4-10          USMHS. Weekly.…San. Rpts., V.IX, N7, 2-16-1894, 96.

—     20  Brooklyn       Feb 11-17        USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N8, 2-23-1894, 112.

—     47  NYC              Feb 11-17        USMHS. Weekly.…San. Rpts., V.IX, N8, 2-23-1894, 112.

—     23  Brooklyn       Feb 18-24        USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N9, 3-2-1894, 128.

—     58  NYC              Feb 18-24        USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N9, 3-2-1894, 128.

—     26  Brooklyn       Feb 25-Mar 3. USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N10, 3-9-1894, 151.

—     48  NYC              Feb 25-Mar 3. USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N10, 3-9-1894, 151.

—     17  Brooklyn       Mar 4-10         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N11, 3-16-1894, 169.

—     45  NYC              Mar 4-10         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N11, 3-16-1894, 169.

—     18  Brooklyn       Mar 11-17       USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N12, 3-23-1894, 185.

—     40  NYC              Mar 11-17       USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N12, 3-23-1894, 185.

—     17  Brooklyn       Mar 18-24       USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N13, 3-30-1894, 198.

—     53  NYC              Mar 18-24       USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N13, 3-30-1894, 198.

—     24  Brooklyn       Mar 25-31       USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N14, 4-6-1894, 212.

—     54  NYC              Mar 25-31       USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N14, 4-6-1894, 212.

—     22  Brooklyn       Apr 1-7           USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N15, 4-13-1894, 225.

—     52  NYC              Apr 1-7           USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N15, 4-13-1894, 225.

—     25  Brooklyn       Apr 8-14         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N16, 4-20-1894, 238.

—     41  NYC              Apr 8-14         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N16, 4-20-1894, 238.

—     20  Brooklyn       Apr 14-21       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N17, 4-27-1894, 252.

—     62  NYC              Apr 14-21       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N17, 4-27-1894, 252.

—     14  Brooklyn       Apr 22-28       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N18, 5-4-1894, 267.

—     46  NYC              Apr 22-28       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N18, 5-4-1894, 267.

—     21  Brooklyn       Apr 29-May 5 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N19, 5-11-1894, 285.

—     50  NYC              Apr 29-May 5 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N19, 5-11-1894, 285.

—     19  Brooklyn       May 6-12        USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N20, 5-18-1894, 308.

—     56  NYC              May 6-12        USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N20, 5-18-1894, 308.

—     16 Brooklyn        May 13-19      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N21, 5-25-1894, 350.

—     71  NYC              May 13-19     USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N21, 5-25-1894, 350.

—     19  Brooklyn       May 20-26.      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N22, 6-1-1894, 368.

—     56  NYC              May 20-26.      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N22, 6-1-1894, 368.

—     29  Brooklyn       May 27-June 2  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N23, 6-8-1894, 388.

—     68  NYC              May 27-June 2  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N23, 6-8-1894, 388.

—     32  Brooklyn       June 3-9          USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N24, 6-15-1894, 407.

—     54  NYC              June 3-9          USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N24, 6-15-1894, 408.

—     24  Brooklyn       June 10-16      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N25, 6-22-1894, 430.

—     53  NYC              June 10-16      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N25, 6-22-1894, 431.

—     27  Brooklyn       June 17-23      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N26, 6-29-1894, 452.

—     50  NYC              June 17-23      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N26, 6-29-1894, 453.

—     41  Brooklyn       June 23-30      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N27, 7-6-1894, 470.

—     61  NYC              June 23-30      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N27, 7-6-1894, 471.

—     30  Brooklyn       July 1-7           USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N28, 7-13-1894, 499.

—     47  NYC              July 1-7           USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N28, 7-13-1894, 499.

—     30  Brooklyn       July 8-14         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N29, 7-20-1894, 523.

—     49  NYC              July 8-14         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N29, 7-20-1894, 524.

—     21  Brooklyn       July 22-28       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N31, 8-3-1894, 577.

—     38  NYC              July22-28        USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N31, 8-3-1894, 578.

—     23  Brooklyn       July 29-Aug 4 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N32, 8-10-1894, 611.

—     37  NYC              July 29-Aug 4 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N32, 8-10-1894, 612.

—     23  Brooklyn       Aug 5-11         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N33, 8-17-1894, 638.

—     34  NYC              Aug 5-11         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N33, 8-17-1894, 638.

—     19  Brooklyn       Aug 12-18       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N34, 8-24-1894, 674.

—     27  NYC              Aug 12-18       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N34, 8-24-1894, 675.

—     21  Brooklyn       Aug 19-25       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N35, 8-31-1894, 705.

—     36  NYC              Aug 19-25       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N35, 8-31-1894, 706.

