19th Century

–30-40  Baker, Leonard. John Marshall: A Life in Law. 1974, p. 180.

—     35  Associated Press.  “Gov. ‘Pardons’ Gabriel’s Rebellion Slave,” August 31, 2007.

—     27  Wikipedia.  “Gabriel Prosser.”

Narrative Information

Associated Press, 2007: “Gabriel Prosser, who was hanged for leading a failed slave revolt in 1800, has won a symbolic gubernatorial pardon.

“Prosser and 34 supporters were executed in Richmond on Aug. 30, 1800, after two slaves revealed the planned uprising in Richmond, known as Gabriel’s Rebellion.

“In an informal pardon, Gov. Timothy M. Kaine said Prosser was motivated by “his devotion to the ideals of the American Revolution – It was worth risking death to secure liberty.”  “Gabriel’s cause — the end of slavery and the furtherance of equality of all people — has prevailed in the light of history,” Kaine wrote to the Virginia chapter of the NAACP, which sought the pardon. “It is important to acknowledge that history favorably regards Gabriel’s cause while consigning legions who sought to keep him and others in chains to be forgotten.”

“Prosser promoted an uprising by thousands of slaves 31 years before the better-known Nat Turner insurrection in Southampton County.

“Gabriel’s Rebellion was snuffed out by Gov. James Monroe, the future president, who was tipped off by a slaveholder. Prosser and his followers were hanged….”  (AP.  “Gov. ‘Pardons’ Gabriel’s Rebellion Slave,” Aug 31, 2007.)

 Baker: “The same kind of catastrophe [1791 slave revolt, French Santo Domingo] nearly happened in Richmond one hot night at the end of August 1n 1800. The details are not exact, having been mutilated somewhat by hyperbole over the years. But apparently a slave calling himself General Gabriel did organize an insurrection and plan an attack on the city of Richmond. His purpose was to take the town and then rouse the other blacks in the state to revolt. How many slaves were actually with him at the beginning is a matter of dispute, with estimates ranging anywhere from fifty to five thousand. But undoubtedly there was a sufficient number of blacks armed with scythes, swards, guns, and whatever other weapons they could gather to threaten the city. The city was saved from attack only because a torrential downpour made all roads and bridges impassable and because at least one and possibly two slaves alerted the whites to the plot. The city quickly armed itself, and the insurrection ended before it had really begun. The accounts say that thirty or forty slaves were hanged for their roles in the revolt, including Gabriel.” (Baker, Leonard. John Marshall: A Life in Law. 1974, p. 180.)[1]

 Wikipedia: “Gabriel (1776–October 10, 1800), today commonly if incorrectly known as Gabriel Prosser, was a literate enslaved blacksmith who planned and led a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of 1800. Governor James Monroe and the state militia suppressed the rebellion. Gabriel and 26 other enslaved people who participated were hanged. In reaction, the Virginia and other legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as the education, movement and hiring out of the enslaved.

“In 2002 the City of Richmond passed a resolution in honor of Gabriel on the 202nd anniversary of the rebellion.”  (Wikipedia.  “Gabriel Prosser.”)

 Sources

 Associated Press. “Gov. ‘Pardons’ Gabriel’s Rebellion Slave.” 8-31-2007. Accessed at:  http://www.bookrags.com/news/gov-pardons-gabriels-rebellion-moc/

 Baker, Leonard. John Marshall: A Life in Law. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1974.

 Wikipedia. “Gabriel Prosser.” 8-20-2009 at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser

 

 [1] Cites: Stanard, Mary Newton. Richmond: Its People and Its Story (Philadelphia, 1923) pp. 82-85; W. Asbury Christian, Richmond — Her Past and Present (Richmond, 1912), pp. 52-53; and Winthrop D. Jordan. White Over Black (Chapel Hill, ND, 1968), p. 393.

–68  Link. The Vaccine Controversy: The History, Use, and Safety of Vaccinations. 2005, p. 23.

 

Narrative Information

 

Link: “Marblehead, Massachusetts, 1800. In July 1800, Jenner[1]…sent a sample of smallpox vaccine to Benjamin Waterhouse in Marblehead Massachusetts. The community was smallpox free, but Waterhouse initiated a vaccination program. At first all went well, but as the summer wore on, more and more severe reactions occurred. By October a frank smallpox epidemic gripped the town and killed sixty-eight of its residents. In retrospect, it appears that the vaccine that Jenner gave to Waterhouse contained an attenuated smallpox virus that reverted to full virulence.”

 

Source

 

Link, Kurt, MD. The Vaccine Controversy: The History, Use, and Safety of Vaccinations. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005. Google preview accessed 6-2-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=ViexJgBVZksC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

 

 

 

 

[1] Edward Jenner, “a country doctor in England, is credited with developing the first vaccine, made from a related cowpox, that made people resistant to smallpox.” (LinK, p. 12)

—     33  Francestown, Hillsborough County. Cochrane and Wood. History of Francestown, p167.

–70-80  Hanover, Grafton Co. Gallup. Sketches of…Diseases in…[VT]. 1815, p. 48.[1]

—       ?  Towns “adjacent” to Hanover had dysentery cases. Smith in Gallup, p. 48.

 

Narrative Information

 

Cochrane and Wood on Francestown: “Merrill’s Gazetteer of New Hampshire (Exeter 1817) says that dysentery prevailed in Francestown in 1812, causing thirty-three deaths and that there were forty-five deaths in town that year. But the numerous deaths by dysentery here were in the year 1800, (referred to herein at that date;) and probably the writer named above, being told of the many fatalities in this vicinity in 1812, hastily grouped them all into this last named year.” (Cochrane and Wood. History of Francestown, N.H…to January 1, 1891… 1895, p. 167.)

 

Dollar and Witters on Hanover: “Three years later [had just written of 1797 dysentery epidemic], another outbreak of dysentery struck Hanover. As recorded by the Dartmouth Gazette, ‘In the north and east parts of this town, a number of children have died of the Dysentery. This distemper seizes the youth with great violence, and hastens them to that bourne from whence no traveller returns…” (Dollar and Witters. “That Bourne From Whence No Traveller Returns.” Dartmouth Medicine, Fall 2014, p. 37.)

 

Prof. N. Smith in Gallup on Hanover: “In the summer of 1800, dysentery appeared in the east part of Hanover,[2] and in several adjacent towns,[3] and carried off many children and some adults, to the number of between seventy and eighty. In the former year, when Hanover was visited with the dysentery, it was confined to the College-plain,[4] so called, and between twenty and thirty died of it. In the last mentioned season it did not attack any on the College-plain. The same year it prevailed in several towns in Vermont.” (Letter of Prof. N. Smith to Dr. Gallup in Sketches of Epidemic Diseases in the State of Vermont, p. 48.)

 

Sources

 

Dollar, Emily, and Lee A. Witters, MD. “That Bourne From Whence No Traveller Returns.” Dartmouth Medicine, Fall 2014, pp. 36-41. Accessed 2-9-2018 at: http://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/fall14/pdf/dysentery.pdf

 

Cochrane, Rev. Warren Robert, and George K. Wood. History of Francestown, N.H., from its earliest settlement, April, 1758, to January 1, 1891, with a brief Genealogical Record of all the Francestown. Nashua, NH: James H. Barker, Printer, 1895. Google preview accessed 2-17-2018 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=llGDthBQqTMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

Gallup, Joseph A., M.D. Sketches of Epidemic Diseases in the State of Vermont; From its First Settlement to the year 1815, with a Consideration of their Causes, Phenomena, and Treatment. Boston: T. B. Wait & Sons, 1815. Accessed 2-7-2018 at: https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2555005R-bk

 

 

 

 

 

 

[1] Cites correspondence of Professor N. Smith. Notes dysentery also in surrounding towns but has no numbers.

[2] Hanover, NH, borders the Connecticut River on west side, which serves as the border with Vermont. We are unaware of a Hanover, VT, thus even though this letter abstract is in book on Vermont epidemics, the reference appears to be to NH. The letter from Prof. Smith does end noting that in “The same year it prevailed in several towns in Vermont.” This signifies to me that Hanover, NH, is the topic of discussion.