—     36  Brooklyn       Nov 3-10         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N46, 11-16-1894,1069

—     37  NYC              Nov 3-10         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N46, 11-16-1894,1069

—     45  Brooklyn       Nov 17-24       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N48, 11-30-1894.1129

—     35  NYC              Nov 17-24       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N48, 11-30-1894.1130

—     29  Brooklyn       Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N49, 12-7-1894, 1152.

—     59  NYC              Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N49, 12-7-1894, 1153.

—     35  Brooklyn       Dec 1-8           USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N50, 12-14-1894,1184

—     29  NYC              Dec 1-8           USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N50, 12-14-1894,1184

—     34  Brooklyn       Dec 8-15         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N51, 12-21-1894,1260

—     42  NYC              Dec 8-15         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N51, 12-21-1894,1260

—     31  Brooklyn       Dec 15-22       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N52, 12-28-1894,1274

—     39  NYC              Dec 15-22       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N52, 12-28-1894,1274

—       7  Buffalo          Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 127.

—     25       “                Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1259.

—       4  Rochester      Feb 4-10          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p96.

 

North Carolina (  10)

–2  State                     Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 150.

–1  29 locales report. Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 386.

–3  30 locales report. Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 870.

–2  29 locales report. Sep                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1068.

–1  Winston                Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 801.

–1  30 locales report. Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

 

Ohio               (    636)                       Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dayton, Ashtabula, Toledo, et al.

–636                                                   Blanchard tally from breakouts below.

–131  State, croup/diphtheria, Jan.    USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p95.

–11  Cleveland                       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p95.

—  2  Dayton                            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p95.

—  2  Toledo    Jan 13-26        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p96.

—  83  137 locales reporting[7]  Feb      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 251.

–14  Cincinnati                       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 150.

–11  Cleveland

—  6  Dayton                            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 167.

—  2  Toledo    Jan 29-Feb 5   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p96.

—  1  Toledo    Feb 11-17        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 112.

—    1  Ashtabula         Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

—    1   “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1068.

—    1   “                      Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

—  13   “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

—    7   “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

—    3   “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 4.

—  20  Cincinnati        Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 224.

—  25   “                      Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 285.

—    5   “                      Apr 27-May 3 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 284.

—    3   “                      May 4-11        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 308.

—    2   “                      May 12-19      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

—    3   “                      May 20-26      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

—    3   “                      May 27-Jun 1  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—    2   “                      June 3-9          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 407.

—    4   “                      June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

—    4   “                      June 17-23      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 452.

—    1   “                      June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 470.

—    2   “                      July 7-13         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 523.

—    4   “                      July 14-20       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 30, 548.

—    2   “                      July 26-Aug 3 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 611.

—    4   “                      Aug 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 673.

—    1   “                      Aug 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 705.

—    4   “                      Aug 25-31       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 733.

—    2   “                      Sep 1-7            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 763.

—    2   “                      Sep 8-14          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 800.

—    6   “                      Sep 15-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 836.

—    5   “                      Sep 23-28        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 871.

—    7   “                      Sep 29-Oct 5   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

—    5   “                      Oct 6-12          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—    4  “                      Oct 13-19        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 973.

—    7   “                      Oct 20-26        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—    5   “                      Nov 3-9           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1069.

—    6   “                      Nov 10-16       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—    3   “                      Nov 17-23       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

—    4   “                      Dec 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

—    4   “                      Dec 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

—    3   “                      Dec 22-27       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

—  11  Cleveland         Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 224.

—    9  “                      Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 284.

—    1   “                      Apr 28-May 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 285.

—    3   “                      May 5-12        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

—    2  “                      May 13-19      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

—    6   “                      June                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 499.

—    3   “                      July 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 499.

—    4  “                      July 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 523.

—    5   “                      July 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 30, 548.

—    1   “                      July 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 31, 577.

—    2   “                      Aug 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 705.

—    6   “                      Aug 26-Sep 1  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 733.

—    5   “                      Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 800.

—    1   “                      Sep 16-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 836.

—    2   “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 871.

—    2   “                      Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—    3   “                      Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—    4   “                      Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 973.

—    4   “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—    3   “                      Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

—    1   “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1069.

—    3   “                      Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—    4   “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

—    1   “                      Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

—    5   “                      Dec                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 23.

“ –3                 Dec 14-20       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

—    1  Columbus         June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

—    1   “                      Aug 12-18       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 673.

—    1   “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 871.

—    1   “                      Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—    2   “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—    1   “                      Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

—    5   “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1069.

—    3   “                      Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—    1   “                      Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

—    2   “                      Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

—    4   “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

—    2   “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

—    8  Dayton              Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 224.

—  15   “                      May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 387.

—    1   “                      June 8-14        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

—    3   “                      June 15-21      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 452.

—    1   “                      June 22-28      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 470.

—    6   “                      July                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 704.

—    9   “                      Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 799.

—    3   “                      Sep 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 836.

—    2   “                      Sep 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 836.

—    4   “                      Sep 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 871.

—  13   “                      Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1043.