[3] Lest one wonder if Francestown is an “adjacent” town, a recourse to Google maps shows that Hillsborough County, within which Francestown is located) is not contiguous to Grafton County (Hanover), being to the southeast, wit Merrimack County coming between.

[4] Apparently a reference to Dartmouth.

–1,509-1,806  Blanchard tally based on State breakouts below (Baltimore figures explain range).

 Maryland                   (900-1,197)

–1,197  Baltimore, by Oct 27.            Quinan. Medical Annals of Baltimore… 1884, p. 22.[1]

–1,000  Baltimore                               Simonds, W. E. The American Date Book. 1902, p. 83.

— ~900         “                                      Bramucci. Medicine in Maryland 1752-1920. “Baltimore.”

Massachusetts            (     60)

—     60  Boston                                   Sternberg, George M. 1908, p. 720.

New York                   (     21)

—     21  NY Marine Hospital.             Keating 1879, 80; USMHS 1896, 432.       

North Carolina          (     86)

—     86  Wilmington                           Sternberg 1908, 720.

Pennsylvania              (     20)

—  20  Philadelphia, Jul-Sep                Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, p. 554.

Rhode Island             (   134)

—   134  Providence,                           Keating 1879, 80.

 South Carolina          (    184)

–184  Charleston                               Keating 1879, 80; Sternberg 1908,  719; USMHS 1896, 432

–184   “  NYT. “Yellow Fever. Epidemics in Charleston, S.C. – Statistics from 1700.” 9-18-1871

–184   “  Ramsay. “Medical History From 1670-1808,” Ramsay’s History of SC, 1858, p. 47.

Virginia                      (    250)

—   250  Norfolk                       Keating 1879, 80; NYT, Yellow, 10-7-1888; USMHS 1896, p. 432

Narrative Information

 

Baltimore

 

Bramucci: “In 1800, the city was once again held hostage by a yellow fever epidemic that began in August and lasted approximately sixty-five days. Scores of businesses and residents evacuated the city, resulting in a suspension of trade that brought the city to a near halt. The task of treating the ill was not helped by the fact that all but two members of the city’s Board of Health also fled town and the signatures of a Board member and attending physician were required for admittance to the hospital. By the time the epidemic ended with the first frost in October, nearly 900 residents had died, with over 46% of the deaths taking place in Fell’s Point.”[2]  (Bramucci. Medicine in Maryland 1752-1920. “Baltimore in the Nineteenth Century and the State of Public Health.”)

 

South Carolina

 

Ramsay: “For forty-four years after 1748, there was no epidemic attack of this disease [yellow fever], though there were occasionally in different summers a few sporadic cases of it. In the year 1792 a new era of the yellow fever commenced. It raged in Charlestown in that year, and in 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1804, and 1807. The number of deaths from it in these, its worst years, were…In 1799, 239; in 1800, 184; in 1802, 96; in 1804, 148; in 1807, 162.”

 

Sources

 

Augustin, George. History of Yellow Fever. New Orleans: 1909; reprinted by General Books, Memphis, TN, 2010.

 

Bramucci, Nancy. Medicine in Maryland 1752-1920. “Baltimore in the Nineteenth Century and the State of Public Health.” Accessed 2-14-2009 at:   http://mdhistoryonline.net/mdmedicine/cfm/dsp_pt1.cfm

 

Keating, J. M. A History of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878 in Memphis, Tenn. Memphis, TN: Howard Association, 1879. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=WEIJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81&dq=Portsmouth+NH+Yellow+Fever+1802&ei=4SozSczeOoSUzASS7Z3VAQ#PPA454,M1

 

New York Times. “Yellow Fever. Epidemics in Charleston, S.C. – Statistics from 1700.” 9-18-1871. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FB0C13F938541A7493CAA81782D85F458784F9

 

New York Times. “Yellow Fever Retrospect.” 10-7-1888. Accessed at:  http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D03EFD81F38E033A25754C0A9669D94699FD7CF&oref=slogin

 

Quinan, John R., M.D. Medical Annals of Baltimore From 1608-1880, Including Events, Men and Literature, to Which is Added A Subject Index and Record of Public Services. Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald, 1884. Google digitized. Accessed 1-14-2015 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=xNcRAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

Ramsay, David (M.D.). Ramsay’s History of South Carolina, From its First Settlement in 1670 to the Year 1808. Published by W. J. Duffie, Newberry, SC, printed in Charleston by Walker, Evans & Co., 1858. Digitized by archive.org and accessed 9-11-2016 at: https://archive.org/stream/ramsayshistorys00ramsgoog#page/n4/mode/2up

 

Simonds, W. E. The American Date Book. Kama Publishing Co., 1902, 211 pages. Digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=JuiSjvd5owAC

 

Sternberg, George M. (U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Marine Hospital Service). “Yellow Fever: History and Geographic Distribution.” Pages 715-722 in Stedman, Thomas L., M.D. (Ed.) Appendix to the Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. NY: William Wood & Co., 1908. Google digitized and accessed at:  http://books.google.com/books?id=3ezqX415M5wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

United States Marine-Hospital Service, Treasury Department. Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1895 (Document No. 1811). Washington:  GPO, 1896. Digitized by Google and accessed at:  http://books.google.com/books?id=aTnxAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

 

 

[1] “Oct. 27. Pestilence has ceased [preceding items had to do with Yellow Fever]. Total deaths reported 1197 (978 adults and 219 children), 234 deaths between August 21 and September 4, of whom 204 died in East Baltimore. Legislature appropriates $2000 and City $3000 for the Yellow Fever sufferers in Baltimore.”

[2] Cites:  Douglas F. Stickle. “Death and Class in Baltimore:  The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1800.”  Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 74, 1979.

–1,509-1,806  Blanchard tally based on State breakouts below (Baltimore figures explain range).

 

Maryland                   (900-1,197)

–1,197  Baltimore, by Oct 27.            Quinan. Medical Annals of Baltimore… 1884, p. 22.[1]

–1,000  Baltimore                               Simonds, W. E. The American Date Book. 1902, p. 83.

— ~900         “                                      Bramucci. Medicine in Maryland 1752-1920. “Baltimore.”

 

Massachusetts            (            60)

–60  Boston                                        Sternberg, George M. 1908, p. 720.

 

New York                  (            21)

–21  NY Marine Hospital.                  Keating 1879, 80; US Marine-Hospital Service. 1896, 432.       

 

North Carolina          (           86)

–86  Wilmington                                 Sternberg 1908, 720.

 

Pennsylvania              (           20)      

–20  Philadelphia, Jul-Sep                  Augustin. History of Yellow Fever, 1909, p. 554.

 

Rhode Island             (         134)

–134  Providence,                               Keating 1879, 80.

 

South Carolina          (         184)

–184  Charleston                               Keating 1879, 80; Sternberg 1908,  719; USMHS 1896, 432

–184   “  NYT. “Yellow Fever. Epidemics in Charleston, S.C. – Statistics from 1700.” 9-18-1871

–184   “  Ramsay. “Medical History From 1670-1808,” Ramsay’s History of SC, 1858, p. 47.

 

Virginia                      (         250)

—   250  Norfolk                       Keating 1879, 80; NYT, Yellow, 10-7-1888; USMHS 1896, p. 432

 

Narrative Information

 

Baltimore

 

Bramucci: “In 1800, the city was once again held hostage by a yellow fever epidemic that began in August and lasted approximately sixty-five days. Scores of businesses and residents evacuated the city, resulting in a suspension of trade that brought the city to a near halt. The task of treating the ill was not helped by the fact that all but two members of the city’s Board of Health also fled town and the signatures of a Board member and attending physician were required for admittance to the hospital. By the time the epidemic ended with the first frost in October, nearly 900 residents had died, with over 46% of the deaths taking place in Fell’s Point.”[2]  (Bramucci. Medicine in Maryland 1752-1920. “Baltimore in the Nineteenth Century and the State of Public Health.”)