—    2   “                      Nov 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1069.

—    1   “                      Nov 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—    1   “                      Nov 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

—    2   “                      Nov 30-Dec 6 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

—    1   “                      Dec 7-13         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

—    2   “                      Dec 14-20       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

—    1   “                      Dec 21-27       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

—    1  Greenville        July 26-Aug 3 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 611.

—    1  Hamilton          July                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 611.

—    1   “                      Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 973.

—    2   “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1259.

—    1  Ironton              Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—    1  Mansfield         Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1182.

—    1   “                      Dec                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 23.

—    1  Martins Ferry   Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

—    1   “                      Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

—    1   “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—    1  Massillon         June 11-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

—    1   “                      July 27-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 612.

—    1   “                      Aug 18-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 705.

—    1   “                      Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 800.

—    1   “                      Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

—    2   “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

—    2   “                      Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

—    1   “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

—    1  Middletown      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—    2  Tiffin                June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 471.

—    1   “                      July 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 31, 578.

—    1   “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 872.

—    1   “                      Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 974.

—    3   “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

—    1   “                      Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

—    1   “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

—    1   “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

—    2  Toledo              Apr 28-May 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 285.

—    1   “                      May 5-11        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 308.

—    2   “                      May 12-18      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

—    1   “                      May 19-25      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

—    8   “                      Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 798.

—    4   “                      Sep 22-28        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 872.

—    1   “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1273.

—    1  Youngstown     Mar 16-23       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

—    1   “                      May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 387.

—    2   “                      Dec 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1185.

 

Pennsylvania (1,725)            Philadelphia (1,452)

–1,725  Total from reporting locales. Blanchard tally from locality breakouts below.

—       1  Allegheny[8]    June 7-23        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 452.

—       3     “                  June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 470.

—       3      “                 July 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 31, 577.

—       1      “                 July 29-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 611.

—       2      “                 Aug 5-11         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 33, 638.

—       1      “                 Aug 12-18       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 673.

—       2      “                 Aug 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 705.

—       1      “                 Aug 26-Sep 1  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 36, 733.

—       1      “                 Sep 2-8            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 763.

—       3      “                 Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 800.

—       1      “                 Sep 16-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 836.

—       3      “                 Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 871.

—       2      “                 Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

—       1      “                 Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 943.

—       2      “                 Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 973.

—       2      “                 Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—       3      “                 Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

—       1      “                 Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1100.

—       2      “                 Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

—       1      “                 Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

—       3      “                 Dec 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

—       1      “                 Dec 11-15       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

—       2      “                 Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

—       1  Allentown     May 27-Jun 2  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—       1  Altoona         Sep 2-8            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 763.

—       2      “                 Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 800.

—       2      “                 Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 973.

—       1      “                 Oct 27-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

—       1      “                 Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

—       3  Beaver Falls  Dec 5-11         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

—       1  Braddock       Aug 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 673

—       1  Bradford        June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 499.

—       2  Chester          Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—       1     “                  Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1069.

—       2  Erie                Feb 11-17        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 128.

—       2     “                  Feb 18-24        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 151.

—       4     “                  Feb 28-Mar 6  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 168.

—       2     “                  Apr 30-May 7 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 308.

—       1     “                  May 6-12        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—       1     “                  June 11-17      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

—       1     “                  Sep 2-8            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 800.

—       1     “                  Sep 11-17        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 836.

—       1     “                  Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

—       1     “                  Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

—       1    “                   Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

—       1  Harrisburg     July 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 31, 577.

—       1  Hazleton        Aug 12-18       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 763.

—       1            “          Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

—       1  McKeesport  Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—       2  Norristown    July 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 30, 549.

—       1            “          Aug 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 706.

—       2            “          Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 801.

—       1            “          Sep 16-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 837.

—       1            “          Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 974.

—       1            “          Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

—       1            “          Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

—       1            “          Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

—       1            “          Dec 1-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1185.

—       1            “          Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

–1,452  Philadelphia  The Year         Jordan. “…Diphtheria…” Phila. Med. Jour., 2-18-1899, 385.

–14     “          Jan 28-Feb 3   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p96.

–13     “          Feb 11-17        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 128.

–13     “          Feb 18-24        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 151.

–11     “          Mar 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 185.

–17     “          Mar 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

–13     “          Mar 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 14, 212.

–19     “          Mar 25-31       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 225.

–18     “          Apr 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 238.

–22     “          Apr 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

—  ?      “          Apr 15-21       No report.

–11     “          Apr 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 285.

—  ?      “          Apr 29-May 5 No report.

—  ?      “          May 6-12        No report.

–14     “          May 13-19      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

–16     “          May 20-26      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

–16     “          May 27-Jun 2  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

–19     “          July 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 524.

–34     “          Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

–42     “          Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

–33     “          Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1185.

—      8  Pittsburgh       Feb 11-17        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 128.

—      4             “          Feb 18-24        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 151.