South Carolina

 

Ramsay: “For forty-four years after 1748, there was no epidemic attack of this disease [yellow fever], though there were occasionally in different summers a few sporadic cases of it. In the year 1792 a new era of the yellow fever commenced. It raged in Charlestown in that year, and in 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1804, and 1807. The number of deaths from it in these, its worst years, were…In 1799, 239; in 1800, 184; in 1802, 96; in 1804, 148; in 1807, 162.”

 

Sources

 

Augustin, George. History of Yellow Fever. New Orleans: 1909; reprinted by General Books, Memphis, TN, 2010.

 

Bramucci, Nancy. Medicine in Maryland 1752-1920. “Baltimore in the Nineteenth Century and the State of Public Health.” Accessed 2-14-2009 at:   http://mdhistoryonline.net/mdmedicine/cfm/dsp_pt1.cfm

 

Keating, J. M. A History of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878 in Memphis, Tenn. Memphis, TN: Howard Association, 1879. Google digitized at: http://books.google.com/books?id=WEIJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81&dq=Portsmouth+NH+Yellow+Fever+1802&ei=4SozSczeOoSUzASS7Z3VAQ#PPA454,M1

 

New York Times. “Yellow Fever. Epidemics in Charleston, S.C. – Statistics from 1700.” 9-18-1871. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FB0C13F938541A7493CAA81782D85F458784F9

 

New York Times. “Yellow Fever Retrospect.” 10-7-1888. Accessed at:  http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D03EFD81F38E033A25754C0A9669D94699FD7CF&oref=slogin

 

Quinan, John R., M.D. Medical Annals of Baltimore From 1608-1880, Including Events, Men and Literature, to Which is Added A Subject Index and Record of Public Services. Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald, 1884. Google digitized. Accessed 1-14-2015 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=xNcRAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

Ramsay, David (M.D.). Ramsay’s History of South Carolina, From its First Settlement in 1670 to the Year 1808. Published by W. J. Duffie, Newberry, SC, printed in Charleston by Walker, Evans & Co., 1858. Digitized by archive.org and accessed 9-11-2016 at: https://archive.org/stream/ramsayshistorys00ramsgoog#page/n4/mode/2up

 

Simonds, W. E. The American Date Book. Kama Publishing Co., 1902, 211 pages. Digitized by Google at: http://books.google.com/books?id=JuiSjvd5owAC

 

Sternberg, George M. (U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Marine Hospital Service). “Yellow Fever: History and Geographic Distribution.” Pages 715-722 in Stedman, Thomas L., M.D. (Ed.) Appendix to the Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. NY: William Wood & Co., 1908. Google digitized and accessed at:  http://books.google.com/books?id=3ezqX415M5wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

United States Marine-Hospital Service, Treasury Department. Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1895 (Document No. 1811). Washington:  GPO, 1896. Digitized by Google and accessed at:  http://books.google.com/books?id=aTnxAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

 

 

[1] “Oct. 27. Pestilence has ceased [preceding items had to do with Yellow Fever]. Total deaths reported 1197 (978 adults and 219 children), 234 deaths between August 21 and September 4, of whom 204 died in East Baltimore. Legislature appropriates $2000 and City $3000 for the Yellow Fever sufferers in Baltimore.”

[2] Cites:  Douglas F. Stickle. “Death and Class in Baltimore:  The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1800.”  Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 74, 1979.

Compiled by B. Wayne Blanchard, Dec 2015; modified Dec 2019, for website: Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-Of-Life Events. https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/

–1,752                                    Blanchard tally from State and local breakouts below.

Summary of State Breakouts

 District of Columbia (     10)

Illinois                         (1,033)            Chicago (1,033)

Indiana                       (     12)            Indianapolis (10)

Maryland                   (       4)            Baltimore

Massachusetts           (     33)

Michigan                    (     53)            Detroit especially (>23)

New Jersey                (     11)

New York                   (   147)            New York City and Brooklyn especially

Philadelphia, PA       (     13)

Vermont                     (       1)

Wisconsin                  (   325)            Milwaukee especially (244)

Breakout of 1894 Smallpox Deaths by State and Locality (where noted)

District of Columbia (  10)

—    1  Wash, DC         May 22            Woodward. Report of…Health Officer… p. 1058.