—      2             “          Feb 25-Mar 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 168.

—      2             “          Mar 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

—      2             “          Mar 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 14, 212.

—      2             “          Apr 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 238.

—      2             “          Apr 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

—      1             “          Apr 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 18, 267.

—      2             “          Apr 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 285.

—      2             “          Apr 29-May 5 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 308.

—      2             “          May 6-12        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—      3             “          May 13-19      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

—      1             “          May 20-26      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—      1             “          May 27-Jun 2  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—      3             “          June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 431.

—      3             “          June 17-23      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 453.

—      2             “          June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 471.

—      3             “          July 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 30, 549.

—      1             “          July 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 31, 578.

—      1             “          July 29-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 612.

—      4             “          Aug 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 706.

—      1             “          Sep 2-8            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 837.

—      3             “          Sep 9-15          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 837.

—      2             “          Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

—      3             “          Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

—      3             “          Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

—      5             “          Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

—      3             “          Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

—      1  Pottstown       Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

—      1  Pottsville        Aug 12-18       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 675.

—      1      “                 Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

—      2  Reading          May 22-28      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

—      1      “                 May 29-Jun 4  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—      1      “                 June 4-11        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 408.

—      1      “                 June 19-25      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 453.

—      3      “                 July 2-9           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 501.

—      2      “                 July 10-16       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 30, 549.

—      1      “                  July 17-23       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 30, 549.

—      1      “                 July 31-Aug 6 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 612.

—      2      “                 Aug 21-27       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 706.

—      2      “                 Sep 4-10          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 764.

—      1      “                 Sep 18-24        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 837.

—      1      “                 Oct 1-7            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

—      1      “                 Oct 8-14          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

—      2      “                 Oct 15-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 974.

—      1      “                 Oct 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

—      1      “                 Oct 30-Nov 5  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

—      4      “                 Nov 6-12         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—      5      “                 Nov 13-19       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—    17      “                 Nov 28-Dec 3 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

—      6      “                 Dec 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1185.

—      7      “                 Dec 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1261.

—      4      “                 Dec 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—      5      “                 Dec 25-31       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 24.

—      1  Scranton         July 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 524.

—      1      “                 Aug 12-18       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 675.

—      1      “                 Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 872.

—      2      “                 Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

—      1      “                 Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

—      1      “                 Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 974.

—      2      “                 Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

—      1      “                 Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—      2      “                 Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—      1      “                 Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

—      2      “                 Dec 1-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1185.

—      2      “                 Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—      2      “                 Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—      1  Shamokin       July 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 524.

—      1      “                 Aug 12-19       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 675.

—      1      “                 Sep 17-23        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

—      2      “                 Sep 24-30        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 945.

—      2      “                 Oct 8-14          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 974.

—      1  Titusville        Aug 5-11         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 34, 676.

—      1  Williamsport  Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 150.

—      2      “                 Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 224.

—      2      “                 Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 284.

—      1      “                 May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 406.

—      1      “                 June                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 499.

—      1      “                 July                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 32, 611.

—      3      “                 Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1068.

 

Rhode Island (     59)

—  1  Providence         Feb 4-10          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p96.

—  3     “                      Feb 11-17        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 112.

–13  37 towns report. March             USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 307.

–1 Providence Mar 4-10        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 168.

–3       “          Mar 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 185.

–1       “          Mar 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

–1       “          Mar 25-31       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 14, 212.

–13  37 towns report. April               USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 451.

–1 Providence Apr 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 17, 252.

–5       “          Apr 29-May 5 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 285.

—  2  37 towns report. July                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

—  2  Newport             June 3-9          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 408.

—  1     “                      June 11-17      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

—  1     “                      June 18-24      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 453.

—  1     “                      Oct 6-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

—  1     “                      Dec 1-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1185.

—  1  Providence         May 6-12        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 308.

—  1     “                      May 13-19      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

—  2     “                      May 27-Jun 2  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—  1     “                      June 3-9          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 408.

—  2     “                      June 17-23      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 453.

—  1     “                      June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 471.

—  1     “                      Sep 16-22        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 39, 837.

—  1     “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 872.

—  3     “                      Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

—  1     “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

—  3     “                      Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—  1     “                      Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1153.

—  1     “                      Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1185.

—  1     “                      Dec 16-22       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1275.

—  1     “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

 

South Carolina (    1)

–1  Charleston                        Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1100.

 

South Dakota (       2)

–1  Sioux Falls           Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

–1       “                      Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1261.

 

Tennessee       (     27)                        Memphis, Nashville, Knoxville

–4  State                     Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 150.

–3  8 towns reporting Mar                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 18, 266.

–1  Memphis  Mar 11-18       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 185.

–1  Knoxville             Aug 26-Sep 1  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 763.

–1  Memphis              May 20-26      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

–1       “                      Aug                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 762.

–1       “                      Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 42, 944.

–1       “                      Oct 21-27        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1008.