—    9  Wash, DC         Oct-Dec          Woodward. Appendices. Health Officer Rpt., 1894, p. 1102.

–1   “               Oct 13             Woodward. Report…Health Officer… p. 1069.^[1]

–4   “               Oct 15-Nov 6  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N46, 11-16-1894, 1065

–1   “               Nov 7-21^[2]       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N47, 11-23-1894, 1095

–1   “               Dec 21^[3]           Eliot in Annual Rpt. DC Commissioners, 1895, p. 1290.

–1   “               Dec 26^[4]           Eliot in Annual Rpt. DC Commissioners, 1895, p. 1290.

 

Illinois                         (1,033)            Chicago (1,033)

–1,033                        Year                Report of Dept. of Health of Chicago, 1984, p. xxix.

—  22  Jan 1-24                                    USMHS.  Weekly…San. Rpts., V. IX, N5, Feb 2, 1894, 57.

—    7  Jan 25-30                                  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V. IX, N8, 23 Feb 1894, 110.

—  55  Feb                                           USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N14, 6 Apr 1894, 207

—  95  Mar                                           USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N14, 6 Apr 1894, 207

–157  Apr                                           USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N22, 1 Jun 1894, 366.

–253  May                                          USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N35, 8-31-1894, p703.

–171  June                                          USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N35, 8-31-1894, p703.

—  51  July                                           USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N35, 8-31-1894, p703.

—  53  Aug                                           USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N40, 5 Oct 1894, 869.

 

Indiana                       (  12)               Indianapolis (10)

—  3  Delaware County. Year             Indiana Med. Jour. “The Small-pox Epidemic…” p. 514.[5]

–10  Indianapolis        Up to June 19  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N25, 22 Jun 1894, 423

 

Maryland                   (    4)

–4  Baltimore             May                 Cordell. Medical Annals of Maryland, 1799-1899. 1903, 728.

 

Massachusetts           (  33)

–33  Statewide           Year                Sec. of MA. 53^rd Report of…Deaths…1884, p. 32.[6]

 

Michigan                    (  53)               Detroit especially (>23)

—  1  Adrian Twnsp.   Nov 23            USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N52, 12-28-1894,1270

–25  esp. Detroit^[7]       Jan 8-June 28              USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N31, 8-3-1894, p. 573.

—  5  Detroit                Jun 29-Aug 18 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N34, 8-24-1894, p674.

—  1     “                       Aug 19-25       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N35, 8-31-1894, p705.

—  1     “                       Sep 23-29        USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N40, 5 Oct 1894, 871.

—  7     “                       Oct 13-Nov 10            USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N50, 12-14-1894,1179

—  9     “                      Dec 1-29         USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, X/1, 1-4-1895, p. 2.

—  3  Royal Oak Tw.   Nov 1              USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N52, 12-28-1894,1271

—  1  Sebewa Twnsp. Nov 14             USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N52, 12-28-1894,1271

—  3  St. Johns Oct 28                         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N52, 12-28-1894,1271

 

New Jersey                (  11)

–11  Statewide           Year                NJ Board of Health. 29^th Annual Report… Table 42, p. 48.

 

New York                   (147)               New York City and Brooklyn especially

—  37  Statewide         May                 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N28, 7-13-1894, p498.

–26  NYC and Brooklyn

—  7  Towns in immediate vicinity of New York City

—  3  Albany Penitentiary

—  1  Rochester

—  24  Statewide         June                 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N32, 8-10-1894, p610.

—  19  Statewide          July                 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N36, 7 Sep 1894, 733.

 

—  51  Brooklyn          Feb 17-Apr 21 USMHS. Weekly….San. Rpts., V.IX, N18, 5-4-1894, p.263.