–5       “                      Nov                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 4.

“ –1                Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

“ –1                Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

“ –1                Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

“ –1                Nov 25-Dec 1 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

–1       “                      Dec 2-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

–1       “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1260.

–1       “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 1, p. 6.

–1  Nashville              Apr 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 238.

–1       “                      May 18-24      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

–1       “                      June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

–1       “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 40, 872.

–1       “                      Sep 30-Oct 6   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 904.

–1       “                      Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 973.

–1       “                      Oct 27-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1045.

–1       “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

 

Texas              (     15)                        Fort Worth, Galveston, Paris, El Paso, Houston

–1  El Paso                 July 27-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 33, 638.

–3  Fort Worth           June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

–1       “                      Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

–1       “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N49, 1152.

–1       “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

–2       “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 24.

–1  Galveston             Mar 9-16         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

–1       “                      Nov 20-26       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1129.

–1       “                      Nov 24-30       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1274.

–1  Houston                July 15-21       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 31, 577.

–1  Paris                     Aug 1-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 706.

–1       “                      Aug 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 35, 706.

 

Utah                (       4)

–1  Salt Lake City      Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 167.

–1       “                      July 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 30, 549.

–1       “                      Aug 26-Sep 1  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 37, 764.

–1       “                      Dec 1-8           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N51, 1261.

 

Vermont         (       1)

–1  Bennington           Nov 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1100.

 

Virginia          (       3)

–2  Norfolk                 Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 307.

–1  Richmond             Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1046.

 

Washington   (       3)

–1  Seattle                  Feb                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 184.

–1       “                      Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

–1  Spokane                June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 453.

 

Wisconsin      (   272)            Milwaukee (247)

–272                                                   Blanchard tally from breakouts below

—    1  Manitowoc       Nov 19-25       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N50, 1184.

–247  Milwaukee       The Year         Jordan. “…Diphtheria…” Phila. Med. Jour., 2-18-1899, 385.

–12     “          Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 7, p95.

—  3     “          Feb 4-10          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 112.

—  5     “          Feb 11-17        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 8, 112.

—  3     “          Feb 18-24        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No. 9, 128.

—  1     “          Feb 25-Mar 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 10, 151.

—  2     “          Mar 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 11, 168.

—  1     “          Mar 11-17       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 12, 185.

—  2     “          Mar 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 13, 197.

—  2     “          Mar 25-31       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 14, 212.

—  5     “          Apr 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 15, 225.

—  2     “          Apr 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 16, 238.

—  2     “          Apr 22-28       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 18, 267.

–24     “          May                 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 407.

“ –3    Apr 29-May 5 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 285.

“ –1     May 6-12        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 20, 308.

“ –3    May 13-19      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 21, 350.

“ –2    May 20-26      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 22, 368.

“ –4    May 27-Jun 2  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 23, 388.

—  4     “          June 3-9          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 24, 408.

—  7     “          June 10-16      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 430.

—  9     “          June 17-23      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 26, 453.

—  4     “          June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 470.

—  4     “          July 1-7           USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 499.

—  1     “          July 8-14         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 29, 523.

—  2  Racine                Jan                   USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 14, 211.

—  2     “                      Apr                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 19, 284.

—  2     “                      June 12-18      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 25, 431.

—  1     “                      June 24-30      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 27, 471.

—  1     “                      Oct                  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N45, 1043.

—  1     “                      Nov 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N48, 1130.

—  1  Superior             June 17-23      USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 28, 501.

—  1     “                      July 28-Aug 4 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 33, 638.

—  2     “                      Sep 2-8            USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 38, 801.

—  1     “                      Sep 23-29        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 41, 905.

—  3     “                      Oct 7-13          USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N. 43, 974.

—  1     “                      Oct 14-20        USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N44, 1009.

—  1     “                      Oct 28-Nov 3  USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N46, 1070.

—  3     “                      Nov 4-10         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N47, 1101.

—  1     “                      Dec 9-15         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, N52, 1276.

—  1     “                      Dec 23-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. X, N 2, p. 24.

 

Narrative Information

 

O’Malley on DC: “In a population of 270,514, of which 183,516 are white and 86,998 (32.16 per cent) are colored, there were 124 deaths from diphtheria. Of these 91 were among the white population and 33 among the colored. There were 23 deaths reported as from croup, 10 from nontuberculous laryngitis, 2 from pharyngitis, 6 from tonsillitis, and 9 from thrush,^[9] making 50 deaths in all, of which at least 95 per cent [47.5] should be reckoned with the mortality from diphtheria….The general mortality from diphtheria during he past year was less than it has been at any time since the fiscal year 1988-89….These favorable results are due in part to improved methods of disinfection and isolation, and to the almost general use of antitoxine by the physicians of the District since about the middle of last February….” (p. 1282)

 

Diphtheria Background

 

CDC: “Diphtheria is a serious disease caused by a toxin (poison) made by bacteria. It causes a thick coating in the back of the nose or throat that makes it hard to breathe or swallow. It can be deadly. The DTaP vaccine protects against diphtheria…. Diphtheria starts like a cold, with sore throat, mild fever (101 degrees or less), and chills.  Next, the diphtheria toxin makes a thick coating on the back of the nose or throat. It may be blue or grayish green. The coating makes it hard to breathe or swallow… The coating on the throat can get so thick that it blocks the airway, so the person can’t breathe.