—    1  “                      Oct 6-Nov 17  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N47, 11-23-1894,1095

—    1   “                      Dec 22-29       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, X/1, 1-4-1895, p. 2.

—  10  NYC                 Oct 27-Nov 24 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, X/1, 1-4-1895, p.2.

—    4      “                    Nov 24-Dec 22 USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, X/1, 1-4-1895, p.2.

 

Philadelphia, PA       (  13)

–13  Philadelphia       Year                City of Philadelphia. 1^st Annual Message… 1907, p. 100.^[8]

 

Vermont                     (    1)

—    1  Washington      Dec 14             USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N52, 12-28-1894, 1270

 

Wisconsin                  (325)               Milwaukee especially (244)

—    1  Beaver Dam     Nov 19-26       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N48, 11-30-1894, 1125

—    1  Ellsworth          Oct 22-Nov 5  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N47, 11-23-1894, 1095

—    2  Franklin            Oct 23-Nov 5  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N46, 11-16-1894, 1064

—    1         “                 Nov 5-19         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N47, 11-23-1894, 1093

—    4  Greenfield        Nov 5-19         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N47, 11-23-1894, 1093

—    1  Liberty             Oct 8-22          USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N43, 26 Oct 1894, 968

—  74  Milwaukee       Jan-Sep 24       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N40, 5 Oct 1894, 867.

—  21         “                 Sep 25-Oct 8   USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N42, 19 Oct 1894, 935

–122         “                 Oct 6-Dec 10  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N49, 12-7-1894, 1149.

—  17         “                 Dec 11-17       USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N52, 12-28-1894, 1271

—    3         “                Dec 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, X/1, 1-4-1895, p. 2.

—    4         “                Dec 25-30       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, X/1, 1-4-1895, p. 6.

—    1  Milwaukee Twp. Oct 8-Nov 5 USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N44, 11-2-1894, 1004.

—    2  Muskego          Oct 23-Nov 5  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N46, 11-16-1894, 1064

—    1         “                 Nov 5-19         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N47, 11-23-1894, 1093

—  33  Other than Mil. Jan-Sep 24      USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N40, 5 Oct 1894, 867.

—  15         “                 Aug 1-20         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N35, 8-31-1894, 700.

—    4         “                 Aug 21-Sep 9  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N37, 9-14-1894, 759.

—    1  Rhinelander      Dec 18-24       USMHS. Abstract of Sanitary Reports, X/1, 1-4-1895, p. 2.

—    1  Spring Prairie   Nov 5-19         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N47, 11-23-1894, 1093

—    1  Two Rivers      Oct 23-Nov 5  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N46, 11-16-1894, 1064

—    3         “                 Dec 3-10         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N50, 12-14-1894, 1172

—    2  Wauwatosa       Sep 10-24        USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N40, 5 Oct 1894, 867.

—    7         “                 Sep 25-Oct 8   USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N42, 19 Oct 1894, 935

—    1         “                 Oct 8-22          USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX, N43, 26 Oct 1894, 968

—    1         “                 Oct 23-Nov 5  USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N46, 11-16-1894, 1064

—    1         “                 Nov 5-19         USMHS. Weekly…San. Rpts., V.IX/N47, 11-23-1894, 1093

 

District of Columbia

 

Eliot:^[9] “….It is unfortunate that the Smallpox Hospital is not always kept ready for use, since when patients are under treatment it is almost impossible to find men willing to enter the building to make repairs that may be needed, such as replacing broken window panes, fitting keys, and other like jobs, or to assist in putting up stoves, screens, or do scrubbing. Being in the Smallpox Hospital is like being in the grave, for one is cut off from all association with those on the outside….” (p. 1290)

 

“In this day of general enlightenment it would appear uncalled for to refer to the benefits of vaccination, but while this enlightenment pervades all classes of society it must be admitted that vaccination has gone out of fashion and a state of apathy on this subject has taken its place. In 1871 the same condition of indifference existed and it required an epidemic, which encircled the world, to bring the people to a correct appreciation of the beneficial effects of a successful vaccination….” (p. 1292)