 

“The diphtheria toxin can attack the heart, causing abnormal heart rhythms and even heart failure. It can also attack the nerves, which leads to paralysis (unable to move parts of the body). About 1 out of 10 people who get diphtheria dies. In children younger than 5 years, as many as 1 out of 5 children who get diphtheria dies.

 

“How does diphtheria spread?  Diphtheria spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes. A person can spread the disease for up to 2 weeks after infection.

 

“What is the DTaP vaccine? The DTaP vaccine is a shot that combines the vaccines for diphtheria and two other serious diseases: tetanus and whooping cough (pertussis). The vaccine helps the body to build up protection against the diphtheria toxin.  Most children (about 97 children out of 100) who get all doses of the vaccine will be protected against diphtheria….”  (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines and Immunizations. “Diphtheria – Fact Sheet for Parents.” 7-8-2013 update.)

 

Diphtheria, Guilfoile: “Origin of the Term ‘Diphtheria.’ The French physician Pierre Bretonneau performed autopsies on many people who had died of what we now call diphtheria. He noted that a common feature of these victims was that they all had a growth, called a pseudomembrane, in their upper respiratory tract. In 1826, he  first used the term ‘diphtherite,’ after the Greek word meaning ‘leather or hide,’ based on the leather-like appearance of the pseudomembrane. The term was subsequently modified to ‘diphtheria’ in the 1850s.” (p. 11)

 

“In contrast with nasal diphtheria, respiratory diphtheria is a very serious disease. Prior to the development of effective medical treatments, about half the people who developed symptoms of respiratory diphtheria died. In children who have diphtheria, the bacteria grow primarily in the upper and lower throat.”  (p. 14.) (Guilfoile, Patrick G. Diphtheria (Deadly Diseases and Epidemics series). NY: Chelsea House, an imprint of Infobase Publishing, 2009. Google digital preview at: http://books.google.com/books?id=tzVqM-JUnW8C&dq=diphtheria&source=gbs_navlinks_s )

 

Staples:  “The history of diphtheria is not confined to modern times. According to Dr. Greenhow, of London, whose excellent monograph on this disease appeared in 1861, diphtheria prevailed in Spain, Italy, Sicily and other European countries, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It visited England, France, Italy, Sweden, Holland, Germany, and North America, about the middle of the last century. Oertel writes in Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia: ‘Diphtheria is one of the oldest epidemic diseases of the human race. Even Homer and Hippocrates advanced views from which Bretonneau first sought to prove that the disease was known in those times under the name ‘Malum Ægyptiacum,’ as a disease greatly to be feared.’ According to the same author, Aretaeus, writing at the close of the first and the beginning of the second century after Christ, accurately describes the Malum Ægyptiacum, specially emphasizing the fact that in the disease the tonsils are covered with a certain dense white ‘humore’ which spreads over the tongue and gums. Writers in the later centuries give the disease under various names, and evidently confounded it with other malignant affections of the throat; yet the description of the character and situation of the local disease given by the older writers – the white, ashy and putrid exudation, in fatal cases so loathsome that even the patients themselves can not endure it; the disease often extending to the air tubes and causing death by suffocation; the class of persons most liable to the disease, children who have not yet reached the age of puberty; its uncertain attack and advance – all this affords abundant evidence that the disease of the ancients was identical with the diphtheria of our own time..

 

“The name diphtheria was first given by Bretonneau, of Tours, France, in 1821. This distinguished Frenchman first made accurate investigations into the nature of the disease, and, because of its essential characteristic, the exudation, he gave it the name, in French, diphtherite, from the Greek diphtheria, a pellicle.^[10]

 

“The investigations and views of Bretonneau were first published in the form of two treatises presented to the French Academy of Medicine. He at first insisted that diphtheria must be considered as wholly a local disease^[11]. He was obliged at a later period to concede that a blood poisoning is one of its essential characteristics – (Oertel.).

 

“In 1820, Dr. Thomas Brown presented a paper on diphtheria to the Glasgow Medical Society, and in 1825, Dr. McKenzie published two papers in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, in which views were expressed similar to what Bretonneau published the year following. It is true, however, that the medical profession at large, at this time and for many years afterward, had little knowledge and less practical interest in the disease, whose existence and character was known only in a few scientific essays.

 

“Almost all knowledge of the Malum Ægyptiacum of Aretaeus of the first century, of the Garrotillo or Morbus Suffocans of Villa Real, Foutecha and Herrera of Spain, in the seventeenth century, the sore throat described by Chomel of France, and by Fothergil, Starr and Huxham of England, and by Samuel Bard in North America, in the middle of the eighteenth century, and even the diphtherite of M. Bretonneau, early in the present century, had passed from the memory of man, and the world for several generations had known little of diphtheria, when the great outbreak of the disease occurred at Boulogne in 1855. In this beginning of epidemic diphtheria of our own time, according to Dr. Greenhow, there were in Boulogne in the months of January, February and March, 366 deaths; 341 of which were of children under ten years of age. During the year, the disease appeared in various parts of France.

 

“The epidemic first appeared in England in the early autumn of 1856. The first cases were in the town of Spaulding, in Lincolnshire. In 1857 the disease was in London. Concerning the method of the progress of the epidemic, Dr. Greenhow remarks: ‘It is at least an important point in the history of the epidemic, to have ascertained that it began, to all appearances, spontaneously in several centers, sufficiently remote from one another to prove their complete independence. Another feature noticeable in the spread of the epidemic n London, as well as in other parts of England and on the continent, that has peculiar interest is, that the epidemic influence often produced its effect in various ways short of causing the complete and malignant forms of the disease. There was for some months previous to the introduction of what was regarded as true diphtheria, a peculiar sore throat prevalent, unattended either by ulceration or exudation, and scarlet fever prevailing about that time had unusual features as regards the character of the throat disease; there was an unusual depression of the vital powers. An epidemic of catarrhal fever^[12] prevailed in the autumn of the same year, almost exclusively limited to children; and this also was attended and followed by an unusual amount of depression….

 

“In closing this outline sketch of the history of diphtheria, I desire to quote briefly from a lecture by Dr. Alonzo Clark in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, published in 1861, giving the opinion of the author concerning the future of the disease. Dr. Clark says: “I must now add that diphtheria, though an epidemic affection, is not, like cholera or yellow fever, a disease of a single season, at least so far as relates to a state or country. It often has a limited duration in villages and among a scattered population, but in large towns, and in the country at large, there is much reason to apprehend that, once established, it will continue for years.”  (Staples. “Report on Diphtheria,” pp. 27-29 in MN State Board of Health. Seventh Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Minnesota, January, 1879. Minneapolis: Johnson, Smith & Harrison, 1879.)

 

University of Illinois at Chicago: “Diphtheria is a highly contagious disease caused by a bacillus (Corynebacterium diphtheriae).  The disease is spread from person to person by coughing, breathing, direct contact, or through contaminated food. Upon infection, the ailment normally breaks out after a brief incubation period of two to four days. Symptoms of the illness include a sore throat, fever, hoarseness, swollen neck glands causing a “bull-neck” appearance, and difficulty in swallowing and breathing. A grayish membrane often forms in the throat and, if it continues to grow, can interfere with swallowing. If it extends to the windpipe, it can block air and cause suffocation.

 

“If untreated, the diphtheria bacteria produces a powerful poison, or toxin, that spreads throughout the body and can cause pneumonia, paralysis and heart failure. Treatment consists of immediate administration of diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment usually renders the patient non-infectious within 24 hours. Even with treatment, however, the disease can be fatal, killing 5 percent to 10 percent of diphtheria patients. Untreated, the disease claims even more lives — 25 percent to 50 percent. Untreated patients are infectious for two to three weeks. Unless, immunized, children and adults may repeatedly be infected with the disease.

 

“Diphtheria is undoubtedly an old malady. In historical accounts, however, it is very difficult to separate the disease from other throat conditions, such as scarlet fever, which also had serious consequences. One of the earliest accounts of diphtheria is found in the Hippocratic work Epidemics III, which was written 2,500 years ago. Another early description of the disease was recorded about 1,900 years ago by Arateus of Cappadocia, a Greek physician, who practiced medicine in Rome. Arateus called the ailment ulcers of the tonsils. He observed that if the ulcers spread to the windpipe it resulted in suffocation. Arateus accurately observed, ‘the manner of death is most piteous; pain sharp and hot as from a carbuncle; respiration bad, for their breath smells strongly of putrefaction, as they inhale the same again into their chest; fever acute, thirst as if from fire, and yet they do not desire drink for fear of the pain it would occasion…’ During the Middle Ages, there was little written about the disease.

 

“The first recorded epidemic of diphtheria in America occurred in colonial New England in 1735. It lasted almost five years and caused the deaths of 5,000 persons, or 2.5 percent of the total population. In towns across western Massachusetts and New Hampshire many families lost all their children to this terrible sickness….

 

“Although diphtheria was primarily a disease of children, adults also suffered and died from it. The most famous adult of the 18th century to die from diphtheria was George Washington. The former president died at his Mount Vernon home in 1799 from asphyxia from a severely swollen

throat caused by the ailment….