 

“During the late war between the States there occurred among the United States forces, the following cases of smallpox…May 1, 1861, to June 30, 1866…a total of 18,952 cases with 7,058 deaths…Among the Confederate prisoners we find 9,830 cases occurred with 2,624 deaths…[9,682 smallpox deaths]. During the last ten years, however, but 3 deaths from smallpox have occurred in the United States Army, where vaccination is compulsory. Smallpox is a preventable disease, in every sense of the term preventable, through an immunity conferred upon the system through a successful vaccination….” (p. 1293)

 

Sources

 

Chicago Commissioner of Health. Annual Report of the Department of Health of the City of Chicago for the Year ended December 31, 1894. Chicago: 1895. Accessed 12-31-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=_y-6L3g_RxEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

City of Philadelphia. First Annual Message of John E. Reyburn, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia with the Annual Reports of the Departments of Public Health and Charities, Supplies, Public Education, Law, City Controller, City Treasurer, Commissioners of the Sinking Funds, Receiver of Taxes, and Board of Revision of Taxes for the Year Ending December 31, 1907 (Vol. III). Philadelphia: Dunlap Printing Co., 1908. Google digitized. Assessed 12-5-2012: http://books.google.com/books?id=0ihNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

Cordell, Eugene Fauntleroy, M.D. The Medical Annals of Maryland, 1799-1899. Baltimore, 1903. Accessed 12-31-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx8SAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

Eliot, Llewellyn, M.D. “Report of Dr. Llewellyn Eliot, M.D.” Beginning at p. 1290 in Annual Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1895. Washington: Gov. Printing Office, 1895. Accessed 2-16-2015 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=ymE3AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

Indiana Medical Journal. “The Small-pox Epidemic in Delaware County.” Vol. XVIII, No. 12, June 1900. Accessed 12-31-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=no5XAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

New Jersey Board of Health. 29^th Annual Report of the Board of Health of the State of New Jersey and Annual Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics. Trenton: 1905.  Accessed 12-25-2019 at: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Documents_of_the_Legislature_of_the_Stat/K4NDAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1

 

Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Fifty-Third Report of Births, Marriages, and Deaths in the Commonwealth; Returns of Libels for Divorce, and Returns of Deaths Investigated by the Medical Examiners, for the Year 1894. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1895. Accessed 12-19-2019 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC1RAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

United States Marine-Hospital Service, U.S. Treasury Department. Abstract of Sanitary Reports Volumes IX-X, Jan 1984-Jan 1985. Accessed 12-31-2019 at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/428/#waosr

 

Woodward, Wm. C., M.D. Report of the Health Officer to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1895. Beginning at p. 1055 in Annual Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1895. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895. Accessed 2-15-2015: https://books.google.com/books?id=ymE3AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

Woodward, Wm. C., M.D. Appendices to the Report of the Health Officer of the District of Columbia. Beginning at p. 1099 in Annual Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1895. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895. Accessed 2-15-2015: https://books.google.com/books?id=ymE3AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

 

[1] An 18-month-old child of an Interior Department clerk just returned from a visit to Vermont.

[2] Suspect this is a reference to Mrs. Margaret Pemberton, a nurse in the DC smallpox hospital who died on Nov 17. (Woodward. Report of the Health Officer to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1895. 1895, p. 1057.)

[3] The date refers to admittance to the smallpox hospital of a black male. It is noted that he died, but not when.

[4] The date refers to admittance to the smallpox hospital of a black male. It is noted that he died, but not when.

[5] Writes there were several smallpox deaths. For purpose of contributing to tally we convert “several” into three.

[6] From Table IX. – Causes of Death.

[7] Includes Menominee, Muskegon, Otsego and Sturgis.

[8] Table entitled “Deaths from Smallpox from 1807 to 1907, inclusive, and Rate per 1,000 of Population.” Notes death rate of 0.011 per 1,000 population. Previous year death rate was 0.004.

 

[9] When there was an outbreak of smallpox in DC in late 1894, Dr. Eliot was put in charge of reopening and running the Smallpox Hospital.