 

“Between 1850 and 1860, for the first time in recorded history, there was a severe worldwide

epidemic, or pandemic, of diphtheria….

 

“Much of the confusion over the cause of the disease occurred because no one at the time [up to 1880s] recognized the existence of healthy diphtheria carriers, individuals who are apparently well but harbor the diphtheria bacillus in their nose and throat. These diphtheria carriers were a major source of the illness, accounting for as much as 75 percent of the cases of the disease.” (University of Illinois at Chicago. “4. Diphtheria,” pp. 49-60.)

 

Sources

 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines and Immunizations. “Diphtheria – Fact Sheet for Parents.” 7-8-2013 update. Accessed 8-27-2013 at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/diphtheria/fs-parents.html

 

Jordan, Edwin O. “The Death-Rate from Diphtheria in the Large Cities of the United States.” Philadelphia Medical Journal, Vol. III, Jan-June, 1899. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Medical Publishing Co., 1899. Google preview accessed 12-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=4FYcAQAAMAAJ&ppis=_e&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

Maine State Board of Health. Ninth Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Maine for the Two Years ending December 31, 1895, 1894-1895. Augusta: Kennebec Journal Print, 1897. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=JHPRW7BBQlgC&ppis=_e&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

New Jersey Board of Health. Thirty-First Annual Report of the Board of Health of the State of New Jersey, 1907, and Annual Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics. Trenton: John L. Murphy Publishing Co., 1908. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=XDAcX3uIVssC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

New York State Department of Health. Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the State Department of Health of New York For the Year Ending December 31, 1917 (Vol. 1). Albany: J. B. Lyon Co., 1918. Google preview accessed 6-3-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=XE49AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

O’Malley, Austin, M.D., Diphtheria and Scarlet Fever Service. “Report of Dr. Austin O’Malley.” Beginning at p. 1282 in Annual Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1895. Washington: Gov. Printing Office, 1895. Accessed 2-16-2015 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=ymE3AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Fifty-Third Report of Births, Marriages, and Deaths in the Commonwealth; Returns of Libels for Divorce, and Returns of Deaths Investigated by the Medical Examiners, for the Year 1894. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1895. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=12&ved=2ahUKEwjXnM-Mt8LmAhWiiOAKHTFbAzgQFjALegQIBBAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F43755%2Focm01756806-1894.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&usg=AOvVaw0eKIjXEslYMKUc7uNw1loc

 

Staples, Franklin, M.D. “Report on Diphtheria,” pp. 27-29 in Minnesota State Board of Health. Seventh Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Minnesota, January, 1879. Minneapolis: Johnson, Smith & Harrison, 1879. Google digitized at:

http://books.google.com/books?id=10VNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false )

 

State of New Hampshire. Reports, 1897-1898, Volume II. – Biennial. Manchester, NJ: Arthur E. Clarke, Public Printer, 1899. (Includes Report of the Board of Health.) Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=OHU9AQAAMAAJ&ppis=_e&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

United States Marine Hospital Service, Treasury Department. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, Vol. IX, No’s 1-52,1895. Digitized by Google at:  http://books.google.com/books?id=DCw9AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Abstract+of+Sanitary+Reports&cd=2#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

University of Illinois at Chicago. “4. Diphtheria,” pp. 49-60.

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ALEJFHVbhcoJ:www.uic.edu/sph/prepare/courses/ph500/resources/diphtheria.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us )

 

Woodward, Wm. C., M.D. Report of the Health Officer to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1895. Beginning at p. 1055 in Annual Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1895. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895. Accessed 2-15-2015 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=ymE3AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

 

 

 

 

[1] This is only a tally of the deaths we have noted from sources. There would have been more diphtheria deaths.

[2] Diphtheria and croup.

[3] Table IX. – Causes of Death.

[4] Table No. 8. Diphtheria and croup, deaths from, by age periods, from 1884-1897, inclusive.

[5] “Table 6. – Showing Number of Deaths in New Jersey from Certain Classified Diseases for Twenty-Eight Years, 1879-1906.”

[6] From: Table 19 — Movement of mortality from certain important causes of death in New York State, showing the annual number of deaths and death rates per 100,000 population: 1885-1917.

[7] Croup and diphtheria.

[8] The City of Allegheny was annexed into Pittsburgh in 1907.

[9] An infection of the mouth caused by the candida fungas. (WebMD)

[10] “A thin skin or film on the surface of a liquid.” (American Heritage Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Co., 2004; quoted in TheFreeDictionary.com.

[11] Local, in the sense, we believe, of localized at a location in the body.

[12] “Old term for the group of respiratory tract diseases including common cold, influenza, and lobular and lobar pneumonia.” Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, 2012; quoted in TheFreeDictionary.com.